998:
714:(e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block, and the same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.
1119:
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549:(lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.
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514:. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is the optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early
626:, and this can be described by a ratio between width and height. The ratio of width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High-definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the
857:
where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcasts or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of
339:
technology. Live video cameras used an electron beam which would scan a photoconductive plate with the desired image and produce a voltage signal proportional to the brightness in each part of the image. The signal could then be sent to televisions where another beam would receive and display the
493:
standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at a slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a
2087:, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.
320:. Film records using a sequence of miniature photographic images visible to the eye when the film is physically examined. Video, by contrast, encodes images electronically, turning the images into analog or digital electronic signals for transmission or recording.
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An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a
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was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers, or consumers; or were important historically.
663:, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report – growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like
161:
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uses the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically,
363:
Video recorders were sold for US$ 50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$ 300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling
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as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using
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90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.
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that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image for each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer
579:—artifacts, such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image that appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. A procedure known as
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Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, a much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the commercial introduction of the
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describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are
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Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using
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can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD, or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an
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786:. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as
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226:, color capabilities, and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including
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When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, the overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple
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Early television was almost exclusively a live medium, with some programs recorded to film for historical purposes using
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as early as 1884, however, it took several decades before practical video systems could be developed, many decades after
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Video developed from facsimile systems developed in the mid-19th century. Early mechanical video scanners, such as the
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expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by
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797:. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as
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Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.
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NTSC, PAL, and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an
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specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A
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Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance,
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Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.
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477:, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (
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video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying."
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or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital
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This article is about the storage and reproduction medium. For their content and production, see
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778:. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a
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assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the
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451:, has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. Since 2013, the use of
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often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the
481:) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras.
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in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved
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2452:"Vocademy - Learn for Free - Electronics Technology - Analog Circuits - Analog Television"
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raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.
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as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the
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Digital Video
Processing for Engineers : a Foundation for Embedded Systems Design
667:'s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.
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Cinematography: Theory and
Practice: Image Making for Cinematographers and Directors
1751:
Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.
861:
One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using
537:
of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two
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Image
Technology : Advances in Image Processing, Multimedia and Machine Vision
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to capture, store, edit, and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of
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Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless
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digital video standard and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The
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to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often described as
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2917:"The Most Important Insights From Mary Meeker's 2015 Internet Trends Report"
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Digital cinematography : fundamentals, tools, techniques, and workflows
170:
A one-minute animated video showing an example of a media production process
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in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in
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2434:"Film Preservation 101: What's the Difference Between a Film and a Video?"
1508:
651:
The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of
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For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see
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and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:
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for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.
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and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are
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960:. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two-channel
944:(C). When combined into one channel, as is the case among others with
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2618:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 14–21.
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2011:
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The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the
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3D storytelling : how stereoscopic 3D works and how to use it
489:(France, Russia, parts of Africa, etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while
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are in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a
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3311:(4th ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 145–152.
2495:"Vintage Umatic VCR – Sony VO-1600. The worlds first VCR. 1971"
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The Sage international encyclopedia of mass media and society
3150:. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley & Sons.
3144:
Ekmekcioglu, Erhan; Fernando, Anil; Worrall, Stewart (2013).
2364:
2207:
2165:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2084:
2069:, while a device that only compresses is typically called an
2053:
1872:
1857:
1806:
1766:
1739:
1707:
1675:
1663:
1609:
1558:
1548:
1424:
1390:
1381:
1351:
1303:
1279:
1261:
1039:
1024:
953:
825:
734:
700:
696:
633:
595:
that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.
486:
440:
345:
259:
193:
46:
2079:. The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard
636:
on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in
6823:
6677:
6662:
6652:
6407:
6065:
6035:
5882:
5837:
5796:
5471:
4958:
4629:
4382:
4265:
4206:
4194:
4189:
4167:
4130:
4125:
3770:
3502:
Standard Codecs: Image
Compression to Advanced Video Coding
3147:
3DTV : processing and transmission of 3D video signals
2203:
2198:
1937:
1902:
1861:
1845:
1835:
1795:
1785:
1760:
1695:
1685:
1617:
1584:
1574:
1372:
1339:
1275:
1249:
1154:
945:
873:, but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.
645:
490:
317:
298:
31:
3143:
2526:"The use of digital vs celluloid film on Hollywood movies"
932:
Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more
760:
591:, or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce
545:(upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an
6798:
6764:
5211:
5098:
4952:
4874:
4253:
3842:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2155:
2145:
2130:
2005:
1953:
1914:
1876:
1867:
1825:
1770:
1743:
1733:
1711:
1679:
1643:
1639:
1538:
1513:
1364:
949:
813:
692:
688:
522:
video displays without increasing the number of complete
482:
396:
3397:. Alan Bermingham, Chris Wherry. New York: Focal Press.
419:
and allowing program-makers and broadcasters to move to
356:
by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic
352:(VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from
971:
Analog video is used in both consumer and professional
5577:
7442:
753:
version of the same video. The expert then rates the
564:
indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines,
443:, along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range
348:
research team to develop one of the first practical
3003:Banerjee, Sreeparna (2019). "Video in Multimedia".
2949:Li, Ze-Nian; Drew, Mark S.; Liu, Jiangchun (2021).
2553:"What's the difference between 59.94fps and 60fps?"
659:, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm
526:. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower
462:
84:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3308:A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers
3103:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
1485:are the building blocks of the blanking interval.
8372:
207:(CRT) systems, which, in turn, were replaced by
3391:Ward, Peter (2015). "Video Recording Formats".
2914:
572:indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.
485:standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and
467:
7696:
6479:
5563:
4732:
3693:
3608:
774:delivers maximum quality, but at a very high
501:
6493:
3247:(1st ed.). New York. pp. 470–476.
3190:
1096:signal formats have been adopted, including
889:). A given physical link can carry certain
3707:
2017:
7710:
7703:
7689:
6486:
6472:
5570:
5556:
4739:
4725:
3700:
3686:
3622:
3615:
3601:
3484:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3350:
3348:
3304:
3287:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3191:Block, Bruce A.; McNally, Phillip (2013).
3049:
2796:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
335:systems. Video was originally exclusively
4746:
4588:
4586:
3507:Institution of Engineering and Technology
2948:
741:. One of the standardized methods is the
725:can be measured with formal metrics like
323:Video technology was first developed for
144:Learn how and when to remove this message
3498:
3492:
3197:. Burlington, MA: Taylor & Francis.
3002:
2908:
2820:. Boston: Artech House. pp. 57–70.
