1309:
1692:
365:
1084:, if visual spaces in the manuscript are assumed to indicate word breaks, there are consistent patterns that suggest a three-part word structure of prefix, root or midfix, and suffix. Certain characters and character combinations are more likely to appear in particular fields. There are minor variations between Voynich A and Voynich B. The predictability of certain letters in a relatively small number of combinations in certain parts of words appears to explain the low entropy (h2) of Voynichese. In the absence of obvious punctuation, some variants of the same word appear to be specific to typographical positions, such as the beginning of a paragraph, line, or sentence.
1646:
1100:
778:
1112:
2698:, made headlines for his theory that the manuscript was written in a "calligraphic proto-Romance" language. He claimed to have deciphered the manuscript in two weeks using a combination of "lateral thinking and ingenuity." Cheshire has suggested that the manuscript is "a compendium of information on herbal remedies, therapeutic bathing, and astrological readings"; that it contains numerous descriptions of medicinal plants and passages that focus on female physical and mental health, reproduction, and parenting; and that the manuscript is the only known text written in
898:
1057:
entropy. Natural languages tend to have an h2 between 3 and 4, but
Voynichese has much more predictable character sequences, and an h2 around 2. However, at higher levels of organisation, the Voynich manuscript displays properties similar to those of natural languages. Based on this, Bowern dismisses theories that the manuscript is gibberish. It is likely to be an encoded natural language or a constructed language. Bowern also concludes that the statistical properties of the Voynich manuscript are not consistent with the use of a
2006:
886:
2312:
2300:
1846:
766:
1900:
874:
1236:
49:
1091:, supporting the idea that the text has linguistic meaning. This has implications for the encoding methods most likely to have been used, since some forms of encoding interfere with the Zipfian distribution. Measures of the proportional frequency of the ten most common words is similar to those of the Semitic, Iranian, and Germanic languages. Another measure of morphological complexity, the Moving-Average Type–Token Ratio (MATTR) index, is similar to Iranian, Germanic, and Romance languages.
1505:. The new Italian government decided to confiscate many properties of the Church, including the library of the Collegio. Many books of the university's library were hastily transferred to the personal libraries of its faculty just before this happened, according to investigations by Xavier Ceccaldi and others, and those books were exempt from confiscation. Kircher's correspondence was among those books, and so, apparently, was the Voynich manuscript, as it still bears the
1877:, the friend of Marci who was the reputed source of the Bacon story, was himself a cryptographer and apparently invented a cipher which he claimed was uncrackable (c. 1618). This has led to the speculation that Mnishovsky might have produced the Voynich manuscript as a practical demonstration of his cipher and made Baresch his unwitting test subject. Indeed, the disclaimer in the Voynich manuscript cover letter could mean that Marci suspected some kind of deception.
1479:
866:: Four lines written in rather distorted Latin script, referred to as "Michitonese", except for two words in the unknown script. The words in Latin script appear to be distorted with characteristics of the unknown language. The lettering resembles European alphabets of the late 14th and 15th centuries, but the words do not seem to make sense in any language. Whether these bits of Latin script were part of the original text or were added later is not known.
1294:
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1798:
1721:
1124:
8981:
793:. The bulk of the text in the 240-page manuscript is written in an unknown script, running left to right. Most of the characters are composed of one or two simple pen strokes. There exists some dispute as to whether certain characters are distinct, but a script of 20–25 characters would account for virtually all of the text; the exceptions are a few dozen rarer characters that occur only once or twice each. There is no obvious
354:
1924:
930:
556:(righthand) page has been numbered from 1 to 116, using a style of numerals that originated at a later date. From the various numbering gaps in the quires and pages, it seems likely that in the past, the manuscript had at least 272 pages in 20 quires, some of which were already missing when Wilfrid Voynich acquired the manuscript in 1912. There is strong evidence that many of the book's
470:, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912. The manuscript consists of around 240 pages, but there is evidence that pages are missing. The text is written from left to right, and some pages are foldable sheets of varying sizes. Most of the pages have fantastical illustrations and diagrams, some crudely coloured, with sections of the manuscript showing people, fictitious plants,
2291:); as a consequence, a text in a particular subject would have many words with similar prefixes—for example, all plant names would begin with similar letters, and likewise for all diseases, etc. This feature could then explain the repetitive nature of the Voynich text. However, no one has been able yet to assign a plausible meaning to any prefix or suffix in the Voynich manuscript.
1583:. Periods of unknown ownership are indicated in white. The commonly accepted owners of the 17th century are shown in orange; the long period of storage in the Collegio Romano is yellow. The location where Wilfrid Voynich allegedly acquired the manuscript (Frascati) is shown in green (late 1800s); Voynich's ownership is shown in red, and modern owners are highlighted blue.
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manuscript, not that the
Voynich manuscript is the same one mentioned. These letters could possibly have been the motivation for Voynich to fabricate the manuscript, assuming that he was aware of them. However, many consider the expert internal dating of the manuscript and the June 1999 discovery of Baresch's letter to Kircher as having eliminated this possibility.
1834:. Rudolf II had ennobled him in 1607, had appointed him his Imperial Distiller, and had made him curator of his botanical gardens as well as one of his personal physicians. Voynich (and many other people after him) concluded that Jacobus owned the Voynich manuscript prior to Baresch, and he drew a link from that to Rudolf's court, in confirmation of Mnishovsky's story.
2731:
medieval
Romance-language dictionaries until he finds a word that seems to suit his theory. Then he argues that because he has found a Romance-language word that fits his hypothesis, his hypothesis must be right. His "translations" from what is essentially gibberish, an amalgam of multiple languages, are themselves aspirational rather than being actual translations.
