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at home or someone they can count on for guidance and comfort. Schools in bad neighborhoods where youth violence is prevalent should assign counselors to each student so that they receive regular guidance. In addition to counseling/therapy sessions and programs, it has been recommended that schools offer mentoring programs where students can interact with adults who can be a positive influence on them. Another way is to create more neighborhood programs to ensure that each child has a positive and stable place to go when school in not in session. Many children have benefited from formal organizations now which aim to help mentor and provide a safe environment for the youth especially those living in neighborhoods with higher rates of violence. This includes organizations such as
Becoming a Man, CeaseFire Illinois, Chicago Area Project, Little Black Pearl, and Rainbow House". These programs are designed to help give the youth a safe place to go, stop the violence from occurring, offering counseling and mentoring to help stop the cycle of violence. If the youth do not have a safe place to go after school hours they will likely get into trouble, receive poor grades, drop out of school and use drugs and alcohol. The gangs look for youth who do not have positive influences in their life and need protection. This is why these programs are so important for the youth to have a safe environment rather than resorting to the streets.
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emergency departments, to mobilize to address it. The information, resources, and infrastructures the health care sector has at its disposal are an important asset for research and prevention work. Second, the magnitude of the problem and its potentially severe lifelong consequences and high costs to individuals and wider society call for population-level interventions typical of the public health approach. Third, the criminal justice approach, the other main approach to addressing violence (link to entry above), has traditionally been more geared towards violence that occurs between male youths and adults in the street and other public places—which makes up the bulk of homicides in most countries—than towards violence occurring in private settings such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse—which makes up the largest share of non-fatal violence. Fourth, evidence is beginning to accumulate that a science-based public health approach is effective at preventing interpersonal violence.
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people, and to extend better care and safety to entire populations. The public health approach is interdisciplinary, drawing upon knowledge from many disciplines including medicine, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, criminology, education and economics. Because all forms of violence are multi-faceted problems, the public health approach emphasizes a multi-sectoral response. It has been proved time and again that cooperative efforts from such diverse sectors as health, education, social welfare, and criminal justice are often necessary to solve what are usually assumed to be purely "criminal" or "medical" problems. The public health approach considers that violence, rather than being the result of any single factor, is the outcome of multiple risk factors and causes, interacting at four levels of a nested hierarchy (individual, close relationship/family, community and wider society) of the
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forms of violence. We must insist that violence also refers to that which is psychologically destructive, that which demeans, damages, or depersonalizes others. In view of these considerations, violence may be defined as follows: any action, verbal or nonverbal, oral or written, physical or psychical, active or passive, public or private, individual or institutional/societal, human or divine, in whatever degree of intensity, that abuses, violates, injures, or kills. Some of the most pervasive and most dangerous forms of violence are those that are often hidden from view (against women and children, especially); just beneath the surface in many of our homes, churches, and communities is abuse enough to freeze the blood. Moreover, many forms of systemic violence often slip past our attention because they are so much a part of the infrastructure of life (e.g., racism, sexism, ageism).
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infrastructure and depopulated every urban area". Forced movement, such as this forced movement applied by Pol Pot, is a clear display of structural violence. When "symbols of
Cambodian society were equally disrupted, social institutions of every kind…were purged or torn down", cultural violence (defined as when "any aspect of culture such as language, religion, ideology, art, or cosmology is used to legitimize direct or structural violence") is added to the structural violence of forced movement and to the direct violence, such as murder, at the Killing Fields. Vietnam eventually intervened and the genocide officially ended. However, ten million landmines left by opposing guerillas in the 1970s continue to create a violent landscape in Cambodia.
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Nazi government's lager or concentration camp can occur). However, when this "in limbo" reality is designed to be in place "until further notice…the state of exception thus ceases to be referred to as an external and provisional state of factual danger and comes to be confused with juridical rule itself". For
Agamben, the physical space of the camp "is a piece of land placed outside the normal juridical order, but it is nevertheless not simply an external space". At the scale of the body, in the state of exception, a person is so removed from their rights by "juridical procedures and deployments of power" that "no act committed against them could appear any longer as a crime"; in other words, people become only
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mitigate the effects of the trauma they've experienced, negative repercussions can be reduced or eliminated. As an initial step, the youths need to understand why they may be feeling a certain way and to understand how the violence they have experienced may be causing negative feelings and making them behave differently. Pursuing a greater awareness of their feelings, perceptions, and negative emotions is the first step that should be taken as part of recovering from the trauma they have experienced. "Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change the way we feel is by becoming aware of our inner experience and learning to befriend what is going on inside ourselves".
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2007. This can be compared to the average world homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000 people. This illustration highlights the value of accounting for all forms of armed violence rather than an exclusive focus on conflict related violence. Certainly, there are huge variations in the risk of dying from armed conflict at the national and subnational level, and the risk of dying violently in a conflict in specific countries remains extremely high. In Iraq, for example, the direct conflict death rate for 2004–07 was 65 per 100,000 people per year and, in
Somalia, 24 per 100,000 people. This rate even reached peaks of 91 per 100,000 in Iraq in 2006 and 74 per 100,000 in Somalia in 2007.
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that humans have a paleolithic adult homicide rate of about 2%. This would be lower than some other animals, but still high. However, this study took into account the infanticide rate by some other animals such as meerkats, but not of humans, where estimates of children killed by infanticide in the
Mesolithic and Neolithic eras vary from 15 to 50 percent. Other evidence suggests that organized, large-scale, militaristic, or regular human-on-human violence was absent for the vast majority of the human timeline, and is first documented to have started only relatively recently in the
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strong, inverse relationship between homicide rates and both economic development and economic equality. Poorer countries, especially those with large gaps between the rich and the poor, tend to have higher rates of homicide than wealthier countries. Homicide rates differ markedly by age and sex. Gender differences are least marked for children. For the 15 to 29 age group, male rates were nearly six times those for female rates; for the remaining age groups, male rates were from two to four times those for females.
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health activities to (1) document and characterize the burden of violence, (2) assess the effectiveness of programmes, with particular attention to women and children and community-based initiatives, and (3) promote activities to tackle the problem at the international and national levels. The World Health
Organization's initial response to this resolution was to create the Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability and to publish the World report on violence and health (2002).
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1907:, which demonstrates how place, space, and landscape are foremost factors in the real and imagined practices of organized violence both historically and in the present. Evidently, political violence often gives a part for the state to play. When "modern states not only claim a monopoly of the legitimate means of violence; they also routinely use the threat of violence to enforce the rule of law", the law not only becomes a form of violence but is violence. Philosopher
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based on the understanding of causes, in a similar way to prevention efforts for communicable and other diseases. In 1962, Gomez, referring to the WHO definition of health, stated that it is obvious that violence does not contribute to "extending life" or to a "complete state of well-being". He defined violence as an issue that public health experts needed to address and stated that it should not be the primary domain of lawyers, military personnel, or politicians.
2353:, who attributes the decline to a "civilizing process", in which the state's monopolization of violence, the maintenance of socioeconomic interdependencies or "figurations", and the maintenance of behavioural codes in culture all contribute to the development of individual sensibilities, which increase the repugnance of individuals towards violent acts. According to a 2010 study, non-lethal violence, such as assaults or bullying appear to be declining as well.
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mental injuries, it is often up to their family members to take care of them, including paying their daily living expenses and medical bills. Their caretakers may have to give up their jobs or work reduced hours to provide help to the victim of violence. This causes a further burden on society because the victim and maybe even their caretakers have to obtain government assistance to help pay their bills. Recent research has found that
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anyone), such as substance use and various personal, social, and economic factors. A 2015 review found that in the United States, about 4% of violence is attributable to people diagnosed with mental illness, and a 2014 study found that 7.5% of crimes committed by mentally ill people were directly related to the symptoms of their mental illness. The majority of people with serious mental illness are never violent.
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times more frequent than suicide. Suicide was the 16th leading cause of death worldwide in 2004 and is projected to increase to the 12th in 2030. Although suicide rates have traditionally been highest among the male elderly, rates among young people have been increasing to such an extent that they are now the group at highest risk in a third of countries, in both developed and developing countries.
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cases of maltreatment to family, friends, or to the authorities. Data on the extent of the problem in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are scarce. Elder maltreatment can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences. Elder maltreatment is predicted to increase as many countries are experiencing rapidly ageing populations.
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1390:, which are defined by, or are inherently associated with, conduct problems and violence. There are conflicting findings about the extent to which certain specific symptoms, notably some kinds of psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder, are linked to an increased risk of serious violence on average. The
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further crimes—through deterrence (threatening potential offenders with criminal sanctions if they commit crimes), incapacitation (physically preventing offenders from committing further crimes by locking them up) and through rehabilitation (using time spent under state supervision to develop skills or change one's psychological make-up to reduce the likelihood of future offences).
530:, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be relatively effective in preventing violence, although mental and physical health and individual responses, personalities, etc. have always been decisive factors in the formation of these behaviors.
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though we may talk, in a more metaphorical way, of the state acting violently. Likewise, understandings of violence are linked to a perceived aggressor-victim relationship: hence psychologists have shown that people may not recognise defensive use of force as violent, even in cases where the amount of force used is significantly greater than in the original aggression.
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tasks is to "do justice", i.e. to ensure that offenders are properly identified, that the degree of their guilt is as accurately ascertained as possible, and that they are punished appropriately. To prevent and respond to violence, the criminal justice approach relies primarily on deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and rehabilitation of perpetrators.
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cities have experienced some form of community violence." The violence "can also all take place under one roof, or in a given community or neighborhood and can happen at the same time or at different stages of life." Youth violence has immediate and long term adverse impact whether the individual was the recipient of the violence or a witness to it.
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years of human existence. Fry determines that all present ethnographically studied tribal societies, "by the very fact of having been described and published by anthropologists, have been irrevocably impacted by history and modern colonial nation states" and that "many have been affected by state societies for at least 5000 years."
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determine the name". With geography often adding the forgotten spatial aspect to theories of social science, rather than creating them solely within the discipline, it seems that the self-reflexive contemporary geography of today may have an extremely important place in this current (re)imaging of violence, exemplified by
Cavarero.
1479:. For instance, evidence suggests that programmes that combine microfinance with gender equity training can reduce intimate partner violence. School-based programmes such as Safe Dates programme in the United States of America and the Youth Relationship Project in Canada have been found to be effective for reducing dating violence.
750:—that is, violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. Community violence—violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home. The former group includes forms of violence such as
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alert state (similar to being stuck in the fight or flight mode). "Researchers claim that the youth who are exposed to violence may have emotional, social, and cognitive problems. They may have trouble controlling emotions, paying attention in school, withdraw from friends, or show signs of post-traumatic stress disorder".
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anti-bullying prevention programmes; and programmes to reduce access to alcohol, illegal drugs and guns. Also, given significant neighbourhood effects on youth violence, interventions involving relocating families to less poor environments have shown promising results. Similarly, urban renewal projects such as
2809:"While the ontological violence of language does, in significant ways, sustain, enable, and encourage physical violence, it is a serious mistake to conflate them. Violence is understood to be ineliminable in the first sense, and this leads to its being treated as a fundamental in the second sense, too.""
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Fry explores Keeley's argument in depth and counters that such sources erroneously focus on the ethnography of hunters and gatherers in the present, whose culture and values have been infiltrated externally by modern civilization, rather than the actual archaeological record spanning some two million
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There are basically two schools of thought on this issue. One holds that warfare... goes back at least to the time of the first thoroughly modern humans and even before then to the primate ancestors of the hominid lineage. The second positions on the origins of warfare sees war as much less common in
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are useful to consider within a geography of violence. The state, in the grip of a perceived, potential crisis (whether legitimate or not) takes preventative legal measures, such as a suspension of rights (it is in this climate, as
Agamben demonstrates, that the formation of the Social Democratic and
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Interventions to identify victims of interpersonal violence and provide effective care and support are critical for protecting health and breaking cycles of violence from one generation to the next. Examples for which evidence of effectiveness is emerging includes: screening tools to identify victims
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Cities and counties throughout the United States organize "Violence
Prevention Months" where the mayor, by proclamation, or the county, by a resolution, encourage the private, community and public sectors to engage in activities that raise awareness that violence is not acceptable through art, music,
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Research into the media and violence examines whether links between consuming media violence and subsequent aggressive and violent behaviour exists. Although some scholars had claimed media violence may increase aggression, this view is coming increasingly in doubt both in the scholarly community and
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Since violence is a matter of perception as well as a measurable phenomenon, psychologists have found variability in whether people perceive certain physical acts as "violent". For example, in a state where execution is a legalized punishment we do not typically perceive the executioner as "violent",
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A recent theory named "The
Criminal Spin" suggests a mutual flywheel effect between partners that is manifested by an escalation in the violence. A violent spin may occur in any other forms of violence, but in Intimate partner violence the added value is the mutual spin, based on the unique situation
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were victims of 329,825 homicides. Although there is a widespread perception that war is the most dangerous form of armed violence in the world, the average person living in a conflict-affected country had a risk of dying violently in the conflict of about 2.0 per 100,000 population between 2004 and
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In the last 45 years, suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide. Suicide is among the three leading causes of death among those aged 15–44 years in some countries, and the second leading cause of death in the 10–24 years age group. These figures do not include suicide attempts which are up to 20
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For every death due to violence, there are numerous nonfatal injuries. In 2008, over 16 million cases of non-fatal violence-related injuries were severe enough to require medical attention. Beyond deaths and injuries, forms of violence such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and elder
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The public health approach is a science-driven, population-based, interdisciplinary, intersectoral approach based on the ecological model which emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than focusing on individuals, the public health approach aims to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of
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The criminal justice approach, beyond justice and punishment, has traditionally emphasized indicated interventions, aimed at those who have already been involved in violence, either as victims or as perpetrators. One of the main reasons offenders are arrested, prosecuted, and convicted is to prevent
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The criminal justice approach sees its main task as enforcing laws that proscribe violence and ensuring that "justice is done". The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central to criminal justice's approach to violence and one of the criminal justice system's main
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Many strategies have been implemented to prevent elder maltreatment and to take action against it and mitigate its consequences including public and professional awareness campaigns, screening (of potential victims and abusers), caregiver support interventions (e.g. stress management, respite care),
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Population-level surveys based on reports from victims estimate that between 0.3 and 11.5% of women reported experiencing sexual violence. Sexual violence has serious short- and long-term consequences on physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health for victims and for their children as described
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Youth violence impacts individuals, their families, and society. Victims can have lifelong injuries which means ongoing doctor and hospital visits, the cost of which quickly add up. Since the victims of youth-on-youth violence may not be able to attend school or work because of their physical and/or
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Different types of youth on youth violence include witnessing or being involved in physical, emotional and sexual abuse (e.g. physical attacks, bullying, rape), and violent acts like gang shootings and robberies. According to researchers in 2018, "More than half of children and adolescents living in
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Youth violence has a serious, often lifelong, impact on a person's psychological and social functioning. Youth violence greatly increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; reduces productivity; decreases the value of property; and generally undermines the fabric of society.
