Our Lady of Guadalupe

1278: 1631: 2227:(1991). Cisneros' story is constructed out of brief notes that people give Our Lady of Guadalupe in thanks for favors received, which in Cisneros' hands becomes a portrait of an extended Chicano community living throughout Texas. "Little Miracles" ends with an extended narrative (pp. 124–129) of a feminist artist, Rosario "Chayo" de León, who at first did not allow images of La Virgen de Guadalupe in her home because she associated her with subservience and suffering, particularly by Mexican women. But when she learns that Guadalupe's shrine is built on the same hill in Mexico City that had a shrine to Tonantzin, the Aztec Earth goddess and serpent destroyer, Chayo comes to understand that there's a deep, syncretic connection between the Aztec goddess and the Mexican saint; together they inspire Chayo's new artistic creativity, inner strength, and independence. In Chayo's words, "I finally understood who you are. No longer Mary the mild, but our mother Tonantzin. Your church at Tepeyac built on the site of her temple" (128). The image and its alleged apparition was investigated several times, including in the 2013 documentary 1929: 949: 13528: 1116: 911: 924:, a Catholic feast day in name of Our Lady of Guadalupe was requested and approved, as well as the transfer of the date of the feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe from September 8 to December 12, the latest date on which the Virgin supposedly appeared to Juan Diego. The initiative to perform them was made by Francisco de Siles who proposed to ask the Church of Rome, a Mass itself with allusive text to the apparitions and stamping of the image, along with the divine office itself, and the precept of hearing a Catholic Mass on December 12, the last date of the apparitions of the Virgin to Juan Diego as the new date to commemorate the apparitions (which until then was on September 8, the birth of the Virgin). 1841: 1206: 791: 6202: 2240: 1857: 497: 5310: 7142: 722: 712:, who succeeded the Franciscan Juan de Zumárraga as archbishop of Mexico. In a 1556 sermon Montúfar commended popular devotion to "Our Lady of Guadalupe", referring to a painting on cloth (the tilma) in the chapel of the Virgin Mary at Tepeyac, where certain miracles had also occurred. Days later, Fray Francisco de Bustamante, local head of the Franciscan order, delivered a sermon denouncing the native belief and believers. He expressed concern that the Catholic Archbishop was promoting a superstitious regard for an indigenous image: 1015: 1083:), which bore an illustrated account of the vision and some notations in Nahuatl concerning the life and death of Juan Diego. Previously unknown, the document was dated 1548. It bore the signatures of Antonio Valeriano and Bernardino de Sahagún, which are considered to verify its contents. The codex was the subject of an appendix to the Guadalupe encyclopedia, published in 1997. Some scholars remained unconvinced, one describing the discovery of the Codex as "rather like finding a picture of St. Paul's vision of Christ on the 1652: 505:

him for not having made recourse to her. In the words which have become the most famous phrase of the Guadalupe apparitions and are inscribed above the main entrance to the Basilica of Guadalupe, she asked "¿No estoy yo aquí que soy tu madre?" ("Am I not here, I who am your mother?"). She assured him that Juan Bernardino had now recovered and told him to gather flowers from the summit of Tepeyac Hill, which was normally barren, especially in the cold of December. Juan Diego obeyed her instruction and he found

2163:, was a devout Catholic who drew on his religious beliefs to demand for better wages and labor practices for farm workers in the U.S. He incorporated his religious beliefs in the movement by holding masses in the picket lines and prayers before meetings, and leading a pilgrimage from Delano to Sacramento in 1966 during Lent. Similarly to Mexico's Independence movement, the famous pilgrimage in 1966 that drew national attention to the cause was lead under a banner with the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. 7279: 311: 1398: 11228: 6911: 101: 5951: 6923: 539: 13375: 8043: 7156: 6100: 2322: 2308: 2294: 8055: 971:, "the decision to remove rather than replace the crown was no doubt inspired by a desire to 'modernize' the image and reinforce its similarity to the nineteenth-century images of the Immaculate Conception which were exhibited at Lourdes and elsewhere... What is rarely mentioned is that the frame which surrounded the canvas was adjusted to leave almost no space above the Virgin's head, thereby obscuring the effects of the erasure." 2200: 13387: 2121: 687:, which has been reliably dated in 1556 and was acquired by the New York Public Library in 1880. This document, written in Nahuatl, tells the story of the apparitions and the supernatural origin of the image. It was probably composed by a native Aztec man, Antonio Valeriano, who had been educated by Franciscans. The text of this document was later incorporated into a printed pamphlet which was widely circulated in 1649. 670: 481:, Juan Diego spoke to the Archbishop a second time. The latter instructed him to return to Tepeyac and to ask the woman for a truly acceptable, miraculous sign to prove her identity. Later that day, the third apparition appeared when Juan Diego returned to Tepeyac; encountering the same woman, he reported to her the Archbishop's request for a sign, which she consented to provide on the next day (December 11). 766:

those preachers who called Our Lady, the Mother of God, Tonantzin. While it is not known for certain where the beginning of Tonantzin may have originated, but this we know for certain, that, from its first usage, the word refers to the ancient Tonantzin. And it was viewed as something that should be remedied, for their having name of the Mother of God, Holy Mary, instead of Tonantzin, but

530:. During this procession, the first miracle was allegedly performed when a native was mortally wounded in the neck by an arrow shot by accident during some stylized martial displays performed in honor of the Virgin. In great distress, the natives carried him before the Virgin's image and pleaded for his life. Upon the arrow being withdrawn, the victim fully and immediately recovered. 770:. It appears to be a Satanic invention to cloak idolatry under the confusion of this name, Tonantzin. And they now come to visit from very far away, as far away as before, which is also suspicious, because everywhere there are many churches of Our Lady and they do not go to them. They come from distant lands to this Tonantzin as in olden times. 2248:

feminist icon and a proclamation of Indigenous pride. However, these re-envisioned artworks have not been without controversy, as many artists have faced intense backlash from Catholic groups who view these artworks as "disrespectful and irreverent". One of the most famous controversies was sparked by

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The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is of a life-sized, dark-haired, olive-skinned young woman, standing with her head slightly inclined to her right, eyes downcast, and her hands held before her in prayer. She wears a pink dress ornamented with a floral design, a dark ribbon tied above her waist, and

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Ultimately Archbishop Montúfar, himself a Dominican, decided to end Franciscan custody of the shrine. From then on the shrine was kept and served by diocesan priests under the authority of the archbishop. Moreover, Archbishop Montúfar authorized the construction of a much larger church at Tepeyac, in

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Sol Rosales concluded that the image was of human origin. He claimed that others, like Cabrera, had had similar findings, but concluded that the image was divine due to social pressures. Sol Rosales and his team were supervised during the investigation by Schulenberg and others. Schulenburg sent the

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When he examined the image in 1947, he saw a large crack in the paint running vertically through the middle of the image, as well as some smaller horizontal cracks, which he thought were caused by the image having been folded. He also saw signs that others had touched up the image at various points.

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of the cathedral in Mexico City began the process of asking for a proper liturgy for Our Lady of Guadalupe on December 12. As part of this request, Rome asked for a canonical investigation into the apparitions. The canons carried out this investigation from 1665–1666, including an examination of the

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In Mexico's Independence, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe became associated with the movement after Father Miguel Hidalgo rallied and united insurgents under her banner. In fact, the first president of the Mexican republic, José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, who was heavily involved in

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Archbishop Montúfar opened an inquiry into the matter at which the Franciscans repeated their position that the image encouraged idolatry and superstition, and four witnesses testified to Bustamante's statement that the image was painted by an Indian, with one witness naming him "the Indian painter

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The most popular etymology of the name "Guadalupe" is from the Arabic "Wadi" (river) and the Latin word "lupus" (wolf). Some find it unlikely that Arabic and Latin would be combined in this way, and suggest as an alternative the Arabic "Wadi-al-lub", signifying a river with black stones in its bed.

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The next day, December 13, Juan Diego found his uncle fully recovered as the Virgin had assured him, and Juan Bernardino recounted that he also had seen her after praying at his bedside (fifth apparition); that she had instructed him to inform the Archbishop of this apparition and of his miraculous

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To avoid being delayed by the Virgin and ashamed at having failed to meet her on Monday as agreed, Juan Diego chose another route around Tepeyac Hill, yet the Virgin intercepted him and asked where he was going (fourth apparition); Juan Diego explained what had happened and the Virgin gently chided

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Juan Diego's tilma has become Mexico's most popular religious and cultural symbol, and has received widespread ecclesiastical and popular veneration. In the 19th century it became the rallying cry of the Spaniards born in America, in what they denominated 'New Spain'. They said they considered the

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At this place , had a temple dedicated to the mother of the gods, whom they called Tonantzin, which means Our Mother. There they performed many sacrifices in honor of this goddess ... And now that a church of Our Lady of Guadalupe is built there, they also called her Tonantzin, being motivated by

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beforehand, and was not visible from behind; however, four years later, two of the painters claimed that they had never seen the back of the image and did not know if it had been sized. The artists came to the conclusion that the parts of the image that were original were of divine origin, though

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The image had originally featured a 12-point crown on the Virgin's head, but this disappeared in 1887–88. The change was first noticed on February 23, 1888, when the image was removed to a nearby church. Eventually a painter confessed on his deathbed that he had been instructed by a clergyman to

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purposes." The author Judy King asserts that Guadalupe is a "common denominator" uniting Mexicans. Writing that Mexico is composed of a vast patchwork of differences—linguistic, ethnic, and class-based—King says "The Virgin of Guadalupe is the rubber band that binds this disparate nation into a

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The tilma now measures approximately 1.72 meters by 1.07 meters, though sources vary by a few centimeters, and it shows signs of having been trimmed from the original size. It is made of two pieces of fabric sewn together with cotton thread. There is a large crack running vertically through the

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These published accounts of the origin of the image already venerated in Tepeyac, then increased interest in the identity of Juan Diego, who was the original recipient of the prime vision. A new Catholic Basilica church was built to house the image. Completed in 1709, it is now known as the Old

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Drawing on the significance of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Chicano culture, many Chicano artists revere her image and visually reimagine the religious figure within a feminist and contemporary context. More than just a religious symbol, Chicano artists view Our Lady of Guadalupe as an empowering

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of New Spain also examined the image. They also noted how well-preserved the image was given the local climate, and saw this as evidence of the image's supernatural origin. In contrast, the silver of the moon and the gold on the sunburst, which had both been added to the original, were faded.

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Prof. Jody Brant Smith, referring to Philip Serna Callahan's examination of the tilma using infrared photography in 1979, wrote: "if Marcos did, he apparently did so without making a preliminary sketches – in itself then seen as a near-miraculous procedure... Cipac may well have had a hand in

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At the beginning of the 14th century, the Virgin appeared one day to a humble cowboy named Gil Cordero who was searching for a missing animal in the mountains. Cordero claimed that Mary had appeared to him and ordered him to ask priests to dig at the site of the apparition. Excavating priests

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The Archbishop kept Juan Diego's mantle, first in his private chapel and then in the church on public display, where it attracted great attention. On December 26, 1531, a procession formed to transfer the miraculous image back to Tepeyac Hill where it was installed in a small, hastily erected

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The shrine of the Virgin of Guadalupe is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage destination in the world. Over the Friday and Saturday of December 11 to 12, 2009, a record number of 6.1 million pilgrims visited the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City to commemorate the anniversary of the

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Skeptics, both from within the Catholic Church as well as outside it, have doubted the historical veracity of the account of the Lady of Guadalupe, and it has been said that "lmost every aspect of the story of Juan Diego has been called into question". In particular, there is no contemporary

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in art analysis. They were unable to find any trace of sizing or sketching underneath the paint. They concluded that, while there had been additions to and touch-ups of the image, which were in a poor state, there was no explanation for the original parts of the image or their preservation.

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Harringon argues that: The Aztecs... had an elaborate, coherent symbolic system for making sense of their lives. When this was destroyed by the Spaniards, something new was needed to fill the void and make sense of New Spain ... the image of Guadalupe served that purpose.

1692:... this New World has been won and conquered by the hand of the Virgin Mary ... who had prepared, disposed, and contrived her exquisite likeness in this, her Mexican land, which was conquered for such a glorious purpose, won that there should appear so Mexican an image. 716:

The devotion at the chapel... to which they have given the name Guadalupe was prejudicial to the Indians because they believed that the image itself worked miracles, contrary to what the missionary friars had been teaching them, and because many were disappointed when it did

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throughout the image. He held that the paints were made from various natural pigments, and further noted that all of these pigments were commonly available in 16th-century Mexico. Like Flores Gómez, Sol Rosales saw various touch-ups and repainting throughout the image.

1049:, into whose hands Juan purportedly delivered the miraculous image, did not refer to him or the event. The record of the 1556 ecclesiastical inquiry omitted him, and he was not mentioned in documentation before the mid-17th century. In 1996 the 83-year-old abbot of the 1765:, they placed "the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, which was the insignia of their enterprise, on sticks or on reeds painted different colors" and "they all wore a print of the Virgin on their hats." After Hidalgo's death, leadership of the revolution fell to a 1102:, was published in 1649; its time of writing is not known with certainty, but a formal inquiry into the image of Guadalupe was made in 1556 and does not mention the legend or its central character Juan Diego. This has been cited in support of the claim that the 2135:

Due to her association as a crusader of social justice, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been utilized as a symbol across regions to advance political movements and mobilize the masses. For instance, the image has most notably been utilized in

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of Antonio Valeriano alongside the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. It contains the following glosses: "1548 Also in that year of 1531 appeared to Cuahtlatoatzin our beloved mother the Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico. Cuahtlatoatzin died worthily"

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New Spain puts less faith in its own efforts than in the power of God and the intercession of its Blessed Mother, who appeared within the precincts of Tepeyac as the miraculous image of Guadalupe that had come to comfort us, defend us, visibly be our

694:. In particular, the canonical account of the vision features archbishop Juan de Zumárraga as a major player in the story, but, although Zumárraga was a prolific writer, there is nothing in his extant writings that can confirm the indigenous story. 1106:

and the legend it narrates date to after that time. The report of the 1556 investigation stated that the image had been painted by a native artist the previous year, which would directly contradict the hypothesis of a supernatural origin in 1531.