2343:, was invented around 1550 as an encryption tool, more than 100 years after the estimated creation date of the Voynich manuscript. Some maintain that the similarity between the pseudo-texts generated in Gordon Rugg's experiments and the Voynich manuscript is superficial, and the grille method could be used to emulate any language to a certain degree.
2188:, in association with relevant illustrations, in the context of other languages of the same time period. A paper he posted online offers tentative translation of 14 characters and 10 words. He suggested the text is a treatise on nature written in a natural language, rather than a code, but no further work has been done since Bax's death in 2017.
1270:. The herbal pictures that match pharmacological sketches appear to be clean copies of them, except that missing parts were completed with improbable details. In fact, many of the plant drawings in the herbal section seem to be composite: the roots of one species have been fastened to the leaves of another, with flowers from a third.
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his which I send you herewith, and he relinquished hope only with his life. But his toil was in vain, for such
Sphinxes as these obey no one but their master, Kircher. Accept now this token, such as it is and long overdue though it be, of my affection for you, and burst through its bars, if there are any, with your wonted success.
5791:... an overwhelmingly high percentage of Chinese segmental morphemes (bound or free) consist of a single syllable; no more than perhaps five percent are longer than one syllable, and only a small handful are shorter. In this sense — in the sense of the favored canonical shape of morphemes — Chinese is indeed monosyllabic.
1177:, etc.). Each of these has 30 female figures arranged in two or more concentric bands. Most of the females are at least partly nude, and each holds what appears to be a labelled star or is shown with the star attached to either arm by what could be a tether or cord of some kind. The last two pages of this section were lost (
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forgery. Churchill acknowledges the possibility that the manuscript is either a synthetic forgotten language (as advanced by
Friedman), or else a forgery, as the preeminent theory. However, he concludes that, if the manuscript is a genuine creation, mental illness or delusion seems to have affected the author.
581:). The quality of the parchment is average and has deficiencies, such as holes and tears, common in parchment codices, but was also prepared with so much care that the skin side is largely indistinguishable from the flesh side. The parchment is prepared from "at least fourteen or fifteen entire calfskins".
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The theory is controversial, and it is virtually impossible to prove or disprove it, short of deciphering the text. Kennedy and
Churchill are themselves not convinced of the hypothesis, but consider it plausible. In the culminating chapter of their work, Kennedy states his belief that it is a hoax or
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demonstrating that the grille method could reproduce many larger-scale features of the text. In 2019, Torsten Timm and
Andreas Schinner published a paper arguing that the text was produced by a process of "self-citation" in which scribes copied and modified meaningless words from earlier in the text.
1410:
The former owner of this book asked your opinion by letter, copying and sending you a portion of the book from which he believed you would be able to read the remainder, but he at that time refused to send the book itself. To its deciphering he devoted unflagging toil, as is apparent from attempts of
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A dense, continuous text interspersed with drawings, mostly showing small nude women, some wearing crowns, bathing in pools or tubs connected by an elaborate network of pipes. The bifolio consists of folios 78 (verso) and 81 (recto); it forms an integrated design, with water flowing from one folio to
550:. The total number of pages is around 240, but the exact number depends on how the manuscript's unusual foldouts are counted. The quires have been numbered from 1 to 20 in various locations, using a style of numerals consistent with those used in the 15th century, and the top righthand corner of each
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exist in the text of the manuscript, such as content-bearing words occurring in a clustered pattern, or new words being used when there was a shift in topic. With this evidence, he believes it unlikely that these features were intentionally "incorporated" into the text to make a hoax more realistic,
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says that the radiocarbon dating of the parchment (or, more accurately, vellum) "effectively rules out any possibility that the manuscript is a post-medieval forgery", as the consistency of the pages indicates origin from a single source, and "it is inconceivable" that a quantity of unused parchment
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The use of the framework was exemplified with the analysis of the
Voynich manuscript, with the final conclusion that it differs from a random sequence of words, being compatible with natural languages. Even though our approach is not aimed at deciphering Voynich, it was capable of providing keywords
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Practically no words have fewer than two letters or more than ten. Some words occur in only certain sections, or in only a few pages; others occur throughout the manuscript. Few repetitions occur among the thousand or so labels attached to the illustrations. There are instances where the same common
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The
University of Bristol subsequently removed a reference to Cheshire's claims from its website, referring, in a statement, to concerns about the validity of the research and stating: "This research was entirely the author's own work and is not affiliated with the University of Bristol, the School
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As with most would-be
Voynich interpreters, the logic of this proposal is circular and aspirational: he starts with a theory about what a particular series of glyphs might mean, usually because of the word's proximity to an image that he believes he can interpret. He then investigates any number of
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If Bacon did not create the Voynich manuscript, a supposed connection to Dee is much weakened. It was thought possible, prior to the carbon dating of the manuscript, that Dee or Kelley might have written it and spread the rumour that it was originally a work of Bacon's in the hopes of later selling
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As noted in Bowern's review, multiple scribes or "hands" may have written the manuscript, possibly using two methods of encoding at least one natural language. The "language" Voynich A appears in the herbal and pharmaceutical parts of the manuscript. The "language" known as Voynich B appears in the
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video that the Voynich script is a kind of Old Turkic written in a "poetic" style. The text would then be written using "phonemic orthography", meaning the author spelled out words as they heard them. Ardıç claimed to have deciphered and translated over 30% of the manuscript. His submission to the
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researchers Daniel Gaskell and Claire Bowern published the results of an experiment in which human participants intentionally tried to write meaningless text. They found that the resulting text was often highly non-random and exhibited many of the same unusual statistical properties as the Voynich
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in Westmont, Illinois, found that the paints in the manuscript were of materials to be expected from that period of European history. There have been erroneous reports that McCrone Associates indicated that much of the ink was added not long after the creation of the parchment, but their official
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in 2009. The results were consistent for all samples tested and indicated a date for the parchment between 1404 and 1438. Protein testing in 2014 revealed that the parchment was made from calfskin, and multispectral analysis showed that it had not been written on before the manuscript was created