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Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health, and social and occupational functioning (e.g. school, job, and relationship difficulties). These can ultimately slow a country's economic and social development. Preventing child maltreatment before it starts is
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Unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by
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Additionally, communities with high level of violence do not provide the level of stability and predictability vital for a prospering business economy. Individuals will be less likely to invest money and effort towards growth in such unstable and violent conditions. One of the possible proves might
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posits that the rise of large-scale warfare is the result of advances in technology and city-states. For instance, the rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized
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Forms of violence such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence are highly prevalent. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused. A WHO multi-country study found that between 15 and 71%
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notes that, "as violence spreads and assumes unheard-of forms, it becomes difficult to name in contemporary language". Cavarero proposes that, in facing such a truth, it is prudent to reconsider violence as "horrorism"; that is, "as though ideally all the…victims, instead of their killers, ought to
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The case for the public health sector addressing interpersonal violence rests on four main arguments. First, the significant amount of time health care professionals dedicate to caring for victims and perpetrators of violence has made them familiar with the problem and has led many, particularly in
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aims to reduce crime and violence by altering the conditions that foster it—and not to increase the number of arrests. Indeed, some police leaders have gone so far as to say the police should primarily be a crime prevention agency. Juvenile justice systems—an important component of criminal justice
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more accountable, that reduce inequalities between groups, as well as policies that reduce access to biological, chemical, nuclear and other weapons have been recommended. When planning responses to violent conflicts, recommended approaches include assessing at an early stage who is most vulnerable
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acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in violence, improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges
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species and use violence in specific situations. He writes that "Buss and Shackelford (1997a) proposed seven adaptive problems our ancestors recurrently faced that might have been solved by aggression: co-opting the resources of others, defending against attack, inflicting costs on same-sex rivals,
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While there is little information regarding the extent of maltreatment in elderly populations, especially in developing countries, it is estimated that 4–6% of elderly people in high-income countries have experienced some form of maltreatment at home However, older people are often afraid to report
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Few interventions to prevent sexual violence have been demonstrated to be effective. School-based programmes to prevent child sexual abuse by teaching children to recognize and avoid potentially sexually abusive situations are run in many parts of the world and appear promising, but require further
917:(Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and Peru) of women reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner. A growing body of research on men and intimate partner violence focuses on men as both perpetrators and victims of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work.
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Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings. A study conducted by WHO in 10 mainly developing countries found that, among women aged 15 to 49 years, between 15%
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Youth who have experienced violence benefit from having a close relationship with one or more people. This is important because the trauma victims need to have people who are safe and trustworthy that they can relate and talk to about their horrible experiences. Some youth do not have adult figures
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Some of the ways to combat the adverse effects of exposure to youth violence would be to try various mindfulness and movement activities, deep breathing exercises and other actions that enable youths to release their pent up emotions. Using these techniques will teach body awareness, reduce anxiety
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Gorelik, G., Shackelford, T.K., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A., 2012. Resource Acquisition, Violence, and Evolutionary Consciousness. In: Shackelford, T.K., Weekes- Shackelford, V.A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
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For many people, ... only physical violence truly qualifies as violence. But, certainly, violence is more than killing people, unless one includes all those words and actions that kill people slowly. The effect of limitation to a "killing fields" perspective is the widespread neglect of many other
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In countries with high levels of violence, economic growth can be slowed down, personal and collective security eroded, and social development impeded. Families edging out of poverty and investing in schooling their sons and daughters can be ruined through the violent death or severe disability of
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Scientific evidence for warfare has come from settled, sedentary communities. Some studies argue humans have a predisposition for violence (chimpanzees, also great apes, have been known to kill members of competing groups for resources like food). A comparison across mammal species found
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A public health approach emphasizes the primary prevention of violence, i.e. stopping them from occurring in the first place. Until recently, this approach has been relatively neglected in the field, with the majority of resources directed towards secondary or tertiary prevention. Perhaps the most
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noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying
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High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased due to deinstitutionalization, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in
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seem to start from relatively trivial disputes between unrelated men who then escalate to violence and death. He argues that such conflicts occur when there is a status dispute between men of relatively similar status. If there is a great initial status difference, then the lower status individual
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Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as
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can change a child's brain. "Trauma is known to physically affect the brain and the body which causes anxiety, rage, and the ability to concentrate. They can also have problems remembering, trusting, and forming relationships." Since the brain becomes used to violence it may stay continually in an
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In many countries, violence prevention is still a new or emerging field in public health. The public health community has started only recently to realize the contributions it can make to reducing violence and mitigating its consequences. In 1949, Gordon called for injury prevention efforts to be
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Despite public or media opinion, national studies have indicated that severe mental illness does not independently predict future violent behavior, on average, and is not a leading cause of violence in society. There is a statistical association with various factors that do relate to violence (in
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The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for intimate partner violence is school-based programming for adolescents to prevent violence within dating relationships. Evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of several other primary prevention strategies—those that:
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in a condition of bare life. The Killing Fields—manifestations of Agamben's concept of camps beyond the normal rule of law—featured the state of exception. As part of Pol Pot's "ideological intent…to create a purely agrarian society or cooperative", he "dismantled the country's existing economic
1900:. Along with critical geographers and political geographers, it is these groupings of geographers that most often interact with violence. Keeping this idea of social/spatial justice via geography in mind, it is worthwhile to look at geographical approaches to violence in the context of politics.
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The global public health response to interpersonal violence began in earnest in the mid-1990s. In 1996, the World Health Assembly adopted Resolution WHA49.25 which declared violence "a leading worldwide public health problem" and requested that the World Health Organization (WHO) initiate public
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attitudes, inconsistent disciplinary practices, low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers, and low parental income and involvement. Social risk factors include social rejection, poor academic performance and commitment to school, and gang involvement or association with delinquent peers.
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Worldwide some 250,000 homicides occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year, which is 41% of the total number of homicides globally each year ("Global Burden of Disease", World Health Organization, 2008). For each young person killed, 20–40 more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment.
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Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T; Aggarwal, R; Ahn, SY; Alvarado, M; Anderson, HR; Anderson, LM; Andrews, KG; Atkinson, C; Baddour, LM; Barker-Collo, S; Bartels, DH; Bell, ML; Benjamin, EJ; Bennett, D; Bhalla, K; Bikbov, B; Bin Abdulhak, A;
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Rates and patterns of violent death vary by country and region. In recent years, homicide rates have been highest in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in East Asia, the western Pacific, and some countries in northern Africa. Studies show a
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However, it is only in the last 30 years that public health has begun to address violence, and only in the last fifteen has it done so at the global level. This is a much shorter period of time than public health has been tackling other health problems of comparable magnitude and with similarly
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The third level explores the community context—i.e., schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods. Risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty. All these factors have been shown to be important in
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The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends. In youth violence, for example, having friends who engage in or encourage violence can increase a young person's risk of being a victim or perpetrator of violence. For intimate partner violence, a consistent
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There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men
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Internationally, violence resulted in deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013, up from 1.13 million in 1990. However, the global population grew by roughly 1.9 billion during those years, showing a dramatic reduction in violence per capita. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were
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Disseminating information on the effectiveness of programmes and increasing the scale of proven effective programmes. Approaches to prevent violence, whether targeted at individuals or entire communities, must be properly evaluated for their effectiveness and the results shared. This step also
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routinely against juveniles by police. In 1974, the US Department of Justice assumed primary responsibility for delinquency prevention programmes and created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which has supported the "Blueprints for violence prevention" programme at the
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Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for victims and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. These include both fatal and non-fatal injuries, depression and post-traumatic stress
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It is important for youth exposed to violence to understand how their bodies may react so they can take positive steps to counteract any possible short- and long-term negative effects (e.g., poor concentration, feelings of depression, heightened levels of anxiety). By taking immediate steps to
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includes attacks motivated by economic gain—such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed by domestic and subnational groups can have multiple motives.
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where pervasive violence and deprivation form a vicious circle that stifles economic growth. For societies, meeting the direct costs of health, criminal justice, and social welfare responses to violence diverts many billions of dollars from more constructive societal spending. The much larger
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created a Wall of Life, where children drew pictures that were put up in the walls of banks and public spaces, displaying a child's view of violence they had witnessed and how it affected them, in an effort to draw attention to how violence affects the community, not just the people involved.
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of at least one violent crime over the course of a year, a proportion eleven times higher than the inner-city average, and higher in every category of crime including violent assaults and theft. People with a diagnosis may find it more difficult to secure prosecutions, however, due in part to
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Factors associated with the perpetration and experiencing of intimate partner violence are low levels of education, history of violence as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes that are accepting of violence as well as marital discord and
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is now banned in many countries. According to Pinker, rape, murder, warfare and animal cruelty have all seen drastic declines in the 20th century. Pinker's analyses have also been criticized, concerning the statistical question of how to measure violence and whether it is in fact declining.
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In fact, findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victims rather than the perpetrators of violence. In a study of individuals diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US
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at elementary, middle, high schools, as well as colleges and universities in the United States, led to a considerable body of research on ascertainable behaviors of persons who have planned or carried out such attacks. These studies (1995–2002) investigated what the authors called "targeted
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Prevention programmes shown to be effective or to have promise in reducing youth violence include life skills and social development programmes designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict, and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems; schools-based
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in its Article 19 states that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including
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On the other hand, individual protective factors include an intolerance towards deviance, higher IQ and GPA, elevated popularity and social skills, as well as religious beliefs. Family protective factors include a connectedness and ability to discuss issues with family members or adults,
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Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the "minimalist conception" of violence as an intentional act of excessive or destructive force, the other the "comprehensive conception" which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs.
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By way of comparison, the 1.5 millions deaths a year due to violence is greater than the number of deaths due to tuberculosis (1.34 million), road traffic injuries (1.21 million), and malaria (830'000), but slightly less than the number of people who die from HIV/AIDS (1.77 million).
1167:, and consistent parental presence during at least one of the following: when awakening, when arriving home from school, at dinner time, or when going to bed. Social protective factors include quality school relationships, close relationships with non-deviant peers, involvement in
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critical element of a public health approach to prevention is the ability to identify underlying causes rather than focusing upon more visible "symptoms". This allows for the development and testing of effective approaches to address the underlying causes and so improve health.
1950:. The killings were arbitrary; for example, a person could be killed for wearing glasses, since that was seen as associating them with intellectuals and therefore as making them part of the enemy. People were murdered with impunity because it was no crime; Cambodians were made
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in the section on intimate partner violence. If perpetrated during childhood, sexual violence can lead to increased smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, and risky sexual behaviors in later life. It is also associated with perpetration of violence and being a victim of violence.
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and smoking, which in turn can contribute to cardiovascular disorders, cancers, depression, diabetes and HIV/AIDS, resulting in premature death. The balances of prevention, mitigation, mediation and exacerbation are complex, and vary with the underpinnings of violence.
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Finally, the fourth level looks at the broad societal factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited: the responsiveness of the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships,
812:, which results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power. Exposure to intimate partner violence is also sometimes included as a form of child maltreatment.
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War is a state of prolonged violent large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. It is the most extreme form of collective violence. War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as
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on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal violence identified the seven strategies below as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness. These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model.
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Martin, Debra L., Ryan P. Harrod, and Ventura R. Pérez, eds. 2012. The Bioarchaeology of Violence. Edited by C. S. Larsen, Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, regional, and global perspectives Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
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the cultural and biological evolution of humans. Here, warfare is a latecomer on the cultural horizon, only arising in very specific material circumstances and being quite rare in human history until the development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years.
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Defining the problem conceptually and numerically, using statistics that accurately describe the nature and scale of violence, the characteristics of those most affected, the geographical distribution of incidents, and the consequences of exposure to such
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violence," described the "path to violence" of those who planned or carried out attacks and laid out suggestions for law enforcement and educators. A major point from these research studies is that targeted violence does not just "come out of the blue".
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possible and requires a multisectoral approach. Effective prevention programmes support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Ongoing care of children and families can reduce the risk of maltreatment reoccurring and can minimize its consequences.
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Winter, Deborah DuNann, and Dana C. Leighton. "Section II: Structural Violence." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Eds. Christie, Daniel J., Richard V. Wagner and Deborah DuNann Winter. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2001.
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Wars grab headlines, but the individual risk of dying violently in an armed conflict is today relatively low—much lower than the risk of violent death in many countries that are not suffering from an armed conflict. For example, between 1976 and 2008,
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the means is immediate". Arendt made a clear distinction between violence and power. Most political theorists regarded violence as an extreme manifestation of power whereas Arendt regarded the two concepts as opposites. In the 20th century in acts of
1151:. Both of these factor groups are equally important in the prevention, intervention, and treatment of violence as a whole. The CDC outlines several risk and protective factors for youth violence at the individual, family, social and community levels.
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Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W., Borum, R., Reddy, M.,& Modzeleski, W. Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and creating safe school climates. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Secret Service, May
500:) and legal intervention. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for
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Beyond deaths and injuries, highly prevalent forms of violence (such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence) have serious lifelong non-injury health consequences. Victims may engage in high-risk behaviours such as alcohol and
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approach is based on the obligations of states to respect, protect and fulfill human rights and therefore to prevent, eradicate and punish violence. It recognizes violence as a violation of many human rights: the rights to life, liberty,
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Some scholars disagree with the argument that all violence is decreasing arguing that not all types of violent behaviour are lower now than in the past. They suggest that research typically focuses on lethal violence, often looks at
1868:, "appears whenever power is in jeopardy" and "in and of itself stands emptied of strength and purpose: it is part of a larger matrix of socio-political power struggles". Violence can be broadly divided into three broad categories—
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Schechter DS, Willheim E, McCaw J, Turner JB, Myers MM, Zeanah CH (2011). "The relationship of violent fathers, posttraumatically stressed mothers, and symptomatic children in a preschool-age inner-city pediatrics clinic sample".
