221:
399:, the first of the future Union-wide national sports societies, dates from 1935. The society united the workers of local industries, communal economy, culture, automobile transportation, civil aviation, and others. In the following years numerous other sport societies were set up throughout the Soviet Union. Some societies were closely associated with a single industry; others had associations with a combination of several. For example, athletes from factory schools and vocational schools were united into VSS
368:
33:
213:
146:. The Spartak sports society was mimicking a voluntary sports society claiming its heritage from the trade unions of either "industrial cooperation" or food suppliers. Following the Soviet Union expansion and occupation of neighboring territories Spartak was one of the sports societies that were established instantaneously along with Dynamo.
304:
289:
419:
The main structural units of VSS were physical culture collectives by the enterprises, public-service institutions, collective farms (kolkhoz), state farms (sovkhoz), educational institutions, etc. These collectives were primary organizations of VSS and numbered 114 thousands (including 105 thousands
1462:
According to the
Olympic rules of the 20th century, only amateur athletes were eligible to participate. Top Soviet athletes were funded by the state and trained full-time but were listed in different VSS what allowed them to retain their amateur status. That created a disbalance in the international
1404:
The SKA and Dynamo associations, which were manned by athletes in uniformed service in the armed forces and police, and the volunteer DOSAAF organization were under the direct supervision of the
Ministries of Defense and Internal Affairs and were thus independent from the unions' sports societies.
252:
states that usually those sports clubs and unions were chartered and financed by representatives of the bourgeoisie and of the nobility, and that access to them for students and working youth "was extremely limited". At the end of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries there appeared workers'
204:), which numbered 1,350 in the 1970s and 7,500 in 1987. Later some of them were reformed into more elite Olympic reserve schools. There were also specialized sport clubs, groups of improvement athletes' skills, etc. More than 50,000 trainers and instructors worked there in these institutions.
1252:
and sports). According to Soviet sources (which are questionable), these eight VSS united 48.365 million members. VSS that did not belong to the Trade Unions were not reorganized. Two national societies from athletes from all the Union
Republics had already been formed on the basis of the 15
1239:
reorganized 33 Trade Unions' VSS. None were abolished, just the governing organization of most of them was changed from VTsSPS to another one. The eight largest Trade Unions' VSS remained under VTsSPS leadership: Burevestnik, Vodnik, Zenit, Lokomotiv, Spartak, Trud, Urozhai, FiS
263:
428:) and 30 republican VSS – 15 united physical culture collectives of industrial enterprises and other 15 united rural collectives. Those were the standard societies. In 1982 all republican societies merged under the two Russian republican societies.
344:. Sportsmen of the Russian Empire participated in the 1908 Olympics (5 members) and in the 1912 Olympics (174 members). In 1914 the Russian Empire had 1,200 sports unions involving some 45,000 participants out of some 332 cities and other settlements.
313:
involving over 1,000 participants. The program of those
Olympics consisted of light athletics, gymnastics, fencing, association football, tennis, heavy athletics, swimming, rowing, sailing, modern pentathlon, shooting, equestrian, and cycling.
245:
and other cities of the
Russian Empire. The yacht clubs of Moscow and Saint-Petersburg figured among the first such societies. Along with the development of the sport societies, official sports competitions started. The
161:, and various other sports. Their goals were to develop mass physical culture and sports and to provide facilities and conditions for sports training and improvement in athletes' skills. Most of the VSS were governed by
381:)was established in 1920. In 1923 such VSFKs were set up for every Executive Committee of each Soviet region. In 1936 the council was reformed into the All-Union committee for fitness culture and sports affairs for the
279:(1837–1909), opened in Petersburg the courses of educators and leaders of physical education that eventually became a prototype of the higher-learning institutions in physical education established in the
439:, represented the security services of the USSR, and were sponsored by them. The society had a special status. Another sports society was the "Sports club of the Armed Forces" (usually abbreviated as
1417:
in 1970). There were a lot of sports facilities constructed throughout the country using this means by 1970: 2,490 stadiums, 59,000 football grounds, 14,400 complex sports grounds, 10,200
363:
299:
284:
1744:
470:
which was a volunteer society in cooperation with the Army, Air Force, and Navy (notice the combination of the last three letters) and a sister club to the SKA organization.