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can be traced as far back as the ninth century, it is nowhere near as compact or complex as the shapes Newbold made out. Close study of the manuscript revealed the markings to be artefacts caused by the way ink cracks as it dries on rough vellum. Perceiving significance in these artefacts can be
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pointed out serious flaws in his theory. For example, each shorthand character was assumed to have multiple interpretations, and as a result there was no reliable way to determine which was intended for any given case. Newbold's method also required rearranging letters at will until intelligible
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Because the text cannot be read, the manuscript is conventionally divided into sections based on its illustrations. Most of the manuscript forms six different sections, each typified by illustrations with different styles and supposed subject matter except for the last section, in which the only
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Many books and articles have been written about the manuscript. Copies of the manuscript pages were made by alchemist Georgius Barschius (the Latinized form of the name of Georg Baresch; cf. the second paragraph under "History" above) in 1637 and sent to Athanasius Kircher, and later by Wilfrid
2618:
In 2014, applied linguistics Professor Stephen Bax self-published a paper proposing a "provisional, partial decoding" of the Voynich Manuscript, proposing a translation for ten proper nouns and fourteen letters from the manuscript using techniques similar to those used to successfully translate
2405:
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1576. These dates contradict the earlier radiocarbon date of the vellum and other elements of the manuscript. However, they argued that the vellum could have been stored and used at a later date. The analysis has been criticised by other Voynich manuscript researchers, who argued that a skilled
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have applied statistical methods to the Voynich manuscript, comparing it to other languages and encodings of languages, and have found both similarities and differences in statistical properties. Character sequences in languages are measured using a metric called h2, or second-order conditional
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However, the presence of many tightly grouped shapes in the Voynich manuscript (such as "or", "ar", "ol", "al", "an", "ain", "aiin", "air", "aiir", "am", "ee", "eee", among others) does suggest that its cipher system may make use of a "verbose cipher", where single letters in a plaintext get
1022:
published a study using statistical methods to analyse the relationships of the words in the text. Instead of trying to find the meaning, Amancio's team looked for connections and clusters of words. By measuring the frequency and intermittence of words, Amancio claimed to identify the text's
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Some suspect Voynich of having fabricated the manuscript himself. As an antique book dealer, he probably had the necessary knowledge and means, and a lost book by Roger Bacon would have been worth a fortune. Furthermore, Baresch's letter and Marci's letter only establish the existence of a
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Despite initial excitement in the community surrounding Gibbs' theory, scholars judged Gibbs' hypothesis to be unoriginal. His work was criticised as patching together already-existing scholarship with a highly speculative and incorrect translation; Lisa Fagin Davis, director of the
2177:, proposed that the manuscript was written in a "hitherto unknown North Germanic dialect". He identified in the manuscript a "skeletal syntax several elements of which are reminiscent of certain Germanic languages", while the content is expressed using "a great deal of obscurity".
913:
Various transcription alphabets have been created to equate Voynich characters with Latin characters to help with cryptanalysis, such as the Extensible (originally: European) Voynich Alphabet (EVA). The first major one was created by the "First Study Group", led by cryptographer
2057:
In 1943, Joseph Martin Feely claimed that the manuscript was a scientific diary written in shorthand. According to D'Imperio, this was "Latin, but in a system of abbreviated forms not considered acceptable by other scholars, who unanimously rejected his readings of the text".
1871:. Müller sent some unintelligible text to Kircher with a note explaining that it had come from Egypt, and asking him for a translation. Kircher reportedly solved it. It has been speculated that these were both cryptographic tricks played on Kircher to make him look foolish.
1744:
977:– things that occur commonly at the beginning or end of words, such as 's' or 'd' in our language, and that are used to express grammar, never appear in the middle of 'words' in the Voynich manuscript. That's unheard of for any Indo-European, Hungarian, or Finnish language.
2566:, a cancer research scientist and amateur cryptographer, believed that the solution to the Voynich manuscript was a "peculiar double system of arithmetical progressions of a multiple alphabet". Strong published a translation of two pages in 1947, and claimed that the
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Stephan Vonfelt studied statistical properties of the distribution of letters and their correlations (properties which can be vaguely characterised as rhythmic resonance, alliteration, or assonance) and found that under that respect Voynichese is more similar to the
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showed that text with characteristics similar to the Voynich manuscript could have been produced using a table of word prefixes, stems, and suffixes, which would have been selected and combined by means of a perforated paper overlay. The latter device, known as a
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1470:
While Wilfrid Voynich took Raphael's claims at face value, the Bacon authorship theory has been largely discredited. However, a piece of evidence supporting Rudolf's ownership is the now almost invisible name or signature, on the first page of the book, of
1027:
and produced three-dimensional models of the text's structure and word frequencies. The team concluded that, in 90% of cases, the Voynich systems are similar to those of other known books, indicating that the text is in an actual language, not random
800:
Much of the text is written in a single column in the body of a page, with a slightly ragged right margin and paragraph divisions and sometimes with stars in the left margin. Other text occurs in charts or as labels associated with illustrations. The
2066:
This theory holds that the text of the Voynich manuscript is mostly meaningless, but contains meaningful information hidden in inconspicuous details—e.g., the second letter of every word, or the number of letters in each line. This technique, called
958:), some characters never follow others, or some may be doubled or tripled, but others may not. The distribution of letters within words is also rather peculiar: Some characters occur only at the beginning of a word, some only at the end (like Greek
2106:(2013) argued that the Voynich manuscript "is mostly compatible with natural languages and incompatible with random texts". Building on this theory, deep learning analysis conducted in 2023 determined that the alphabet was strikingly similar to
2268:
a little later. It was clear that the productions of these two men were much too systematic, and anything of the kind would have been almost instantly recognisable. My analysis seemed to me to reveal a cumbersome mixture of different kinds of
2079:(an overlay with cut-outs for the meaningful text) of some sort, this seems somewhat unlikely because the words and letters are not arranged on anything like a regular grid. Still, steganographic claims are hard to prove or disprove, because
2590:, a professor of classical and medieval philosophy at Yale University, claimed that the manuscript was a forgery intended to fool Emperor Rudolf II into purchasing it, and that the text is Latin enciphered with a complex, two-step method.