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The first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence: demographic characteristics (age, education, income),
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research. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact legislation and develop policies that protect women; address discrimination against women and promote gender equality; and help to move the culture away from violence.
2292:, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare. "Primitive Warfare" of these small groups or tribes was driven by the basic need for sustenance and violent competition.
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Human geography, though coming late to the theorizing table, has tackled violence through many lenses, including anarchist geography, feminist geography, Marxist geography, political geography, and critical geography. However,
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resulted in the deaths of over two million Cambodians (which was 25% of the Cambodian population), forming one of the many contemporary examples of state-sponsored violence. About fourteen thousand of these murders occurred at
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systems—are largely based on the belief in rehabilitation and prevention. In the US, the criminal justice system has, for instance, funded school- and community-based initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and teach
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and what their needs are, co-ordination of activities between various players and working towards global, national and local capabilities so as to deliver effective health services during the various stages of an emergency.
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Based on the idea of human nature, scientists do agree violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics.
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Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Holden, G. Threat Assessment: an approach to prevent targeted violence. NCJ 155000. Research in Action, September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington,
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Investigating why the problem occurs by determining its causes and correlates, the factors that increase or decrease the risk of its occurrence (risk and protective factors) and the factors that might be modifiable through
1450:. There is also emerging evidence that these programmes reduce convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner violence and self-directed violence in later life.
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case, as well as in a review of video game violence by the Australian Government (2010) which concluded evidence for harmful effects were inconclusive at best and the rhetoric of some scholars was not matched by good data.
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This initial categorization differentiates between violence that a person inflicts upon themself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and violence inflicted by larger groups such as
480:, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation."
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factors of violent acts, however, are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status and, in particular, substance use (including
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Birdsell, Joseph B. (1986). "Some predictions for the Pleistocene based on equilibrium systems among recent hunter gatherers". In Lee, Richard; DeVore, Irven (eds.). Man the Hunter. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. p.
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States, United (1918). "U.S. Compiled Statutes, 1918: Embracing the Statutes of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in Force July 16, 1918, with an Appendix Covering Acts June 14 to July 16, 1918".
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Reddy, M., Borum, R., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R.A., Berglund, J., & Modzeleski, W. "Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches" in
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perspective considers the harm inflicted by the very interpretation of the world as a form of violence that is distinct from physical violence in that it is possible to avoid physical violence whereas some
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may provide evidence that violence within and among groups is not a recent phenomenon. According to the book "The Bioarchaeology of Violence" violence is a behavior that is found throughout human history.
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Tertiary prevention – approaches that focus on long-term care in the wake of violence, such as rehabilitation and reintegration, and attempt to lessen trauma or reduce long-term disability associated with
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Rosenberg ML, Butchart A, Mercy J, Narasimhan V, Waters H, Marshall MS. Interpersonal violence. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Prabhat J, Mills A, Musgrove P (eds.)
2326:, argued that modern society is less violent than in periods of the past, whether on the short scale of decades or long scale of centuries or millennia. He argues for a paleolithic homicide rate of 15%.
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Secondary prevention – approaches that focus on the more immediate responses to violence, such as pre-hospital care, emergency services or treatment for sexually transmitted infections following a rape.
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Elder maltreatment is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person.
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combine microfinance with gender equality training; promote communication and relationship skills within communities; reduce access to, and the harmful use of alcohol; and change cultural gender norms.
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Bruce S. The "A Man" campaign: marketing social norms to men to prevent sexual assault. The report on social norms. Working paper number 5. July 2002. Little Falls, NJ, PaperClip Communications, 2002.
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indirect costs of violence due to lost productivity and lost investment in education work together to slow economic development, increase socioeconomic inequality, and erode human and social capital.
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Following the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. Youth violence refers to violence occurring between youths, and includes acts that range from
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1512:, including post-traumatic stress disorder; and protection orders, which prohibit a perpetrator from contacting the victim, to reduce repeat victimization among victims of intimate partner violence.
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report, which estimates the economic impact of violence and conflict on the global economy, the total economic impact of violence on the world economy in 2015 was estimated to be $ 13.6 trillion in
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979:. Risk factors specific to sexual violence perpetration include beliefs in family honor and sexual purity, ideologies of male sexual entitlement and weak legal sanctions for sexual violence.
2925:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
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supportive of violence can prevent acts of violence and have been widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions addressing
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M. Moore "Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Prevention."1992. In Vol. 16 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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Peterson JK, Skeem J, Kennealy P, Bray B, Zvonkovic A (October 2014). "How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness?".
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In recent decades in many countries in the world, the criminal justice system has taken an increasing interest in preventing violence before it occurs. For instance, much of community and
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The threat and enforcement of physical punishment has been a tried and tested method of preventing some violence since civilisation began. It is used in various degrees in most countries.
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forms "the most prevalent and important form of violence in American families", whose effects contribute to several major societal problems, including later domestic violence and crime.
2818:"Epistemic violence in testimony is a refusal, intentional or unintentional, of an audience to communicatively reciprocate a linguistic exchange owing to pernicious ignorance"
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With many conceptual factors that occur at varying levels in the lives of those impacted, the exact causes of violence are complex. To represent this complexity, the ecological, or
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and nursing homes. When interpersonal violence occurs in families, its psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in the short- and long-terms.
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Exploring ways to prevent the problem by using the above information and designing, monitoring and rigorously assessing the effectiveness of programmes through outcome evaluations.
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While studies showing associations between physical punishment of children and later aggression cannot prove that physical punishment causes an increase in aggression, a number of
1218:, the strength of the social welfare system, the social acceptability of violence, the availability of weapons, the exposure to violence in mass media, and political instability.
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negotiating status and hierarchies, deterring rivals from future aggression, deterring mate from infidelity, and reducing resources expended on genetically unrelated children."
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Pronyk PM, et al. (2006). "Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial".
2784:'any interpretation of reality is always a form of violence in the sense that knowledge "can only be a violation of the things to be known" ... Several philosophers following
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were at war more than once per year, and that 65% of them were fighting continuously. He writes that the attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize
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Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence throughout history. Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient
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Studies in a number of countries show that, for every homicide among young people age 10 to 24, 20 to 40 other young people receive hospital treatment for a violent injury.
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4828:, Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:3, Summer 1999. As Mexican Biologist and Scientologist Adri Rodriguez says, Violence is a recurring motif in today's society.
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Steven Pinker argues that by every possible measure, every type of violence has drastically decreased since ancient and medieval times. A few centuries ago, for example,
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suggest that the experience of physical punishment has a direct causal effect on later aggressive behaviors. Cross-cultural studies have shown that greater prevalence of
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Stoltenborgh M.; Van IJzendoorn M.H.; Euser E.M.; Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J. (2011). "A global perspective on child abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world".
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accounts for about 883,000, interpersonal violence for 456,000 and collective violence for 18,000. Deaths due to collective violence have decreased from 64,000 in 1990.
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the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.
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Among the most effective such programmes to prevent child maltreatment and reduce childhood aggression are the Nurse Family Partnership home-visiting programme and the
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Individual risk factors include poor behavioral control, high emotional stress, low IQ, and antisocial beliefs or attitudes. Family risk factors include authoritarian
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is a long-duration form of violence which is often invisible (at least to those not impacted by it), such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change.
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As an anthropological concept, "everyday violence" may refer to the incorporation of different forms of violence (mainly political violence) into daily practices.
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Caldera; et al. (1997). "Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: 15 year follow-up of a randomized trial".
5973:"Kids Help Draw Line on Hitting: Beyond the primary colors and the stick figures, there's a harrowing message: Some children are growing up on a diet of violence"
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is the act of causing harm by an inability to understand the conversation of others due to ignorance. Some philosophers think this will harm marginalized groups.
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of intimate partner violence and refer them to appropriate services; psychosocial interventions—such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy—to reduce
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activities, and exposure to school climates that are: well supervised, use clear behavior rules and disciplinary approaches, and engage parents with teachers.
7143:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
3969:"Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration"
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Jan Vodka emphasizes that, for those purposes, "violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person."
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Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment,
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Not surprisingly, scientific evidence about the effectiveness of interventions to prevent collective violence is lacking. However, policies that facilitate
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usually offers no challenge and if challenged the higher status individual usually ignores the lower status individual. At the same an environment of great
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MacMillan HL, Wathen CN, Barlow J, Fergusson DM, Leventhal JM, Taussig HN (2009). "Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment".
3865:; Bjørnholt, M.; Boonzaier, F. (2020). "What has masculinity to do with intimate partner violence?". In Gottzén, L.; Bjørnholt, M.; Boonzaier, F. (eds.).
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Mercy, J.A., Butchart, A., Farrington, D., Cerda, M. (2002). Youth violence. In Etienne Krug, L.L. Dahlberg, J.A. Mercy, A.B. Zwi & R. Lozano (Eds.),
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Gilbert R.; Spatz Widom C.; Browne K.; Fergusson D.; Webb E.; Janson J. (2009). "Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries".
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states that violence "represents a violation in the very conditions constituting what it means to be human as such", "is always an attack upon a person's
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Nazaretyan, A.P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In:
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Roberts GL; et al. (1997). "Impact of an education program about domestic violence on nurses and doctors in an Australian emergency department".
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Fein, R.A. & Vossekuil, B. "Assassination in the United States: an operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approaches".
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Charles E. Butterworth and Irene Gendzier. "Frantz Fanon and the Justice of Violence. "Middle East Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 451–58
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6216:"Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women's empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa"
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Gammeltoft, Tine M. (2016-12-01). "Silence as a Response to Everyday Violence: Understanding Domination and Distress Through the Lens of Fantasy".
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survive only because police violence defends them, and that capitalist economies need war to expand. In this view, capitalism results in a form of
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Farmer, Paul, M. Connors, and J. Simmons, eds. Women, Poverty, and Aids: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1996.
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Rules or expectations of behaviour – norms – within a cultural or social group can encourage violence. Interventions that challenge cultural and
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Violence in many forms can be preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors in a country such as
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found that corporal punishment was more prevalent in societies which also had higher rates of homicide, assault, and war. In the United States,
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Fabiano P; et al. (2003). "Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: evidence for a social norms approach".
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includes adapting programmes to local contexts and subjecting them to rigorous re-evaluation to ensure their effectiveness in the new setting.
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and is a topic of increasing interest to researchers trying to understand violent behavior. It has been discussed at length by researchers in
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was the cause in 180,000 deaths, assault by sharp object was the cause in 114,000 deaths, and the remaining 110,000 deaths from other causes.
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Martin, Debra L., Ryan P. Harrod, and Ventura R. Pérez, eds. 2012. The Bioarchaeology of Violence. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
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Solomon PL, Cavanaugh MM, Gelles RJ (January 2005). "Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: a neglected area of research".
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Borum, R., Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Berglund, J. "Threat assessment: Defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence".
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5283:"The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions"
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subfields that emerged following the early positivist approaches and subsequent behavioral turn, have long been concerned with social and
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Ploeg Jenny; Fear Jana; Hutchison Brian; MacMillan Harriet; Bolan Gale (2009). "A Systematic Review of Interventions for Elder Abuse".
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Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In CH Zeanah (Ed.).
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and national constitutions and laws, which stipulate the obligations of states, and include mechanisms to hold states accountable. The
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Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
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could also be said to represent the physicality of the state of exception in space, and can just as easily draw man as homo sacer.
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Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (October 2001). "Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community".
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Olive P (2007). "Care for emergency department patients who have experienced domestic violence: a review of the evidence base".
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Barzilai, Gad (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
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Caldera D, et al. (2007). "Impact of a statewide home visiting program on parenting and on child health and development".
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includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by armed groups. There may be multiple
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enforcement is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society. Governments regulate the use of violence through
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Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences, which is, however, complex and difficult to study.
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Olds DL, Sadler L, Kitzman H (2007). "Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials".
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1789:, for example, requires that countries party to the Convention take all appropriate steps to end violence against women. The
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Prothrow-Stith D (2004). "Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence".
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Prothrow-Stith D (2004). "Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence".
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among teenagers and young adults by challenging social and cultural norms related to gender is supported by some evidence.
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However, there are some specific diagnoses, such as childhood conduct disorder or adult antisocial personality disorder or
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dissatisfaction. Factors associated only with perpetration of intimate partner violence are having multiple partners, and
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Keith Krause, Robert Muggah, and Achim Wennmann, "Global Burden of Armed Violence," Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2008.
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Bensimon M.; Ronel N. (2012). "The flywheel effect of intimate partner violence: A victim-perpetrator interactive spin".
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means. Gandhi himself once wrote: "A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest
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and security of the person; the rights to equality and non-discrimination; the rights to be free from torture and cruel,
1035:, the region with the highest murder rate in the world, experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017.
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1206:, important factors are stress due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the care giver.
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Bratton W (with Knobler P). Turnaround: how America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998
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Zwi, Garfield, & Loretti (2002) Collective violence, In Krug et al. (Eds) World report on violence and health, WHO
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6823:"Examining the Situational- and Suspect-Level Predictors of Police Use of Force Among a Juvenile Arrestee Population"
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was a standard practice in all kinds of warfare and was so common that historians did not even bother to mention it.
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the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object.
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David Joseph E (2006). "The One who is More Violent Prevails – Law and Violence from a Talmudic Legal Perspective".
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writes that scholars are divided on the origins of possible increase of violence—in other words, war-like behavior:
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of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives.
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came late to theorizing violence" in comparison to other social sciences. Social and human geography, rooted in the
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adult protective services and self-help groups. Their effectiveness has, however, not so far been well-established.
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Chou KR, Lu RB, Chang M (December 2001). "Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors".