1507:
1287:– uses the MPEG-4 video coding format –
893:that specify a particular refresh rate,
828:, mobile phones (3GP) and the Internet.
674:
670:
602:
327:systems, which were quickly replaced by
293:
203:systems, which were quickly replaced by
155:
3437:
3394:Multiskilling for television production
3345:
2523:
2051:. In the context of video compression,
761:Video compression method (digital only)
679:Example of U-V color plane, Y value=0.5
459:has surpassed the use of film cameras.
14:
8373:
5333:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
4583:
4580:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.
4576:
4574:
2749:
2669:Digital compositing for film and video
2665:
2615:Handbook of image and video processing
2577:
2524:Follows, Stephen (February 11, 2019).
2505:from the original on February 22, 2014
2483:from the original on October 27, 2011.
2431:
2075:, and one that only decompresses is a
1334:Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding
890:
745:(DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an
7684:
6467:
5551:
4720:
4618:
3719:
3681:
3596:
3588:Format Descriptions for Moving Images
3300:
3298:
3240:
3236:
3234:
2998:
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2944:
2942:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2809:
2807:
2745:
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2717:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2603:
1229:
936:. Analog color video signals include
782:(GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal
5290:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
4619:
3419:from the original on August 25, 2022
3390:
3333:from the original on August 25, 2022
3269:from the original on August 25, 2022
3219:from the original on August 25, 2022
3172:from the original on August 25, 2022
3125:from the original on August 25, 2022
3096:
3078:from the original on August 25, 2022
3031:from the original on August 25, 2022
2981:from the original on August 25, 2022
2896:from the original on August 25, 2022
2842:from the original on August 25, 2022
2817:3D and HD broadband video networking
2813:
2778:from the original on August 25, 2022
2694:from the original on August 25, 2022
2640:from the original on August 25, 2022
1488:
1309:
1210:
1106:High-Definition Multimedia Interface
661:Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
533:In interlaced video, the horizontal
498:is about sixteen frames per second.
82:adding citations to reliable sources
53:
4571:
3523:from the original on August 8, 2019
3305:Pizzi, Skip; Jones, Graham (2014).
3244:Broadcast engineer's reference book
2955:(3rd ed.). Cham, Switzerland:
2927:from the original on August 4, 2015
2550:
2532:from the original on April 11, 2022
1946:(EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)
1175:
924:, for which a number is available.
24:
8006:List of American independent films
3372:from the original on March 6, 2015
3295:
3231:
2993:
2939:
2854:
2804:
2740:
2706:
2652:
2600:
1088:
871:Cave Automatic Virtual Environment
530:compared to progressive scanning.
407:technology allow even inexpensive
25:
8427:
4764:
3623:
3539:
3466:from the original on June 3, 2020
2396:from the original on May 14, 2017
927:
699:is used by SECAM television, and
7660:
7659:
7650:
7649:
5327:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
2587:Sensory Processes and Perception
2474:
2432:Amidon, Audrey (June 25, 2013).
2233:Sound recording and reproduction
1161:
1147:
1132:
1117:
1074:
1060:
1046:
1032:
1012:
996:
980:
749:reference video, followed by an
743:Double Stimulus Impairment Scale
717:
463:Characteristics of video streams
374:
199:. Video was first developed for
58:
7916:Experimental musical instrument
3438:Merskin, Debra L., ed. (2020).
3431:
3384:
3184:
3137:
3090:
3043:
2915:Constine, Josh (May 27, 2015).
2386:"Video – HiDef Audio and Video"
2338:Video screen recording software
2228:Index of video-related articles
2083:. The compression is typically
1909:China Blue High-definition Disc
1328:Multiplexed Analogue Components
1300:Digital multimedia broadcasting
831:
598:
367:(VCR) decks and tapes into the
279:
69:needs additional citations for
3720:
3356:"Sony HD Formats Guide (2008)"
2870:(2nd ed.). New York, NY:
2571:
2544:
2517:
2487:
2468:
2444:
2425:
2408:
2378:
1481:; the horizontal and vertical
13:
1:
8360:Social peer-to-peer processes
5317:
5221:
4085:Field-sequential color system
3444:. Thousand Oaks, California.
2371:
1541:experimental format ca. 1952)
1322:Field-sequential color system
1317:broadcast standards include:
429:digital television transition
4665:Reverse Standards Conversion
3053:Real World Video Compression
2756:. Suhel Dhanani. Amsterdam.
2477:"TV Technology 10. Roll VTR"
1503:
1324:(FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete
1225:Broadcast television systems
691:is used in NTSC television,
249:
7:
3499:Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003).
2420:Online Etymology Dictionary
2215:
1969:Capacitance Electronic Disc
869:applications, such as in a
703:is used for digital video.
695:is used in PAL television,
568:indicates interlacing, and
468:Number of frames per second
447:data formats with improved
10:
8432:
8396:High-definition television
7541:Compressed data structures
6863:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
6531:Asymmetric numeral systems
6332:Sony Entertainment Network
5536:Electronic Video Recording
3097:Sanz, Jorge L. C. (1996).
2952:Fundamentals of multimedia
2578:Watson, Andrew B. (1986).
2021:
1988:Television Electronic Disc
1498:list of common resolutions
1494:Computer display standards
1483:front porch and back porch
1267:Digital Video Broadcasting
1221:List of common resolutions
1214:
877:
793:and is closely related to
764:
727:peak signal-to-noise ratio
502:Interlaced vs. progressive
384:
378:
283:
272:
268:
181:medium for the recording,
44:
29:
8310:
8249:
8214:
8147:
8104:
8095:
7996:American eccentric cinema
7973:
7937:
7928:
7901:
7821:
7812:
7804:Amateur press association
7716:
7645:
7629:
7613:
7531:
7456:
7388:
7379:
7302:
7236:
7227:
7128:
7045:
7036:
6952:
6900:Discrete cosine transform
6890:
6881:
6830:LZ77 + Huffman + context
6783:
6693:
6623:
6511:
6502:
6347:Streamworks International
6104:
6003:
5980:Microsoft Movies & TV
5928:
5609:
5586:
5516:
5481:
5413:
5372:
5365:
5352:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
5342:
5270:
5249:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
5192:
5127:
5118:
5047:
4968:
4763:
4754:
4625:
4614:
4566:
4525:
4452:
4414:
4396:
4343:
4325:
4302:
4284:
4239:
4153:
4111:
4102:
4037:
3966:
3923:
3907:
3891:
3869:
3797:
3757:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3715:
3631:
3579:Video as Media Production
3560:Resources in your library
3009:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2296:Closed-circuit television
1624:2" Helical Scan Videotape
7605:Smallest grammar problem
6172:Global Wrestling Network
4785:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
2750:Parker, Michael (2013).