2660:
in an attempt to decode the manuscript. Their findings were presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2017, in the form of an article suggesting that the language of the manuscript is most likely
856:: The astrological series of diagrams in the astronomical section has the names of ten of the months (from March to December) written in Latin script, with spelling suggestive of the medieval languages of France, northwest Italy, or the
1202:
More circular diagrams, but they are of an obscure nature. This section also has foldouts; one of them spans six pages, commonly called the Rosettes folio, and contains a map or diagram with nine "islands" or "rosettes" connected by
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with an invented alphabet. He suggested Chinese in jest, but later comparison of word length statistics with Vietnamese and Chinese made him view that hypothesis seriously. In many language families of East and Central Asia, mainly
2439:, either because of voices heard or because of an urge. This often takes place in an invented language in glossolalia, usually made up of fragments of the author's own language, although invented scripts for this purpose are rare.
595:. Insect holes are present on the first and last folios of the manuscript in the current order and suggest that a wooden cover was present before the later covers. Discolouring on the edges points to a tanned leather inside cover.
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acquired 30 of these manuscripts, among them the one which now bears his name. He spent the next seven years attempting to interest scholars in deciphering the script, while he worked to determine the origins of the manuscript.
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1829:
Sometime before 1921, Voynich was able to read a name faintly written at the foot of the manuscript's first page: "Jacobj à Tepenecz". This is taken to be a reference to Jakub Hořčický of Tepenec, also known by his Latin name
1262:, but attempts have failed to identify the plants, either with actual specimens or with the stylised drawings of contemporaneous herbals. Only a few of the plant drawings can be identified with reasonable certainty, such as a
5957:
1985:
According to the "letter-based cipher" theory, the Voynich manuscript contains a meaningful text in some European language that was intentionally rendered obscure by mapping it to the Voynich manuscript "alphabet" through a
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lived in Bohemia for several years, where they had hoped to sell their services to the emperor. However, this sale seems quite unlikely, according to John Schuster, because Dee's meticulously kept diaries do not mention it.
5501:
1475:, the head of Rudolf's botanical gardens in Prague. Rudolf died still owing money to de Tepenecz, and it is possible that de Tepenecz may have been given the book (or simply taken it) in partial payment of that debt.
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1383:
Whether Kircher answered the request or not is not known, but he was apparently interested enough to try to acquire the book, which Baresch refused to yield. Upon Baresch's death, the manuscript passed to his friend
1841:
light. It does not match the copy of his signature in a document located by Jan Hurych in 2003. As a result, it has been suggested that the signature was added later, possibly even fraudulently by Voynich himself.
2226:
forger could construct plants that coincidentally have a passing resemblance to theretofore undiscovered existing plants. Nahuatl specialist M.P. Hansen has rejected their proposed readings as pure nonsense.
999:
than to the text of works from European languages, although the numerical differences between Voynichese and Mandarin Chinese pinyin look larger than those between Mandarin Chinese pinyin and European languages.
2497:, forming a second level of script that held the real content of the writing. Newbold claimed to have used this knowledge to work out entire paragraphs proving the authorship of Bacon and recording his use of a
1684:) of actual gold weight. (Mnishovsky had died in 1644, more than 20 years earlier, and the deal must have occurred before Rudolf's abdication in 1611, at least 55 years before Marci's letter. However,
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In September 2017, television writer Nicholas Gibbs claimed to have decoded the manuscript as idiosyncratically abbreviated Latin. He declared the manuscript to be a mostly plagiarised guide to women's health.
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Coloured paint was applied (somewhat crudely) to the ink-outlined figures, possibly at a later date. The blue, white, red-brown, and green paints of the manuscript have been analysed using PLM, XRD, EDS, and
181:
divisions, and often with stars in the left margin; the rest of the manuscript appears in the form of graphics (i.e. diagrams or markings for certain parts related to illustrations), containing some foldable
524:
The manuscript has never been demonstrably deciphered, and none of the proposed hypotheses have been independently verified. The mystery of its meaning and origin has excited speculation and provoked study.
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4566:
1713:. Marci said that he was suspending judgment about this claim, but it was taken quite seriously by Wilfrid Voynich, who did his best to confirm it. Voynich contemplated the possibility that the author was
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analysis. Their conclusion is that clusters derived by computation match with the topics of the illustrations to some degree, thus providing evidence that the Voynich manuscript contains meaningful text.
1406:
This book, bequeathed to me by an intimate friend, I destined for you, my very dear Athanasius, as soon as it came into my possession, for I was convinced that it could be read by no one except yourself.
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The fact that the manuscript has defied decipherment thus far has led various scholars to propose that the text does not contain meaningful content in the first place, implying that it may be a medieval
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In June 2023, Cheshire published his translation of the foldout illustration on page 158. He claims that it depicts a volcano, and theorises that it places the manuscript's creators near the island of
1380:; Baresch twice sent a sample copy of the script to Kircher in Rome, asking for clues. The 1639 letter from Baresch to Kircher is the earliest known mention of the manuscript to have been confirmed.