1262:Всесоюзное добровольное физкультурно-спортивное общество профсоюзов, ВДФСО профсоюзов, Vsesoyuznoe Dobrobolvolne Fiykultura-Sportivne Obshestvo Profsoyzhov, VDFSO Profsoyzhov
1256:
In
February 1987 all remaining VSS were abolished by the VTsSPS. On the basis of eight Trade Unions' VSS, one All-Union Volunteer Fitness and Sports Society of Trade Unions (
258:
233:
Already in the first half of 19th century sports schools, clubs, societies (sailing and rowing, fencing, swimming, ice skating, cycling, and others) appeared in
17:
1264:) was created to serve as a unified organization encompassing athletes countrywide. Trud and Urozhai societies remained independent of the new organization.
1737:
1401:
Reporting under the
Council were federations of various sports disciplines, Coach Councils, and Judging Boards which functioned to assist its duties.
257:. Prominent roles in the development of the Russian sport were played by the "Petersburg's Circle of Sports Enthusiasts" (established in 1889), the "
443:- Sports Club of the Army). Like Dynamo, SKA also carried a special status, as they represented the athletes in their military service duty in the
2018:
1570:
220:
1730:
1440:
The most represented VSS at the
Olympics usually were Spartak, Burevestnik, Trud, Zenit, Avangard. For example, from 409 competitors for the
272:(1883, Moscow), the "Petersburg Society of Skating Enthusiasts" (1877), the "Circle of Athletic Enthusiasts" (1885, Petersburg), and others.
2013:
283:
and abroad. In the beginning of the 20th century All-Russian unions on sports emerged and organized the first championships. In 1913 the
269:
403:
in 1943. The formation of the kernel of the system was complete in the 1950s, when village VSS were established in all 16 of the then
53:
1604:"The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch"
1486:
408:
450:
Beside those, there were also numerous other sport societies that preceded the above mentioned or were less represented such as
1636:
139:
1515:
100:) were the main structural parts of the universal sports and physical education (fitness) system, that existed in the
1603:
382:
75:
1428:
Each VSS had its own flag, emblem, sports uniform and pin. Societies, which were awarded orders (e.g. VSS Spartak -
420:
under Trade Unions), united into 36 VSS (29 of them were of Trade Unions) as of 1971. There were six All-Union VSS (
162:
1464:
341:
193:
42:
1679:
1467:
was prompted to drop outdated amateur rules and open the
Olympics to all athletes, regardless of their status.
1767:
1701:
404:
131:
1457:
189:), with industries being state-funded. Twenty five million athletes were members of such societies in 1970.
1812:
492:
1817:
531:
1557:
356:
of late 1917 state oversight of the workers' physical training was assigned to the Main
Department of
1892:
1717:
1664:
248:
1580:
113:Ведомственное спортивное общество (BCO) CCCP, Vedomstvennoye Sportivnoye Obshchestvo SSSR (VSO SSSR)
1822:
544:
396:
1832:
1476:
505:
119:
1896:
1837:
1344:
518:
321:, the Russian Gymnastics Society was officially renamed as RGO Sokol and joined the Pan-Slavic
98:Добровольные спортивные общества (ДСО) СССР, Dobrobolvolnye Sportivye Obshestva SSSR (DSO SSSR)
46:
1448:
58 were from Spartak, 48 from Burevestnik, 28 from Trud, 13 from Zenit and 11 from Avangard.