2018:Digital encoding formats
1330:(MAC) – Europe; obsolete
1190:List of video connectors
1186:serial digital interface
1140:Digital Visual Interface
1125:Serial digital interface
1102:Digital Visual Interface
1098:serial digital interface
912:can also be stored on a
908:are in use, and digital
904:Many analog and digital
887:List of video connectors
849:light-polarizing filters
731:subjective video quality
45:Not to be confused with
7986:Cinema of Transgression
7546:Compressed suffix array
7095:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
5968:YouTube Movies & TV
5284:Professional Disc (PFD)
4791:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
3709:Broadcast video formats
2672:. Boston: Focal Press.
2612:Bovik, Alan C. (2005).
2440:. US National Archives.
1944:Enhanced Versatile Disc
1545:2" Quadruplex videotape
1359:- NTSC extension, Japan
964:(YC) and multi-channel
27:Electronic moving image
8406:Television terminology
8302:Independent TV station
8231:Independent soft drink
8197:Open-source video game
7711:Independent production
6453:WWE Classics on Demand
6438:Warner Archive Instant
6147:Disney Movies Anywhere
5530:Electronicam kinescope
5517:Video recorded to film
4675:Television transmitter
3241:Tozer, E.P.J. (2013).
3006:Elements of multimedia
2666:Wright, Steve (2002).
2580:"Temporal Sensitivity"
1517:
1357:EDTV-II "Clear-Vision"
1182:terrestrial television
680:
616:
399:in 1997 and later the
365:videocassette recorder
305:
214:Video systems vary in
171:
40:Video (disambiguation)
38:. For other uses, see
8411:History of television
8282:Visionary environment
7981:Independent animation
7575:Kolmogorov complexity
7443:Video characteristics
6820:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
5581:and sharing platforms
5344:Ultra-High Definition
4748:Video storage formats
4660:MPEG transport stream
4487:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
4050:Mechanical television
3958:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)
2864:Stump, David (2022).
2718:Brown, Blain (2013).
1511:
1215:Further information:
1197:MPEG transport stream
973:television production
678:
671:Color model and depth
615:(green) aspect ratios
607:Comparison of common
606:
325:mechanical television
297:
275:History of television
201:mechanical television
169:
8294:Independent circuit
8124:Open-source software
8023:Guerrilla filmmaking
7665:Compression software
7259:Compression artifact
7215:Psychoacoustic model
6448:Windows Media Center
4695:Widescreen signaling
4670:Standards conversion
4655:Moving image formats
2959:. pp. 108–117.
2874:. pp. 125–139.
2814:Bing, Benny (2010).
2726:. pp. 159–166.
2724:Taylor & Francis
2438:The Unwritten Record
1934:Universal Media Disc
1243:video coding formats
991:(single channel RCA)
914:computer file system
818:satellite television
445:digital intermediate
425:digital broadcasting
350:video tape recorders
78:improve this article
8262:Amateur photography
7955:Amateur pornography
7903:Musical instruments
7883:Tracker (MOD) music
7655:Compression formats
7294:Texture compression
7289:Standard test image
7105:Silence compression
4650:Display motion blur
3050:Andy Beach (2008).
2081:video coding format
1854:(including DVC-Pro)
1606:1" Type C videotape
1596:1" Type B videotape
1555:1" Type A videotape
1526:video tape recorder
1516:video cassette tape
1237:broadcasts use the
922:video coding format
918:data storage device
863:LCD shutter glasses
806:motion compensation
427:and the subsequent
421:tapeless production
391:Video coding format
209:flat-panel displays
8401:Display technology
8391:Digital television
7726:Alternative comics
7563:Information theory
7418:Display resolution
7244:Chroma subsampling
6633:Byte pair encoding
6578:Shannon–Fano–Elias
6342:Starlight Networks
6112:Chicken Pork Adobo
5943:Amazon Prime Video
5697:The Film Detective
5692:Endeavor Streaming
4701:Analogue TV Topics
3056:. Peachpit Press.
1919:Super Density Disc
1736:(Sony) (mid-1990s)
1518:
1235:Digital television
1230:Digital television
1217:Display technology
895:display resolution
837:Stereoscopic video
772:Uncompressed video
729:(PSNR) or through
712:chroma subsampling
681:
617:
409:personal computers
387:Digital television
354:television cameras
306:
216:display resolution
211:of several types.
172:
8368:
8367:
8318:Independent media
8210:
8209:
8129:Software cracking
8091:
8090:
8018:Exploitation film
7924:
7923:
7893:Underground music
7841:Open-source label
7826:Independent music
7731:Alternative manga
7678:
7677:
7527:
7526:
7477:Deblocking filter
7375:
7374:
7223:
7222:
7032:
7031:
6877:
6876:
6461:
6460:
6357:TalkTalk TV Store
6287:PlayStation Video
5545:
5544:
5512:
5511:
5361:
5360:
5308:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
5278:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
5114:
5113:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4492:MPEG Multichannel
4098:
4097:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3659:
3546:Library resources
3509:. pp. 1–12.
3451:978-1-4833-7551-9
3404:978-0-08-051230-3
3318:978-1-317-90683-4
3254:978-1-136-02417-7
3204:978-1-136-03881-5
3157:978-1-118-70573-5
3110:978-3-642-58288-2
3063:978-0-13-208951-7
3016:978-0-429-43320-7
2966:978-3-030-62124-7
2881:978-0-429-46885-8
2827:978-1-60807-052-7
2763:978-0-12-415761-3
2679:978-0-08-050436-0
2625:978-0-08-053361-2
2596:on March 8, 2016.