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The text consists of over 170,000 characters, with spaces dividing the text into about 35,000 groups of varying length, usually referred to as "words" or "word tokens" (37,919); 8,114 of those words
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2505:. A circular drawing in the astronomical section depicts an irregularly shaped object with four curved arms, which Newbold interpreted as a picture of a galaxy, which could be obtained only with a
1809:, slightly resemble Voynich illustrations. Fontana was familiar with cryptography and used it in his books, although he did not use the Voynich script but a simple substitution cipher. In the book
6696:
2037:, but they usually yield ciphertexts where all cipher shapes occur with roughly equal probability, quite unlike the language-like letter distribution which the Voynich manuscript appears to have.
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after 1991. However, the date Stojko gives for the letters, the lack of relation between the text and the images, and the general looseness in the method of decryption have all been criticised.
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Jules Janick and Arthur O. Tucker, based on plant and animal identification, and the kabbalah map of central Mexico (folio 86v), argued that it was composed in Mexico between 1562 and 1572.
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1430:, the Englishman. On this point I suspend judgement; it is your place to define for us what view we should take thereon, to whose favor and kindness I unreservedly commit myself and remain
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Tucker & Talbert (2014) published a paper claiming a positive identification of 37 plants, 6 animals, and one mineral referenced in the manuscript to plant drawings in the
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made high-resolution digital scans publicly available online, and several printed facsimiles appeared. In 2016, the Beinecke Library and Yale University Press co-published a facsimile,
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of the time. Some parts of these drawings are larger and cleaner copies of sketches seen in the "pharmaceutical" section. None of the plants depicted are unambiguously identifiable.
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2551:, in which he claimed that the book was a scientific diary written by Roger Bacon. Feely's method posited that the text was a highly abbreviated medieval Latin written in a simple
1857:
2578:, published in 1550. Notes released after his death reveal that the last stages of his analysis, in which he selected words to combine into phrases, were questionably subjective.
2017:
would be excluded because the distribution of letter frequencies does not resemble that of any known language, while the small number of different letter shapes used implies that
542:, or physical characteristics of the manuscript, has been studied by researchers. The manuscript measures 23.5 by 16.2 by 5 cm (9.3 by 6.4 by 2.0 in), with hundreds of
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section, some parts of the medicinal and herbal sections, and the astrological section. The most common vocabulary items of Voynich A and Voynich B are substantially different.
721:
highlighted that parts of the text and drawings have been modified, using darker ink over a fainter, earlier script. Evidence for this is visible in various folios, for example
2486:. His singular hypothesis held that the visible text is meaningless, but that each apparent "letter" is in fact constructed of a series of tiny markings discernible only under
2352:
supported the hoax hypothesis. Schinner posited that the statistical properties of the manuscript's text were more consistent with meaningless gibberish produced using a quasi-
1567:. Kraus was unable to find a buyer and donated the manuscript to Yale University in 1969, where it was catalogued as "MS 408", sometimes also referred to as "Beinecke MS 408".
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2384:
However, other scholars have argued that such sophisticated patterns could also appear in hoaxed documents. In 2016, Gordon Rugg and Gavin Taylor published another article in
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1255:. However, the puzzling details of the illustrations have fuelled many theories about the book's origin, the contents of its text, and the purpose for which it was intended.
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3035:, about the history of famous ciphers. As part of the lead-up to the 1,000th strip, Knörzer posted the translated English text on 28 June 2018, revealing the crucial
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No records of the book for the next 200 years have been found, but in all likelihood, it was stored with the rest of Kircher's correspondence in the library of the
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Using a computer simulation of this process, they demonstrated that it could reproduce many of the statistical characteristics of the Voynich manuscript. In 2022,
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2283:(1668), but still postdates the generally accepted origin of the Voynich manuscript by two centuries. In most known examples, categories are subdivided by adding
1008:). Words that differ by only one letter also repeat with unusual frequency, causing single-substitution alphabet decipherings to yield babble-like text. In 1962,
7520:
2450:, which can induce a trance-like state prone to glossolalia. Prominent features found in both are abundant "streams of stars", and the repetitive nature of the "
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as most of the required academic knowledge of these structures did not exist at the time the Voynich manuscript would have been written. In 2021, researchers at
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339:
Earliest information about its existence comes from a letter that was found inside the covers of the manuscript—the letter was written in either 1665 or 1666
3682:
2359:
Some scholars have claimed that the manuscript's text appears too sophisticated to be a hoax. In 2013, Marcelo Montemurro, a theoretical physicist from the
7480:
5858:
2623:. He claimed the manuscript to be a treatise on nature, in a Near Eastern or Asian language, but no full translation was made before Bax's death in 2017.
6886:
6686:
4821:
2985:, four illustrated pages inspired by the Voynich manuscript. All four pages show strange illustrations next to a cipher text. The strip was mentioned in
2013:
The counterargument is that almost all cipher systems consistent with that era fail to match what is seen in the Voynich manuscript. For example, simple
615:
were used for the text and figure outlines. The ink of the drawings, text, and page and quire numbers have similar microscopic characteristics. In 2009,
8048:
4712:
1277:, and other medical procedures common during the likeliest dates of the manuscript. However, interpretation remains speculative, apart from the obvious
9358:
7648:
506:
7965:
6600:
6048:
1575:
The timeline of ownership of the Voynich manuscript is given below. The time when it was possibly created is shown in green (early 1400s), based on
7543:
3025:
1046:
7303:
2446:'s works to point out similarities between the Voynich manuscript and the illustrations that she drew when she was suffering from severe bouts of
560:
were reordered at various points in the book's history, and that its pages were originally in a different order than the order they are in today.