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exploded and damaged the altar of the Basilica that houses the original image, but the tilma was unharmed. A brass standing crucifix, bent by the explosion, is now preserved at the shrine's museum and is believed to be miraculous by devotees.

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In 1666, the Church in México began gathering information from people who reported having known Juan Diego, and in 1723 a formal investigation into his life was ordered, where more data was gathered to support his veneration. Because of the

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According to the traditional account, the name of Guadalupe, as the name was heard or understood by Spaniards, was chosen by the Virgin herself when she appeared on the hill outside Mexico City in 1531, ten years after the Conquest.

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from 1548, which was discovered in 1995 and, according to investigative analysis, dates from the sixteenth century. This document bears two pictorial representations of Juan Diego and the apparition, several inscriptions in

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in which he was quoted as saying that Juan Diego was "a symbol, not a reality", and that his canonization would be the "recognition of a cult. It is not recognition of the physical, real existence of a person." In 1883

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was made of linen and hemp, and not either agave or cotton. Contrary to previous claims, he said that the fabric had been prepared with white paint before the image had been painted. He saw several different styles of

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Several studies have examined the eyes of the image. The authors of these studies claim that they have found images in the eyes corresponding to the people believed to have been present when Juan Diego opened his

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a blue-green mantle over all. The mantle is edged with gold and has golden stars throughout. She stands on a crescent moon, which is supported by an angel with eagle wings. She is surrounded by a golden sunburst.

474:, to tell him what had happened. Not unexpectedly, the Archbishop did not believe Diego. Later the same day, Juan Diego saw the young woman again (the second apparition), and she asked him to continue insisting. 1965:

The Virgin of Guadalupe is considered the Patroness of Mexico and the Continental Americas; she is also venerated by Native Americans, on the account of the devotion calling for the conversion of the Americas.

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On Monday, December 11, however, Juan Diego’s uncle fell ill and he was obliged to attend to him. In the early hours of Tuesday, December 12, as Juan Bernardino's condition deteriorated, Juan Diego journeyed to

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Jacques Lafaye. 1987. Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe: The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, 1531-1813, Chicao: University of Chicago Press 1987, 241 states that the image was of "recent origin" in

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and several clerics. The painters unanimously agreed that it was "impossible that any artist could paint and work something so beautiful, clean, and well-formed on a fabric which is as rough as is the

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Since then the Virgin of Guadalupe has been proclaimed "Queen of Mexico", "Patroness of the Americas", "Empress of Latin America", and "Protectress of Unborn Children" (the latter two titles given by

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apparitions as legitimizing their own indigenous Mexican origin. They infused it with an almost messianic sense of mission and identity, thereby also justifying their armed rebellion against Spain.

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The written record suggests the Catholic clergy in 16th century Mexico were deeply divided as to the orthodoxy of the native beliefs springing up around the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, with the

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with existing religious beliefs as an instrument for evangelization. What is purported by some to be the earliest mention of the miraculous apparition of the Virgin is a page of parchment, the

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of May 25, 1754, declared Our Lady of Guadalupe patroness of what was then named "New Spain", corresponding to Spanish Central and Northern America, and included liturgical texts for the

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Detail of the face, showing the discoloration on the top part of the head, where a crown is said to have been present at some point, now obscured by an enlarged frame for unknown reasons

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on February 8, 1887, and it was pontifically crowned on October 12, 1895. The basilica is the most-visited Catholic shrine in the world, and the world's third most-visited sacred site.

869:, which is now held by the New York Public Library, appears to be datable to the mid-1500s, and may have been the original work by Valeriano, as that was used by Laso in composing the 7513: 1228:) at Tepeyac. He believed that the shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe allowed them to continue their worship of Tonantzin, since they neglected other Marian shrines to come to Tepeyac. 5062: 6509: 2937: 5574: 1498:, as others had claimed. He discovered signs of four different painting techniques which he claimed had never been used in combination before. He said that the image had not been 1555:, which seemed to him more like cotton than the rougher agave traditionally claimed. He also said that the paints used in the image came from natural pigments, such as from the 3407: 1947: 10123: 967:

remove the crown. This may have been motivated by the fact that the gold paint was flaking off of the crown, leaving it looking dilapidated. But according to the historian

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or cloak, and when Juan Diego opened his cloak later that day before Archbishop Zumárraga, the flowers fell to the floor, revealing on the fabric the image of the Virgin.

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12:1, "clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars." She is described as a representation of the Immaculate Conception.

5587:. edited and translated by Lisa Sousa, Stafford Poole, and James Lockhart. Vol. 84 of UCLA Latin American Center Publications. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998. 10128: 7683: 1477:, was again allowed access to the image in order to create three copies. In 1756, Cabrera published his account of the image, approved by the other painters, entitled 936:

confirmed the true and valid value of the apparitions, and granted celebrating Mass and Office for the then Catholic version of the feast of Guadalupe on December 12.

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In 1995, Father Xavier Escalada, a Jesuit whose four volume Guadalupe encyclopedia had just been published, announced the existence of a sheet of parchment (known as

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referring to Juan Diego by his Aztec name, and the date of his death: 1548, as well as the year that the then named Virgin Mary appeared: 1531. It also contains the

4901:[Radio message of His Holiness Pius XII to the Mexican faithful on the 50th anniversary of the canonical coronation of the Virgin of Guadalupe] (in Spanish) 3555: 7728: 1946:

Religious imagery of Our Lady of Guadalupe appears in Roman Catholic parishes, especially those with Latin American heritage. In addition, due to the growth of

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to use by proclaiming the famous Virgin of Guadalupe as the queen of the patriots, praying to her in times of hardship and displaying her on their flags... the

4927:[Radio message of the Holy Father Paul VI on the occasion of the presentation of the Golden Rose to the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe] (in Spanish) 3665:

Joe Nickell and John F. Fischer, The Image of Guadalupe: A Folkloristic and Iconographic Investigation, Skeptical Inquirer, (1985) vol. 9, 243-255, at 245-246.

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Art restorer José Antonio Flores Gómez was hired by the abbot of the basilica to work on the image in 1947 and 1973. In a 2002 interview with the magazine

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noticed the Guadalupan theme in these uprisings, and shortly before Morelos's execution in 1815 wrote: "the leaders of the independence struggle have put

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Escudo de armas de México: Celestial protección de esta nobilissima ciudad de la Nueva-España Ma. Santissima en su portentosa imagen del Mexico Guadalupe

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Visited her shrine on January 27, 1979, on his first trip as pope. He was the first pope to visit the shrine. He visited again in 1990, 1999, and 2002.

3336: 823:, dating from the sixteenth century, a sheet of parchment recording apparitions of the Virgin Mary and the figure of Juan Diego, which reproduces the 11034: 8783: 1916:

wrote in 1974 that "The Mexican people, after more than two centuries of experiments and defeats, have faith only in the Virgin of Guadalupe and the

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Throughout the Mexican national history of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Guadalupan name and image have been unifying national symbols; the first

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Hamling, Anna (2017). "Chapter 2: Comparative Study of the Image of the Black Madonnas of Spain, Poland, and Mexico". In Shabliy, Elena (ed.).

7648: 7553: 7448: 1928: 1888:", or "the first Mexican", "bringing together people of distinct cultural heritages, while at the same time affirming their distinctness." As 7453: 7438: 5034: 7538: 4576:

Lopez, Lydia. "'Undocumented Virgin.' Guadalupe Narrative Crosses Borders for New Understanding." Episcopal News Service. December 10, 2004.

4560: 8392: 7882: 7748: 7703: 4567:, "Our Lady of Guadalupe. A Guide for the New Millennium" St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online. December 1999; accessed December 3, 2006. 1544:, he spoke about his experience. He noted that he had not been required to keep silent about his work, but had done so of his own accord. 13791: 13347: 8650: 7408: 4872: 3463: 1638:

of Our Lady of Guadalupe patronage over New Spain in the presence of the viceroyal authorities. Anonymous (Mexican) author, 18th century.

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mantle with a black sash, emblazoned with eight-point stars; eclipsing a blazing sun while standing atop a darkened crescent moon, a

5117: 5066: 2279:, among others, have used Our Lady of Guadalupe's portrait to explore themes of repression, feminine strength, and to uplift women. 13826: 11044: 9074: 7928: 7613: 7483: 7375: 7320: 7246: 6961: 6539: 5801:

Taylor, William B. (February 1987). "The Virgin of Guadalupe in New Spain: an inquiry into the social history of Marian devotion".

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embed or reimagine her image on artworks that comment on immigration politics. For instance, Ester Hernandez's screen print titled

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wrote a humorous letter in 1995 describing the EZLN bickering over what to do with a Guadalupe statue they had received as a gift.

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Two separate accounts, one in Nahuatl from Juan Bautista del Barrio de San Juan from the 16th century, and the other in Spanish by

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Castaño, Victor Manuel: coordinador general, "Estudio físico-químico y técnico del códice 1548", Colección Privada Herdez (1997);

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Documents written by contemporary Spaniards and Franciscan friars argue that for the name to be changed to a native name, such as

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and Juan Bernardino would have been familiar with the Spanish "g" and "d" sounds since their baptismal names contain those sounds.

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Virgen de Guadalupe con las cuatro apariciones by Juan de Sáenz (Virgin of Guadalupe with the four apparitions by Juan de Sáenz),

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granted a decree of coronation towards the original Mexican relic on February 8, 1887, which was carried out on October 12, 1895.

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declared Juan Diego "venerable" (in 1987), and the pope himself announced his beatification on May 6, 1990, during a Mass at the

7693: 3238:, as was told by Thomas Lannon, assistant curator of the New York Public Library. A digital scan of the manuscript is available 1042:

in Mexico City, declaring him "protector and advocate of the indigenous peoples", with December 9 established as his feast day.

13781: 10278: 8905: 8660: 8529: 7608: 7295: 5221:"Research Guides: A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States: 1962: United Farm Workers Union" 4925:"Radiomensaje del Santo Padre Pablo VI con motivo de la entrega de la Rosa de Oro a la Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe" 1917: 7638: 7578: 1525:

was not coarse, but determined that it was of palm fibers. Contrary to Cabrera, however, they claimed that the image had been

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Juan Diego intensified. John Paul II took a special interest in non-European Catholics and saints. During his leadership, the

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Guadalupe continues to be a mixture of the cultures which blended to form Mexico, both racially and religiously, "the first

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mentioned the venerated image via public radio address honoring its fiftieth anniversary of coronation on October 12, 1945.

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denounced the cult at Tepeyac and the use of the name "Tonantzin" or to call her Our Lady in a personal digression in his

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Joe Nickell. 2005. Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 189.

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The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is also present in the contemporary political discussion on immigration. Artists like

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etymology to the name. The first theory to promote this Nahuatl origin was that of Luis Becerra Tanco. In his 1675 work

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In spite of these documents, there are no known 16th century written accounts of the Guadalupe vision by the archbishop

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during the almost 144 years between the apparition being recorded in 1531 and Becerra Tanco's proposed theory in 1675.

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At that time historians revived doubts as to the quality of the evidence regarding Juan Diego. The writings of bishop

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Maravilla americana y conjunto de raras maravillas ... en la prodigiosa imagen de Nuestra Srs. de Guadalupe de México

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The Virgin, the Priest, and the Flag: Political Mobilization of Mexican Immigrants in Chicago, Houston, and New York

13482: 13123: 12294: 10633: 10223: 9361: 9110: 8931: 8350: 8325: 8105: 7568: 7558: 7498: 7458: 6524: 1409:, which hangs above the high altar of the Guadalupe Basilica. The suspended crown atop the image dates back to its 10048: 1385:. Pulque was also known as "the milk of the Virgin". The rays of light surrounding her are seen to also represent 910: 861:(c. 1531–1605), a native Aztec man who had been educated by the Franciscans and who collaborated extensively with 851:, vicar of the sanctuary of Tepeyac from 1647 to 1657. Nevertheless, the most important section of the tract, the 10118: 9993: 9328: 8848: 8443: 8382: 7508: 7413: 6815: 5915: 4540: 4415:

Krauze, Enrique. Mexico, Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico 1810–1996. HarperCollins: New York, 1997.

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they noted that there were some touch-ups that were clearly the work of human hands, the first study to so note.

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Labastida, had been hesitant to support the story of the vision. He concluded that Juan Diego had not existed.

10173: 9020: 4758: 3932: 3118:, Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1982, p. 90. 623:

rediscovered the hidden statue and built a small shrine around it which became the great Guadalupe monastery.

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Destierro de sombras : luz en el origen de la imagen y culto de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Tepeyac

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Like the previous report, Cabrera noted the preservation of the image despite the climate. He said that the

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is inscribed beneath the image's sash. She was called "mother of maguey", the source of the sacred beverage

1140:, that the image left on the tilma is to be known by the name "the Perfect Virgin, Holy Mary of Guadalupe". 1001:

On November 14, 1921, a bomb hidden within a basket of flowers and left under the tilma by an anti-Catholic

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to the Catholic Virgin Mary. However, Sahagún often used the same name in his sermons as late as the 1560s.

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Digital recreation of the face of Our Lady of Guadalupe, by Anthropologist Miguel Angel Omaña Rojas (2021).

1909:, once said that "you cannot truly be considered a Mexican unless you believe in the Virgin of Guadalupe." 1305:

middle of the image, as well as smaller horizontal cracks, caused by the image being folded at some point.

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Stephen R Lloyd-Moffet. “Holy Activist, Secular Saint: Religion and the Social Activism of César Chávez.”

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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Our Lady of Guadalupe". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 May. 2024,

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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Our Lady of Guadalupe". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 May. 2024,

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painting the Image, but only in painting the additions, such as the angel and moon at the Virgin's feet."

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Peterson, Jeanette Favrot (December 1992). "The Virgin of Guadalupe: Symbol of Conquest or Liberation?".