2326:Video synthesizer
2306:Interactive video
2032:A video codec is
1929:Professional Disc
1600:Robert Bosch GmbH
1581:1/2" Cartrivision
1489:Computer displays
1475:blanking interval
1410:– PAL extension,
1393:– PAL variation,
1384:– PAL variation,
1315:Analog television
1310:Analog television
1252:– United States,
1211:Display standards
906:recording formats
891:display standards
795:image compression
780:group of pictures
767:Video compression
524:frames per second
433:legacy technology
286:Analog television
244:network streaming
189:, and display of
167:
154:
153:
146:
128:
16:(Redirected from
8423:
8381:Data compression
8350:
8297:
8134:Unofficial patch
8102:
8101:
8051:
7991:Independent film
7935:
7934:
7865:Cassette culture
7819:
7818:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7682:
7681:
7663:
7662:
7653:
7652:
7482:Lapped transform
7386:
7385:
7264:Image resolution
7249:Coding tree unit
7234:
7233:
7043:
7042:
6888:
6887:
6509:
6508:
6495:Data compression
6488:
6481:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6403:Impact Wrestling
6257:Nintendo Channel
6096:Curiosity Stream
5953:Fandango at Home
5848:Teaching Channel
5808:PictureBox Films
5747:Internet Archive
5572:
5565:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5370:
5369:
5322:
5319:
5226:
5223:
5125:
5124:
4761:
4760:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4690:Video processing
4620:Technical issues
4616:
4615:
4593:
4590:
4581:
4578:
4109:
4108:
3841:(Color systems:
3769:(Color systems:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3662:
3655:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2589:. Archived from
2584:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2559:on June 29, 2017
2555:. Archived from
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2282:Volumetric video
2267:Color television
2262:Cable television
2257:360-degree video
2123:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
1591:VCR, VCR-LP, SVR
1176:Transport medium
1165:
1151:
1136:
1121:
1078:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1016:
1000:
984:
646:720 by 480 pixel
611:and traditional
423:. The advent of
417:video production
342:Charles Ginsburg
329:cathode-ray tube
228:radio broadcasts
205:cathode-ray tube
168:
149:
142:
138:
135:
129:
127:
86:
62:
54:
21:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8348:
8306:
8295:
8245:
8224:
8206:
8143:
8087:
8068:Low-budget film
8049:
8043:'60s–'70s
7969:
7920:
7911:Circuit bending
7897:
7808:
7794:Self-publishing
7712:
7709:
7679:
7674:
7641:
7625:
7609:
7590:Rate–distortion
7523:
7452:
7371:
7298:
7219:
7124:
7120:Sub-band coding
7028:
6953:Predictive type
6948:
6873:
6840:LZSS + Huffman
6790:LZ77 + Huffman
6779:
6689:
6625:Dictionary type
6619:
6521:Adaptive coding
6498:
6492:
6462:
6457:
6100:
5999:
5985:Movies Anywhere
5930:
5924:
5605:
5601:Video on demand
5596:Streaming media
5591:Digital library
5582:
5576:
5546:
5541:
5508:
5477:
5409:
5357:
5338:
5320:
5271:High Definition
5266:
5224:
5188:
5110:
5049:High Definition
5043:
5002:Digital Betacam
4964:
4750:
4745:
4715:
4706:
4685:Video on demand
4630:14:9 compromise
4621:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4562:
4521:
4517:MPEG-H 3D Audio
4448:
4410:
4392:
4339:
4321:
4298:
4280:
4235:
4149:
4094:
4033:
3962:
3919:
3903:
3887:
3865:
3793:
3753:
3722:
3711:
3706:
3676:
3671:
3651:Component video
3641:Composite video
3627:
3621:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3497:
3493:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3319:
3303:
3296:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2967:
2947:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2716:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2664:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2610:
2601:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2475:Elen, Richard.
2473:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2335:
2286:
2247:
2218:
2213:
2030:
2020:
1892:
1832:Digital Betacam
1749:
1506:
1491:
1479:blanking region
1312:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1020:Component video
1017:
1008:
1006:
1001:
992:
990:
988:Composite video
985:
966:component video
958:composite video
956:, it is called
930:
880:
867:virtual reality
834:
816:, Blu-ray, and
769:
763:
737:recommendation
720:
673:
601:
589:video projector
504:
470:
465:
453:digital cameras
393:
383:
377:
369:consumer market
304:signal (analog)
302:composite video
292:
282:
277:
271:
258:comes from the
252:
156:
150:
139:
133:
130:
87:
85:
75:
63:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8429:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8342:
8335:
8328:Do it yourself
8325:
8320:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8153:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8083:Double feature
8080:
8078:No wave cinema
8075:
8073:No-budget film
8070:
8065:
8063:Midnight movie
8060:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7867:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7755:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7722:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7685:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7657:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7537:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7392:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7146:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7049:
7047:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7024:Psychoacoustic
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6896:
6894:
6892:Transform type
6885:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6491:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6262:Nintendo Video
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5990:Nintendo eShop
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5622:Amazon Freevee
5619:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5373:Media agnostic
5367:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5014:Digital-S (D9)
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4640:Digital cinema
4637:
4635:Broadcast-safe
4632:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4582:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Broadcast flag
4535:
4529:
4527:
4526:Hidden signals
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3967:Hidden signals
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3953:Sound-in-Syncs
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:External links
3538:
3535:
3534:
3515:
3491:
3450:
3430:
3403:
3383:
3344:
3317:
3294:
3253:
3230:
3203:
3183:
3156:
3136:
3109:
3089:
3062:
3042:
3015:
2992:
2965:
2938:
2907:
2880:
2853:
2826:
2803:
2762:
2739:
2732:
2705:
2678:
2651:
2624:
2599:
2570:
2551:Soseman, Ned.
2543:
2516:
2486:
2467:
2443:
2424:
2407:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2331:Videotelephony
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Video feedback
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Fulldome video
2298:
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2284:
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2240:
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2201:
2192:
2183:
2173:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2089:
2028:List of codecs
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1985:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1789:
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1774:
1764:
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1731:
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1621:
1603:
1593:
1588:
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1568:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1531:
1505:
1502:
1500:is available.
1490:
1487:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Central Africa
1422:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1388:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1337:
1336:(MUSE) – Japan
1331:
1325:
1311:
1308:
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1090:
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1080:
1073:
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1059:
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1052:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:(2-channel YC)
1002:
995:
993:
986:
979:
975:applications.
934:analog signals
929:
926:
879:
876:
875:
874:
859:
852:
833:
830:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
719:
716:
672:
669:
653:vertical video
630:) is 1.375:1.