2376:
analysis, further investigated the relation between clusters of subjects in the text and topics as they could be identified by illustrations and
7458:
6718:
6470:
4065:
8566:
6928:
5958:"British academic claims to have made a breakthrough in his quest to unlock the 600 year-old secrets of the mysterious Voynich manuscript"
5729:
5322:
3006:
1994:
that operated on individual letters. This was the working hypothesis for most 20th-century deciphering attempts, including an informal team of
9242:
7893:
7163:
5426:
1399:
Marci also sent Kircher a cover letter (in Latin, dated 19 August 1665 or 1666) that was still attached to the book when Voynich acquired it:
1308:
9250:
8260:
7345:
6623:
6204:
6099:
6001:
5935:
5653:
5612:
4736:
237:
Colour ink, a bit crude, was used for painting the figures, probably later than the time of creation of the text and the outlines themselves
6959:
5198:
4212:
2806:
1467:. Widemann was a prolific collector of esoteric and alchemical manuscripts, so his ownership of the manuscript is plausible, but unproven.
965:
Many researchers have commented upon the highly regular structure of the words. Professor Gonzalo Rubio, an expert in ancient languages at
8733:
8065:
7808:
7615:
7572:"Misteriosul manuscris Voynich, unul dintre pilonii romanului "Solenoid" al lui Mircea Cărtărescu, va fi reprodus de o editură din Spania"
3939:
2256:
After reading my report, Mr. Friedman disclosed to me his belief that the basis of the script was a very primitive form of synthetic
2184:
made public his research into using "bottom up" methodology to understand the manuscript. His method involved looking for and translating
824:: A sequence of Latin letters in the right margin parallel with characters from the unknown script, also the now-unreadable signature of "
9353:
3127:
8355:
4950:
4455:
7398:
6771:
6235:
1602:
9021:
8570:
6278:
5561:
5531:
5225:
5146:
4589:
4006:
2755:
479:
40:
7375:
7203:
6656:
2720:, Lisa Fagin Davis, denouncing the paper as "just more aspirational, circular, self-fulfilling nonsense". Approached for comment by
8210:
3813:
2193:
6848:"Has the Voynich Manuscript Finally Been Decoded?: Researchers Claim That the Mysterious Text Was Written in Phonetic Old Turkish"
6559:
6069:
5889:
3973:
3568:
3258:
395:
to the early 15th century (1404–1438). Stylistic analysis has indicated the manuscript may have been composed in Italy during the
8664:
6444:
5388:
1691:
8986:
2522:
was produced. These factors alone ensure the system enough flexibility that nearly anything at all could be discerned from the
1605:
6167:
5256:
1537:
In 1903, the Society of Jesus (Collegio Romano) was short of money and decided to sell some of its holdings discreetly to the
463:) currently lacking the translation(s) and context needed to both properly entertain or eliminate any of these possibilities.
8828:
8809:
8777:
8674:
8543:
8483:
8380:
8349:
8252:
8240:
8174:
8141:
7932:
7709:
7437:
7234:
5591:
5495:
5485:
5465:
5398:
4040:
3842:
3834:
3756:
1603:
1599:
1563:. She died in 1960 and left the manuscript to her close friend Anne Nill. In 1961, Nill sold the book to antique book dealer
1189:
and Taurus are split into four paired diagrams with 15 women and 15 stars each. Some of these diagrams are on fold-out pages.
5176:
4429:
9363:
8700:
5826:
2765:
The Beinecke Library also authorised the production of a print run of 898 replicas by the Spanish publisher Siloé in 2017.
2252:
to analyse a few pages of the text, but Tiltman did not share this conclusion. In a paper in 1967, Brigadier Tiltman said:
2218:
616:
7862:
6847:
3412:
933:
Extensible Voynich Alphabet: Capital EVA letters are sometimes used to illustrate different variations of the same symbol.
9279:
7839:
3215:
2423:
In their 2004 book, Gerry Kennedy and Rob Churchill suggest the possibility that the Voynich manuscript may be a case of
1252:
9055:
8619:
5116:
4848:
4655:
Amâncio, Diego R.; Altmann, Eduardo G.; Rybski, Diego; Oliveira, Osvaldo N. Jr.; da Costa, Luciano F. (July 2013).
3359:
643:
in one of the samples tested. The similarity between the drawing inks and text inks suggested a contemporaneous origin.
8390:
Landini, Gabriel (October 2001). "Evidence of linguistic structure in the Voynich manuscript using spectral analysis".
4981:
3880:
3283:
Landini, Gabriel (October 2001). "Evidence of linguistic structure in the Voynich manuscript using spectral analysis".
1604:
1598:
1597:
17:
8302:
7674:
7512:
5297:
2640:, stated that Gibbs' decipherment "doesn't result in Latin that makes sense." Davis added that she was "surprised the
1862:
9343:
8288:"Book Transactions of Emperor Rudolf II, 1576–1612: New Findings on the Earliest Ownership of the Voynich Manuscript"
6407:
5283:"Book Transactions of Emperor Rudolf II, 1576–1612: New Findings on the Earliest Ownership of the Voynich Manuscript"
4923:
Proceedings of the 5th ACL-HLT Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities
4871:
4299:
4154:
2908:
2703:
1967:
1821:
both used a cryptographic system, described as a simple, rational cipher, based on signs without letters or numbers.
1607:
1459:. The only matching transaction in Rudolf's records is the 1599 purchase of "a couple of remarkable/rare books" from
7736:
6132:
1949:
1077:
of the manuscript suggests that pages identified as written by a particular scribe may relate to a different topic.
789:
Every page in the manuscript contains text, mostly in an unidentified language, but some have extraneous writing in
9368:
9348:
8941:
Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A liturgical manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari heresy, the cult of Isis
8098:
7991:
Amancio, Diego R.; Altmann, Eduardo G.; Rybski, Diego; Oliveira, Osvaldo N. Jr.; Costa, Luciano da F. (July 2013).