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would not have been able to understand the name Guadalupe because the "d" and "g" sounds do not exist in

843:("Here it is recounted"), which has been already touched on above. The composition and authorship of the 729:

from year 1521, which was kept within the Archbishop's villa during the time of the Guadalupe apparitions

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Informaciones sobre la milagrosa aparicion de la santisima Virgin de Guadalupe, recibidas en 1666 y 1723

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Granted a new golden crown to the image during his apostolic visit to the Basilica on February 13, 2016.

1143:

There have been various efforts to find a pre-Hispanic origin in the cult, including attempts to find a

701:(who then had custody of the chapel at Tepeyac) being strongly opposed to the outside groups, while the 13796: 13596: 13453: 13118: 12339: 10391: 10268: 9988: 9634: 8873: 8694: 8585: 8575: 8248: 8203: 7016: 6556: 6517: 5220: 3186: 2498: 2392: 2276: 2171: 1824:, they carried Guadalupan banners. More recently, the contemporary Zapatista National Liberation Army ( 1801:

for this image in Mexico far exceeds the greatest reverence that the shrewdest prophet might inspire."

799: 658:; and finally, the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun which was authenticated by experts from the 577: 11164: 10178: 10148: 10113: 10058: 10053: 6084: 3385: 2611: 2551:

but is implicit in three brief passages (Sousa et al., pp. 75, 77, 83). It is fully described in the

2219:

One notable reference in literature to the image and its alleged predecessor, the Aztec Earth goddess

1828:) named their "mobile city" in honor of the Virgin: it is called Guadalupe Tepeyac. EZLN spokesperson 1622:

Critics of these studies liken the figures to inkblots in which proponents see what they hope to see.

813: 361:, which are believed to have occurred in December 1531, when the Mexican territories were part of the 13811: 12374: 12184: 12144: 11174: 10456: 10376: 10283: 10183: 9394: 9386: 9346: 9140: 9122: 8778: 8497: 8480: 8402: 8335: 7212: 7081: 6712: 6639: 6279: 6130: 3858:"Creating the Virgin of Guadalupe: The Cloth, the Artist, and Sources in Sixteenth-Century New Spain" 3200: 2512: 2069: 1969:

Due to Mary's appearance as a pregnant mother and her claims as mother of all in the apparition, the

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emblazoned with an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. In 1999, the Church officially proclaimed her the

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Sahagún's criticism of the indigenous group seems to have stemmed primarily from his concern about a

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Harrington, Patricia (1988). "Mother of Death, Mother of Rebirth: The Mexican Virgin of Guadalupe".

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A pregnant woman, eyes downcast, hands clasped in prayer, clothed in a pink tunic robe covered by a

13801: 13705: 12980: 12239: 11906: 11688: 11572: 11552: 11492: 11250: 10133: 9867: 9799: 9323: 9318: 8680: 8675: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8309: 8300: 8178: 7919: 7006: 6594: 6465: 6438: 6377: 5970: 5564: 4493:, "Zapatistas Guadalupanos and the Virgin of Guadalupe" March 24, 1995, accessed December 11, 2006. 3656:

Smith, Jody Brant. 1983. The Image of Guadalupe: Myth of Miracle? Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 21.

3412: 2350: 1774: 1666:, 1750, a frequently reproduced painting, uniquely uniting the image Virgin and a depiction of the 1474: 1294: 10326: 9983: 9734: 9596: 7815: 3284:

Cartas Sobre la Tradición de Ntra. Sra. de Guadalupe de México, Servando Teresa De Mier 1797 p. 53

1136:, the Virgin de Guadalupe, later called as if the Virgin Mary tells Juan Bernardino, the uncle of 862: 750: 13710: 13680: 13591: 13433: 13113: 12452: 12422: 11813: 11587: 11377: 11273: 10461: 10371: 10103: 10063: 10038: 9759: 9739: 9050: 8971: 8751: 8612: 8340: 8148: 7870: 7797: 7287: 6947: 6798: 6608: 6589: 6399: 6387: 6365: 4557: 4062: 1770: 1685: 1678: 1568: 1329: 900: 486: 10366: 8208: 6019: 5644: 5508: 5166:

Guadalupe in New York: Devotion and the Struggle for Citizenship Rights Among Mexican Immigrants

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Movement in the U.S. in the 20th century and in contemporary political causes like immigration.

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in 1519–1521, the Marian cult was brought to the Americas and Franciscan friars often leveraged

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J Gordon Melton. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena, Canton: Visible Ink Press, 133.

3313: 3007: 2080: 1932: 1896:, "as the Christians built their first churches with the rubble and the columns of the ancient 1840: 1773:, who led insurgent troops in the Mexican south. Morelos adopted the Virgin as the seal of his 1567:

In 1981, Philip Serna Callahan and Jody Brant Smith examined the image under infrared light, a

1205: 1070:, historian and biographer of Zumárraga, in a confidential report on the Lady of Guadalupe for 735: 13402: 10446: 10316: 9909: 5489:. Translated by Treviño, Carmen; Montaño, Veronica. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 5463: 5039: 4784: 4451: 3467: 1324:

The iconography of the Virgin is fully Catholic: Miguel Sánchez, the author of the 1648 tract

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A more complete early description of the apparition occurs in a 16-page manuscript called the

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Lara, Irene. 2008. “Tonanlupanisma: Re-Membering Tonantzin-Guadalupe in Chicana Visual Art.”

3382:"Vicaría de Guadalupe. Antecedentes históricos. Antigua Basílica de Santa María de Guadalupe" 3190: 2502: 1581: 1256:

would not make sense to them, if a Nahuatl name were already in use, and suggest the Spanish

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Blackwell, Maylei. “WOMEN WHO MAKE THEIR OWN WORLDS: THE LIFE AND WORK OF ESTER HERNÁNDEZ.”

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Documentary footage of Zapata and Pancho Villa's armies entering Mexico City can be seen at

3910:[A restorer of the Guadalupana exposes technical details that demystify the image]. 3693: 1430: 709: 569: 13690: 13626: 13576: 13226: 13171: 13166: 12169: 12091: 12071: 12006: 11976: 11798: 11753: 11728: 11683: 11645: 11610: 11547: 11507: 11407: 10451: 10198: 9973: 9754: 9679: 9484: 9256: 8900: 8736: 8711: 8706: 8597: 8502: 8136: 8121: 7256: 7111: 7101: 7021: 6850: 6319: 6236: 6123: 6053: 2926:. Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966, p. 188. 2360: 2223:, is in Sandra Cisneros' short story "Little Miracles, Kept Promises", from her collection 2029: 1829: 1681:, the author in 1648 of the first published account of the vision, identified Guadalupe as 1413:

on October 12, 1895. The image is protected by bulletproof glass and low-oxygen atmosphere.

1410: 1282: 983: 848: 837:("The Great Event"), which was published in 1649. This tract contains a section called the 790: 387: 174: 13201: 13181: 12447: 12096: 11295: 10426: 10331: 10093: 9591: 8258: 5940: 5309: 3359: 2079:

On September 28, 2002, he included the liturgical celebration of this Marian title in the

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Ondina and Justo González suggest that the name is a Spanish version of the Nahuatl term,

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O'Connor, Mary (1989). "The Virgin of Guadalupe and the Economics of Symbolic Behavior".

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Bushnell, John (1958). "La Virgen de Guadalupe as Surrogate Mother in San Juan Aztingo".

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results of this study to the Vatican, cautioning against the canonization of Juan Diego.

1479: 600: 13256: 12174: 9719: 9699: 4798: 3908:"Un restaurador de la guadalupana expone detalles técnicos que desmitifican a la imagen" 2846:

Tonantzin Guadalupe : pensamiento náhuatl y mensaje cristiano en el "Nicān mopōhua"

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and long live the Virgin of Guadalupe!" When Hidalgo's mestizo-indigenous army attacked

806:

One of the first printed accounts of the history of the apparitions and image occurs in

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cure; and that she had told him she desired to be known under the title of "Guadalupe".

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Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe: The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, 1532–1815

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Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531–1797

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Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe: The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, 1531–1813

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Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531–1797

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Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531–1797

2634: 1521:, a doctor and mathematician. They confirmed Cabrera's opinion that the fabric of the 615:

in 712, a group of priests fled northward and buried the statue in the hills near the

13685: 13581: 13566: 13551: 13448: 13342: 13327: 13296: 13291: 13236: 13211: 13176: 13003: 12765: 12595: 12565: 12414: 12399: 12359: 12284: 12249: 12076: 11986: 11921: 11783: 11778: 11763: 11738: 11713: 11678: 11635: 11527: 11512: 11339: 10754: 10714: 10497: 10033: 9904: 9819: 9809: 9794: 9576: 9530: 9338: 9236: 9198: 8924: 8808: 8788: 8773: 8670: 8602: 8543: 8517: 8330: 8305: 8295: 8113: 7969: 7238: 7011: 6922: 6804: 6546: 6512: 6294: 6284: 6191: 5911: 5787: 5774: 5619: 5611: 5538: 5514: 5490: 5469: 5304: 5061: 5014: 4980: 4953: 4824: 4724: 4678: 4457: 4430: 4365: 4338: 4285: 4068: 4037: 3938: 3824: 3794: 3788: 3767: 3575: 3531: 3408:"Virgen de Guadalupe con las cuatro apariciones y una vista del Santuario de Tepeyac" 3319: 3218: 3208: 3095: 2943: 2903: 2877: 2849: 2800: 2683: 2530: 2520: 2059: 1990: 1242: 995: 858: 721: 663: 655: 616: 350: 264: 235: 197: 163: 12457: 12209: 11204: 10396: 10288: 10163: 7141: 6702: 5654:. Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies and the University of Texas Press 2001. 4480:, Zapata's men can be seen carrying the flag of the Guadalupana about 38 seconds in. 3235: 2734:(in Spanish). Inigne y Nacional Basílica de Santa María de Guadalupe. Archived from 1470: 1014: 546: 13621: 13616: 13146: 13058: 12940: 12930: 12815: 12810: 12730: 12725: 12665: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12620: 12610: 12585: 12560: 12515: 12304: 12299: 12274: 12254: 12134: 12119: 12111: 12061: 12051: 12011: 11843: 11828: 11793: 11768: 11703: 11427: 11412: 11397: 11392: 11080: 10908: 10807: 10582: 10351: 10341: 10043: 9709: 9571: 9566: 9429: 9272: 9246: 9116: 8826: 8580: 8273: 8268: 8168: 7944: 7041: 6761: 6717: 6670: 6534: 6346: 6314: 6231: 6217: 5810: 5762: 5730: 5726: 5667: 5438: 5253: 5202: 4617: 4512: 4127: 4019: 3871: 3814: 2788: 2648: 1809: 1745: 1190: 1176: 1167: 1084: 907:, but the latter also says that the Spaniards celebrate it on December 12 instead. 758: 698: 463:. She was said to have asked for a church to be erected at that site in her honor. 334: 322: 11818: 10411: 10083: 5814: 4745:"Our Lady of Guadalupe | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica" 4131: 2260: 1548:

The necessity of touching up the image convinced him that it was of human origin.

30:

This article is about the Mexican Marian title. For the Spanish Marian title, see

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Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries

5532: 5484: 5465:

Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries

5416:, edited by Dionne Espinoza et al., University of Texas Press, 2018, pp. 138–58. 5004: 4704: 4564: 4544: 4279: 3733: 3700: 3559: 3343: 2761: 2639: 2365: 2272: 2167: 1805: 1713: 1700:(1824–1829) changed his name from José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix to 1651: 1616: 1386: 1367: 1199: 1123: 1058: 904: 702: 659: 490: 478: 425: 421: 358: 342: 192: 150: 12309: 11242: 5738: 5421: 4655:

Demarest, Donald. "Guadalupe Cult ... In the Lives of Mexicans." p. 114 in

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was two pieces of cloth sewn together, and that it felt soft, probably made of

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published in Mexico a book about the history of the apparitions under the name

820: 641: 608: 493:

to hear Juan Bernardino's confession and help minister to him on his deathbed.

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constitution and declaring that Guadalupe was the power behind his victories:

424:. The first apparition occurred on the morning of Saturday, December 9, 1531 ( 13770: 13391: 13281: 13266: 13246: 13191: 13151: 12955: 12950: 12900: 12895: 12825: 12805: 12770: 12735: 12705: 12675: 12670: 12600: 12495: 12467: 12432: 12364: 12344: 11625: 11620: 11502: 11299: 11169: 10946: 10855: 10802: 10749: 10681: 9899: 9894: 9884: 9644: 9146: 8945: 8798: 8492: 8059: 7790: 7036: 6981: 6927: 6836: 6793: 6771: 6729: 6707: 6584: 6488: 5860: 5703: 5629: 5459: 4894: 4812: 3645:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Our-Lady-of-Guadalupe-patron-saint-of-Mexico

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Our-Lady-of-Guadalupe-patron-saint-of-Mexico

3323: 2335: 2299: 2035: 2011: 2001: 1333: 1198:. In addition, the Virgin Mary was portrayed in European art as crushing the 1162:

He proposed two Nahuatl alternative names that sound similar to "Guadalupe",

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According to the accounts, the woman, speaking to Juan Diego in Nahuatl, his

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The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's "Huei tlmahuiçoltica" of 1649

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Chicana Movidas: New Narratives of Activism and Feminism in the Movement Era

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Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe. The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness.

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The image is currently housed in a golden frame above the main altar of the

592:, in the town of Guadalupe, from which numerous Spanish conquistadors stem. 13715: 13606: 13487: 13271: 12970: 12960: 12945: 12875: 12850: 12785: 12745: 12695: 12605: 12520: 12324: 12204: 12179: 11748: 11557: 11349: 11287: 11199: 11179: 11143: 11101: 10976: 10850: 10812: 10787: 10769: 10706: 10623: 10567: 10542: 10492: 10386: 10005: 9038: 8836: 8637: 8233: 7056: 6690: 6685: 6579: 6267: 6162: 5244:

Román-Odio, Clara. “Globalization and Chicana Politics of Representation.”