166:
1543:
1445:
212:
57:
8:
1418:
1368:
444:
174:
1359:
The governing body of Trade Unions' VSS was the All-Union Council of Trade Unions' VSS (
1779:
1722:
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432:
353:
873:
436:
170:
1669:(in Russian) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1972. vol. 8, p. 372.
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93:
1907:
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to control functioning of Children and Youth Sport Schools and other institutions
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1935:
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to support the participation of VSS in All-Union and international competitions
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326:
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2007:
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Fitness culture and sport (USSR) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)
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1414:
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1063:
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777:
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276:
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1991:
1977:
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280:
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to maintain relations with foreign workers' and students' sports unions
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1914:
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VSS were financed mostly by trade unions and state (e.g. 355 million
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819:
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391:Всесоюзный комитет по делам физической культуры и спорта при СНК СССР
358:
340:
in Paris in 1894, decided to revive the Olympics and established the
1394:
to award the best physical culture collectives the title Sport Club
143:
1365:Всесоюзный совет ДСО профсоюзов, Vsesoyuznyi Sovet DSO Profsoyzhov
325:(Sokolskoe dvizhennie). By 1910 it accounted for 60 cities in the
138:
A special sports society was "Spartak" that was controlled by the
1530:(in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1983. p. 17.
336:
figured among the 12 countries, representatives of which, at the
275:
In 1896 the founder of a scientific system of fitness education,
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1796:
1236:
467:
298:
where some 600 people - including females - participated. The
238:
150:
125:
1637:"PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY"
1544:
Interview of the chairman of the Ukrainian Voluntary Society
216:
The 25th Anniversary of the Russian Gymnastics Society, 1908
1441:
571:
310:
295:
242:
165:
and often were closely associated with a certain ministry (
124:
Voluntary society in support of Army, Aviation, and Fleet (
101:
1609:. Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from
109:
Departmental Sports Societies (DSS) of the USSR (DSS-USSR)
317:
In 1907 on decree of the Imperial Russian Prime Minister
1752:
1382:
of Trade Unions, to arrange sports and fitness holidays
362:(Universal Military Training) in 1918, following this
1273:
Torpedo (automobile and truck manufacture industries)
1408:
1458:
Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism
1354:
1432:) had their images on the flag and other symbols.
134:sports societies (CSKA, SKA, VO, DKA, DO, others).
426:Всесоюзное добровольное спортивное общество, ВДСО
2005:
1568:
1319:Sudostroitel (Ship manufacture and construction)
1331:Tekstilschik (Textiles and clothing production)
1316:Chernomorets (Merchant marine and port workers)
1310:Krilya Sovietov (Aircraft production factories)
192:One of the most important features of VSS were
1230:
253:sports organizations across the cities of the
1738:
1673:
224:The First Russian Gymnastics Society "Sokol"
90:Voluntary Sports Societies (VSS) of the USSR
458:(Sea transportation) combined into Vodnik,
329:that had their Sokol gymnastics societies.
1745:
1731:
1337:Monolit (Painters and paint manufacturers)
1322:Pishchevik (Food distribution and tobacco)
466:, and others. There even was a society of
56:. Please do not remove this message until
1528:Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1391:to lead construction of sports facilities
149:The VSS united sporting people, offering
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1558:History of the Ukrainian Spartak Society
1516:Lesgaft at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1487:Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
572:Republican VSS of industrial enterprises
219:
211:
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1267:
890:
202:Детско-юношеские спортивные школы, ДЮСШ
14:
2006:
1435:
1350:Iskusstvo (visual and performing arts)
1289:Energia (energy and power industries)
1276:Traktor (Tractor manufacture industry)
18:Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR
2019:Multi-sport clubs in the Soviet Union
1726:
1678:(in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow:
1754:Sports Societies of the Soviet Union
1634:
1374:The Council's main activities were:
338:first international Olympic Congress
26:
2014:Sport societies in the Soviet Union
1601:
1425:, 270,000 grounds for sport games.
140:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
1378:to hold competitions between VSS,
364:Supreme Council of Fitness Culture
25:
2030:
1687:
1569:Benjamin, Daniel (27 July 1992).
1409:Financing, facilities and symbols
309:followed the next year (1914) in
1355:Governing body and its functions
1334:Krasnoe Znamya (Cotton industry)
473:
379:Высший совет физической культуры
300:Second Russian Sporting Olympiad
194:Children and Youth Sport Schools
31:
1694:Sport flags of the Soviet Union
1367:), established and governed by
1325:Stalinets (Electrical machines)
462:(Mining industry) changed into
347:
342:International Olympic Committee
285:First Russian Sporting Olympiad
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1304:Krasnaya Zvezda (Armed Forces)
1292:Stroitel (building industries)
1279:Strela (Subway workers of the
383:Council of People's Commissars
13:
1:
1503:
1301:Metallurg (metals industries)
1235:In 1982 the Presidium of the
228:
1906:Сhervony stsyah / Uradzhai (
1571:"Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur"
1298:Khimik (Chemical Industries)
414:
7:
1470:
1231:Reorganization in the 1980s
526:Defense Industry (weapons)
454:(River transportation) and
58:conditions to do so are met
10:
2035:
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1340:Medik (Medical profession)
1307:Shakhter (Mining industry)
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1666:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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1295:Start (transport drivers)
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1246:ФиС - физкультура и спорт
1245:
425:
390:
378:
249:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
201:
97:
1313:Samolet (civil aviation)
1286:Neftyanik (Oil industry)
513:Waterways communication
104:between 1935 and 1991.
1969:Tajikistan / Khosilot (
1702:Sport Flags of the USSR
1676:All about Olympic Games
1345:State-owned enterprises
565:Professional Education
539:Railways communication
142:through its youth wing
115:) were only very few:
1983:Zakhmet / Kolkhozchi (
1948:Moldova / Kolkhoznik (
1927:Gantiadi / Kolmeurne (
1710:History of VSS Spartak
1421:halls, 950 artificial
225:
217:
1913:Mekhnat / Pakhtakor (
1674:Boris Khavin (1979).
899:Name/Translit/Meaning
580:Name/Translit/Meaning
435:, founded in 1923 by
223:
215:
1976:Ashkhatank / Sevan (
1941:Žalgiris / Nemunas (
1879:Volunteer Republican
1583:on September 2, 2009
1446:1976 Summer Olympics
1268:Other important VSSs
891:Republican rural VSS
1962:Alga / Kolkhozchi (
1934:Neftchi / Mekhsul (
1806:Volunteer All-Union
1436:VSS at the Olympics
1419:artistic gymnastics
1253:societies in 1982.
445:Soviet Armed Forces
45:of this article is
1680:Fizkultura i sport
1656:Coffey, p. 59
742:Battle of Žalgiris
640:(Сhervony stsyah,
433:Dynamo Sports Club
409:Karelo-Finnish SSR
354:October Revolution
226:
218:
2001:
2000:
1955:Daugava / Vārpa (
1228:
1227:
888:
887:
569:
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500:Higher Education
437:Felix Dzerzhinsky
167:aircraft industry
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
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1920:Enbek / Kairat (
1885:Trud / Urozhai (
1828:Trudovye Rezervy
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1579:. Archived from
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1463:sports, and the
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967:Byelorussian SSR
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401:Trudovye Rezervy
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268:" also known as
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1635:IIHF (2008).