5653:"Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods"
5544:"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey"
4018:"Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa"
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Vossekuil B.; Borum R.; Fein R.A.; Reddy M. "Preventing targeted violence against judicial officials and courts".
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lectures and events. For example, Violence Prevention Month coordinator, Karen Earle Lile in Contra Costa County,
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has been linked to later violent acts against family members and spouses. The American family violence researcher
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8144:, August 27, 1992; Michelle Malkin, Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week kicks off, October 22, 2007; John L. Esposito,
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have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely
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Bharatan Kumarappa, Editor, "For Pacifists," by M.K. Gandhi, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India, 1949.
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Ferguson Christopher J (2010). "Blazing Angels or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be a Force for Good?".
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is often used. The following four-level version of the ecological model is often used in the study of violence:
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Wolfe D, et al. (2009). "Dating violence prevention with at risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation".
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In academia, the idea of the peaceful pre-history and non-violent tribal societies gained popularity with the
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2506:
2205:, an epoch that began about 11,700 years ago, probably with the advent of higher population densities due to
1977:
1927:
859:
737:
6571:"Protection orders and intimate partner violence: an 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women"
1159:
Community risk factors include poverty, low community participation, and diminished economic opportunities.
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3472:
2894:
2634:
1704:
The public health approach is an evidence-based and systematic process involving the following four steps:
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1239:
1107:
477:
6689:
Arendt, H. (1972) On Violence in Crises in the Republic, Florida, Harcourt, Brace and Company, pp. 134–55.
5899:
Lögdberg B, Nilsson LL, Levander MT, Levander S (August 2004). "Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime".
3897:
1234:
of children tends to predict higher levels of violence in societies. For instance, a 2005 analysis of 186
8618:
8608:
8554:
2597:
2267:
reached its height in the late half of the 20th century. However, some newer research in archaeology and
2134:
As of 2010, all forms of violence resulted in about 1.34 million deaths up from about 1 million in 1990.
1509:
7763:
4766:
Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children
7878:
1798:, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.
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report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused.
372:
279:
5176:
4069:"Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence"
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that stems from inequality, environmental damage, and the exploitation of women and people of colour.
8528:
7710:
7010:
Hyndman, J. (2009) Violence in Gregory, D., Johnston, R., Pratt, G., Watts, M. and Whatmore, S. eds.
5416:"Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy"
3898:"Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: a meta-analytic review"
3483:
3281:
3266:
2905:
1652:
1434:
1312:
911:
747:
473:
31:
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5250:
4644:"The link between child abuse and psychopathology: A review of neurobiological and genetic research"
8603:
8453:
8074:"Doctrinal War: Religion and Ideology in International Conflict," in Bruce Kuklick (advisory ed.),
4913:
Galtung Johan; Höivik Tord (1971). "Structural and Direct Violence: A Note on Operationalization".
3519:
3089:
3058:"Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide"
2759:
2709:
2674:
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The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies. (Lawrence H. Keeley, Archeologist,
729:
610:
367:
325:
129:
122:
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Alternatively, violence can primarily be classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile.
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1345:
1308:
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710:
214:
144:
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8633:
6916:
6899:
5746:
Taylor PJ, Gunn J (January 1999). "Homicides by people with mental illness: myth and reality".
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Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, Robbins PC, Appelbaum PS, Grisso T, et al. (May 1998).
5245:
3276:
2434:
1753:
1472:
1391:
1235:
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1135:, and their future", and "is both an ontological crime ... and a form of political ruination".
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706:
8524:
7936:"Structural Trends in childhood violence and abuse exposure: Evidence from 2 national surveys"
5181:; Huesmann L. Rowell; Johnson James D.; Linz Daniel; Malamuth Neil M.; Wartella Ellen (2003).
1606:
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between people may cause those at the bottom to use more violence in attempts to gain status.
8470:
8019:
7969:
5111:
Daly Martin; Wilson Margo I (1981). "Child Maltreatment from a Sociobiological Perspective".
4127:
Ford, S.E. et al. (2011). "Adverse childhood experiences and smoking status in five states".
2719:
2714:
2382:
2227:
1191:
839:
memorial featuring hundreds of simple stone blocks, one for each child killed by violence in
831:
702:
350:
289:
6062:"Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: the US Triple P system population trial"
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1685:
From a public health perspective, prevention strategies can be classified into three types:
515:
In 2013, of the estimated 405,000 deaths due to interpersonal violence globally, assault by
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3659:
2689:
2531:
2438:
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1637:
1554:
1396:
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Some philosophers have argued that any interpretation of reality is intrinsically violent.
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523:
355:
8088:
42 M.V.M.O. Court Cases with Allegations of Multiple Sexual And Physical Abuse of Children
7657:"New Study of Prehistoric Skeletons Undermines Claim That War Has Deep Evolutionary Roots"
7399:, 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press and The World Bank, 2006: 755–70.
4244:
Pillemer K et al. "Interventions to prevent elder mistreatment". In: Doll LS et al., eds.
3766:
3760:
3728:
3722:
3687:
3681:
3074:
3057:
2971:
1366:
8:
6312:
Foshee; et al. (2005). "Safe Dates" using random coefficient regression modelling".
5201:
5182:
4799:"Corporal punishment by parents: The cradle of violence in the family and society" (PDF)"
2659:
2615:
2592:." Modern political ideologies which espouse similar views include pacifist varieties of
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marker at this level of the model is marital conflict or discord in the relationship. In
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1118:
1114:
284:
183:
160:
64:
8273:
7180:
4476:
Dotson, Kristie (2011). "Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing".
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to approximate the influence of interpersonal violence and depict the influence of high
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Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions that aim to prevent
8366:
8295:
8175:
7632:
7605:
7516:"Skeletons from a 10,000-year-old massacre have archaeologists in a fight of their own"
7501:"Skeletons from a 10,000-year-old massacre have archaeologists in a fight of their own"
7353:
7318:
7193:
7141:
Birbeck, G; Blyth, F; Bolliger, I; Boufous, S; Bucello, C; et al. (Dec 15, 2012).
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6061:
6042:
5924:
5877:
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5803:
5763:
5723:
5696:
5608:
5591:
Petersilia JR (2001). "Crime Victims with Developmental Disabilities: A Review Essay".
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5484:
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5440:
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5396:
5348:
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5299:
5282:
5263:
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Walker Phillip L (2001). "A Bioarchaeological Perspective on the History of Violence".
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1972:
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8110:
8099:
7957:
7914:
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7803:
7715:
7700:
Keeley, Lawrence H. War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
7681:
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in some countries—and suicide itself. Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as
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527:
310:
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110:
38:
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5035:
4373:
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Geneva: WHO and International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
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1612:
Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in
850:
and physical fighting, through more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide.
8358:
8277:
8258:"Destructive creation: capital accumulation and the structural violence of tourism"
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6541:
6530:"Do protection orders affect the likelihood of future partner violence and injury?"
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2181:
1960:
1590:
1243:
871:
8282:
8257:
4595:"Psychophysiological correlates of aggression and violence: An integrative review"
3862:
1829:
902:(JBM-HH) roundtable addressing digital stalking, ties to intimate partner violence
469:
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6945:
6854:
6122:
6004:
5713:
5695:
Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M (August 2009). McGrath J (ed.).
4845:
4746:
4518:
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4095:
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3866:
3526:
3479:
3241:
3235:"Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence"
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2349:
Pinker's observation of the decline in interpersonal violence echoes the work of
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1908:
1897:
1893:
1881:
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1476:
1195:
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779:
771:
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501:
362:
269:
253:
193:
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8087:
7785:
War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views
7677:
War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views
6626:
Zwi, Garfield, & Loretti (2002) "Collective violence", In Krug et al. (Eds)
6265:"An evaluation of safe dates an adolescent dating violence prevention programme"
8638:
7610:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6717:
6368:
5604:
5520:
4926:
4891:
4109:"WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women"
3847:"WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women"
2679:
2605:
2581:
2268:
2241:
2210:
1947:
1745:
1302:
1263:
1198:, and a history of experiencing, witnessing, or engaging in violent behaviour.
767:
562:
335:
53:
46:
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8234:
7854:
6652:
6411:
6325:
6077:
5669:
5652:
5559:
4989:
4215:
3953:
3916:
1689:
Primary prevention – approaches that aim to prevent violence before it occurs.
1589:
governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through
8592:
8291:
8242:
7798:
7344:
7080:
Ringer, G. (2002) "Killing Fields", in Christensen, K. and Levinson, D. eds.
6231:
5834:
5775:
5767:
5339:
5137:
Wilson, Margo, and Martin Daly. Homicide. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988.
4875:
4659:
4497:
4358:
3319:
3290:
3204:
3134:
2664:
2538:
2450:
2350:
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1621:
1581:
1103:
1015:
759:
691:
683:
644:
618:
505:
387:
377:
188:
8218:
8100:
John Edwards' 'Bumper Sticker' Complaint Not So Off the Mark, New Memo Shows
7933:
7622:
7335:
7248:
6699:
4976:
Lee, Bandy X. (May–June 2016). "Causes and cures VII: Structural violence".
4179:
4162:
3552:
3495:
1311:
offers several explanations for human violence in various contexts, such as
546:
The World Health Organization divides violence into three broad categories:
27:
Use of physical force or psychological power with the intent to inflict harm
8134:
7961:
7641:
7362:
7189:
6978:
6925:
6790:
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5799:
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5732:
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5528:
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5392:
5357:
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5220:
5163:
5124:
4726:
4677:
4628:
4610:
4223:
4188:
4051:
4002:
3822:"Why parents in tough Chicago neighborhoods fear after-school program cuts"
3798:
3455:
3398:
3341:
3298:
3212:
2958:
2694:
2593:
2570:
2413:
2300:
2264:
1761:
1661:
1613:
1602:
1573:. Civil societies authorize some amount of violence, exercised through the
1562:
1496:
1488:
1155:
666:
590:
382:
233:
90:
8568:
Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children
7739:
6847:
6586:
6514:
6298:
5678:
5051:
4033:
3984:
3437:
3114:
1787:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
1277:
The concept of violence normalization is known as socially sanctioned, or
1258:
The causes of violent behavior in people are often a topic of research in
565:, organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations.
8126:
7111:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
7023:
Bowlby, S. (2001) "Social Geography", in Smelser, N. and Baltes, P. eds.
6280:
5211:
4798:
3622:
2923:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).
2704:
2574:
2519:
2446:
2260:
1934:
1459:
1387:
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1203:
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stated that "something violent is the very symbolization of a thing." An
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791:
751:
397:
392:
345:
223:
203:
139:
105:
80:
71:
5759:
4708:
1946:, which is the best-known of the extermination camps referred to as the
1903:
Derek Gregory and Alan Pred assembled the influential edited collection
1047:
8349:
Jinadu Adele (1972). "Fanon: The Revolutionary as Social Philosopher".
5384:
5324:"Mental illness, mass shootings, and the politics of American firearms"
4350:
3617:
3615:
2744:
2729:
2639:
2585:
2552:
2527:
2442:
2304:
1943:
1917:
1421:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1259:
805:
736:(who had been playing music to help Saul feel better), 1860 woodcut by
695:
538:
476:'s definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or
4599:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3925:
3539:
Leventhal Tama (2003). "Children and youth in neighborhood contexts".
5259:
3872:
3363:
2789:
2785:
2734:
2601:
2206:
1880:. Thus defined and delineated, it is of note, as Hyndman says, that "
1594:
1550:
1282:
687:
577:
485:
330:
243:
238:
228:
117:
7998:
5619:
4693:"Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research"
4569:"Risk and Protective Factors |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC"
4531:"Risk and Protective Factors |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC"
3612:
3419:
661:
8474:
6007:, World Health Organization/Liverpool John Moores University, 2009.
2793:
2724:
2523:
2490:
2426:
2358:
2330:
2202:
1885:
1766:
1629:
1598:
1586:
1570:
1537:
1328:
1316:
1247:
1092:
1087:
847:
614:
509:
493:
134:
8551:
8452:
Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T. & Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007).
8004:
2017-09-20 at Wikiwix, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
6879:
Abad Gomez H (1962). "Violence requires epidemiological studies".
955:
7859:
7226:"Global Burden of Disease, Disease and injury regional estimates"
5697:"Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis"
4280:
2797:
2684:
2589:
2577:
and wrote about the counter violence of the "colonized victims."
2499:
2362:
2338:
2135:
2068:
Deaths due to interpersonal violence per million persons in 2012
1938:
1889:
1774:
1749:
1128:
1110:
and violence but concluded that while related they are distinct.
975:
Many of the risk factors for sexual violence are the same as for
801:
576:
Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and
516:
489:
85:
8131:
The Great War for Civilisation – The Conquest of the Middle East
7038:, 2006 Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence
7025:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
5783:
5150:
Goetz, A. T. (2010). "The evolutionary psychology of violence".
4163:"The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect: a systematic review"
686:
or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to
8578:
5898:
5690:
5688:
4772:. Columbus, OH: Center for Effective Discipline. Archived from
3518:
World Health Organization and Liverpool John Moores University.
3422:"Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews"
2644:
1633:
1617:
1566:
1565:
governing individuals and political authorities, including the
1320:
762:. The latter includes youth violence, random acts of violence,
465:
457:
8014:
Baten, Jörg. "Interpersonal violence in South Asia, 900–1900".
7764:
Review of book "War Before Civilization" by Lawrence H. Keeley
4283:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3376:
7740:"University Press of Florida: The Bioarchaeology of Violence"
5542:
Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM, Weiner DA (August 2005).
5052:"University Press of Florida: The Bioarchaeology of Violence"
2422:
1980:
from physical violence, per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
883:
and nervousness, and reduce feelings of anger and annoyance.
770:
by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as
670:
461:
445:
5685:
5650:
5274:
3189:
8135:
The Green Peril: Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat
6939:"WHA49.25 Prevention of violence: a public health priority"
5541:
5461:
5459:
3716:
3714:
3627:"Living with Neighborhood Violence May Shape Teens' Brains"
2800:
have emphasized and explicated this fundamental violence.'
1823:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1132:
763:
453:
449:
8476:
Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict
8123:
Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror,
6821:
Morrow, Weston J.; Nuño, Lidia E.; Mulvey, Philip (2018).