5206: 4920: 2881: 2160: 2103: 2092: 2073: 2053: 2041: 1950:, religious imagery of Our Lady of Guadalupe has started appearing in some 1778: 1655: 1635: 1473:

were allowed to examine the image. On April 15, 1752, one of the painters,

1348: 1195: 1185: 1171:, which he translates as "she whose origins were in the rocky summit", and 1019: 892:. In the same way, in 1688, Jesuit Father Francisco de Florencia published 857:, appears to be much older. It has been attributed since the late 1600s to 538: 456: 260: 9439: 7278: 5837: 5766: 4721:

The Church in Act: Lutheran Liturgical Theology in Ecumenical Conversation

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Shrines and Miraculous Images: Religious Life in Mexico Before the Reforma

3875: 2792: 2608:"Dysinger, Luke. "The Virgin Mary in Art", St. John's Seminary, Camarillo" 2068:

On May 12, 1992, he dedicated a namesake chapel within the grottoes under

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date the original apparition and native celebration on September 8 of the

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Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent

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Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-American Women

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McMenamin, M. (2006). "Our Lady of Guadalupe and Eucharistic Adoration".

2754:"El Códice 1548: Crítica a una supuesta fuente Guadalupana del Siglo XVI" 2099: 2045: 2017: 1913: 1865: 1821: 1813: 1437:

On March 13, 1666, seven painters examined the image, accompanied by the

1376: 1359: 1313: 1210: 573: 550: 445: 379: 310: 247: 214: 115: 10817: 9424: 8956: 6115: 5871: 5594:. Mexico City: El Colegio Mexiquense and Fondo de Cultura Económia 1993. 5298: 2872:

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1510:

In 1787, another group of painters examined the image at the request of

1397: 514: 512:

According to the story, the Virgin arranged the flowers in Juan Diego's

370: 13241: 12915: 12800: 12775: 12625: 12462: 11743: 10961: 10782: 10597: 9878: 9861: 9654: 9535: 9515: 9434: 9098: 8218: 8213: 8188: 8173: 7986: 7833: 7758: 6996: 6867: 6741: 6180: 5950: 5930: 5854: 4629: 4524: 4337:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. pp. 79–83. 3883: 3857: 3178: 3129:

Before Guadalupe: the Virgin Mary in early colonial Nahuatl literature.

2490: 1994: 1869: 1798: 1794: 1758: 1406: 1363: 1352: 1235: 1225: 1152: 1137: 1002: 975: 775: 666:. Scholarly doubts have been cast on the authenticity of the document. 636: 417: 413: 354: 145: 100: 10792: 10671: 10661: 5822: 5652:

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The next printed account was a 36-page tract in the Nahuatl language,

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Burkhart, Louise. "The Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico" in

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Sahagún claimed that the Aztecs had previously worshiped the goddess

974:

A different crown was installed to the image. On February 8, 1887, a

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5118:"Pope Caps First Day in Mexico Visiting With Our Lady of Guadalupe" 2307: 2005: 1978: 1955: 1951: 1897: 289: 8070: 7061: 6810: 5747:

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3766:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 3. 2824: 2822: 1343:

Virgil Elizondo says the image also had layers of meaning for the

1316:, where it has been since the new basilica was completed in 1976. 798:, c. 1700, featuring a crown on the Virgin's head, later removed. 13098: 13073: 13018: 12535: 12500: 11941: 11896: 11658: 11595: 11450: 11133: 11123: 11118: 10951: 10941: 10923: 10918: 10860: 10797: 10744: 10618: 10562: 9919: 9846: 9714: 9664: 9505: 9474: 9409: 7395: 6665: 6619: 6614: 6174: 5965: 2935: 2321: 1885: 1766: 1762: 1619:

exactly where they would be expected to be found in living eyes.

1594: 1438: 1156: 1144: 669: 647: 437: 409: 111: 5681:"A New Way to Show Your Devotion in Mexico City: Wear a T-Shirt" 5388:"Our Lady of Guadalupe is a powerful symbol of Mexican identity" 5274:

Chicana Art : the Politics of Spiritual and Aesthetic Altarities

4449: 4096: 2480:, a 17th-century account written in the native Nahuatl language. 1808:'s peasant army rose out of the south against the government of 13432: 13103: 13038: 13028: 13013: 12988: 12041: 11668: 10903: 10893: 10777: 10734: 10719: 10696: 10686: 10613: 10552: 10537: 9649: 9639: 9479: 9469: 9464: 8101: 6756: 5179:

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2902:(in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2819: 2215:

from 1917 is the oldest movie about the aparitions of Guadalupe

1817: 1663: 1526: 1499: 1382: 1231:

The theory promoting the Spanish origin of the name says that:

1071: 1057:, was forced to resign following an interview published in the 527: 293: 5433:

LaDuke, Betty. “Yolanda Lopez: Breaking Chicana Stereotypes.”

4064:

Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages

3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 2843: 2120: 1374:; and a cross-shaped image, symbolizing the cosmos and called 1096:

documentary evidence for the apparition. The main source, the

13093: 13088: 13063: 13033: 13008: 12525: 12510: 12505: 11615: 11303: 11138: 11128: 11096: 10971: 10966: 10840: 10822: 10676: 10572: 9888: 6259: 6168: 2936:

de la Torre Villar, Ernesto; Navarro de Anda, Ramiro (2007).

1849: 1750: 1667: 883:

Origen milagroso del santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe

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temples, so they often borrowed pagan customs for their own

1812:. Though Zapata's rebel forces were primarily interested in 12552: 12530: 12490: 11708: 10724: 9914: 9814: 5658:

Cline, Sarah (August 1, 2015). "Guadalupe and the Castas".

5571:(1756). Facsimile edition, Mexico City: Editorial Jus 1977. 5375:

Our Lady of Controversy: Alma López's Irreverent Apparition

3930: 3706: 2635:"Santiago, Guadalupe, Pilar: Spanish Shrines/Spanish Names" 2257:

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1901: 1825: 1721: 1355: 611:. According to local legend, when Seville was taken by the 5753:

Poole, Stafford (July 2005). "History Versus Juan Diego".

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Gaspar de Alba, Alicia, Alma López, and Alma Lopez. 2011.

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Dherbier, Yann-Brice; Verlhac, Pierre-Henri, eds. (2005).

4232: 3721:

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2942:. México, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 1448. 1720:(1910), led their respective armed forces with Guadalupan 1351:

deities, which further contributed to her popularity. Her

599:

The shrine houses a statue reputed to have been carved by

7892: 5091:"Pope Francis sends golden rose to Our Lady of Guadalupe" 4799:"Goan Churches | Information on all Churches in Goa" 3820:

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3154:"Insigne y Nacional Basílica de Santa María de Guadalupe" 374:) associated with the apparition is enshrined within the 5626:(Paperback) (Hymn To Our Lady Of Guadalupe p. 118.) 5338:. 1st ed. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print. 4284:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 22. 4244: 4138: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 2807: 1615:

before the bishop. The eyes are also claimed to contain

1122:, September 1, 1824. Oil on canvas by Isidro Escamilla. 500:

Preliminary drawing of the Mexican Coat of arms, c. 1743

5350:"Depiction of the Virgin of Guadalupe Stirs Objections" 4849: 4261: 4259: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4157: 4155: 4153: 1868:, United States, containing a fragment of the tilma of 1584:, abbot of the basilica, hired José Sol Rosales of the 1469:

On April 30, 1751, a group of eight painters headed by

5285:

Cisneros, Sandra. "Little Miracles, Kept Promises."

5035:"Tiene Virgen de Guadalupe lugar único en el Vaticano" 4203: 4036:, by Joaquín Flores Segura, Editorial Progreso, 1997, 4022:, "La Virgen de Guadalupe", accessed November 30, 2006 3741: 3493: 3432: 2988: 2106:

for presentation at the Basilica on November 18, 2013.

10129:

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)

10124:

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)

5713:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1953, 1981. 5063:

Sacred Congregation for Sacraments and Divine Worship

4453:

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4361:

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3991:"A short history of Tonantzin, Our Lady of Guadalupe" 3596: 3527:

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3037:

J. Nickell, "Image of Guadalupe: myth – perception".

1241:

There is no documentation of any other name for this

809:

Imagen de la Virgen Maria, Madre de Dios de Guadalupe

5784:

From Patmos to the Barrio: Subverting Imperial Myths

5336:

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5246:

Sacred Iconographies in Chicana Cultural Productions

4837: 4759:"The Patroness of the Unborn: Our Lady of Guadalupe" 4256: 4215: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4150: 3837: 3505: 3245: 3207:

Latin American Center Publications. pp. 42–47.

3134: 2893: 2891: 2867: 2865: 2289: 1844:

Chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the cathedral of

1743:

initiated the bid for Mexican independence with his

1551:

Like others, Flores Gómez noted the softness of the

1264: 553:, Spain, illustrating the example of a black madonna 393: 6012:

Image of the Virgin Mary Mother of God of Guadalupe

5983:

List of churches dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe

5647:, pp. 198–227. New York: Crossroad Press 1993. 5537:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 4823:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 79. 4364:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 32. 3420: 2976: 2346:

List of churches dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe

2056:, who presented it at the Basilica on May 31, 1966. 1820:of the uprising—when his peasant troops penetrated 785: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3257: 3177: 3094:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 157. 2673: 2671: 2489: 2433:""Shrine of Guadalupe Most Popular in the World", 2255:digital collage, which later led to a book titled 2178:(2010) and Consuelo Jimenez Underwood's 2148:Mexico's Independence war, changed his name as to 1816:—"tierra y libertad" ('land and liberty') was the 1634:Allegory of the papal declaration in 1754 by pope 1421:have been examined numerous times over the years. 1009: 986:of the image, which occurred on October 12, 1895. 11272: 4677:. University of Chicago Press. pp. ix–xxii. 4450:Jonathan M. Dueck; Suzel Ana Reily, eds. (2016). 2888: 2862: 2844:León-Portilla, Miguel; Antonio Valeriano (2000). 2682:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 34. 1935:is the oldest church in the USA dedicated to the 1677:became a recognized symbol of Catholic Mexicans. 1588:to study the image. Sol Rosales thought that the 746:which the tilma was later mounted and displayed. 708:The main promoter of the story was the Dominican 13847:Indigenous Roman Catholic saints of the Americas 13768: 5849:, BBC photo essay of December 12 festivities in 4303: 4301: 3823:. New York: Doubleday Religion. pp. 34–35. 2760:(in Spanish). Proyecto Guadalupe. Archived from 2519:Latin American Center Publications. p. 65. 2048:on March 20, 1966, and consigned it to Cardinal 477:The next day, Sunday, December 10, 1531, in the 4945: 4714: 4712: 4591:"La Virgen de Guadalupe - Mother of all Mexico" 3890: 3192:The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's 2668: 2581:The procession and miracle are not part of the 2504:The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's 1586:Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura 1130:In the earliest account of the apparition, the 847:is assigned by a majority of those scholars to 734:Marcos". This could refer to the Aztec painter 466:Based on her words, Juan Diego then sought the 436:of a young woman at a place called the Hill of 4979:(Second ed.). Aquinas Press. p. 56. 3813: 3562:, December 7, 1999, accessed November 30, 2006 3456: 1281:The altar image of Our Lady of Guadalupe with 1151:, Becerra Tanco said that Juan Bernardino and 1087:, drawn by St. Luke and signed by St. Peter." 896:, giving the history of the same apparitions. 13418: 11258: 8972: 8086: 7211: 7197: 6969: 6955: 6131: 5887: 5422:http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7560/315583.11 5276:. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Print. 5177:Espinosa, Gastón, and Mario T. García. 2008. 4893: 4312:[The analysis that the Vatican hid]. 4298: 3957: 3951: 3849: 1358:was the color reserved for the divine couple 887: 881: 557: 509:roses, not native to Mexico, blooming there. 5706:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1976. 5636:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2001. 5608:The Queen's Portrait: The Story of Guadalupe 4919: 4811: 4709: 4610:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 4607: 3572:Juan Diego y las Apariciones el pimo Tepeyac 3089: 2897: 2871: 1704:in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Father 1180:, "she who banishes those who devoured us." 886:, which was republished in Spain in 1675 as 749:In the late 1570s, the Franciscan historian 8623:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 7684:Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur 5641:South and Meso-American Native Spirituality 4867: 4505:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 4316:(in Spanish). No. 1333. Archived from 3916:(in Spanish). No. 1343. Archived from 3732:González, Ondina E. and Justo L. González, 2747: 2745: 2707:, Medieval Southwest, Texas Tech University 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 1973:, under this title is popularly invoked as 13425: 13411: 11265: 11251: 10884:Indigenous people during De Soto's travels 8979: 8965: 8093: 8079: 7204: 7190: 7067:The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland 6962: 6948: 6138: 6124: 5894: 5880: 5308: 5071:(in Latin). Vol. 451–452. p. 197 4691: 4646:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1976 4502: 4411: 4409: 4407: 3574:(Paperback) by Joaquín García Icazbalceta 3337:Guadalupe; Informaciones jurídicas de 1666 3116:Florentine Codex: Introduction and Indices 2939:Nuevos testimonios históricos guadalupanos 2632: 2547:This apparition is somewhat elided in the 1984: 755:General History of the Things of New Spain 432:in present use). Juan Diego experienced a 99: 8986: 7883:Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl 6562:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church 6145: 5901: 5749:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2014. 5468:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5289:. New York: Random House, 1991. 116–129. 4821:Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture 4277: 4056: 4054: 3738:, p. 59, Cambridge University Press, 2008 2652: 2115: 1948:Hispanic communities in the United States 412:, the Virgin Mary appeared four times to 9075:Spain and the American Revolutionary War 7247:History of the Catholic Church in Mexico 5716: 5695:. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1997 4584: 4582: 4456:. Oxford University Press. p. 988. 4117: 4111: 3970: 3856:Peterson, Jeanette Favros (April 2005). 3855: 3763:The Image of Guadalupe: Myth or Miracle? 3735:Christianity in Latin America: A History 3523: 3517: 3012:"Skeptoid #201: The Virgin of Guadalupe" 2742: 2455: 2259:. Despite this, Chicano artists such as 2238: 2198: 2140:movement in the early 19th century, the 2119: 1927: 1855: 1839: 1650: 1629: 1625: 1396: 1276: 1204: 1114: 1013: 947: 909: 876:On the other hand, in 1666, the scholar 789: 720: 668: 537: 495: 309: 7906:University of the Cloister of Sor Juana 5781: 5678: 5513:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 5458: 5287:Woman Hollering Creed and Other Stories 4718: 4424: 4404: 4391: 4357: 4334:The Image of Guadalupe: Myth or Miracle 4238: 4209: 4067:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3786: 3609: 3499: 3438: 3140: 3054:, Mercer University Press, 1994, p. 73. 3006: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2779:(July 2005). "History vs. Juan Diego". 2751: 2677: 2225:Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories 725:The banner of the Mexican conquistador 568:The shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe in 14: 13769: 13754:Inscribed in previous editions of the 10279:Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert 5800: 5534:The Guadalupan Controversies in Mexico 5482: 5347: 5268: 5266: 5189: 5187: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5115: 4999: 4972: 4636: 4550: 4378: 4226: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4081: 4060: 4051: 3980:Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1997 3843: 3330: 3305: 2633:Stoudemire, Sterling A. (March 1978). 2393:"Iglesia Episcopal Anglicana de Chile" 2194: 1605: 1189: 1175: 1166: 914:The new (left) and old basilica church 576:, Spain was the most important of the 13406: 11246: 9159:Spanish American wars of independence 8960: 8074: 7729:Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas 7222:Catholic Bishops Conference of Mexico 7185: 6943: 6119: 5875: 5752: 5657: 5527: 5503: 5248:, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 99–117. 5147:Midwest Political Science Association 4949:Pope John Paul II: A Life in Pictures 4855: 4843: 4579: 4330: 4265: 4250: 4161: 4144: 3759: 3747: 3590: 3511: 3426: 3293: 3263: 3251: 2994: 2982: 2813: 2775: 2696: 2417:"World's Most-Visited Sacred Sites", 2189: 1562: 1392: 1036:Congregation for the Causes of Saints 943: 590:Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe 461:Mary, "mother of the very true deity" 10488:California mission clash of cultures 10159:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra 9009:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 7351:Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles 5679:Deutsch, James (December 11, 2017). 5599: 5377:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 5138: 4751: 4588: 4310:"El análisis que ocultó el Vaticano" 4307: 3978:Guadalupe, Mother of a New Creation. 3931:National Geographic Society (2008). 3905: 3311: 3041:21:1 (January/ February 1997), p. 9. 2834: 2555:of Miguel Sánchez published in 1648. 2124:The revolutionary banner carried by 1777:, inscribing her feast day into the 1453:had not been prepared for painting. 1424: 1347:who associated her image with their 1030:Under Pope John Paul II the move to 816:, a diocesan priest of Mexico City. 564:Our Lady of Guadalupe in Extremadura 32:Our Lady of Guadalupe in Extremadura 13668: 10239:Spanish missions in Baja California 8100: 5693:Guadalupe, Mother of a New Creation 5263: 5218: 5184: 5153: 4668: 2028:, signed and notarized by Cardinal 1862:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels 1646: 626: 27:Marian apparitions in December 1531 24: 13792:Paintings of the Madonna and Child 13648:Archangel Michael at Mount Gargano 12165:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 11283:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints 7514:Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar 5660:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 5557: 5552: 5116:Burger, John (February 14, 2016). 3960:Numismatics International Bulletin 3719:Anderson Carl and Chavez Eduardo, 3131:Austin: University of Texas Press. 2929: 2703:"Our Lady of Guadalupe in Spain", 2341:Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe 2128:and his insurgent army during the 1835: 1456:On March 28, three members of the 25: 13858: 10249:Spanish missions in the Carolinas 8244:Institutional Revolutionary Party 7634:Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas 5978:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 5843:, Directed by Pedro Brenner, 2021 5831: 4952:. powerHouse Books. p. 100. 4425:Galeano, Eduardo (January 1997). 4093:Del Maguey: Single Village Mezcal 3723:Doubleday, New York, 2009, p. 205 3694:"Nican Mopohua: Here It Is Told," 2705:Our Lady in the Old World and New 1310:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 1040:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 394:Description of Marian apparitions 376:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 349:associated with a series of four 211:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 13526: 13385: 13373: 13252:María de las Maravillas de Jesús 13109:Seven Maccabees and their mother 12295:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 11227: 11226: 9111:Philippine revolts against Spain 8053: 8041: 7584:Diocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela 7504:Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos 7301:Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca 7277: 7154: 7140: 6921: 6910: 6909: 6200: 6098: 5949: 5427: 5406: 5380: 5367: 5348:Walker, Hollis (April 4, 2001). 5341: 5328: 5315: 5292: 5279: 5250:berkeley.primo.exlibrisgroup.com 5238: 5212: 5199:berkeley.primo.exlibrisgroup.com 5171: 5145:. 62nd Annual Conference of the 5139:Cano, Gustavo (April 15, 2004). 5132: 5109: 5083: 5055: 5027: 4993: 4966: 4939: 4913: 4887: 4861: 4805: 4791: 4777: 4737: 4662: 4649: 4601: 4570: 4531: 4496: 4483: 4470: 4443: 4418: 3466:. Mariologia.org. Archived from 3275:Anales de Juan Bautista Folio 6r 2924:The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico 2874:Cara Studies in Popular Devotion 2564:The date does not appear in the 2320: 2306: 2292: 786:First printed accounts in Mexico 420:peasant, and once to his uncle, 13827:Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus 7404:Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa 7381:Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez 6028:Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 5197:, Duke University Press, 2008. 4723:. Fortress Press. p. 187. 4351: 4324: 4271: 4025: 4013: 3983: 3924: 3906:Vera, Rodrigo (July 27, 2002). 3807: 3780: 3753: 3726: 3687: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3637: 3628: 3615: 3565: 3544: 3482: 3444: 3400: 3374: 3348: 3312:Vera, Fortino Hipólito (1889). 3287: 3278: 3269: 3229: 3171: 3146: 3121: 3108: 3083: 3070: 3057: 3044: 3031: 3000: 2963: 2916: 2724: 2711: 2626: 1533: 1494:fibers rather than the coarser 1110: 1010:The beatification of Juan Diego 989: 930:Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 921:Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 894:La Estrella del Norte de México 778:application of the native name 738:, who was active at that time. 588:in Spain and is revered in the 586:dark- or black-skinned Madonnas 455:and the language of the former 402:, included in the 17th-century 10322:Toribio de Benavente Motolinia 10274:Spanish missions in New Mexico 10244:Spanish missions in California 10079:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva 9582:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) 9314:Captaincy General of Guatemala 7454:Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes 7356:Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí 7326:Archdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa) 7265:Pastoral Visits (Pope Francis) 6889:Saint Luke painting the Virgin 6310:Miracle at the Wedding at Cana 6305:Finding of Jesus in the Temple 6068:The Saint Who Forged a Country 5731:10.1080/00043249.1992.10791596 5575:Cayetano de Cabrera y Quintero 5452: 4308:Vera, Rodrigo (May 18, 2002). 2600: 2575: 2558: 2541: 2483: 2425: 2410: 2385: 2234: 2020:declared her patroness of the 1905:whole." The Mexican novelist, 1734:Protectress of Unborn Children 1575: 1272: 865:. A manuscript version of the 545:in Monastery of Guadalupe, in 430:(proleptic) Gregorian calendar 428:, which is December 19 on the 386:granted the image a decree of 368:A venerated image on a cloak ( 13: 1: 13782:Mexican Roman Catholic saints 13217:Faustina and Liberata of Como 12405:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia 12350:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross 11274:Saints of the Catholic Church 10417:José Francisco de Paula Señan 10264:Spanish missions in Louisiana 10049:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 9291:List of viceroys of New Spain 9045:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 9033:Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) 9027:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 9015:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 8164:Centralist Republic of Mexico 5815:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00020 5606:Sister Mary Amatora, O.S.F.. 4132:10.1525/aa.1958.60.2.02a00050 3318:(in Spanish). Imp. católica. 2589:that immediately follows the 2378: 2024:on June 16, 1910, via decree 1923: 1505: 1090: 953: 440:, which later became part of 11003:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 10382:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 10294:Spanish missions in Trinidad 10289:Spanish missions in Virginia 9086:peoples during colonial rule 8593:Institutional stock exchange 8229:Second American intervention 7828:José Maria de Yermo y Parres 7749:Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal 7649:Diocese of Huajuapan de León 7554:Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla 7449:Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera 7409:Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano 5043:(in Spanish). March 13, 2007 4719:Johnson, Maxwell E. (2015). 4673:. In Lafaye, Jacques (ed.). 4278:Rodriguez, Jeanette (1994). 3092:The Oxford History of Mexico 1370:is interpreted as a sign of 1319: 1265:Venerated image and Diego's 934:Sacred Congregation of Rites 459:, identified herself as the 7: 13662:Approval of veneration only 10707:Oasisamerica (Southwest US) 10259:Spanish missions in Georgia 10254:Spanish missions in Florida 10234:Spanish missions in Arizona 10174:José de Bustamante y Guerra 9740:Yerba Buena (San Francisco) 9021:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 8794:Water supply and sanitation 8159:Spanish reconquest attempts 7419:Diocese of Puerto Escondido 7371:Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla 5745:Peterson, Jeanette Favrot. 4589:King, Judy (May 29, 2020). 4061:Taylor, William B. (1979). 