609:cinematography
600:
597:
585:LCD television
503:
500:
469:
466:
464:
461:
379:Main article:
376:
373:
281:
278:
270:
267:
251:
248:
240:computer files
152:
151:
66:
64:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8428:
8417:
8416:Media formats
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
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8399:
8397:
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8146:
8140:
8137:
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8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8119:Free software
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8109:Cowboy coding
8107:
8106:
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8098:
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7478:
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7459:
7455:
7449:
7448:Video quality
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
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7416:
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7366:
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7134:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Speech coding
7113:
7111:
7110:Sound quality
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:Dynamic range
7083:
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6886:
6884:
6880:
6868:
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6862:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:LZ77 + Range
6849:
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6829:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
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6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:Total Access
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
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5901:
5899:
5898:Xunlei Kankan
5896:
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3646:S-Video (Y/C)
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3570:Video as Arts
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3516:9780852967102
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2049:digital video
2047:
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2013:
2010:
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2000:
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1732:
1729:
1728:UniHi 1/2" HD
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:(Sony) (1987)
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
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1688:(Sony) (1984)
1687:
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1672:(Sony) (1982)
1671:
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1636:(Sony) (1975)
1635:
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1536:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:. The analog
1523:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1467:CCIR System M
1465:
1463:
1462:CCIR System I
1460:
1458:
1457:CCIR System H
1455:
1453:
1452:CCIR System G
1450:
1448:
1447:CCIR System B
1445:
1443:
1442:CCIR System A
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
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1349:
1345:
1344:United States
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1259:
1255:
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1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:and include:
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1187:
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1120:
1115:
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1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Digital video
1089:Digital video
1083:
1077:
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1058:
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724:
723:Video quality
718:Video quality
715:
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698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
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639:
638:digital video
635:
631:
629:
628:Academy ratio
625:
621:
614:
610:
605:
596:
594:
593:video quality
590:
586:
582:
581:deinterlacing
578:
577:line doubling
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:Video can be
499:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:dynamic range
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
388:
382:
381:Digital video
375:Digital video
372:
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366:
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359:
355:
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347:
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338:
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321:
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311:
303:
300:
296:
291:
287:
276:
266:
264:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:optical discs
233:
232:magnetic tape
229:
225:
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217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
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126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95: –
94:
90:
89:Find sources:
83:
79:
73:
72:
67:This article
65:
61:
56:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8345:
8337:
8323:Indie design
8277:Outsider art
8241:Microbrewery
8184:
7974:Professional
7950:Amateur film
7929:
7870:
7858:Pirate radio
7831:Record label
7769:
7621:Hutter Prize
7585:Quantization
7490:Compensation
7284:Quantization
7007:Compensation
6573:Shannon–Fano
6513:Entropy type
6352:Super Deluxe
6327:Sony Connect
6177:Google Video
6105:Discontinued
5975:iTunes Store
5722:Funny or Die
5579:Online video
4827:Cartrivision
4747:
4241:MPEG-2 Video
3779:Clear-Vision
3708:
3636:RF connector
3624:Analog video
3550:
3527:November 27,
3525:. Retrieved
3501:
3494:
3468:. Retrieved
3440:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3393:
3386:
3376:November 16,
3374:. Retrieved
3363:pro.sony.com
3362:
3335:. Retrieved
3307:
3271:. Retrieved
3243:
3221:. Retrieved
3193:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3146:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3099:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3052:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3005:
2983:. Retrieved
2951:
2929:. Retrieved
2920:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2866:
2844:. Retrieved
2816:
2780:. Retrieved
2752:
2719:
2696:. Retrieved
2668:
2642:. Retrieved
2614:
2591:the original
2586:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2546:
2536:February 19,
2534:. Retrieved
2519:
2509:February 21,
2507:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2456:vocademy.net
2455:
2446:
2437:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2389:
2380:
2321:Video sender
2250:Video format
2076:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2046:decompresses
2031:
1899:Blu-ray Disc
1893:
1750:
1722:Fisher-Price
1519:
1492:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1433:Soviet Union
1313:
1233:
1194:
1179:
1092:
970:
931:
928:Analog video
903:
884:
881:
858:the content.
835:
832:Stereoscopic
804:, including
798:
787:
770:
754:
750:
746:
742:
721:
705:
682:
650:
632:
620:Aspect ratio
618:
599:Aspect ratio
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
532:
505:
496:moving image
478:
472:
471:
441:color gamuts
401:Blu-ray Disc
394:
362:
322:
307:
280:Analog video
262:
255:
253:
224:refresh rate
220:aspect ratio
213:
187:broadcasting
185:, playback,
174:
173:
140:
131:
121:
114:
107:
100:
88:
76:Please help
71:verification
68:
51:
8355:Maker Faire
8296:(wrestling)
8236:Homebrewing
8162:development
8157:Indie games
8149:Video games
8139:Warez scene
8048:'80s–
7945:Home movies
7878:Lo-fi music
7799:Small press
7777:conventions
7580:Prefix code
7433:Frame types
7254:Color space
7080:Convolution
6810:LZ77 + ANS
6721:Incremental
6694:Other types
6613:Levenshtein
6397:UltraViolet
6367:TouchVision
6362:Tank Top TV
6267:Nokia Store
6197:Intel AppUp
6026:Crunchyroll
5929:Rental and
5893:Xigua Video
5858:thePlatform
5843:TeacherTube
5682:Dailymotion
5483:Solid state
5321: 2006
5225: 1996
5135:Phonovision
5093:D6 HDTV VTR
4833:Philips VCR
4699:Templates (
4416:MPEG-H HEVC
4155:Progressive
2390:hidefnj.com
2289:Video usage
2243:Videography
2059:portmanteau
2024:Video codec
1757:Betacam IMX
1718:Pixelvision
1188:(SDI). See
1169:DisplayPort
1112:Interface.