2716:
However, experts in medieval documents disputed this interpretation vigorously, with the executive director of the
897:
7277:
3910:
3473:
9095:
2436:
1789:
comprising "at least fourteen or fifteen entire calfskins" could have survived from the early 15th century.
1494:
7925:
Unsolved!: the history and mystery of the world's greatest ciphers from ancient Egypt to online secret societies
5362:
5034:
4500:
4392:
4361:
4268:
4185:
3672:
603:
Many pages contain substantial drawings or charts which are coloured with paint. Based on modern analysis using
7036:
4105:
2086:
It has been suggested that the meaningful text could be encoded in the length or shape of certain pen strokes.
1934:
995:
6878:
4793:
7992:
7640:
5097:
4656:
2641:
1702:
According to the letter, Mnishovsky (but not necessarily Rudolf) speculated that the author was 13th-century
1665:
1649:
1541:. The sale took place in 1912, but not all of the manuscripts listed for sale ended up going to the Vatican.
1419:
966:
259:
9278:(TV documentary). TV 2011 festival winners (Silver World Medal). Austria: ORF (film company). Archived from
5487:
Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance
4531:
4330:
3519:
2669:. However, the team admitted that experts in medieval manuscripts who reviewed the work were not convinced.
8705:
3448:
3117:
2965:
2099:
1813:(Secret of the treasure-room of experiments in man's imagination), written c. 1430, Fontana described
1161:, some of them with suns, moons, and stars. One series of 12 diagrams depicts conventional symbols for the
653:
8800:
The Friar and the Cipher: Roger Bacon and the Unsolved Mystery of the Most Unusual Manuscript in the World
7957:
6356:
Timm, Torsten; Schinner, Andreas (May 2019). "A possible generating algorithm of the Voynich manuscript".
5075:
1247:
The overall impression given by the surviving leaves of the manuscript is that it was meant to serve as a
399:. While the origins, authorship, and purpose of the manuscript are still debated, hypotheses range from a
6592:
4057:
2717:
2637:
1874:
1806:
1661:
1645:
1634:
1498:
1444:
1174:
6393:"Gibberish after all? Voynichese is statistically similar to human-produced samples of meaningless text"
6321:
Rugg, Gordon; Taylor, Gavin (September 2016). "Hoaxing statistical features of the Voynich Manuscript".
1600:
6474:
5862:
5680:"Softcomputing in identification of the origin of Voynich manuscript bycomparison with ancient dialects"
2891:
2483:
2181:
604:
364:
191:
169:≈ 23.5 cm × 16.2 cm × 5 cm (9.3 in × 6.4 in × 2.0 in)
8596:
Letters to God's Eye: The Voynich manuscript for the first time deciphered and translated into English
1019:
817:
Only a few of the words in the manuscript are thought to have not been written in the unknown script:
9168:
9005:
7454:
6989:
6967:
6478:
4425:
2856:
2657:
2606:. The theory caused some sensation among the Ukrainian diaspora at the time, and then in independent
2470:
Since the manuscript's modern rediscovery in 1912, there have been a number of claimed decipherings.
2117:
once suggested that the Voynich manuscript text could be some little-known natural language, written
1396:
in Prague. A few years later, Marci sent the book to Kircher, his longtime friend and correspondent.
8578:
6936:
6300:
Sterneck, Rachel; Polish, Annie; Bowern, Claire (2021). "Topic Modeling in the Voynich Manuscript".
9326:
8911:"The most mysterious manuscript in the world: Did Roger Bacon write it and has the key been found?"
8166:
3809:
3355:
3168:
The smallest estimated number is 272 pages (i.e. 20 quires), and it contains >170,000 characters
2396:
manuscript, supporting the idea that some features of the text could have been produced in a hoax.
2360:
2174:
1178:
1081:
840:: A small number of words in the bottom left corner near a drawing of a nude man have been read as
514:
353:
9156:
8423:"Keywords and Co-Occurrence Patterns in the Voynich Manuscript: An Information-Theoretic Analysis"
6194:
5993:
5925:
5422:
2702:. He further claimed: "The manuscript was compiled by Dominican nuns as a source of reference for
1227:
Five folios contain only text, and at least 14 folios (28 pages) are missing from the manuscript.
1099:
7333:
6914:
6833:
5646:
5608:
2937:
2772:
of ten selected pages were made public, potentially revealing details unseen with visible light.
2571:
2502:
2479:
2139:
1945:
1223:
Full pages of text broken into many short paragraphs, each marked with a star in the left margin.
591:
The goat skin binding and covers are not original to the book, but date to its possession by the
9072:
Public-domain font based on Voynich 101, which was used to transcribe the text to a digital form
5647:"An Outline of the Stroke Theory as a Possible Method of Encipherment of the Voynich Manuscript"
5457:
5202:
4208:
2677:
In 2018, Ahmet Ardıç, an electrical engineer with an interest in Turkic languages, claimed in a
1143:
Each page displays one or two plants and a few paragraphs of text, a format typical of European
9086:
8741:
8133:
8078:
7800:
7602:
3943:
2602:, in which he claimed that the Voynich Manuscript was a series of letters written in vowelless
2235:
2123:
2030:
1737:
1696:
1170:
1166:
809:; there is no delay between characters, as would normally be expected in written encoded text.
718:
8533:
6227:
4809:
3746:
2539:. Thanks to Manly's thorough refutation, the micrography theory is now generally disregarded.