3934:Sacred Places of a Lifetime 2474:English translation of the 2285: 2231:, directed by Tim Watkins. 2130:Mexican War of Independence 2098:Granted the image a second 1977:and a common image for the 1710:Mexican War of Independence 1675:Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe 1345:indigenous people of Mexico 1220:(sometimes identified with 353:to a Mexican peasant named 327:Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe 10: 13863: 13832:National symbols of Mexico 13787:Shrines to the Virgin Mary 13536:Approval of the apparition 13467:an associated feast on the 13380:Catholic Church portal 12340:Saints of the Cristero War 10483:Suppression of the Jesuits 10392:Francisco Javier Clavijero 10269:Spanish missions in Mexico 10169:Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán 10119:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 10069:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 9994:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 9241:also reigned after Louis I 8194:Second French intervention 8142:Control of Central America 7714:Diocese of Valle de Chalco 7704:Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl 7594:Diocese of Ciudad Victoria 7316:Archdiocese of Guadalajara 5782:Sánchez, David A. (2008). 5437:20, no. 1 (1994): 117–30. 5195:Mexican American Religions 4703:November 13, 2011, at the 4331:Smith, Jody Brant (1983). 3817:; Chávez, Eduardo (2009). 3760:Smith, Jody Brant (1983). 3699:November 21, 2011, at the 2898:O'Gorman, Edmundo (1991). 2732:"Códice 1548 o "Escalada"" 2585:proper, yet introduce the 2277:Consuelo Jimenez Underwood 2172:Consuelo Jimenez Underwood 1894:Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe 1464: 1209:Oath of the board 1737 by 1177:[tekʷant͡ɬaˈʃopeʍ] 1068:Joaquín García Icazbalceta 918:According to the document 800:Indianapolis Museum of Art 578:shrines to the Virgin Mary 561: 558:Origin in Guadalupe, Spain 533: 84:Patroness of Latin America 29: 13743: 13661: 13640: 13544: 13535: 13524: 13496: 13475: 13464: 13444: 13368: 13305: 13137: 12979: 12551: 12481: 12413: 12375:Three Martyrs of Chimbote 12145:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala 12110: 11875: 11842: 11644: 11586: 11473: 11441: 11358: 11320:Mother of God (Theotokos) 11310: 11280: 11222: 11175:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 11152: 11089: 11058: 11020: 10995: 10932: 10874: 10831: 10768: 10705: 10632: 10606: 10530: 10519: 10510: 10470: 10457:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 10377:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 10302: 10284:Spanish missions in Texas 10222: 10211: 10184:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa 10144:Juan José Pérez Hernández 10089:Juan José Pérez Hernández 10002: 9964: 9953: 9933: 9828: 9622: 9609: 9544: 9498: 9385: 9337: 9299: 9283: 9227: 9184: 9171: 9084:Conflicts with indigenous 9083: 9004: 8995: 8918: 8807: 8702: 8693: 8551: 8542: 8429: 8420: 8393:Tropical cyclone rainfall 8291: 8282: 8112: 8036: 8018: 8000: 7977: 7968: 7943: 7927: 7918: 7891: 7869: 7860: 7822:Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo 7810:José María Robles Hurtado 7773: 7757: 7614:Diocese of Piedras Negras 7519:Diocese of Ciudad Obregón 7484:Diocese of Aguascalientes 7394: 7376:Archdiocese of Tulancingo 7321:Archdiocese of Hermosillo 7286: 7275: 7255: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7213:Catholic Church in Mexico 7149: 7138: 6977: 6971:Titles of the Virgin Mary 6905: 6876: 6829: 6779: 6770: 6658: 6570: 6508: 6501: 6481: 6429: 6420: 6398: 6356:Bilocation to Saint James 6345: 6257: 6216: 6209: 6198: 6153: 6093: 6046: 5991: 5958: 5947: 5923: 5909: 5672:10.1525/mex.2015.31.2.218 5643:, ed. Gary H. Gossen and 5009:(Updated 2013 ed.). 4563:October 26, 2007, at the 4543:October 29, 2007, at the 3787:Moffitt, John F. (2006). 3558:October 16, 2007, at the 3413:Google Arts & Culture 3342:December 8, 2015, at the 3201:Stanford University Press 2752:Peralta, Alberto (2003). 2553:Imagen de la Virgen María 2513:Stanford University Press 2159:Union (UFW), its leader, 1911:Nobel Literature laureate 1741:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1726:Patroness of the Americas 1326:Imagen de la Virgen María 1168:[tekʷat͡ɬaˈnopeʍ] 468:Archbishop of Mexico City 300: 284: 221: 206: 185: 169: 159: 138: 121: 107: 98: 71: 13842:Mexican-American culture 12521:Joseph (father of Jesus) 11907:Athanasius of Alexandria 11689:Athanasius of Alexandria 11573:Theophanes the Confessor 11553:Paul I of Constantinople 11548:Paphnutius the Confessor 11493:Athanasius the Confessor 10074:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 10029:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 9875:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 8434:Administrative divisions 7852:Rafael Guízar y Valencia 7840:Anacleto González Flores 7664:Diocese of Ciudad Valles 7534:Diocese of Coatzacoalcos 7494:Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán 7444:Diocese of Ciudad Juárez 7341:Archdiocese of Monterrey 7306:Archdiocese of Chihuahua 6408:Protoevangelium of James 5971:El Tepeyac National Park 5711:El Guadalupismo mexicano 5483:Chávez, Eduardo (2006). 5300:The Blood & the Rose 5181:. Duke University Press. 4763:Human Life International 3530:. ABC-CLIO. p. 95. 3451:Enciclopedia Guadalupana 3065:The Wonder of Guadalupe, 2831:, pp. 117–118, 359. 2351:Lord of Miracles of Buga 2229:The Blood & The Rose 1775:Congress of Chilpancingo 1730:Empress of Latin America 1191:[koaːt͡ɬaˈʃopeʍ] 603:and given to Archbishop 584:. It is one of the many 296:angel carrying her train 12453:Gregory the Illuminator 12423:Augustine of Canterbury 11972:Dionysius of Alexandria 11887:Alexander of Alexandria 11165:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 10149:Dionisio Alcalá Galiano 10114:Ruy López de Villalobos 10059:Miguel López de Legazpi 10054:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 9051:Piracy in the Caribbean 8849:Handcrafts and folk art 8618:National stock exchange 8356:Protected natural areas 8184:Second Mexican Republic 8149:Supreme Executive Power 7798:Mateo Correa Magallanes 7609:Diocese of Nuevo Laredo 7296:Archdiocese of Acapulco 6799:Golden Madonna of Essen 6388:Woman of the Apocalypse 5709:Maza, Francisco de la. 5592:Documentos Guadalupanos 5258:10.1057/9781137077714_5 5164:Galvez, Alyshia. 2010. 4973:Feeney, Robert (1993). 4657:A Handbook on Guadalupe 4517:10.1093/jaarel/LVI.1.25 4120:American Anthropologist 3524:Saragoza, Alex (2012). 3356:"Informaciones de 1666" 3236:Story of the manuscript 3114:Bernardino de Sahagún, 2654:10.1179/nam.1978.26.1.9 2269:Margarita 'Mita' Cuaron 2152:as a sign of devotion. 1985:Pontifical approbations 1975:Patroness of the Unborn 1686:Woman of the Apocalypse 1512:José Ignacio Bartolache 1330:Woman of the Apocalypse 1328:, described her as the 1202:of the Garden of Eden. 901:Servando Teresa de Mier 819:Another account is the 812:, published in 1648 by 79:Empress of the Americas 13756:General Roman Calendar 13469:General Roman Calendar 11892:Alexander of Jerusalem 11498:Chariton the Confessor 11460:in the Catholic Church 11040:Colonial Baroque style 11030:Spanish Colonial style 10876:Southeastern Woodlands 10347:Bartolomé de las Casas 10194:Alexander von Humboldt 9587:Treaty of Paris (1783) 9267:Ferdinand VII of Spain 8661:States by unemployment 8651:Science and technology 8154:First Mexican Republic 8048:Catholicism portal 8010:Fasting and abstinence 7424:Diocese of Tehuantepec 7386:Archdiocese of Yucatán 7361:Archdiocese of Tijuana 7346:Archdiocese of Morelia 7311:Archdiocese of Durango 7161:Catholicism portal 7132:Our Lady of the Pillar 7127:Our Lady of Navigators 7122:Our Lady of Luxembourg 7017:Lady of Perpetual Help 6676:Alma Redemptoris Mater 6625:Our Lady of Navigators 6105:Catholicism portal 6080:Marcos Cipac de Aquino 5207:10.2307/j.ctv11smnj0.8 4976:Mother of the Americas 4489:Subcomandante Marcos, 3703:, p. 208, UC San Diego 3067:TAN Books, 1981, p. 47 3052:The image of Guadalupe 2244: 2216: 2132: 2116:In political movements 2081:General Roman Calendar 2070:Saint Peter's Basilica 1939: 1933:Santuario de Guadalupe 1872: 1853: 1788: 1694: 1671: 1639: 1414: 1297: 1213: 1127: 1027: 963: 932:in the year 1754, the 915: 888: 882: 803: 772: 736:Marcos Cipac de Aquino 730: 719: 678: 554: 501: 357:and one to his uncle, 338: 326: 315: 130:(December 19–22, 1531 13807:Catholicism in Mexico 13777:Our Lady of Guadalupe 13323:Fourteen Holy Helpers 13287:Trasilla and Emiliana 12438:Evermode of Ratzeburg 12320:Perpetua and Felicity 12290:Martyrs of Sandomierz 12160:Dismas the Good Thief 12087:Theophilus of Antioch 12057:Maximus the Confessor 11992:Epiphanius of Salamis 11932:Clement of Alexandria 11646:Doctors of the Church 11538:Maximus the Confessor 11325:Immaculate Conception 11160:Juan Bautista de Anza 10478:Our Lady of Guadalupe 10327:Bernardino de Sahagún 9989:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 9984:Juan Sebastián Elcano 9552:Treaty of Tordesillas 9526:Corregidor (position) 9284:Viceroys of New Spain 9123:Spanish–Moro conflict 8889:Our Lady of Guadalupe 8383:Territorial evolution 8199:Second Mexican Empire 7953:Our Lady of Guadalupe 7816:Toribio Romo González 7804:Atilano Cruz Alvarado 7694:Diocese of Cuautitlán 7629:Diocese of Apatzingan 7589:Diocese of Cuernavaca 7479:Prelature of El Salto 7464:Diocese of Tarahumara 7366:Archdiocese of Toluca 7336:Archdiocese of Mexico 7107:Our Lady of Guadalupe 7002:Immaculate Conception 6861:Theotokos of Vladimir 6290:Presentation of Jesus 6227:Immaculate Conception 6147:Mary, mother of Jesus 5941:Don Juan de Zumárraga 5903:Our Lady of Guadalupe 5866:Catholic Encyclopedia 5861:"Shrine of Guadalupe" 5851:San Miguel de Allende 5767:10.1353/tam.2005.0133 4669:Paz, Octavio (1987). 4358:Nickell, Joe (2013). 3920:on December 13, 2016. 3876:10.1353/tam.2005.0091 3464:"Virgen de Guadalupe" 2793:10.1353/tam.2005.0133 2242: 2211: 2138:Mexico's Independence 2123: 1931: 1859: 1843: 1783: 1690: 1654: 1633: 1626:Cultural significance 1582:Guillermo Schulenburg 1434:image in March 1666. 1400: 1280: 1208: 1118: 1055:Guillermo Schulenburg 1051:Basilica of Guadalupe 1017: 982:granted permission a 951: 913: 863:Bernardino de Sahagún 793: 763: 757:, also known as the " 751:Bernardino de Sahagún 724: 714: 672: 541: 499: 347:Mary, mother of Jesus 329:), also known as the 319:Our Lady of Guadalupe 313: 72:Our Lady of Guadalupe 55:19.48444°N 99.11722°W 13465:Papal inscription of 13227:Hiltrude of Liessies 13172:Catherine of Bologna 13167:Bernadette Soubirous 12360:17 Thomasian Martyrs 12170:Four Crowned Martyrs 12092:Victorinus of Pettau 12072:Papias of Hierapolis 12042:Jerome of Stridonium 12007:Gregory of Nazianzus 11977:Dionysius of Corinth 11799:Lawrence of Brindisi 11754:Bernard of Clairvaux 11729:Anselm of Canterbury 11684:Gregory of Nazianzus 11611:Priscilla and Aquila 11508:Edward the Confessor 10452:Manuel Abad y Queipo 10367:Gerónimo de Mendieta 10305:priests, and bishops 9974:Christopher Columbus 8906:World Heritage Sites 8321:Environmental issues 8179:Mexican–American War 8137:First Mexican Empire 7846:José Sánchez del Río 7734:Diocese of Tapachula 7674:Diocese of Zacatecas 7669:Diocese of Matehuala 7639:Diocese of Tacámbaro 7604:Diocese of Matamoros 7579:Diocese of Querétaro 7434:Prelature of Huautla 7112:Our Lady of the Hens 7102:Our Lady of the Fire 7007:Lady of Good Counsel 6054:Miracle of the roses 6020:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 5803:American Ethnologist 5685:Smithsonian Magazine 5645:Miguel León-Portilla 5272:Pérez, Laura Elisa. 5095:Catholic News Agency 4897:(October 12, 1945). 4558:AmericanCatholic.org 4397:Taylor, William B., 3194:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 3127:L. Burkhart (2001). 2595:Huei Tlamahuiçoltica 2506:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 2372:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 2361:Miracle of the roses 2184:Vigen de los Caminos 2044:granted the image a 2030:Rafael Merry del Val 1830:Subcomandante Marcos 1411:Canonical Coronation 1283:St. John the Baptist 1104:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 1099:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 1026:fashioning the image 984:Canonical Coronation 871:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 849:Luis Laso de la Vega 845:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 834:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 405:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 388:canonical coronation 175:canonical coronation 125:December 9–12, 1531 13277:Teresa of the Andes 13157:Angela of the Cross 13119:Zechariah (prophet) 12265:Martyrs of La Rioja 12260:21 Martyrs of Libya 12150:Christina of Persia 12130:Charles de Foucauld 12067:Quadratus of Athens 12027:Ignatius of Antioch 11997:Fulgentius of Ruspe 11947:Cyril of Alexandria 11942:Cyprian of Carthage 11927:Cappadocian Fathers 11824:Hildegard of Bingen 11694:Cyril of Alexandria 11568:Sergius of Radonezh 11330:Perpetual virginity 10447:Francisco Marroquín 10317:Gerónimo de Aguilar 10189:Antonio Gil Y'Barbo 10134:Gil González Dávila 9910:New Kingdom of León 9562:Peace of Westphalia 9377:Provincias Internas 9271:also reigned after 9063:War of Jenkins' Ear 8561:Automotive industry 8449:Chamber of Deputies 8132:War of Independence 7793:, Franciscan priest 7786:, Franciscan cleric 7739:Diocese of Campeche 7719:Diocese of Huejutla 7699:Diocese of Ecatepec 7689:Diocese of Mexicali 7679:Diocese of Ensenada 7659:Diocese of Tlaxcala 7654:Diocese of Tehuacán 7619:Diocese of Saltillo 7574:Diocese of Irapuato 7564:Diocese of Veracruz 7549:Diocese of Papantla 7524:Diocese of Culiacán 7469:Diocese of Mazatlán 7429:Diocese of Tuxtepec 7331:Archdiocese of León 7166:Christianity portal 7117:Our Lady of Lourdes 7092:Our Lady of Charity 6843:Madonna del Rosario 6747:Maria mater gratiae 6723:Sub tuum praesidium 6681:Ave Regina caelorum 6635:Our Lady of Victory 6630:Our Lady of Sorrows 6273:Virginal motherhood 6247:Perpetual virginity 6036:Maravilla Americana 6005:Stradanus engraving 5394:. December 12, 2016 5334:Román-Odio, Clara. 5097:. November 22, 2013 5040:El Siglo de Torreón 5006:Catholic Dictionary 4765:. December 13, 2012 4147:, pp. 128–129. 4099:on October 16, 2020 4033:Tonantzin Guadalupe 3995:Indian Country News 3593:, pp. 131–133. 2816:, pp. 133–136. 2764:on February 9, 2007 2738:on January 8, 2015. 2614:on October 22, 2020 2568:, but in Sanchez's 2328:Christianity portal 2195:Literature and film 2157:United Farm Workers 1971:Blessed Virgin Mary 1937:Virgin of Guadalupe 1846:Notre-Dame de Paris 1698:President of Mexico 1660:Virgin of Guadalupe 1606:Studies on the eyes 1480:Maravilla Americana 1149:Felicidad de Mexico 1120:Virgin of Guadalupe 889:Felicidad de Mexico 796:Virgin of Guadalupe 601:Luke the Evangelist 543:Virgin of Guadalupe 339:Virgen de Guadalupe 331:Virgin of Guadalupe 275:Card. Ricardo Vidal 60:19.48444; -99.11722 51: / 18:Virgin of Guadalupe 13837:Catholic Mariology 13822:Catholic devotions 13817:Marian apparitions 13597:Good Event/Success 13538:and its veneration 13449:Marian apparitions 13318:Four Holy Marshals 13313:Calendar of saints 13282:Teresa of Calcutta 13262:Patricia of Naples 13187:Catherine of Siena 12468:Patrick of Ireland 12390:Vietnamese Martyrs 12280:Martyrs of Otranto 12235:Martyrs of Cajonos 12230:Martyrs of Algeria 12225:Martyrs of Albania 12185:The Holy Innocents 12155:Devasahayam Pillai 12140:Carthusian Martyrs 12082:Polycarp of Smyrna 12037:Isidore of Seville 12022:Hippolytus of Rome 12017:Hilary of Poitiers 11952:Cyril of Jerusalem 11917:Caesarius of Arles 11912:Augustine of Hippo 11814:Thérèse of Lisieux 11809:Catherine of Siena 11759:Hilary of Poitiers 11734:Isidore of Seville 11709:Bede the Venerable 11699:Cyril of Jerusalem 11664:Augustine of Hippo 11578:Pio of Pietrelcina 11543:Michael of Synnada 11210:Hasekura Tsunenaga 11090:People and classes 11071:Columbian exchange 10957:Peoples of Palawan 10462:José María Morelos 10437:Francisco de Ayeta 10372:Juan de Torquemada 10337:Alonso de Montúfar 10179:José María Narváez 10139:Francisco de Ulloa 10109:Andrés de Urdaneta 10104:Cristóbal de Oñate 10064:Ángel de Villafañe 10039:Pánfilo de Narváez 10019:Juan Ponce de León 9979:Ferdinand Magellan 9557:Treaty of Zaragoza 9339:Captancies General 8762:Indigenous peoples 8666:Telecommunications 8525:State legislatures 8466:Federal government 8346:Metropolitan areas 8224:Mexican Revolution 7901:La Merced Cloister 7744:Diocese of Tabasco 7709:Diocese of Texcoco 7624:Diocese of Tampico 7599:Diocese of Linares 7544:Diocese of Orizaba 7539:Diocese of Córdoba 7529:Diocese of Nogales 7474:Diocese of Torreón 7439:Prelature of Mixes 7171:Visual arts portal 7097:Our Lady of Fátima 7047:Madonna of Majesty 7027:Lady of the Rosary 6992:Help of Christians 6884:Life of the Virgin 6600:Life-giving Spring 6590:Help of Christians 6300:Return to Nazareth 6242:Marriage to Joseph 5916:Villa de Guadalupe 5912:Marian apparitions 5786:. Fortress Press. 