5076:
Daly Martin; Wilson Margo (1982). "Male Sexual Jealousy".
3257:, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214.
2341:
have been greatly reduced in the last thousand years, and
2193:"History of violence" redirects here. For other uses, see
8455:
The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression
5370:
5110:
5003:
Parsons Kenneth (2007). "Structural Violence and Power".
4404:"Violent crime has undermined democracy in Latin America"
3861:
3532:
3467:
3465:
2764:
1905:
Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence
1558:
1546:
656:
497:
198:
95:
8047:"How much does violence really cost our global economy?"
5694:
5456:
4912:
3711:
2580:
Throughout history, most religions and individuals like
8158:
Bufacchi, Vittorio (2005). "Two Concepts of Violence".
7139:
6741:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. Archived from
5413:
5075:
4469:
4160:
2541:
regard it largely as an ideological and religious war.
1557:
practised within the confines of a specific territory.
1399:) to which some people may be particularly vulnerable.
961:
sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
5820:
5630:(3rd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
5233:
4142:"WHO European report on preventing elder maltreatment"
3462:
3119:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1319:. Goetz (2010) argues that humans are similar to most
1138:
7934:
Finkelhor D., Turner H., Ormrod R., Hamby S. (2010).
7271:
7092:
7090:
6214:
Kim JC, Watts CH, Hargreaves JR, et al. (2007).
5414:
Swanson JW, McGinty EE, Fazel S, Mays VM (May 2015).
4641:
2146:
maltreatment have been found to be highly prevalent.
1555:
monopoly of the legitimate use of force to cause harm
472:. Some definitions are somewhat broader, such as the
7052:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6718:"Atlas – Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century"
5506:
2238:
classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers.
8133:, Fourth Estate, London, October 2005; Leon Hadar,
8115:
Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror
7076:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7066:
6897:
3939:
3056:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (11 May 2021).
2700:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
2412:the main breadwinner. Communities can be caught in
1378:inner-city area, a quarter were found to have been
630:organized groups, terrorist acts and mob violence.
8076:The Monist: The Foundations of International Order
7802:
7397:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries
7087:
6213:
4427:"Latin America Is the Murder Capital of the World"
4402:
3758:
3720:
3679:
3116:Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor
2537:Both supporters and opponents of the 21st-century
2310:
1779:right to the highest attainable standard of health
925:, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.
7603:
7043:
6993:
6016:
4751:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
4642:McCrory, E.; De Brito, S. A.; Viding, E. (2012).
2365:, but ignore the less obvious forms of violence.
37:"Violent" redirects here. For the destroyer, see
8590:
7573:
7063:
6956:
6846:Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence
6820:
6768:
5021:
3868:Men, Masculinities and Intimate Partner Violence
2868:Making of Modern Law: Primary Sources, 1763–1970
2530:spells against women, and modern accusations of
1441:
8255:
8148:, Oxford University Press, USA, September 2003.
7782:
7673:
5002:
4806:Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law
4796:
4484:(2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 236–57.
3791:"WCL: Stop the Violence Resources for Illinois"
3420:Mikton Christopher; Butchart Alexander (2009).
3055:
1577:, to maintain the status quo and enforce laws.
1510:mental health problems associated with violence
8256:Büscher, Bram; Fletcher, Robert (4 May 2017).
7940:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
7455:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from
6900:"History of violence as a public health issue"
6638:
5280:
4878:(1969). "Violence, Peace and Peace Research".
4762:
4691:Durrant, Joan; Ensom, Ron (4 September 2012).
4455:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 1–.
4448:
3538:
2990:WHO / Liverpool JMU Centre for Public Health,
1933:In the 1970s, genocides in Cambodia under the
937:and characteristics of intimate relationship.
746:is divided into two subcategories: Family and
7797:
7606:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence"
7493:
6357:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
5979:. Contra Costa Newspapers. Contra Costa Times
5625:
5321:
4874:
4371:
3520:"Violence prevention: the evidence: overview"
1414:
1038:
422:
8348:
7974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7580:. University of Chicago Press. p. 422.
7513:
7084:, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York: 368–70.
6878:
6865:Gordon JE, "The epidemiology of accidents,"
5188:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
4690:
2385:, with the inscription "stop violence!" in (
1351:was rejected by the US Supreme Court in the
8469:
7999:"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study"
7787:. Oxford University Press. pp. 171–73.
7540:"Humans evolved to have a taste for murder"
7243:
7241:
7135:
7133:
7131:
6146:Journal of the American Medical Association
5943:"Code of Hammurabi | Summary & History"
5863:
4444:
4442:
4440:
3966:
3621:
3567:
3541:Current Directions in Psychological Science
3170:The Use of Force in International Relations
3149:The Use of Force in International Relations
2534:against day care center owners and others.
2158:
1383:prejudice and being seen as less credible.
705:the lethality of modern warfare has grown.
682:to conquer territory or loot resources, in
8538:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8506:. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. pp. 127–48.
8093:
6917:10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.2.mhst1-0902
6492:
6019:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
5745:
5590:
5468:"Violence and mental illness: an overview"
5183:"The Influence of Media Violence on Youth"
4336:
4246:Handbook of injury and violence prevention
4161:Cooper C, Selwood A, Livingston G (2008).
4098:, World Health Organization, 2002, p. 149.
3656:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
862:have shown a reduction in youth violence.
636:determinants of violence against civilians
429:
415:
8552:World Report on Violence Against Children
8392:
8386:
8281:
7951:
7829:
7631:
7621:
7599:
7597:
7352:
7334:
7274:"Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative"
7179:
7169:
7058:Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life
6915:
6641:Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence
6594:
6568:
6545:
6397:
6288:
6239:
6085:
5722:
5712:
5668:
5567:
5483:
5439:
5347:
5298:
5249:
5210:
5200:
5005:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice
4716:
4667:
4618:
4178:
4041:
4022:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3992:
3924:
3445:
3426:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3280:
3073:
2948:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2812:
2778:
2149:
1852:Learn how and when to remove this message
1433:A review of scientific literature by the
1428:
8157:
7680:. Oxford University Press. p. 168.
7323:Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
7238:
7128:
5628:A sociology of mental health and illness
5281:Elbogen EB, Johnson SC (February 2009).
4648:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4437:
4374:"The Power of Violence in War and Peace"
3895:
2505:
2494:
2478:
2445:. The results of the research prove the
2372:
2278:at the University of Illinois writes in
2240:
2174:
2063:
1971:
1744:
1536:
1143:Violence cannot be attributed to solely
1095:violence is intrinsic to all knowledge.
954:
894:
830:
728:
720:
660:
609:
537:
8563:Secretary-General of the United Nations
8395:"God and Violence in the Old Testament"
8146:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
7791:
7694:
7098:Horrorism: Naming Contemporary Violence
6534:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
6449:
6143:
6108:
5322:Metzl JM, MacLeish KT (February 2015).
4826:The Neurobiology of Violence, An Update
4635:
4592:
4586:
3049:
2381:of a padlock on the warped barrel of a
1801:
1628:(FBI) classifies violence resulting in
1453:
14:
8591:
8216:
7594:
7450:"Homicide trends in the United States"
7100:, Columbia University Press, New York.
7060:, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
6311:
6262:
6170:
5970:
5465:
5177:Anderson Craig A.; Berkowitz Leonard;
4839:Peace or War? How early humans behaved
4475:
4063:
4061:
3819:
3604:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3364:"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)"
3041:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2911:
2874:
2864:
2368:
1781:. These human rights are enshrined in
1515:
496:), and 31,000 to collective violence (
492:), 405,000 to interpersonal violence (
452:to people, or non-human life, such as
341:Forum (alternative dispute resolution)
8489:. Cambridge University Press; 2010 .
8321:
8078:, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 2006), p. 46.
7906:
7846:
7711:"The fraud of primitive authenticity"
7316:
6354:
6059:
5971:Melvin, Gayle Vassar (3 April 1996).
5149:
5145:
5143:
4857:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4089:"World report on violence and health"
4015:
3765:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp.
3727:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp.
3686:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp.
3112:
3075:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229
2895:"World report on violence and health"
2299:The relatively peaceful period since
1791:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1549:is to regulate violence. Sociologist
1502:
1014:Several rare but painful episodes of
986:
872:psychological trauma during childhood
785:
690:from it. There are also ideological,
7852:
7514:Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (2016-01-20).
7476:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
7319:"Suicide Incidence and Epidemiology"
6848:"Blueprints for violence prevention/
6527:
5202:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x
5113:New Directions for Child Development
4697:Canadian Medical Association Journal
4204:Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect
2195:History of violence (disambiguation)
1805:
1605:, and sometimes through intentional
1106:considered the relationship between
1042:
508:and social functioning and can slow
8328:. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 44.
8194:Life After Capitalism – And Now Too
6959:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics
6771:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics
6628:World report on violence and health
5998:"Violence Prevention: the evidence"
4975:
4058:
3759:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015).
3721:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015).
3680:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015).
3473:World Report on Violence and Health
3090:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2019"
2992:"Violence Prevention: The evidence"
2406:
2390:
1783:international and regional treaties
1580:However, German political theorist
1532:
1359:
1139:Factors and models of understanding
890:
623:Nazi Germany's occupation of Poland
24:
8547:American Psychological Association
8393:Freitheim, Terence (Winter 2004).
7654:
7474:"Homicide Victims by Race and Sex"
7385:, World Health Organization, 2008.
7235:, World Health Organization, 2008.
6971:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00451.x
6783:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00451.x
6736:"Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook"
6673:
6400:Journal of American College Health
5878:10.1097/01.JNR.0000347572.60800.00
5300:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537
5140:
4848:, LiveScience.Com, March 16, 2006.
4548:
3233:World Health Organization (2006).
3062:Annual Review of Political Science
2981:, World Health Organization, 2008.
1541:A sign that calls to stop violence
1466:
1163:parent/family use of constructive
25:
8650:
8518:
8486:The Sociology of War and Violence
8013:
7879:"The Big Kill – By John Arquilla"
7867:from the original on 12 May 2013.
6867:American Journal of Public Health
6575:American Journal of Public Health
6569:McFarlane J, et al. (2004).
6269:American Journal of Public Health
6220:American Journal of Public Health
5748:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5328:American Journal of Public Health
4519:The Histories of Violence project
4078:World Health Organization: Geneva
3973:American Journal of Public Health
3967:Foshee V.A.; et al. (2004).
3852:2011-02-24 at Wikiwix Geneva: WHO
3845:Garcia-Moreno, C. et al. (2005).
3193:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
3094:United States Department of State
2458:Institute for Economics and Peace
1756:killed by military, February 2011
1553:stated that the state claims the
1482:
8377:
8342:
8315:
8306:
8249:
8217:Gordon, Wally (1 January 1997).
8210:
8186:
8172:10.1111/j.1478-9299.2005.00023.x
8151:
8081:
8068:
8039:
8007:
7992:
7982:
7927:
7900:
7871:
7842:from the original on 2016-09-14.
7823:
7776:
7757:
7731:
7703:
7667:
7648:
7567:
7557:
7532:
7507:
7484:
7466:
7442:
7422:
7402:
7388:
7369:
7310:
7307:World Health Organization, 2008.
7291:
7265:
7219:
7124:from the original on 2013-01-16.
7103:
7030:
7017:
6950:
6932:
6891:
6872:
6859:
6840:
6814:
6805:
6762:
6753:
6728:
6724:from the original on 2007-11-10.
6710:
6706:from the original on 2006-03-01.
6692:
6683:
6667:
6632:
6620:
6611:
6562:
6521:
6486:
6464:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01746.x
6443:
6434:
6391:
6348:
6305:
6256:
6207:
6164:
6158:10.1001/jama.1997.03550080047038
6137:
6102:
6053:
6031:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01702.x
6010:
5991:
5964:
5935:
5913:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x
5892:
5857:
5814:
5739:
4815:from the original on 2011-11-10.
4490:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01177.x
4452:Foucault, Politics, and Violence
4415:from the original on 2022-12-10.
4107:Garcia-Moreno, C. et al. (2005).
3255:Handbook of Infant Mental Health
2650:Alternatives to Violence Project
2453:and the interpersonal violence.
1810:
1672:
1365:This section is an excerpt from
1221:
1046:
758:, intimate partner violence and
716:
571:
8415:from the original on 2012-11-19
8223:Medicine, Conflict and Survival
8196:. Zmag.org, December 10, 2004;
8057:from the original on 2017-09-13
7953:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.283
7889:from the original on 2013-01-07
7805:The Better Angels of Our Nature
7746:from the original on 2013-11-04
6263:Foshee VA, et al. (1998).
5953:from the original on 2017-03-13
5866:The Journal of Nursing Research
5644:
5584:
5535:
5500:
5432:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.004
5407:
5364:
5315:
5227:
5170:
5131:
5104:
5069:
5058:from the original on 2013-11-04
5042:
5036:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.573
5015:
4996:
4978:Aggression and Violent Behavior
4969:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4906:
4868:
4851:
4831:
4819:
4790:
4756:
4733:
4684:
4523:
4512:
4419:
4395:
4384:from the original on 2016-04-23
4365:
4330:
4325:Behavioral Sciences and the Law
4317:
4303:
4293:
4274:
4261:
4251:
4238:
4195:
4154:
4134:
4121:
4101:
4081:
4009:
3960:
3942:Aggression and Violent Behavior
3933:
3905:Aggression and Violent Behavior
3889:
3855:
3839:
3813:
3783:
3752:
3673:
3644:
3587:from the original on 2014-10-20
3512:
3488:
3482:pp 23–56. Geneva, Switzerland:
3413:
3370:
3356:
3313:
3260:
3247:
3227:
3183:
3162:
3141:
3106:
2803:
2618:wrote about the Old Testament:
2323:The Better Angels of Our Nature
2312:The Better Angels of Our Nature
1967:
1771:inhuman and degrading treatment
1740:
1626:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1033:Latin America and the Caribbean
931:antisocial personality disorder
524:concentrated (regional) poverty
8458:. Cambridge University Press.
8262:Journal of Sustainable Tourism
7014:, Wiley-Blackwell, NJ: 798–99.
6898:Dahlberg L.; Mercy J. (2009).