1631:
1616:on 5 May 2013
1612:
1605:
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1223:
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1218:
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1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:(Kolkhozchi,
1189:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
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1126:(Kolkhozchu,
1125:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:Moldavian SSR
1092:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:Nemunas River
1060:
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981:Cotton farmer
978:
975:
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965:
962:
958:
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950:
948:
947:Ukrainian SSR
945:
942:
938:
935:
930:
928:
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922:
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835:
832:(Ashkhatank,
831:
828:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
807:
805:
802:
799:
795:
792:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:Daugava River
775:
772:
767:
765:
764:Moldavian SSR
762:
759:
756:
751:
749:
746:
743:
739:
736:
731:
729:
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723:
719:
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709:
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671:
669:
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663:
659:
656:
651:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:
631:
629:
628:Ukrainian SSR
626:
623:
622:Advance Guard
619:
616:
611:
609:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
587:
582:
577:
564:
561:
559:
556:
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522:
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516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
474:All-Union VSS
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
423:
412:
411:until 1956).
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
385:of the USSR (
384:
376:
370:
365:
361:
360:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
306:
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297:
291:
286:
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277:Pyotr Lesgaft
273:
271:
265:
260:
256:
251:
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244:
240:
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222:
214:
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188:
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133:
130:
127:
123:
121:
118:
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116:
114:
110:
105:
103:
95:
91:
80:
77:
69:
66:December 2017
59:
55:
49:
48:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1768:Armed Forces
1753:
1715:(in Russian)
1707:(in Russian)
1699:(in Russian)
1675:
1665:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1630:
1620:13 September
1618:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1574:
1564:
1550:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1511:
1461:
1439:
1427:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1373:
1371:since 1957.
1358:
1281:Moscow Metro
1255:
1234:
1220:Estonian SSR
1213:
1209:
1191:
1187:
1178:Armenian SSR
1169:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1127:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1084:
1080:
1062:
1058:
1042:
1038:
1029:Georgian SSR
1020:
1019:(Kolmeurne,
1016:
1000:
996:
980:
979:(Pakhtakor,
976:
960:
956:
940:
936:
927:Russian SFSR
920:
916:
909:
904:
898:
880:Estonian SSR
869:
853:
849:
840:Armenian SSR
833:
829:
816:(Tajikistan)
813:
797:
793:
773:
757:
737:
721:
717:
708:Georgian SSR
701:
697:
681:
677:
661:
657:
641:
638:Чырвоны сцяг
637:
621:
617:
608:Russian SFSR
601:
597:
590:
585:
579:
463:
460:Stakhanovets
459:
455:
451:
449:
440:
430:
418:
395:
357:
351:
348:Soviet sport
331:
316:
281:Soviet Union
274:
247:
232:
191:
171:food workers
163:trade Unions
148:
137:
132:Armed Forces
112:
108:
106:
89:
87:
72:
63:
41:
1813:Burevestnik
1498:Sports club
1452:Controversy
1380:Spartakiads
1328:Zapolyarnik
1248:; English:
1200:Turkmen SSR
1148:(Khosilot,
1114:Latvian SSR
1081:Колхозникул
959:(Uradzhai,
860:Turkmen SSR
784:Latvian SSR
776:(after the
740:(after the
700:(Gantiadi,
620:(Avanhard,
493:Burevestnik
484:Foundation
397:VSS Spartak
367: [
303: [
288: [
262: [
2008:Categories
1865:Pishchevik
1643:2017-08-25
1639:. IIHF.com
1504:References
1193:Kolkhoznik
1171:Lake Sevan
1136:Kyrgyz SSR
1129:Kolkhoznik
1087:Kolkhoznik
1041:(Mekhsul,
1022:Kolkhoznik
1007:Kazakh SSR
919:(Urozhai,
910:Foundation
852:(Zakhmet,
814:Тоҷикистон
804:Kyrgyz SSR
688:Kazakh SSR
660:(Mekhnat,
642:Red Banner
591:Foundation
352:After the
229:Background
111:(Russian:
43:neutrality
1868:Shakhtyor
1862:Neftyanik
1859:Metallurg
1818:Lokomotiv
1493:Vsevobuch
1156:Tajik SSR
1108:Grain ear
1017:კოლმეურნე
999:(Kairat,
987:Uzbek SSR
941:Grain ear
820:Tajik SSR
760:(Moldova)
722:Petrolman
720:(Neftçi,
668:Uzbek SSR
532:Lokomotiv
487:Industry
415:Structure
359:Vsevobuch
270:RGO Sokol
54:talk page
1893:Avanhard
1587:18 March
1471:See also
1343:Rekord (
1214:Strength
1188:Колхозчы
1168:(Sevan,
1124:Колхозчу
1001:Strength
977:Пахтакор
939:(Kolos,
905:Republic
830:Աշխատանք
738:Žalgiris
698:განთიადი
680:(Enbek,
618:Авангард
586:Republic
464:Shakhter
373:(VSFK) (
183:Red Army
144:Komsomol
47:disputed
1871:Torpedo
1853:Energia
1823:Spartak
1790:Ukraine
1444:at the
1415:roubles
1361:Russian
1258:Russian
1250:fitness
1242:Russian
1150:Harvest
1146:Хосилот
1059:Nemunas
1043:Harvest
961:Harvest
957:Ураджай
921:Harvest
872:(after
798:Forward
796:(Alga,
774:Daugava
758:Молдова
600:(Trud,
552:Others
545:Spartak
422:Russian
387:Russian
375:Russian
208:History
198:Russian
159:boating
94:Russian
1985:TurSSR
1978:ArmSSR
1971:TajSSR
1964:KyrSSR
1957:LatSSR
1943:LitSSR
1936:AzeSSR
1922:KazSSR
1915:UzbSSR
1901:UkrSSR
1856:Khimik
1833:Vodnik
1797:DOSAAF
1785:Moscow
1780:Dynamo
1773:Moscow
1477:Dynamo
1369:VTsSPS
1237:VTsSPS
1039:Мәһсул
997:Қайрат
917:Урожай
854:Labour
850:Захмет
834:Labour
718:Нефтчи
682:Labour
662:Labour
658:Мехнат
602:Labour
506:Vodnik
468:DOSAAF
456:Moryak
452:Vympel
239:Moscow
151:hiking
126:DOSAAF
120:Dinamo
1897:Kolos
1887:RSFSR
1838:Zenit
1614:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1489:(GTO)
1224:1946
1204:1956
1182:1956
1166:Սևանա
1160:1956
1140:1958
1118:1956
1104:Vārpa
1098:1956
1075:1956
1053:1956
1033:1956
1011:1956
991:1956
971:1956
951:1956
937:Колос
931:1956
884:1944
874:Kalev
870:Kalev
864:1958
844:1958
824:1958
808:1958
788:1944
768:1958
752:1944
732:1958
712:1958
692:1958
678:Енбек
672:1958
652:1958
632:1958
612:1957
562:1943
549:1935
536:1936
523:1936
519:Zenit
510:1938
497:1957
481:Name
371:]
307:]
292:]
266:]
1992:ESSR
1950:MSSR
1929:GSSR
1908:BSSR
1622:2008
1589:2009
1576:Time
1482:CSKA
1442:USSR
1210:Jõud
1085:The
794:Алга
702:Dawn
598:Труд
431:The
332:The
311:Riga
296:Kiev
243:Kiev
107:The
102:USSR
88:The
40:The
1465:IOC
441:SKA
393:).
179:KGB
2010::
1895:/
1573:.
1363::
1260::
1244::
447:.
424::
389::
377::
369:ru
305:ru
290:ru
264:ru
241:,
237:,
200::
185:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
169:,
157:,
153:,
96::
1994:)
1987:)
1980:)
1973:)
1966:)
1959:)
1952:)
1945:)
1938:)
1931:)
1924:)
1917:)
1910:)
1903:)
1899:(
1889:)
1746:e
1739:t
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1682:.
1646:.
1624:.
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1240:(
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1003:)
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836:)
800:)
780:)
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724:)
704:)
684:)
664:)
644:)
624:)
604:)
196:(
128:)
92:(
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
50:.
20:)
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