5698:Lafaye, Jacques. 5691:Elizondo, Virgil. 5650:Burkhart, Louise. 4556:Elizondo, Virgil. 4491:Flag.blackened.net 4253:, p. 204-205. 4241:, p. 170-171. 3976:Elizondo, Virgil. 3453:, p. 267 (vol. II) 3362:on January 5, 2016 3078:Spiritual Conquest 3063:Francis Johnston, 3050:Jody Brant Smith, 3039:Skeptical Inquirer 3010:(April 13, 2010). 2971:Spiritual Conquest 2419:Travel and Leisure 2314:Catholicism portal 2245: 2217: 2190:In popular culture 2150:Guadalupe Victoria 2142:United Farm Worker 2133: 2050:Carlo Confalonieri 2022:Republic of Mexico 1940: 1873: 1854: 1771:José María Morelos 1718:Mexican Revolution 1702:Guadalupe Victoria 1672: 1640: 1563:Callahan and Smith 1415: 1393:Technical analyses 1298: 1214: 1128: 1028: 964: 944:The crown ornament 916: 878:Luis Becerra Tanco 804: 731: 710:Alonso de Montúfar 679: 605:Leander of Seville 582:Kingdom of Castile 570:Guadalupe, Cáceres 555: 502: 442:Villa de Guadalupe 351:Marian apparitions 316: 256:(October 12, 1945) 242:Ponce, Puerto Rico 228:Mexico City (1737) 173:October 12, 1895 ( 13797:1531 in New Spain 13764: 13763: 13739: 13738: 13657: 13656: 13522: 13521: 13400: 13399: 13392:Saints portal 13343:Miles Christianus 13328:Martyr of charity 13297:Josephine Bakhita 13292:Ubaldesca Taccini 13237:Kateri Tekakwitha 13212:Faustina Kowalska 13202:Eulalia of Mérida 13182:Catherine Labouré 13177:Brigid of Kildare 13004:Baruch ben Neriah 12448:François de Laval 12433:Damien of Molokai 12400:Victor and Corona 12395:Valentine of Rome 12285:Martyrs of Prague 12250:Martyrs of Gorkum 12210:Martyrs of Lübeck 12097:Vincent of Lérins 12077:Peter Chrysologus 12032:Irenaeus of Lyons 12002:Gregory the Great 11987:Ephrem the Syrian 11784:Robert Bellarmine 11779:John of the Cross 11764:Alphonsus Liguori 11739:Peter Chrysologus 11714:Ephrem the Syrian 11679:Basil of Caesarea 11654:Gregory the Great 11636:Seventy disciples 11528:Lazarus Zographos 11513:Francis of Assisi 11383:James of Alphaeus 11340:Marian apparition 11240: 11239: 11218: 11217: 11059:Trade and economy 11016: 11015: 10506: 10505: 10498:Indian Reductions 10427:Sebastián Montero 10332:Juan de Zumárraga 10207: 10206: 10094:Gaspar de Portolá 10034:Pedro de Alvarado 9949: 9948: 9905:Nueva Extremadura 9810:Antigua Guatemala 9605: 9604: 9597:Adams–Onís Treaty 9592:Treaty of Córdoba 9577:Congress of Breda 9199:Joanna of Castile 9167: 9166: 9141:Tzeltal Rebellion 8954: 8953: 8914: 8913: 8689: 8688: 8538: 8537: 8508:Political parties 8471:Foreign relations 8416: 8415: 8204:Restored Republic 8122:Pre-Columbian era 8068: 8067: 8060:Mexico portal 8032: 8031: 7964: 7963: 7914: 7913: 7644:Diocese of Zamora 7569:Diocese of Celaya 7559:Diocese of Tuxpan 7499:Diocese of Colima 7489:Diocese of Autlán 7459:Diocese of Parral 7273: 7272: 7179: 7178: 6937: 6936: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6805:The Golden Virgin 6525:Catholic churches 6497: 6496: 6416: 6415: 6295:Flight into Egypt 6285:Nativity of Jesus 6192:Brothers of Jesus 6113: 6112: 5839:Lady of Guadalupe 5793:978-1-4514-0589-7 5600:Secondary sources 5544:978-0-8047-5252-7 5496:978-0-7425-5104-6 5354:Los Angeles Times 5020:978-0-307-88634-7 4871:(June 16, 1910). 4858:, pp. 81–82. 4684:978-0-226-46788-7 4642:Lafaye, Jacques. 4384:Poole, Stafford. 4320:on April 1, 2019. 4089:"What is Pulque?" 4046:978-970-641-145-7 3944:978-1-4262-0336-7 3830:978-0-385-52772-9 3800:978-0-7864-2667-6 3537:978-0-313-34948-5 3470:on April 26, 2012 3101:978-0-19-973198-5 2997:, pp. 60–62. 2949:978-968-16-7551-6 2689:978-1-4985-5434-3 2209: 2060:Pope John Paul II 1991:Pope Benedict XIV 1860:Reliquary in the 1425:Capitular inquiry 1287:Juan de Zumárraga 1260:was the original. 1243:Marian apparition 996:Pope John Paul II 859:Antonio Valeriano 692:Juan de Zumárraga 664:Charles E. Dibble 656:Antonio Valeriano 472:Juan de Zumárraga 444:, in a suburb of 398:According to the 308: 307: 265:Pope John Paul II 236:Pope Benedict XIV 198:Anglo-Catholicism 164:Marian apparition 94: 16:(Redirected from 13854: 13812:Mexican folklore 13753: 13666: 13665: 13622:Miraculous Medal 13542: 13541: 13530: 13473: 13472: 13436:approved by the 13427: 13420: 13413: 13404: 13403: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13378: 13377: 13257:Narcisa de Jesús 13242:Lucy of Syracuse 13147:Agatha of Sicily 13059:John the Baptist 12305:Maximilian Kolbe 12300:Martyrs of Zenta 12275:Martyrs of Natal 12255:Martyrs of Japan 12245:Martyrs of China 12240:Martyrs of Drina 12175:Gerard of Csanád 12135:Canadian Martyrs 12120:Abda and Abdisho 12062:Melito of Sardis 12052:John of Damascus 12012:Gregory of Nyssa 11897:Ambrose of Milan 11829:Gregory of Narek 11794:Anthony of Padua 11769:Francis de Sales 11704:John of Damascus 11350:Joseph (husband) 11302: → 11298: → 11294: → 11267: 11260: 11253: 11244: 11243: 11230: 11229: 11190:Fermín de Lasuén 11081:Triangular trade 10528: 10527: 10517: 10516: 10407:Fermín de Lasuén 10352:Alonso de Molina 10342:Vasco de Quiroga 10303:Friars, fathers, 10224:Spanish missions 10220: 10219: 10044:Hernando de Soto 9962: 9961: 9620: 9619: 9572:Peace of Utrecht 9567:Peace of Ryswick 9430:Santiago de Cuba 9275: 9242: 9182: 9181: 9117:Acaxee Rebellion 9069:Seven Years' War 9057:Queen Anne's War 9002: 9001: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8958: 8957: 8934: 8927: 8874:National symbols 8700: 8699: 8641: 8586:Renewable energy 8576:Economic history 8549: 8548: 8427: 8426: 8289: 8288: 8269:Chiapas conflict 8169:Texas Revolution 8095: 8088: 8081: 8072: 8071: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8046: 8045: 7975: 7974: 7925: 7924: 7867: 7866: 7509:Diocese of Tepic 7414:Diocese of Tlapa 7281: 7235: 7234: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7159: 7158: 7144: 7042:Madonna Advocata 7022:Lady of the Sign 6964: 6957: 6950: 6941: 6940: 6925: 6913: 6912: 6777: 6776: 6762:Three Hail Marys 6718:Ave maris stella 6595:Immaculate Heart 6506: 6505: 6427: 6426: 6315:Passion of Jesus 6214: 6213: 6204: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6103: 6102: 6031:(1666 testimony) 5953: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5873: 5872: 5826: 5797: 5778: 5742: 5688: 5675: 5590:Noguez, Xavier. 5548: 5524: 5500: 5479: 5446: 5435:Feminist Studies 5431: 5425: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5261: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5191: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5151: 5150: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5024: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4923:(May 31, 1966). 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4716: 4707: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4586: 4577: 4574: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4095:. Archived from 4085: 4079: 4078: 4058: 4049: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4001:on March 6, 2019 3997:. Archived from 3987: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3888: 3887: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3757: 3751: 3750:, p. 83-84. 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3569: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3388:on July 22, 2011 3384:. Archived from 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3358:. Archived from 3352: 3346: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2610:. Archived from 2604: 2598: 2579: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2487: 2481: 2472: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2439:. Archived from 2437:, June 13, 1999" 2429: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2389: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2210: 2087:for December 12. 1918:National Lottery 1810:Francisco Madero 1749:, with the cry " 1746:Grito de Dolores 1647:Symbol of Mexico 1569:common technique 1520: 1193: 1179: 1170: 1085:road to Damascus 1018:An 18th-century 958: 955: 891: 885: 759:Florentine Codex 699:Franciscan order 627:Origin in Mexico 580:in the medieval 213:, Tepeyac Hill, 103: 74: 69: 68: 66: 65: 63: 62: 61: 56: 52: 49: 48: 47: 44: 21: 13862: 13861: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13802:Colonial Mexico 13767: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13751: 13735: 13653: 13636: 13537: 13531: 13518: 13492: 13468: 13466: 13460: 13440: 13438:Catholic Church 13431: 13401: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13372: 13364: 13355:Seven Champions 13348:Church Militant 13338:Athleta Christi 13333:Military saints 13301: 13197:Clare of Assisi 13133: 13069:Judas Barsabbas 12975: 12547: 12477: 12463:Nino of Georgia 12409: 12315:Pedro Calungsod 12270:Martyrs of Laos 12215:Luigi Versiglia 12106: 12047:John Chrysostom 11937:Clement of Rome 11878: 11871: 11838: 11804:Teresa of Ávila 11789:Albertus Magnus 11674:John Chrysostom 11640: 11601:Mary of Bethany 11582: 11488:Anthony of Kiev 11469: 11437: 11388:James the Great 11354: 11306: 11285: 11276: 11271: 11241: 11236: 11214: 11148: 11085: 11054: 11012: 11008:Chamorro people 10991: 10928: 10870: 10833:Southern Plains 10827: 10764: 10701: 10642:Mission Indians 10628: 10602: 10522: 10512: 10502: 10466: 10422:Mariano Payeras 10402:Francisco Palóu 10304: 10298: 10226:in the Americas 10225: 10215: 10213:Catholic Church 10203: 10154:Bruno de Heceta 10004: 9998: 9966: 9957: 9956:adventurers and 9955: 9945: 9941:Spanish Formosa 9929: 9868:Baja California 9858:Alta California 9853:Las Californias 9830: 9824: 9730:San Luis Potosí 9616:and territories 9615: 9613: 9611: 9601: 9540: 9521:Captain general 9494: 9485:Mérida, Yucatán 9455:San Luis Potosí 9405:State of Mexico 9381: 9333: 9295: 9279: 9270: 9240: 9223: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9163: 9135:Tepehuán Revolt 9085: 9079: 8991: 8985: 8955: 8950: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8910: 8803: 8779:Public holidays 8752:Nationality law 8747:Life expectancy 8685: 8639: 8534: 8498:Law enforcement 8412: 8403:Water resources 8278: 8254:Mexican miracle 8108: 8099: 8069: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8014: 7996: 7960: 7939: 7910: 7887: 7856: 7784:Felipe de Jesús 7769: 7753: 7724:Diocese of Tula 7390: 7282: 7269: 7251: 7224: 7215: 7210: 7180: 7175: 7153: 7145: 7136: 7087:Virgin of Mercy 7082:Star of the Sea 7072:Queen of Heaven 7052:Nursing Madonna 7032:Lady of Sorrows 6973: 6968: 6938: 6933: 6893: 6872: 6825: 6816:Queen of Heaven 6766: 6654: 6640:Star of the Sea 6566: 6493: 6477: 6412: 6394: 6341: 6253: 6205: 6196: 6149: 6144: 6114: 6109: 6097: 6089: 6042: 5987: 5966:Hill of Tepeyac 5954: 5945: 5936:Juan Bernardino 5919: 5905: 5900: 5834: 5829: 5794: 5602: 5597: 5565:Cabrera, Miguel 5560: 5558:Primary sources 5555: 5553:Further reading 5545: 5529:Poole, Stafford 5521: 5505:Poole, Stafford 5497: 5476: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5443:10.2307/3178436 5432: 5428: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5264: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5219:Thurber, Dani. 5217: 5213: 5192: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5013:. p. 200. 4998: 4994: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4873:"Gratiae, quae" 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4717: 4710: 4705:Wayback Machine 4696: 4692: 4685: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4622:10.2307/1387053 4606: 4602: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4565:Wayback Machine 4555: 4551: 4545:Wayback Machine 4536: 4532: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4059: 4052: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937:. p. 205. 3929: 3925: 3904: 3891: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3707: 3701:Wayback Machine 3692: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3560:Wayback Machine 3549: 3545: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3344:Wayback Machine 3335: 3331: 3310: 3306: 3295:Poole, Stafford 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3234: 3230: 3215: 3187:Lockhart, James 3183:Poole, Stafford 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3158:basilica.mxv.mx 3152: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2934: 2930: 2922:Robert Ricard, 2921: 2917: 2910: 2896: 2889: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2777:Poole, Stafford 2767: 2765: 2750: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2676: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2587:Nican Mopectana 2580: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2546: 2542: 2527: 2499:Lockhart, James 2495:Poole, Stafford 2488: 2484: 2473: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2366:Codex Cumanicus 2326: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2273:Ester Hernández 2237: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2168:Ester Hernandez 2118: 2083:as an optional 1998:Non est Equidem 1987: 1926: 1879: 1838: 1836:Mexican culture 1806:Emiliano Zapata 1714:Emiliano Zapata 1649: 1628: 1617:Purkinje images 1608: 1578: 1565: 1536: 1514: 1508: 1467: 1449:, and that the 1427: 1395: 1322: 1275: 1270: 1173:Tecuantlaxopeuh 1124:Brooklyn Museum 1113: 1093: 1012: 992: 956: 946: 905:Julian calendar 788: 660:Banco de Mexico 629: 617:Guadalupe River 566: 560: 536: 491:Catholic priest 489:in search of a 479:Julian calendar 426:Julian calendar 422:Juan Bernardino 396: 359:Juan Bernardino 280: 250:(July 16, 1935) 202: 193:Catholic Church 155: 151:Juan Bernardino 129: 93: 89:Queen of Mexico 73: 59: 57: 53: 50: 45: 42: 40: 38: 37: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13860: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13758: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13701:L'Île-Bouchard 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13663: 13659: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13651: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13479: 13477: 13470: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13430: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13407: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13382: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13360:Virtuous pagan 13357: 13352: 13351: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13124:Zechariah (NT) 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12985: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12545: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12487: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12458:Junípero Serra 12455: 12450: 12445: 12443:Francis Xavier 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12419: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12385:Uganda Martyrs 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12355:Titus Brandsma 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12330:Pietro Parenzo 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12200:Korean Martyrs 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12125:Boris and Gleb 12122: 12116: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11967:Desert Mothers 11964: 11962:Desert Fathers 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11883: 11881: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11774:Peter Canisius 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11719:Thomas Aquinas 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11650: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11606:Mary Magdalene 11603: 11598: 11592: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11533:Louis Bertrand 11530: 11525: 11520: 11518:Francis Borgia 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11479: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11453: 11447: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11345:Titles of Mary 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11292:Servant of God 11281: 11278: 11277: 11270: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11247: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11205:Junípero Serra 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11076:Manila galleon 11073: 