5901:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
5657:Archives of General Psychiatry
5548:Archives of General Psychiatry
5287:Archives of General Psychiatry
3896:Stith SM; et al. (2004).
3082:
3004:
2984:
2965:
2858:
2844:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2831:
2512:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1978:disability-adjusted life years
1729:severe lifelong consequences.
1667:University of Colorado Boulder
1620:, although not all crimes are
1018:, attempted assassination and
900:Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall
860:business improvement districts
306:Alternative dispute resolution
13:
1:
8283:10.1080/09669582.2016.1159214
7577:The Nature of Paleolithic Art
7162:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
7036:Gregory, Derek and Pred, Alan
7027:, Oxford, Elsevier, 14293–99.
7012:Dictionary of Human Geography
6547:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00576-7
6528:Holt VL, et al. (2003).
6507:10.1016/s0099-1767(97)90011-8
6185:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69744-4
5593:Criminal Justice and Behavior
5024:Annual Review of Anthropology
3652:"Consequences Youth Violence"
3391:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61708-0
3334:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7
2941:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2825:
1866:dictionary of human geography
1545:One of the main functions of
1442:Child–caregiver relationships
1406:
1253:
738:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
605:
8479:. London: Sage Publications.
6495:Journal of Emergency Nursing
6123:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.008
5823:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
5714:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120
5626:Pilgrim D, Rogers A (2005).
5237:Review of General Psychology
5090:10.1016/0162-3095(82)90027-9
4269:Journal of Forensic Sciences
3820:Flores, Rosa (24 May 2017).
2635:Aestheticization of violence
1864:Violence, as defined in the
1773:or punishment; the right to
1448:Triple P (Parenting Program)
1240:domestic corporal punishment
7:
8125:Potomac Books Inc., 2004;
7855:"Against Pinker's Violence"
7853:Laws, Ben (21 March 2012).
7272:World Health Organization.
7082:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
6678:. Harvest Book. p. 52.
6452:Journal of Clinical Nursing
6060:Prinz; et al. (2009).
4248:. New York, Springer, 2008.
4016:Kim J; et al. (2009).
2627:
2514:of French Protestants, 1572
1246:believes that disciplinary
1210:several types of violence.
1026:
1009:
10:
8655:
8429:
7830:R Epstein (October 2011).
7604:Kelly, Raymond C. (2005).
7376:"Global Burden of Disease"
6369:10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.279
5605:10.1177/009385480102800601
5521:10.1176/appi.ps.52.10.1358
4927:10.1177/002234337100800108
4892:10.1177/002234336900600301
4314:, 2001. 38 (2): pp. 157–72
2972:"Global Burden of Disease"
2573:critiqued the violence of
2488:
2482:
2192:
2188:
1616:are usually classified as
1415:Public awareness campaigns
1367:Mental disorder § Violence
1364:
1343:
1039:Philosophical perspectives
990:
948:
905:
789:
654:
650:
373:Peace and conflict studies
280:Mutual assured destruction
36:
29:
8529:World Health Organization
8503:History & Mathematics
8363:10.1017/s0034670500026188
8338:– via Google Books.
8325:The Wretched of the Earth
8235:10.1080/13623699708409316
8219:"Capitalism and violence"
7574:Guthrie, R. Dale (2005).
7298:"World Health Statistics"
7278:World Health Organization
7118:World Health Organization
6653:10.1017/S0841820900004161
6412:10.1080/07448480309595732
6326:10.1007/s11121-005-0007-0
6078:10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3
5670:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.393
5560:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.911
5078:Ethology and Sociobiology
4990:10.1016/j.avb.2016.05.003
4915:Journal of Peace Research
4880:Journal of Peace Research
4312:Psychology in the Schools
4216:10.1080/08946560902997181
3954:10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.004
3917:10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001
3484:World Health Organization
2906:World Health Organization
2259:. The trend, starting in
2257:post-colonial perspective
1653:problem-oriented policing
1435:World Health Organization
1313:sexual jealousy in humans
944:
912:Intimate partner violence
756:child corporal punishment
748:intimate partner violence
709:were over 40 million and
474:World Health Organization
32:Violence (disambiguation)
8160:Political Studies Review
7783:Fry, Douglas P. (2013).
7674:Fry, Douglas P. (2013).
7430:"Violence against women"
6232:10.2105/ajph.2006.095521
5835:10.1177/1524838004272464
5340:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302242
4797:Straus Murray A (2000).
4660:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110222
3762:The Body Keeps The Score
3724:The Body Keeps The Score
3683:The Body Keeps The Score
3291:10.1177/1077559511403920
3205:10.1177/0886260511403747
3168:Šmihula, Daniel (2013):
3147:Šmihula, Daniel (2013):
2771:
2760:Violence begets violence
2710:Nonviolent Communication
2675:Fight-or-flight response
2209:. Social anthropologist
1754:pro-democracy protesters
1458:Evidence shows that the
1339:
1236:pre-industrial societies
826:
808:and commercial or other
533:
512:and social development.
368:Non-aggression principle
326:Conflict style inventory
130:Nonviolent Communication
8629:Harassment and bullying
7623:10.1073/pnas.0505955102
7336:10.4103/0253-7176.78501
6700:"20th Century Democide"
6111:Child Abuse and Neglect
5947:Encyclopædia Britannica
4763:Gershoff, E.T. (2008).
4593:Patrick, C. J. (2008).
4449:Johanna Oksala (2012).
4431:The Wall Street Journal
3629:. The Conversation US.
3553:10.1111/1467-8721.01216
2755:Turning the other cheek
2526:accusations of casting
2502:beating woman in public
2473:purchasing power parity
2462:Economic Value of Peace
2281:War Before Civilization
2248:War Before Civilization
1680:Social ecological model
1346:Media violence research
1327:Goetz writes that most
1309:Evolutionary psychology
1176:social ecological model
711:World War II casualties
215:International relations
145:Speaking truth to power
8351:The Review of Politics
8322:Fanon, Frantz (2007).
8027:Cite journal requires
7910:The Civilizing Process
6830:Justice Policy Journal
5466:Stuart H (June 2003).
5420:Annals of Epidemiology
5373:Law and Human Behavior
5125:10.1002/cd.23219811107
4611:10.1098/rstb.2008.0028
4327:, 1999. 17: pp. 323–37
4271:, 1999. 50: pp. 321–33
2625:
2614:Old Testament scholar
2515:
2503:
2435:interpersonal violence
2394:
2361:rates of death due to
2252:
2220:
2159:Interpersonal violence
2150:Self-directed violence
2131:
2061:
1832:by rewriting it in an
1757:
1542:
1473:violence against women
1429:Interpersonal violence
964:
959:Meeting of victims of
923:unintended pregnancies
903:
843:
744:Interpersonal violence
740:
726:
713:were over 70 million.
707:World War I casualties
674:
626:
596:deliberate self-injury
580:. The former includes
553:interpersonal violence
550:self-directed violence
543:
8473:; Sharma, RR (2006).
7913:. Oxford: Blackwell.
7317:Reddy, M. S. (2010).
7171:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
6587:10.2105/ajph.94.4.613
4740:"Corporal Punishment"
4180:10.1093/ageing/afm194
4034:10.2471/blt.08.056580
3985:10.2105/ajph.94.4.619
3795:ABC 7 Windy City Live
3438:10.2471/blt.08.057075
2720:Nonviolent revolution
2715:Nonviolent resistance
2620:
2509:
2498:
2489:Further information:
2479:Religion and politics
2383:semi-automatic pistol
2376:
2244:
2228:Guns, Germs and Steel
2215:
2067:
1975:
1748:
1640:(e.g. self-defense).
1540:
1522:reductions in poverty
1344:Further information:
1192:personality disorders
958:
898:
834:
732:
724:
703:Industrial Revolution
684:national self-defence
664:
638:in such situations.
613:
541:
290:Nuclear proliferation
8448:Critique of Violence
8198:Capitalism explained
8117:, Free Press; 2004;
8051:World Economic Forum
7410:"Child maltreatment"
7096:Cavarero, A. (2009)
7040:. London: Routledge.
6281:10.2105/ajph.88.1.45
5509:Psychiatric Services
4861:The Structured Crowd
4858:Rowan, John (1978).
4433:. 20 September 2018.
2690:Legislative violence
2532:satanic ritual abuse
2439:economic development
2425:and Gust that used "
2234:The Third Chimpanzee
1802:Geographical context
1638:justifiable homicide
1454:Life skills in youth
1287:medical anthropology
1228:longitudinal studies
760:abuse of the elderly
542:Typology of violence
356:Paradox of tolerance
52:. For the song, see
45:. For the film, see
30:For other uses, see
8543:Violence prevention
8534:Violence prevention
8525:Violence prevention
8274:2017JSusT..25..651B
7836:Scientific American
7661:Scientific American
7056:Agamben, G. (1998)
5760:10.1192/bjp.174.1.9
4709:10.1503/cmaj.101314
4372:Philippe Bourgois.
4129:Preventive Medicine
3801:on 19 November 2018
3631:Scientific American
3113:Nixon, Rob (2011).
2660:Corporal punishment
2616:Terence E. Fretheim
2565:structural violence
2379:Petah Tikva, Israel
2369:Society and culture
2175:Collective violence
1874:structural violence
1658:conflict resolution
1516:Collective violence
1315:, child abuse, and
1279:structural violence
1232:corporal punishment
1115:feminist philosophy
673:during World War II
556:collective violence
285:Nuclear disarmament
184:Conflict escalation
161:Conflict management
65:Conflict resolution
18:Violence prevention
8619:Dispute resolution
8609:Concepts in ethics
8573:2017-11-15 at the
8557:2016-01-11 at the
8483:Malešević, Siniša
8446:Benjamin, Walter,
8203:2007-11-09 at the
8140:2007-11-15 at the
8105:2007-12-22 at the
8053:. 5 January 2017.
7907:Elias, N. (1994).
7769:2008-05-14 at the
7503:. 20 January 2016.
7435:2011-12-28 at the
7415:2011-12-29 at the
7381:2010-12-24 at the
7303:2011-10-30 at the
7231:2010-12-24 at the
7156:(9859): 2095–128.
6944:2013-01-22 at the
6853:2012-01-03 at the
6314:Prevention Science
6066:Prevention Science
6003:2012-08-30 at the
5385:10.1037/lhb0000075
5179:Donnerstein Edward
4844:2007-07-15 at the
4745:2010-10-31 at the
4351:10.1111/etho.12140
4147:2013-01-22 at the
4114:2013-01-22 at the
4094:2015-08-22 at the
4074:2011-11-12 at the
3529:Geneva, WHO, 2009.
3525:2013-01-22 at the
3478:2015-08-22 at the
3269:Child Maltreatment
3240:2012-07-19 at the
2997:2012-08-30 at the
2977:2015-10-09 at the
2900:2015-08-22 at the
2750:Sectarian violence
2740:Religious violence
2522:against Jews, the
2516:
2504:
2485:Religious violence
2467:2017-11-15 at the
2395:
2343:capital punishment
2276:Lawrence H. Keeley
2253:
2132:
2062:
1913:state of exception
1834:encyclopedic style
1821:is written like a
1758:
1543:
1503:Support programmes
1463:of everyday life.
1145:protective factors
1119:epistemic violence
1058:. You can help by
987:Elder maltreatment
965:
904:
844:
837:Kids off the Block
810:child exploitation
786:Child maltreatment
741:
734:Saul attacks David
727:
696:revolutionary wars
675:
632:Political violence
627:
586:attempted suicides
544:
403:Track II diplomacy
351:Prisoner's dilemma
321:Conflict continuum
316:Conflict avoidance
101:Dispute resolution
8584:Heat and Violence
7716:Asia Times Online
7207:on August 1, 2020
6226:(10): 1794–1802.
6179:(9551): 1973–83.
5637:978-0-335-21583-6
4605:(1503): 2543–55.
4378:istmo.denison.edu
3875:. pp. 1–15.
3625:(June 15, 2018).
3199:(18): 3699–3719.
3126:978-0-674-06119-4
2847:. Merriam-Webster
2670:Domestic violence
2655:Communal violence
2555:is violent, that
2263:and spreading to
2182:African Americans
2052: 2,000–3,000
2046: 1,800–2,000
2040: 1,600–1,800
2034: 1,400–1,600
2028: 1,200–1,400
2022: 1,000–1,200
1878:cultural violence
1862:
1861:
1854:
1634:criminal homicide
1216:income inequality
1165:coping strategies
1131:, their sense of
1076:
1075:
977:domestic violence
908:Domestic violence
841:Roseland, Chicago
725:Cain killing Abel
680:war of aggression
640:Economic violence
621:civilians during
582:suicidal thoughts
528:gender inequality
439:
438:
311:Anti-war movement
275:Nuclear blackmail
179:Communal violence
16:(Redirected from
8646:
8480:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8414:
8402:Word & World
8399:
8390:
8384:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8319:
8313:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8285:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8214:
8208:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8155:
8149:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8030:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8005:
7996:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7973:
7965:
7955:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7808:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7780:
7774:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7707:
7701:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7635:
7625:
7616:(43): 15294–98.
7601:
7592:
7591:
7571:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7497:
7491:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7454:
7446:
7440:
7426:
7420:
7406:
7400:
7392:
7386:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7338:
7314:
7308:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7245:
7236:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7206:
7200:. Archived from
7183:
7173:
7147:
7137:
7126:
7125:
7115:
7107:
7101:
7094:
7085:
7078:
7061:
7054:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7021:
7015:
7008:
6991:
6990:
6954:
6948:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6919:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6876:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6674:Arendt, Hannah.
6671:
6665:
6664:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6549:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6292:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6243:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6014:
6008:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5716:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5571:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5472:World Psychiatry
5463:
5454:
5453:
5443:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5260:10.1037/a0018941
5253:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5204:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5147:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4864:. Davis-Poynter.
4855:
4849:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4760:
4754:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4565:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4446:
4435:
4434:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4334:
4328:
4321:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4158:
4152:
4138:
4132:
4131:: 43, 3, 188–93.
4125:
4119:
4105:
4099:
4085:
4079:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3859:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3797:. Archived from
3787:
3781:
3780:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3658:. Archived from
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3536:
3530:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3486:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3385:(9659): 250–66.