1110:DisplayPort
1108:(HDMI) and
1023:(3-channel
942:chrominance
910:video clips
899:color space
855:Anaglyph 3D
824:, used for
812:, used for
802:compression
791:compression
708:color depth
685:color model
657:Mary Meeker
624:rectangular
512:progressive
449:color depth
413:smartphones
310:Nipkow disk
8375:Categories
8349:(magazine)
8167:developers
8033:Golden Age
8011:Mumblecore
7637:Mark Adler
7595:Redundancy
7512:Daubechies
7495:Estimation
7428:Frame rate
7350:Daubechies
7310:Chain code
7269:Macroblock
7075:Companding
7012:Estimation
6932:Daubechies
6638:Lempel–Ziv
6598:Exp-Golomb
6526:Arithmetic
6282:Pandora TV
6232:Megaupload
6167:Funimation
6157:FilmStruck
6041:Paramount+
5995:Rakuten TV
5828:SchoolTube
5662:Brightcove
5020:Betacam SX
4929:Betacam SP
4893:Video 2000
4773:Quadruplex
4543:Captioning
4345:MPEG-4 AVC
4113:Interlaced
4038:Historical
3974:Captioning
3933:BTSC (MTS)
3908:1250 lines
3892:1125 lines
3721:Television
3470:August 25,
3460:1130315057
3423:August 25,
3337:August 25,
3273:August 25,
3263:1300579454
3223:August 25,
3176:August 25,
3129:August 25,
3082:August 25,
3072:1302274863
3035:August 25,
3025:1098279086
2985:August 25,
2975:1243420273
2921:TechCrunch
2900:August 25,
2890:1233023513
2846:August 25,
2782:August 25,
2698:August 25,
2644:August 25,
2461:2024-06-29
2372:References
2042:compresses
2022:See also:
1996:Telefunken
1702:Betacam SP
1650:Video 2000
1421:(military)
1241:and other
1205:SMPTE 2110
1201:SMPTE 2022
1082:D-Terminal
800:interframe
789:intraframe
784:redundancy
747:unimpaired
613:television
587:, digital
547:even field
535:scan lines
516:mechanical
508:interlaced
474:Frame rate
385:See also:
333:television
284:See also:
273:See also:
179:electronic
104:newspapers
8332:DIY ethic
8289:Indie RPG
8272:NaĂŻve art
8257:Indie art
8114:Demoscene
8001:Indiewood
7965:Machinima
7771:Doujinshi
7758:Minicomic
7614:Community
7438:Interlace
6824:Zstandard
6603:Fibonacci
6593:Universal
6551:Canonical
6382:TroopTube
6372:Trilulilu
6322:Smashcast
6307:Quickflix
6302:Putlocker
6212:Justin.tv
6137:CinemaNow
6132:Break.com
6122:BBC Store
6051:Apple TV+
5963:Google TV
5792:OverDrive
5772:Medici.tv
5642:AfreecaTV
5524:Kinescope
5454:AVC-Intra
5421:CamCutter
5404:DVCPRO HD
5171:Laserfilm
5153:LaserDisc
5120:Videodisc
5057:Sony HDVS
4756:Videotape
4680:Test card
4353:ATSC A/72
4259:DVB 3D-TV
3871:819 lines
3799:625 lines
3759:525 lines
3741:405 lines
3626:standards
3480:cite book
3413:958102392
3327:879025861
3283:cite book
3213:858027807
3166:844775006
3119:840292528
2931:August 6,
2872:Routledge
2836:672322796
2792:cite book
2772:815408915
2688:499054489
2634:190789775
2400:March 30,
2350:CamStudio
2311:Video art
1974:Laserdisc
1923:DVD Forum
1822:Digital-S
1777:D-Theater
1565:1/2" EIAJ
1522:Kinescope
1504:Recording
1431:, former
1395:Argentina
1293:Argentina
968:formats.
938:luminance
776:data rate
543:odd field
528:bandwidth
457:Hollywood
358:videotape
290:Videotape
265:(I see).
254:The word
250:Etymology
134:June 2024
8267:Mail art
8202:ROM hack
8179:Fan game
8174:Homebrew
8097:Software
7960:Fan film
7836:Netlabel
7782:printers
7746:business
7741:Webcomic
7600:Symmetry
7568:Timeline
7551:FM-index
7396:Bit rate
7389:Concepts
7237:Concepts
7100:Sampling
7053:Bit rate
7046:Concepts
6748:Sequitur
6583:Tunstall
6556:Modified
6546:Adaptive
6504:Lossless
6387:Toons.TV
6277:Openload
6272:Openfilm
6247:Metacafe
6227:LoveFilm
6222:LiveLeak
6162:Flixster
6091:Showtime
6061:Pluto TV
6016:Bongo BD
5948:Fandango
5931:purchase
5888:V.QQ.com
5833:Showroom
5813:Pluto TV
5803:PeerTube
5782:Niconico
5767:Mango TV
5727:Funshion
5717:Frame.io
5657:Bongo BD
5652:BitChute
5647:Bilibili
5632:Apple TV
5414:Tapeless
5398:DVCPRO50
5177:CD Video
5141:Ampex-HS
5105:HDCAM SR
5069:BCH 1000
5032:MPEG IMX
5026:Digital8
4592:Defunct.
4558:Teletext
4424:ATSC 3.0
4080:567-line
4075:455-line
4070:441-line
4065:375-line
4060:343-line
4055:180-line
4045:Pre-1940
3999:Teletext
3879:System E
3807:System B
3767:System M
3749:System A
3521:Archived
3464:Archived
3417:Archived
3367:Archived
3331:Archived
3267:Archived
3217:Archived
3170:Archived
3123:Archived
3076:Archived
3029:Archived
2979:Archived
2957:Springer
2925:Archived
2894:Archived
2840:Archived
2776:Archived
2692:Archived
2638:Archived
2563:July 12,
2530:Archived
2503:Archived
2481:Archived
2394:Archived
2360:CloudApp
2355:Camtasia
2345:Bandicam
2277:Timecode
2272:Telecine
2216:See also
2093:CCIR 601
2038:hardware
2034:software
2012:Video CD
1842:Digital8
1746:) (1994)
1724:) (1987)
1714:) (1987)
1698:) (1986)
1682:) (1982)
1666:) (1980)
1660:1/4" CVC
1656:) (1979)
1646:) (1976)
1630:) (1975)
1399:Paraguay
1302:(DMB) –
1269:(DVB) –
940:(Y) and
755:impaired
751:impaired
665:Snapchat
642:CCIR 601
560:, where
405:computer
314:patented
8311:General
8058:Z movie
8050:present
8028:B movie
7938:Amateur
7888:Podsafe
7853:Station
7753:Webtoon
7736:Fanzine
7718:Reading
7558:Entropy
7507:Wavelet
7486:Motion
7345:Wavelet
7325:Fractal
7320:Deflate
7303:Methods
7090:Latency
7003:Motion
6927:Wavelet
6844:LHA/LZH
6794:Deflate
6743:Re-Pair
6738:Grammar
6568:Shannon
6541:Huffman
6497:methods
6418:Viddler
6252:MyVideo
6242:MUZU.TV
6152:Fearnet
6142:Daisuki
6127:Blip.tv
6056:Peacock
6046:Disney+
6031:Netflix
5959:Google
5908:YouTube
5799:/Odysee
5777:meWATCH
5732:GOG.com
5667:Buzznet
5532:(1950s)
5503:MicroP2
5424:Editcam
5366:Virtual
5218:MiniDVD
5206:MovieCD
5193:Digital
5038:MicroMV
4970:Digital
4947:S-VHS-C
4917:Betacam
4851:Betamax
4821:U-matic
4803:CV-2000
4439:ISDB-S3
4388:MobaHo!
4335:MobaHo!