11068: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11026: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11005: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10938: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10880: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10774: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10755:Tohono O'odham 10752: 10747: 10742: 10740:Pueblo peoples 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10715:Akimel O'odham 10711: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10638: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10534: 10532: 10525: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10442:Antonio Margil 10439: 10434: 10432:Marcos de Niza 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10397:Junípero Serra 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10362:Diego de Landa 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10312:Pedro de Gante 10308: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10228: 10217: 10209: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10164:Alonso de León 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10099:Manuel Quimper 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10024:Nuño de Guzmán 10021: 10016: 10010: 10008: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9970: 9968: 9959: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9882: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9850: 9840: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9626: 9624: 9617: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9548: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9343: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9305: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9186:Habsburg Spain 9179: 9178:administration 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9129:Acoma Massacre 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9105:Chichimeca War 9102: 9096: 9089: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8984: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8681:Water scarcity 8678: 8676:Transportation 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8635: 8633:Pension system 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8371:Municipalities 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8326:Extreme points 8323: 8318: 8313: 8310:Climate change 8303: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8098: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8075: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8050: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8006: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7897: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 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6207: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6085:Miguel Sánchez 6082: 6077: 6072: 6064: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6007:(1615 or 1621) 6002: 5999:Codex Escalada 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5858: 5847:NEWS.BBC.co.uk 5844: 5833: 5832:External links 5830: 5828: 5827: 5798: 5792: 5779: 5750: 5743: 5714: 5707: 5696: 5689: 5676: 5666:(2): 218–247. 5655: 5648: 5637: 5627: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5588: 5582: 5572: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5525: 5519: 5501: 5495: 5480: 5474: 5460:Brading, D. A. 5454: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5426: 5405: 5379: 5366: 5340: 5327: 5314: 5291: 5278: 5262: 5237: 5225:guides.loc.gov 5211: 5183: 5170: 5152: 5131: 5108: 5082: 5054: 5026: 5019: 4992: 4985: 4965: 4958: 4938: 4912: 4886: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4829: 4813:Turner, Victor 4804: 4790: 4776: 4750: 4736: 4730:978-1451496680 4729: 4708: 4690: 4683: 4661: 4648: 4635: 4616:(2): 105–119. 4600: 4578: 4569: 4549: 4530: 4495: 4482: 4469: 4462: 4442: 4436:978-0853459910 4435: 4429:. p. 46. 4417: 4403: 4390: 4377: 4370: 4350: 4343: 4323: 4297: 4290: 4270: 4268:, p. 205. 4255: 4243: 4231: 4214: 4212:, p. 169. 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4164:, p. 142. 4149: 4137: 4110: 4080: 4073: 4050: 4024: 4012: 3982: 3969: 3950: 3943: 3923: 3889: 3848: 3836: 3829: 3815:Anderson, Carl 3806: 3799: 3779: 3772: 3752: 3740: 3725: 3705: 3686: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3636: 3627: 3614: 3595: 3583: 3564: 3552:Daily Catholic 3543: 3536: 3516: 3514:, p. 110. 3504: 3502:, p. 314. 3492: 3489:Britannica.com 3481: 3455: 3443: 3441:, p. 307. 3431: 3419: 3399: 3373: 3347: 3329: 3304: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3256: 3254:, p. 144. 3244: 3228: 3213: 3170: 3145: 3133: 3120: 3107: 3100: 3082: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3030: 3008:Dunning, Brian 2999: 2987: 2975: 2962: 2948: 2928: 2915: 2908: 2887: 2861: 2854: 2833: 2818: 2806: 2741: 2723: 2710: 2695: 2688: 2667: 2625: 2599: 2574: 2557: 2540: 2525: 2482: 2454: 2443:on May 7, 2016 2424: 2421:, January 2012 2409: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2317: 2303: 2287: 2284: 2236: 2233: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2126:Miguel Hidalgo 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2077: 2066: 2057: 2039: 2033: 2015: 2009: 2004:and the Roman 1986: 1983: 1925: 1922: 1907:Carlos Fuentes 1890:Jacques Lafaye 1837: 1834: 1706:Miguel Hidalgo 1679:Miguel Sánchez 1648: 1645: 1627: 1624: 1607: 1604: 1577: 1574: 1564: 1561: 1535: 1532: 1507: 1504: 1475:Miguel Cabrera 1471:José de Ibarra 1466: 1463: 1426: 1423: 1417:The image and 1394: 1391: 1321: 1318: 1295:Miguel Cabrera 1291:St. Juan Diego 1274: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1246: 1239: 1164:Tecuatlanopeuh 1112: 1109: 1092: 1089: 1080:Codex Escalada 1024:God the Father 1011: 1008: 991: 988: 945: 942: 821:Codex Escalada 814:Miguel Sánchez 787: 784: 705:supported it. 642:Codex Escalada 631:Following the 628: 625: 609:Pope Gregory I 562:Main article: 559: 556: 535: 532: 453:first language 395: 392: 363:Spanish Empire 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 268: 257: 251: 245: 239: 229: 225: 223: 219: 218: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 189: 187: 183: 182: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 142: 140: 136: 135: 123: 119: 118: 109: 105: 104: 96: 95: 92: 91: 86: 81: 75: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13859: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13757: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13742: 13732: 13729: 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13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13247:Maria Goretti 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13152:Agnes of Rome 13150: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 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12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12412: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12365:Thomas Becket 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12190:Irish Martyrs 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11874: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11841: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11819:John of Ávila 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11744:Leo the Great 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11275: 11268: 11263: 11261: 11256: 11254: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11233: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11170:Francis Drake 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10856:Plains Apache 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10515: 10509: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10412:Esteban Tápis 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10084:Juan de Oñate 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014:Hernán Cortés 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10006:conquistadors 10003:Explorers and 10001: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9965:Pre-New Spain 9963: 9960: 9958:conquistadors 9952: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9900:Nueva Vizcaya 9898: 9896: 9895:Nueva Galicia 9893: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9829:Provinces and 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9800:Santo Domingo 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9790:St. Augustine 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9608: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9511:Gobernaciones 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9367:Santo Domingo 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9329:Santo Domingo 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9229:Bourbon Spain 9226: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9170: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9147:Pueblo Revolt 9145: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8989: 8982: 8977: 8975: 8970: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8784:States by HDI 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8656:States by GDP 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613:Manufacturing 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8531: 8530:Supreme Court 8528: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8089: 8084: 8082: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791:Peter Baptist 7788: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7202: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7143: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7057:Mystical Rose 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012:Lady of Peace 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:Black Madonna 6980: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6930: 6929: 6928:Saints Portal 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6837:Agiosoritissa 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794:Black Madonna 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6609:of all graces 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704:Benjamin Keen 5701: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5630:Brading, D.A. 5628: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5610:(1961, 1972) 5609: 5605: 5604: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5520:0-8165-1526-3 5516: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5475:0-521-80131-1 5471: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5331: 5325:33(2): 61–90. 5324: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5119: 5112: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4986:0-9622347-2-9 4982: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4959:1-57687-265-3 4955: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4895:Pope Pius XII 4890: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4846:, p. 59. 4845: 4840: 4832: 4830:9780231157919 4826: 4822: 4818: 4817:Turner, Edith 4814: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4463:9780190614171 4459: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4371:9781616147419 4367: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4344:0-385-15971-4 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4291:0-292-77061-8 4287: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4229:, p. 27. 4228: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4200:, p. 26. 4199: 4194: 4188:, p. 25. 4187: 4182: 4176:, p. 24. 4175: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4074:9780804711128 4070: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4042:970-641-145-3 4039: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3846:, p. 19. 3845: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3775: 3773:0-385-15971-4 3769: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3612:, p. 58. 3611: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580:970-92771-3-8 3577: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3429:, p. 60. 3428: 3423: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3214:0-8047-3482-8 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2985:, p. 60. 2984: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2911: 2909:968-837-870-4 2905: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2855:968-16-6209-1 2851: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2591:Nican Mopohua 2588: 2584: 2583:Nican Mopohua 2578: 2571: 2567: 2566:Nican Mopohua 2561: 2554: 2550: 2549:Nican Mopohua 2544: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526:0-8047-3482-8 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2478: 2477:Nican Mopohua 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2413: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2336:Acheiropoieta 2334: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2300:Mexico portal 2290: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Yolanda López 2258: 2254: 2251: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2108: 2105: 2102:via Cardinal 2101: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036:Pope Pius XII 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012:Pope Leo XIII 2010: 2008:in her honor. 2007: 2003: 2002:Catholic Mass 1999: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Simón Bolívar 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769:priest named 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401:The original 1399: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1334:New Testament 1331: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1268: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1133:Nican Mopohua 1125: 1121: 1117: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1007: 1004: 999: 997: 987: 985: 981: 980:Pope Leo XIII 977: 972: 970: 969:David Brading 962: 961:Museo Soumaya 950: 941: 937: 935: 931: 925: 923: 922: 912: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 890: 884: 879: 874: 872: 868: 867:Nican Mopohua 864: 860: 856: 855: 854:Nican Mopohua 850: 846: 842: 841: 840:Nican mopohua 836: 835: 829: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 810: 801: 797: 792: 783: 781: 777: 771: 769: 768:Dios inantzin 762: 760: 756: 752: 747: 743: 739: 737: 728: 727:Hernán Cortés 723: 718: 713: 711: 706: 704: 700: 695: 693: 688: 686: 685: 684:Nican mopohua 677: 676: 675:Nican mopohua 671: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 643: 638: 634: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 565: 552: 548: 544: 540: 531: 529: 523: 519: 517: 516: 510: 508: 498: 494: 492: 488: 482: 480: 475: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408:, written in 407: 406: 401: 400:Nican Mopohua 391: 389: 385: 384:Pope Leo XIII 381: 377: 373: 372: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 312: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 276: 272: 269: 266: 262: 258: 255: 254:Latin America 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 188: 184: 180: 179:Pope Leo XIII 176: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 141: 137: 133: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 97: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 70: 67: 64: 33: 19: 13747: 13716:Rosa Mystica 13706:Mount Carmel 13503: 13488:Sacred Heart 13483:Divine Mercy 13272:Rose of Lima 12766:John Paul II 12596:Anastasius I 12566:Adeodatus II 12540: 12415:Missionaries 12325:Peter Chanel 12310:Óscar Romero 12205:Lorenzo Ruiz 12180:Great Martyr 11749:Peter Damian 11558:Peter Claver 11288:canonization 11200:Moctezuma II 11180:Eusebio Kino 11102:Peninsulares 11022:Architecture 10851:Lipan Apache 10788:Coahuiltecan 10770:Aridoamerica 10624:Guanahatabey 10531:Mesoamerican 10493:Cargo system 10477: 10471:Other events 10387:Eusebio Kino 10216:in New Spain 9252:Ferdinand VI 9039:Dutch Revolt 8888: 8817:Architecture 8722:Demographics 8566:Central bank 8476:Human rights 8456:Constitution 8274:War on drugs 8249:World War II 8234:Cristero War 8127:Colonial era 7952: 7288:Archdioceses 7257:Contemporary 7106: 6926: 6914: 6841: 6821:Stabat Mater 6803: 6691:Regina caeli 6686:Salve Regina 6585:Coredemptrix 6580:Christotokos 6540:month of May 6349:: later life 6330:Resurrection 6268:Annunciation 6237:Presentation 6220:: early life 6066: 6058: 6034: 6026: 6023:(1649 tract) 6018: 6010: 5902: 5864: 5838: 5806: 5802: 5783: 5758: 5755:The Americas 5754: 5746: 5725:(4): 39–47. 5722: 5718: 5710: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5640: 5633: 5618:(Hardcover) 5607: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5568: 5533: 5509: 5485: 5464: 5434: 5429: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5396:. 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