3374:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3284:
3282:10.1.1.1029.9752
3264:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3187:
3181:
3166:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3017:. Archived from
3016:
3008:
3002:
2988:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2935:(9963): 117–71.
2920:
2909:
2891:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2835:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2782:
2557:private property
2549:Anti-capitalists
2539:War on Terrorism
2431:measurement unit
2421:be the study of
2407:Economic effects
2400:substance misuse
2392:
2303:is known as the
2286:tribal societies
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1961:Adriana Cavarero
1857:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1660:. Despite this,
1591:police brutality
1533:Criminal justice
1360:Mental disorders
1244:Murray A. Straus
1071:
1068:
1050:
1043:
1020:school shootings
891:Intimate partner
669:armoured car in
665:A United States
431:
424:
417:
61:
60:
21:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8604:Social conflict
8589:
8588:
8575:Wayback Machine
8559:Wayback Machine
8521:
8432:
8427:
8418:
8416:
8412:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8254:
8250:
8215:
8211:
8205:Wayback Machine
8192:Michael Albert
8191:
8187:
8156:
8152:
8142:Wayback Machine
8119:Michael Scheuer
8107:Wayback Machine
8098:
8094:
8086:
8082:
8073:
8069:
8060:
8058:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8028:
8026:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8008:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7983:
7967:
7966:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7905:
7901:
7892:
7890:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7851:
7847:
7828:
7824:
7817:
7796:
7792:
7781:
7777:
7771:Wayback Machine
7762:
7758:
7749:
7747:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7722:
7720:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7672:
7668:
7653:
7649:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7558:
7549:
7547:
7544:The Independent
7538:
7537:
7533:
7524:
7522:
7512:
7508:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7485:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7459:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7437:Wayback Machine
7427:
7423:
7417:Wayback Machine
7407:
7403:
7393:
7389:
7383:Wayback Machine
7374:
7370:
7315:
7311:
7305:Wayback Machine
7296:
7292:
7282:
7280:
7270:
7266:
7257:
7255:
7247:
7246:
7239:
7233:Wayback Machine
7224:
7220:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7145:
7138:
7129:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7095:
7088:
7079:
7064:
7055:
7044:
7035:
7031:
7022:
7018:
7009:
6994:
6955:
6951:
6946:Wayback Machine
6937:
6933:
6896:
6892:
6877:
6873:
6869:, 1949; 504–15.
6864:
6860:
6855:Wayback Machine
6845:
6841:
6825:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6672:
6668:
6637:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6567:
6563:
6526:
6522:
6491:
6487:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6396:
6392:
6353:
6349:
6310:
6306:
6261:
6257:
6212:
6208:
6169:
6165:
6142:
6138:
6107:
6103:
6058:
6054:
6025:(3–4): 355–91.
6015:
6011:
6005:Wayback Machine
5996:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5969:
5965:
5956:
5954:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5897:
5893:
5862:
5858:
5819:
5815:
5744:
5740:
5707:(8): e1000120.
5693:
5686:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5624:
5620:
5589:
5585:
5540:
5536:
5515:(10): 1358–66.
5505:
5501:
5464:
5457:
5412:
5408:
5369:
5365:
5320:
5316:
5279:
5275:
5251:10.1.1.360.3176
5232:
5228:
5175:
5171:
5148:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5109:
5105:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5020:
5016:
5011:(2): 1040–2659.
5001:
4997:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4911:
4907:
4873:
4869:
4856:
4852:
4846:Wayback Machine
4837:Heather Whipps,
4836:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4747:Wayback Machine
4738:
4734:
4703:(12): 1373–77.
4689:
4685:
4640:
4636:
4591:
4587:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4447:
4438:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4411:. 9 July 2019.
4409:Financial Times
4401:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4370:
4366:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4239:
4200:
4196:
4159:
4155:
4149:Wayback Machine
4139:
4135:
4126:
4122:
4116:Wayback Machine
4106:
4102:
4096:Wayback Machine
4086:
4082:
4076:Wayback Machine
4066:
4059:
4014:
4010:
3965:
3961:
3938:
3934:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3860:
3856:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3719:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3620:
3613:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:"Archived copy"
3573:
3572:
3568:
3537:
3533:
3527:Wayback Machine
3517:
3513:
3504:
3502:
3500:medlineplus.gov
3496:"Teen Violence"
3494:
3493:
3489:
3480:Wayback Machine
3470:
3463:
3418:
3414:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3328:(9657): 68–81.
3318:
3314:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3242:Wayback Machine
3232:
3228:
3188:
3184:
3167:
3163:
3146:
3142:
3127:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3054:
3050:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3012:"Archived copy"
3010:
3009:
3005:
2999:Wayback Machine
2989:
2985:
2979:Wayback Machine
2970:
2966:
2921:
2912:
2902:Wayback Machine
2892:
2875:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2630:
2612:Luther Seminary
2493:
2487:
2481:
2469:Wayback Machine
2460:, released the
2409:
2377:A sculpture in
2371:
2315:
2290:endemic warfare
2198:
2191:
2177:
2161:
2152:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2059:
2058: >3,000
2055:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016: 800–1,000
2013:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1911:'s concepts of
1909:Giorgio Agamben
1898:spatial justice
1870:direct violence
1858:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1830:help improve it
1827:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1743:
1675:
1535:
1526:decision-making
1518:
1505:
1493:dating violence
1485:
1477:gender equality
1469:
1467:Gender equality
1456:
1444:
1431:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1370:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1256:
1224:
1196:substance abuse
1141:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1056:needs expansion
1041:
1029:
1012:
995:
989:
953:
951:Sexual violence
947:
914:
906:Main articles:
893:
829:
794:
788:
719:
659:
653:
625:, December 1939
608:
600:self-mutilation
574:
536:
435:
363:Liaison officer
270:Nuclear warfare
254:Multilateralism
194:Just war theory
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8652:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8624:Human behavior
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8565:
8549:
8540:
8531:
8520:
8519:External links
8517:
8516:
8515:
8512:978-5484010011
8498:
8495:978-0521731690
8481:
8467:
8450:
8444:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8385:
8376:
8341:
8335:978-0802198853
8334:
8314:
8305:
8268:(5): 651–667.
8248:
8209:
8185:
8166:(2): 193–204.
8150:
8111:Richard Clarke
8092:
8080:
8067:
8038:
8029:|journal=
8006:
7991:
7981:
7926:
7920:978-0631192220
7919:
7899:
7885:. 2012-12-03.
7883:Foreign Policy
7870:
7845:
7822:
7816:978-0670022953
7815:
7790:
7775:
7756:
7730:
7702:
7693:
7687:978-0199859009
7686:
7666:
7655:Horgan, John.
7647:
7593:
7587:978-0226311265
7586:
7566:
7556:
7531:
7506:
7492:
7483:
7480:on 2012-03-23.
7465:
7462:on 2011-10-10.
7441:
7421:
7401:
7387:
7368:
7309:
7290:
7264:
7237:
7218:
7127:
7102:
7086:
7062:
7042:
7029:
7016:
6992:
6949:
6931:
6904:Virtual Mentor
6890:
6881:Tribuna Medica
6871:
6858:
6839:
6813:
6804:
6761:
6752:
6748:on 2015-05-03.
6727:
6709:
6691:
6682:
6666:
6647:(2): 385–406.
6631:
6619:
6610:
6581:(94): 613–18.
6561:
6520:
6485:
6458:(9): 1736–48.
6442:
6433:
6390:
6347:
6304:
6255:
6206:
6163:
6136:
6101:
6052:
6009:
5990:
5963:
5934:
5891:
5856:
5813:
5738:
5684:
5663:(5): 393–401.
5643:
5636:
5618:
5583:
5534:
5499:
5455:
5406:
5363:
5314:
5273:
5226:
5169:
5139:
5130:
5119:(11): 93–112.
5103:
5068:
5041:
5014:
4995:
4968:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4905:
4867:
4850:
4830:
4818:
4789:
4755:
4732:
4683:
4634:
4585:
4547:
4522:
4511:
4468:
4462:978-0810128026
4461:
4436:
4418:
4394:
4364:
4329:
4316:
4302:
4292:
4273:
4260:
4250:
4237:
4210:(3): 187–210.
4194:
4153:
4133:
4120:
4100:
4080:
4057:
4028:(11): 824–32.
4008:
3959:
3932:
3888:
3881:
3854:
3838:
3812:
3782:
3776:978-0143127741
3775:
3751:
3738:978-0143127741
3737:
3710:
3697:978-0143127741
3696:
3672:
3643:
3611:
3566:
3531:
3511:
3487:
3461:
3412:
3369:
3366:. 21 May 2021.
3355:
3312:
3259:
3246:
3226:
3182:
3178:978-8022413411
3161:
3157:978-8022413411
3140:
3125:
3105:
3081:
3048:
3003:
2983:
2964:
2910:
2873:
2857:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Harm principle
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2606:libertarianism
2582:Mahatma Gandhi
2483:Main article:
2480:
2477:
2408:
2405:
2370:
2367:
2320:'s 2011 book,
2314:
2309:
2269:bioarchaeology
2211:Douglas P. Fry
2190:
2187:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1966:
1948:Killing Fields
1928:Guantanamo Bay
1860:
1859:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1742:
1739:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1674:
1671:
1622:violent crimes
1534:
1531:
1517:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1484:
1483:Cultural norms
1481:
1468:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1341:
1338:
1303:bioarchaeology
1264:Neurobiologist
1255:
1252:
1223:
1220:
1140:
1137:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1011:
1008:
991:Main article:
988:
985:
949:Main article:
946:
943:
892:
889:
828:
825:
790:Main article:
787:
784:
768:sexual assault
718:
715:
655:Main article:
652:
649:
607:
604:
573:
570:
558:
557:
554:
551:
535:
532:
484:attributed to
446:physical force
444:is the use of
437:
436:
434:
433:
426:
419:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
359:
358:
353:
343:
338:
336:Family therapy
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
300:
299:
295:
294:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
264:
263:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
155:
154:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
126:
125:
123:Party-directed
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
93:
88:
83:
75:
74:
68:
67:
54:Violent (song)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8651:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8634:Controversies
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8396:
8389:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8357:(3): 433–36.
8356:
8352:
8345:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8318:
8309:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8096:
8089:
8084:
8077:
8071:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8034:
8021:
8010:
8003:
8000:
7995:
7985:
7977:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7946:(3): 238–42.
7945:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7922:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7903:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7866:
7862:
7861:
7856:
7849:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7832:"Book Review"
7826:
7818:
7812:
7807:
7806:
7800:
7799:Steven Pinker
7794:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7760:
7745:
7741:
7734:
7719:. 4 July 2006
7718:
7717:
7712:
7706:
7697:
7689:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7670:
7662:
7658:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7598:
7589:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7570:
7560:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7502:
7496:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7458:
7451:
7445:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7425:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7294:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7242:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7222:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7106:
7099:
7093:
7091:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7039:
7033:
7026:
7020:
7013:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6953:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6910:(2): 167–72.
6909:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6744:
6737:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6686:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6540:(24): 16–21.
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6501:(3): 220–26.
6500:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6406:(3): 105–12.
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6363:(2): 279–91.
6362:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6320:(3): 245–57.
6319:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6275:(88): 45–50.
6274:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6152:(8): 637–43.
6151:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6117:(8): 829–52.
6116:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5994:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5872:(5): 139–51.
5871:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5701:PLOS Medicine
5698:
5691:
5689:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5599:(6): 655–94.
5598:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5554:(8): 911–21.
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5460:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:(5): 366–76.
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:(5): 439–49.
5378:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5293:(2): 152–61.
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5212:2027.42/83429
5208:
5203:
5198:
5195:(3): 81–110.
5194:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5144:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4962:
4953:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4886:(3): 167–91.
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:Galtung Johan
4871:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4834:
4827:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4779:on 2016-01-27
4775:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4654:(4): 151–56.
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:(4): 427–47.
4344:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4296:
4289:(576): 78–90.
4288:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4173:(2): 151–60.
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4140:Sethi et al.
4137:
4130:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:(4): 619–24.
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3948:(5): 423–29.
3947:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3882:9781000217995
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3662:on 2019-12-21
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3583:
3576:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:(5): 353–61.
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3275:(2): 79–101.
3274:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3024:on 2015-09-15
3020:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:Krug et al.,
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2861:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:De-escalation
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:In 2016, the
2454:
2452:
2451:human capital
2448:
2444:
2441:and level of
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:poverty traps
2404:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2351:Norbert Elias
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:Steven Pinker
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2225:in his books
2224:
2223:Jared Diamond
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2128: 227–878
2122: 127–226
2066:
2010: 600–800
2004: 400–600
1998: 200–400
1992: <200
1986: No data
1979:
1976:Estimates of
1974:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1853:
1845:
1842:December 2023
1835:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1819:This section
1817:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1715:
1713:intervention.
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1673:Public health
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:force is used
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1582:Hannah Arendt
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:legal systems
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1475:by promoting
1474:
1464:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:Child-rearing
1219:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:brain lesions
1185:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1067:December 2022
1061:
1057:
1054:This section
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:assassination
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
984:
980:
978:
973:
969:
962:
957:
952:
942:
938:
934:
932:
926:
924:
918:
913:
909:
901:
897:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
867:
863:
861:
855:
851:
849:
842:
838:
833:
824:
820:
816:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
731:
723:
717:Interpersonal
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
672:
668:
663:
658:
648:
646:
645:Slow violence
641:
637:
633:
624:
620:
616:
612:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:
588:—also called
587:
583:
579:
572:Self-directed
569:
566:
564:
555:
552:
549:
548:
547:
540:
531:
529:
526:, income and
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
507:
506:mental health
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
413:
412:
410:
409:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Peacebuilding
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Peace process
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
297:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
261:
260:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
189:De-escalation
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
152:
151:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:Collaborative
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
49:
44:
42:
33:
19:
8502:
8484:
8475:
8454:
8447:
8417:. Retrieved
8405:
8401:
8388:
8379:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8324:
8317:
8308:
8265:
8261:
8251:
8229:(1): 63–66.