4104:Digital
3851:PALplus
2416:"video"
2221:General
2077:decoder
2072:encoder
2067:decoder
2063:encoder
1982:Philips
1958:Toshiba
1936:(UMD) (
1883:MicroMV
1816:Philips
1670:Betacam
1654:Philips
1634:Betamax
1614:Marconi
1571:U-matic
1408:PALplus
1403:Uruguay
1377:Oceania
1285:ISDB-Tb
1104:(DVI),
1100:(SDI),
1004:S-Video
962:S-Video
878:Formats
841:3D film
479:frame/s
344:led an
340:image.
269:History
183:copying
118:scholar
93:"Video"
36:Footage
8339:Doujin
8221:Drinks
8185:Doujin
7871:Doujin
7763:Co-ops
7669:codecs
7630:People
7533:Theory
7500:Vector
7017:Vector
6834:Brotli
6784:Hybrid
6683:Snappy
6536:Golomb
6443:WeShow
6413:Vessel
6392:Twango
6377:Triton
6337:Stage6
6317:Revver
6312:Redbox
6297:Presto
6182:Hitbox
6071:Hidive
6021:Chorki
6004:Others
5920:Zattoo
5868:Twitch
5823:Rutube
5818:Rumble
5787:Noggin
5757:Kanopy
5737:hoopla
5707:Flickr
5702:FilmOn
5672:Chorki
5627:Aparat
5617:56.com
5538:(1967)
5526:(1947)
5505:(2012)
5499:(2007)
5493:(2004)
5474:(2012)
5468:(2009)
5466:iFrame
5462:(2007)
5456:(2006)
5450:(2006)
5444:(2005)
5438:(2004)
5436:GBA-TV
5432:(2003)
5426:(1995)
5406:(2000)
5400:(1997)
5394:(1996)
5388:(1995)
5386:DVCPRO
5382:(1995)
5354:(2016)
5335:(2008)
5329:(2007)
5314:MiniBD
5310:(2006)
5304:(2006)
5302:HD DVD
5298:(2006)
5292:(2004)
5286:(2003)
5280:(1994)
5263:(2005)
5257:(2004)
5251:(2003)
5245:(2003)
5239:(1998)
5233:(1998)
5214:(1996)
5208:(1996)
5202:(1993)
5185:(1990)
5179:(1987)
5173:(1984)
5167:(1983)
5161:(1981)
5155:(1978)
5149:(1975)
5143:(1967)
5137:(1927)
5128:Analog
5107:(2003)
5101:(2003)
5095:(2000)
5089:(1998)
5083:(1997)
5077:(1994)
5071:(1992)
5065:(1984)
5059:(1984)
5040:(2001)
5034:(2000)
5028:(1999)
5022:(1996)
5016:(1995)
5010:(1994)
5004:(1993)
4998:(1992)
4992:(1991)
4986:(1988)
4980:(1986)
4961:(1998)
4955:(1989)
4949:(1987)
4943:(1987)
4937:(1986)
4931:(1986)
4925:(1985)
4923:Video8
4919:(1982)
4913:(1982)
4907:(1982)
4901:(1980)
4895:(1980)
4889:(1979)
4883:(1977)
4877:(1976)
4871:(1976)
4869:Type C
4865:(1976)
4863:Type B
4859:(1975)
4853:(1975)
4847:(1974)
4841:(1974)
4839:V-Cord
4835:(1972)
4829:(1972)
4823:(1971)
4817:(1969)
4815:EIAJ-1
4811:(1967)
4805:(1965)
4799:(1965)
4797:Type A
4793:(1961)
4787:(1961)
4781:(1958)
4775:(1956)
4765:Analog
4512:HE-AAC
4434:HD DMB
3979:CGMS-A
3915:HD-MAC
3775:NTSC-J
3732:Analog
3583:Curlie
3574:Curlie
3548:about
3513:
3458:
3448:
3411:
3401:
3325:
3315:
3261:
3251:
3211:
3201:
3164:
3154:
3117:
3107:
3070:
3060:
3023:
3013:
2973:
2963:
2888:
2878:
2834:
2824:
2770:
2760:
2730:
2686:
2676:
2632:
2622:
2190:Theora
2176:MPEG-4
2162:MPEG-2
2152:MPEG-1
2142:M-JPEG
1992:Teldec
1964:HD-VMD
1950:HD DVD
1911:(CBHD)
1888:MiniDV
1730:(1988)
1692:Video8
1573:3/4" (
1567:(1969)
1429:France
1419:RS-343
1412:Europe
1386:Brazil
1369:Europe
1348:Canada
1289:Brazil
1271:Europe
1258:Mexico
1254:Canada
1239:MPEG-2
1223:, and
952:, and
897:, and
822:MPEG-4
820:, and
810:MPEG-2
739:BT.500
634:Pixels
558:576i50
539:fields
331:(CRT)
242:, and
194:visual
191:moving
177:is an
120:
113:
106:
99:
91:
18:Videos
8386:Video
8250:Other
7930:Video
7873:music
7848:Radio
7814:Audio
7787:shops
7460:parts
7458:Codec
7423:Frame
7381:Video
7365:SPIHT
7274:Pixel
7229:Image
7183:ACELP
7154:ADPCM
7144:ÎĽ-law
7139:A-law
7132:parts
7130:Codec
7038:Audio
6977:ACELP
6965:ADPCM
6942:SPIHT
6883:Lossy
6867:bzip2
6858:LZHAM
6814:LZFSE
6716:Delta
6608:Gamma
6588:Unary
6563:Range
6433:Vongo
6423:Vidme
6292:PLUS7
6237:Mixer
6217:Kazaa
6207:Joost
6202:In2TV
6192:iMesh
6187:imeem
6117:Azubu
6086:ESPN+
6081:Starz
5903:Youku
5878:Vimeo
5873:VBOX7
5863:Tudou
5853:Telly
5752:iQIYI
5712:Fotki
5677:CHZZK
5637:AcFun
5448:AVCHD
5430:XDCAM
5392:DVCAM
5087:D-VHS
5081:HDCAM
5075:W-VHS
5063:UniHi
4941:S-VHS
4905:VHS-C
4454:Audio
4406:ABS-S
4378:SBTVD
4317:ABS-S
4276:ABS-S
4219:UHDTV
4212:1080p
4143:1080i
3943:NICAM
3925:Audio
3855:SECAM
3847:PAL-N
3789:B-MAC
3783:PAL-M
3657:YPbPr
3551:Video
3370:(PDF)
3359:(PDF)
2594:(PDF)
2583:(PDF)
2365:Fraps
2208:SMPTE
2166:ITU-T
2137:H.265
2127:ITU-T
2117:ITU-T
2113:H.263
2107:ITU-T
2103:H.261
2097:ITU-T
2085:lossy
2057:is a
2054:codec
2040:that
1917:(was
1873:ProHD
1858:HDCAM
1807:D5 HD
1767:D-VHS
1740:W-VHS
1708:S-VHS
1676:VHS-C
1664:Funai
1610:Ampex
1559:Ampex
1551:1956)
1549:Ampex
1425:SECAM
1391:PAL-N
1382:PAL-M
1352:Japan
1304:Korea
1280:Japan
1262:Korea
1142:(DVI)
1127:(SDI)
1040:SCART
1025:YPbPr
954:SECAM
826:AVCHD
735:ITU-T
701:YCbCr
697:YDbDr
541:: an
487:SECAM
346:Ampex
312:were
263:video
260:Latin
256:video
197:media
175:Video
125:JSTOR
111:books
47:Vidio
8346:Make
8218:Food
8187:soft
8038:'50s
7472:DPCM
7279:PSNR
7210:MDCT
7203:WLPC
7188:CELP
7149:DPCM
6997:WLPC
6982:CELP
6960:DPCM
6910:MDCT
6854:LZMA
6755:LDCT
6733:DPCM
6678:LZWL
6668:LZSS
6663:LZRW
6653:LZJB
6428:Vine
6408:Vdio
6066:Tubi
6036:Hulu
6011:AMC+
5913:Kids
5883:Vudu
5838:Sohu
5797:LBRY
5742:GyaO
5687:Daum
5610:Free
5472:XAVC
5237:SVCD
4959:Ruvi
4809:Akai
4779:VERA
4548:CPCM
4502:LPCM
4472:AC-4
4462:AC-3
4444:DTMB
4398:AVS2
4383:1seg
4368:DTMB
4358:CMMB
4312:DTMB
4304:AVS+
4294:CMMB
4271:DTMB
4266:ISDB
4249:ATSC
4207:720p
4202:HDTV
4195:576p
4190:480p
4185:EDTV
4178:288p
4173:240p
4168:1seg
4163:LDTV
4138:HDTV
4131:576i
4126:480i
4121:SDTV
4090:OSKM
4019:VITC
4009:VEIL
3938:EIAJ
3899:MUSE
3771:NTSC
3529:2019
3511:ISBN
3486:link
3472:2022
3456:OCLC
3446:ISBN
3425:2022
3409:OCLC
3399:ISBN
3378:2014
3339:2022
3323:OCLC
3313:ISBN
3289:link
3275:2022
3259:OCLC
3249:ISBN
3225:2022
3209:OCLC
3199:ISBN
3178:2022
3162:OCLC
3152:ISBN
3131:2022
3115:OCLC
3105:ISBN
3084:2022
3068:OCLC
3058:ISBN
3037:2022
3021:OCLC
3011:ISBN
2987:2022
2971:OCLC
2961:ISBN
2933:2015
2902:2022
2886:OCLC
2876:ISBN
2848:2022
2832:OCLC
2822:ISBN
2798:link
2784:2022
2768:OCLC
2758:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2700:2022
2684:OCLC
2674:ISBN
2646:2022
2630:OCLC
2620:ISBN
2565:2017
2538:2022
2511:2014
2402:2017
2204:VC-1
2199:WebM
2065:and
2044:and
2026:and
1994:and
1980:and
1956:and
1938:Sony
1903:Sony
1862:Sony
1846:Sony
1836:Sony
1824:D9 (
1796:Sony
1786:Sony
1761:Sony
1696:Sony
1686:HDVS
1618:Sony
1616:and
1585:Avco
1575:Sony
1535:VERA
1401:and
1373:Asia
1340:NTSC
1276:ISDB
1250:ATSC
1203:and
1155:HDMI
1068:TRRS
946:NTSC
839:for
683:The
518:and
491:NTSC
439:and
411:and
389:and
337:live
318:film
299:NTSC
288:and
97:news
34:and
32:Film
8192:Mod
7517:DWT
7467:DCT
7411:VBR
7406:CBR
7401:ABR
7360:EZW
7355:DWT
7340:RLE
7330:KLT
7315:DCT
7198:LSP
7193:LAR
7178:LPC
7171:FFT
7068:VBR
7063:CBR
7058:ABR
6992:LSP
6987:LAR
6972:LPC
6937:DWT
6922:FFT
6917:DST
6905:DCT
6804:LZS
6799:LZX
6775:RLE
6770:PPM
6765:PAQ
6760:MTF
6728:DMC
6706:CTW
6701:BWT
6673:LZW
6658:LZO
6648:LZ4
6643:842
6076:Max
5938:Aha
5497:SxS
5460:TOD
5442:MOD
5296:VMD
5261:FVD
5255:UMD
5243:EVD
5231:CVD
5212:DVD
5200:VCD
5183:VSD
5165:VHD
5159:CED
5147:TeD
5099:HDV
4996:DCT
4953:Hi8
4935:MII
4899:CVC
4887:SVR
4875:VHS
4857:IVC
4644:DCI
4553:EPG
4533:AFD
4507:AAC
4497:PCM
4482:DRA
4477:DTS
4466:5.1
4429:DVB
4373:DVB
4363:DMB
4286:AVS
4254:DVB
4029:XDS
4024:WSS
4014:VIT
4004:VBI
3994:PDC
3989:GCR
3984:EPG
3948:SAP
3861:MAC
3843:PAL
3664:RGB
3581:at
3572:at
2195:VP8
2186:Ogg
2180:ISO
2170:ISO
2156:ISO
2146:ISO
2131:ISO
2061:of
2036:or
2006:JVC
2002:VHD
1978:MCA
1954:NEC
1915:DVD
1877:JVC
1868:HDV
1826:JVC
1771:JVC
1744:JVC
1734:Hi8
1712:JVC
1680:JVC
1644:JVC
1640:VHS
1628:IVC
1539:BBC
1514:VHS
1477:or
1365:PAL
1054:VGA
950:PAL
814:DVD
693:YUV
689:YIQ
655:.
562:576
520:CRT
510:or
483:PAL
455:in
397:DVD
80:by
8377::
7335:LP
7166:FT
7159:DM
6711:CM
5762:Le
5491:P2
5380:DV
5318:c.
5222:c.
5008:D5
4990:D3
4984:D2
4978:D1
4881:VK
4845:VX
4585:^
4573:^
4229:8K
4224:4K
3881:,
3853:,
3849:,
3845:,
3837:,
3833:,
3829:,
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3821:,
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3809:,
3781:,
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3519:.
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