8226:
8222:
8212:
8188:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8145:
8130:
8122:
8114:
8095:
8083:
8075:
8070:
8059:. Retrieved
8050:
8041:
8020:cite journal
8009:
7994:
7984:
7970:cite journal
7943:
7939:
7929:
7909:
7902:
7891:. Retrieved
7882:
7873:
7858:
7848:
7835:
7825:
7804:
7793:
7784:
7778:
7773:, July 2004.
7759:
7748:. Retrieved
7733:
7721:. Retrieved
7714:
7705:
7696:
7676:
7669:
7660:
7650:
7613:
7609:
7576:
7569:
7559:
7548:. Retrieved
7546:. 2016-09-28
7543:
7534:
7523:. Retrieved
7519:
7509:
7495:
7486:
7478:the original
7468:
7457:the original
7444:
7424:
7404:
7396:
7390:
7371:
7329:(2): 77–82.
7326:
7322:
7312:
7293:
7281:. Retrieved
7277:
7267:
7256:. Retrieved
7252:
7221:
7209:. Retrieved
7202:the original
7153:
7149:
7117:
7105:
7097:
7081:
7057:
7037:
7032:
7024:
7019:
7011:
6965:(1): 82–88.
6962:
6958:
6952:
6934:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6866:
6861:
6842:
6833:
6829:
6816:
6807:
6777:(1): 82–94.
6774:
6770:
6764:
6755:
6743:the original
6730:
6712:
6694:
6685:
6675:
6669:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6627:
6622:
6613:
6578:
6574:
6564:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6436:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5993:
5981:. Retrieved
5976:
5966:
5955:. Retrieved
5946:
5937:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5829:(1): 40–54.
5826:
5822:
5816:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5704:
5700:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5627:
5621:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5478:(2): 121–4.
5475:
5471:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5334:(2): 240–9.
5331:
5327:
5317:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5244:(2): 68–81.
5241:
5235:
5229:
5192:
5186:
5172:
5158:(1): 15–21.
5155:
5151:
5133:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5084:(1): 11–27.
5081:
5077:
5071:
5060:. Retrieved
5044:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4921:(1): 73–76.
4918:
4914:
4908:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4860:
4853:
4833:
4821:
4805:
4792:
4781:. Retrieved
4774:the original
4765:
4758:
4750:
4735:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4577:. Retrieved
4575:. 2020-05-07
4572:
4539:. Retrieved
4537:. 2023-08-25
4534:
4525:
4514:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4451:
4430:
4421:
4408:
4397:
4386:. Retrieved
4377:
4367:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4295:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4136:
4128:
4123:
4103:
4087:Krug et al.,
4083:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3911:(1): 65–98.
3908:
3904:
3891:
3867:
3857:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3825:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3799:the original
3794:
3785:
3761:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3723:
3703:November 24,
3701:. Retrieved
3682:
3675:
3664:. Retrieved
3660:the original
3655:
3646:
3636:November 16,
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3589:. Retrieved
3569:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3514:
3503:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3358:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3229:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3169:
3164:
3148:
3143:
3115:
3108:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3068:(1): 45–69.
3065:
3061:
3051:
3026:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3006:
2986:
2967:
2932:
2928:
2867:
2860:
2849:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2814:
2805:
2780:
2695:Martial arts
2621:
2610:
2579:
2571:Frantz Fanon
2569:
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2321:
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2301:World War II
2298:
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2279:
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2265:anthropology
2254:
2246:
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2226:
2221:
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2178:
2169:
2166:
2162:
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2144:
2140:
2133:
2116: 97–126
1968:Epidemiology
1957:
1951:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1904:
1902:
1863:
1848:
1839:
1820:
1796:sexual abuse
1762:human rights
1759:
1741:Human rights
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1703:
1699:
1684:
1676:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1614:self-defense
1611:
1603:labour camps
1579:
1575:police power
1544:
1524:, that make
1519:
1506:
1497:sexual abuse
1489:social norms
1486:
1470:
1457:
1445:
1432:
1418:
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1385:
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1372:
1349:
1334:inequalities
1326:
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1276:
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1268:
1257:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1200:
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1161:
1156:childrearing
1153:
1149:risk factors
1142:
1123:
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1083:
1082:in his book
1080:Slavoj Žižek
1077:
1064:
1060:adding to it
1055:
1030:
1013:
1004:
1000:
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970:
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798:sexual abuse
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667:M8 Greyhound
628:
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591:para suicide
589:
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514:
482:
441:
440:
383:Peace treaty
234:Brinkmanship
169:
91:Conciliation
58:
47:
40:
8471:James, Paul
8127:Robert Fisk
7989:pp. 506–524
7283:25 February
7253:www.who.int
6676:On Violence
6072:(1): 1–12.
5907:(2): 92–7.
5754:(1): 9–14.
4573:www.cdc.gov
4535:www.cdc.gov
4118:Geneva: WHO
3863:Gottzén, L.
3831:December 3,
3805:19 November
3744:December 2,
3623:Darby Saxbe
2705:Nonviolence
2594:voluntarism
2575:colonialism
2520:blood libel
2447:correlation
2443:investments
2391:!די לאלימות
2335:Cannibalism
2261:archaeology
2110: 76–96
2104: 55–75
2098: 33–54
2092: 25–32
2086: 17–24
1935:Khmer Rouge
1460:life skills
1397:alcohol use
1388:psychopathy
1353:Brown v EMA
1204:elder abuse
1093:ontological
1088:ontological
993:Elder abuse
792:Child abuse
752:child abuse
470:destruction
398:Rule of man
393:Peacemaking
346:Game theory
224:Appeasement
140:Negotiation
106:Rule of law
81:Arbitration
72:Nonviolence
8593:Categories
8464:052160785X
8441:0472113151
8419:2010-11-21
8061:2017-06-30
7893:2013-01-22
7809:. Viking.
7750:2013-11-14
7550:2024-02-20
7525:2024-02-20
7258:2023-10-19
7211:August 31,
5957:2017-04-30
5152:Psicothema
5062:2013-11-14
5030:: 573–96.
4984:: 109–14.
4783:2015-12-15
4579:2021-04-28
4541:2023-12-18
4388:2018-02-13
4167:Age Ageing
4067:WHO(2010).
3926:2097/14851
3666:2018-11-16
3591:2015-03-17
3505:2020-04-30
3322:The Lancet
3099:2023-10-19
3028:2015-11-18
2851:2019-01-31
2839:"Violence"
2826:References
2745:Resentment
2730:Parasitism
2640:Aggression
2586:nonviolent
2553:capitalism
2528:witchcraft
2305:Long Peace
2080: 9–16
1952:homo sacer
1944:Choeung Ek
1924:homo sacer
1918:homo sacer
1777:; and the
1422:California
1407:Prevention
1299:philosophy
1295:psychiatry
1291:psychology
1260:psychology
1254:Psychology
1125:Brad Evans
921:disorder,
806:negligence
776:workplaces
701:Since the
606:Collective
578:self-abuse
249:Deterrence
8371:144606756
8300:155376736
8292:0966-9582
8243:1362-3699
8180:144475865
7520:The Verge
7345:0253-7176
7249:"Suicide"
6661:231891531
5977:Newspaper
5776:0007-1250
5768:1472-1465
5613:145599816
5246:CiteSeerX
4935:109656035
4900:143440399
4506:144313735
4498:0887-5367
4359:1548-1352
3873:Routledge
3561:145110900
3547:: 27–31.
3277:CiteSeerX
3221:206562093
3172:, p. 84,
3151:, p. 64,
3135:754842110
2790:Heidegger
2786:Nietzsche
2735:Predation
2602:anarchism
2598:mutualism
2551:say that
2207:sedentism
2074: 0–8
1882:geography
1709:violence.
1696:violence.
1595:execution
1551:Max Weber
1392:mediating
1329:homicides
1283:sociology
1169:prosocial
692:religious
486:self-harm
448:to cause
331:Democracy
244:Diplomacy
239:Ceasefire
229:Armistice
153:Workplace
118:Mediation
8599:Violence
8571:Archived
8555:Archived
8410:Archived
8201:Archived
8138:Archived
8103:Archived
8055:Archived
8002:Archived
7962:20194256
7887:Archived
7865:Archived
7840:Archived
7801:(2011).
7767:Archived
7744:Archived
7642:16129826
7433:Archived
7413:Archived
7379:Archived
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7301:Archived
7229:Archived
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7181:10790329
7122:Archived
7120:. 2004.
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6942:Archived
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6851:Archived
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4413:Archived
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3600:cite web
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3407:23012537
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3342:19056114
3307:30813632
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3238:Archived
3213:22170456
3037:cite web
2995:Archived
2975:Archived
2959:25530442
2898:Archived
2794:Foucault
2725:Pacifism
2628:See also
2524:medieval
2491:Ideology
2465:Archived
2427:regicide
2359:homicide
2331:genocide
2203:Holocene
1894:feminist
1886:humanist
1767:autonomy
1630:homicide
1601:, slave
1599:massacre
1587:democide
1571:military
1317:homicide
1248:spanking
1184:genetics
1133:selfhood
1100:Foucault
1084:Violence
1027:Everyday
1010:Targeted
848:bullying
615:Massacre
510:economic
502:physical
494:homicide
442:Violence
170:Violence
135:Pacifism
8430:Sources
8270:Bibcode
7860:CTheory
7723:16 July
7633:1266108
7439:, 2011.
7419:, 2010.
7354:3122543
7198:1541253
6887:: 1–12.
6596:1448307
6515:9283357
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3994:1448308
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3350:1464691
3001:, 2010.
2950:4340604
2908:, 2002.
2870:: 1716.
2798:Derrida
2685:Hunting
2590:anarchy
2500:Taliban
2475:terms.
2449:of the
2363:warfare
2339:slavery
2189:History
2136:Suicide
1939:Pol Pot
1890:Marxist
1828:Please
1775:privacy
1750:Bahrain
1380:victims
1129:dignity
802:neglect
780:prisons
772:schools
651:Warfare
517:firearm
490:suicide
262:Nuclear
204:studies
86:Auction
48:Violent
41:Violent
8614:Crimes
8579:UNICEF
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1618:crimes
1607:famine
1567:police
1321:mammal
1301:, and
1104:Arendt
945:Sexual
688:secede
619:Polish
563:states
466:damage
458:injury
50:(film)
8639:Islam
8413:(PDF)
8408:(1).
8398:(PDF)
8367:S2CID
8296:S2CID
8176:S2CID
7460:(PDF)
7453:(PDF)
7428:WHO,
7408:WHO,
7205:(PDF)
7194:S2CID
7146:(PDF)
7114:(xls)
6983:S2CID
6826:(PDF)
6795:S2CID
6746:(PDF)
6739:(PDF)
6657:S2CID
6476:S2CID
6424:S2CID
6381:S2CID
6338:S2CID
6197:S2CID
6043:S2CID
5925:S2CID
5847:S2CID
5804:S2CID
5764:eISSN
5609:S2CID
5397:S2CID
5264:S2CID
5094:S2CID
4931:S2CID
4896:S2CID
4813:(PDF)
4802:(PDF)
4777:(PDF)
4770:(PDF)
4502:S2CID
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4228:S2CID
3901:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3578:(PDF)
3557:S2CID
3403:S2CID
3346:S2CID
3303:S2CID
3217:S2CID
3022:(PDF)
3015:(PDF)
2772:Notes
2429:" as
2423:Baten
1632:into
1340:Media
1108:power
1098:Both
827:Youth
671:Paris
534:Types
478:power
468:, or
462:death
298:Other
43:(D57)
8508:ISBN
8491:ISBN
8460:ISBN
8437:ISBN
8330:ISBN
8288:ISSN
8239:ISSN
8033:help
7976:link
7958:PMID
7915:ISBN
7811:ISBN
7725:2013
7682:ISBN
7638:PMID
7582:ISBN
7564:239.
7359:PMID
7341:ISSN
7285:2019
7213:2019
7186:PMID
6975:PMID
6922:PMID
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6601:PMID
6579:2004
6552:PMID
6538:2003
6511:PMID
6468:PMID
6416:PMID
6373:PMID
6330:PMID
6295:PMID
6273:1998
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6127:PMID
6092:PMID
6035:PMID
5985:2021
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5882:PMID
5839:PMID
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5788:OCLC
5780:LCCN
5772:ISSN
5729:PMID
5675:PMID
5632:ISBN
5574:PMID
5525:PMID
5490:PMID
5446:PMID
5389:PMID
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5305:PMID
5217:PMID
5160:PMID
5117:1981
4723:PMID
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4625:PMID
4494:ISSN
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4355:ISSN
4300:2002
4287:2001
4258:D.C.
4220:PMID
4185:PMID
4048:PMID
3999:PMID
3877:ISBN
3833:2018
3807:2018
3771:ISBN
3746:2018
3733:ISBN
3705:2018
3692:ISBN
3638:2018
3606:link
3452:PMID
3395:PMID
3338:PMID
3295:PMID
3209:PMID
3174:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3131:OCLC
3121:ISBN
3043:link
2955:PMID
2604:and
2559:and
2510:The
2337:and
2231:and
1937:and
1915:and
1876:and
1760:The
1636:and
1569:and
1495:and
1102:and
910:and
835:The
764:rape
754:and
694:and
504:and
454:pain
450:harm
39:HMS
8577:at
8561:at
8545:at
8536:at
8527:at
8359:doi
8278:doi
8231:doi
8168:doi
7948:doi
7944:164
7628:PMC
7618:doi
7614:102
7349:PMC
7331:doi
7176:PMC
7166:hdl
7158:doi
7154:380
6967:doi
6912:doi
6779:doi
6649:doi
6591:PMC
6583:doi
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6460:doi
6408:doi
6365:doi
6322:doi
6285:PMC
6277:doi
6236:PMC
6228:doi
6181:doi
6177:368
6154:doi
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6119:doi
6082:PMC
6074:doi
6027:doi
5909:doi
5905:110
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5831:doi
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5719:PMC
5709:doi
5665:doi
5601:doi
5564:PMC
5556:doi
5517:doi
5480:PMC
5436:PMC
5428:doi
5381:doi
5344:PMC
5336:doi
5332:105
5295:doi
5256:doi
5207:hdl
5197:doi
5121:doi
5086:doi
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