2435:. If so, the author felt compelled to write large amounts of text in a manner which resembles
777:
8339:
8330:
7341:
2769:
2695:
2653:
2514:
2026:
1321:
1186:
1062:
1024:
923:
573:
9042:
7993:"Probing the statistical properties of unknown texts: Application to the Voynich manuscript"
7227:
The Medieval Map and the Mercy Mission: A Complete Translation of the Voynich Manuscript Map
4954:
4657:"Probing the statistical properties of unknown texts: Application to the Voynich manuscript"
4466:
1941:
1736:
sold the manuscript to Rudolf. Dee was a mathematician and astrologer at the court of Queen
1320:
is unknown, though the text and illustrations are all characteristically European. In 2009,
1111:
190:
Partially damaged and incomplete; 240 out of 272 pages found (≈ 88%, i.e. 18 out of 20
9001:
8493:
Schinner, Andreas (April 2007). "The Voynich manuscript: Evidence of the hoax hypothesis".
8434:
8014:
6749:
6691:
4678:
4418:
3560:
3040:
2947:
2620:
2603:
2443:
2245:
1352:" that had been "taking up space uselessly in his library" for many years. He learned that
1088:
471:
408:
104:
8573:, General Collection of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts.
6270:
5557:
5527:
5229:
4603:
3996:
954:
laws of some sort; for example, certain characters must appear in each word (like English
8:
9237:
9014:
8848:
8839:
8640:"A preliminary analysis of the botany, zoology, and mineralogy of the Voynich manuscript"
7367:
7195:
6028:"A preliminary analysis of the botany, zoology, and mineralogy of the Voynich manuscript"
5139:
4561:
3082:
2942:
2552:
2510:
2498:
2241:
2143:
2072:
2014:
1999:
1884:
proposed that the Voynich manuscript was written by 15th-century North Italian architect
1621:
Many people have been proposed as possible authors of the Voynich manuscript, among them
1377:
1373:
1213:
Many labelled drawings of isolated plant parts (roots, leaves, etc.), objects resembling
1058:
915:
510:
460:
396:
8841:
Méthodes d'analyse du langage crypté: Une contribution à l'étude du manuscrit de Voynich
8438:
8341:
The Voynich Manuscript: The mysterious code that has defied interpretation for centuries
8201:
8018:
5452:
The Gallery of Memory: Literary and Iconographic Models in the Age of the Printing Press
4682:
4624:
3800:
2874:
8888:
8880:
8520:
8457:
8422:
8409:
8126:
8074:
8035:
8004:
7958:"Sandra and Woo » [0500] The Book of Woo in English | The comedy webcomic"
7741:
7698:
6994:
6540:
6373:
6338:
6301:
5782:
5450:
4891:
4813:
4699:
4668:
4620:
3965:
3677:
3302:
3248:
3097:
2257:
2018:
1868:
1456:
1393:
1357:
1329:
1325:
1301:
1012:
885:
569:
432:
298:
292:
274:
134:
8476:
The Curse of the Voynich: The secret history of the world's most mysterious manuscript
5859:"600 year old mystery manuscript decoded by University of Bedfordshire professor"
4872:"How many glyphs and how many scribes? Digital paleography and the Voynich Manuscript"
2356:
method, such as the one described by Rugg, than with Latin and medieval German texts.
2034:
1911:
Many hypotheses have been developed about the Voynich manuscript's "language", called
1660:
Marci's 1665/1666 cover letter to Kircher says that, according to his friend the late
1217:
jars, ranging in style from the mundane to the fantastical, and a few text paragraphs.
9313:
8892:
8824:
8805:
8773:
8710:
8670:
8539:
8512:
8479:
8462:
8376:
8345:
8248:
8236:
8228:
8197:
8170:
8137:
8040:
7938:
7928:
7705:
7433:
7230:
6998:
6798:
6687:"Artificial intelligence takes a crack at decoding the mysterious Voynich manuscript"
6377:
5679:
5587:
5491:
5461:
5394:
5091:
4895:
4817:
4742:
4704:
4036:
3876:
3838:
3830:
3796:
3752:
3062:
3030:
2917:
2563:
2288:
2022:
1888:(also known as "Filarete"), a theory broadly consistent with the radiocarbon dating.
1531:
1389:
873:
857:
672:
636:
632:
400:
288:
8524:
8413:
8323:
6929:"Bristol academic cracks Voynich code, solving century-old mystery of medieval text"
3306:
2102:(about 10 bits per word) is similar to that of English or Latin texts. Amancio
482:. In 2020, Yale University published the manuscript online in its entirety in their
9265:
9210:
9205:
9036:
9032:
8872:
8504:
8452:
8442:
8401:
8128:
Hidden Codes & Grand Designs: Secret languages from ancient times to modern day
8030:
8022:
7700:
Hidden Codes & Grand Designs: Secret languages from ancient times to modern day
6984:
6976:
6761:
6365:
6342:
6330:
6171:
5774:
5701:
5691:
5252:
4921:
Reddy, Sravana; Knight, Kevin (2011). "What we know about the Voynich manuscript".
4883:
4805:
4747:
4694:
4686:
3294:
2954:
2926:
2900:
2587:
2509:. However, Newbold's analysis has since been dismissed as overly speculative after
2364:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2095:
1854:
1831:
1805:
It has been suggested that some illustrations in the books of an Italian engineer,
1527:
1519:
1472:
1353:
1282:
983:
825:
543:
444:
404:
264:
129:
100:
6980:
6369:
6334:
4234:
2950:
and pictures of imaginary plants in a style reminiscent of the Voynich manuscript.
1837:
Jacobus's name has faded further since Voynich saw it, but is still legible under
1273:
Astrological considerations frequently played a prominent role in herb gathering,
1051:
9025:
8910:
8729:
8574:
8447:
7399:"University withdraws announcement researcher had cracked the Voynich Manuscript"
6052:
5962:
5930:
5172:
4632:
3157:
3102:
3011:
2883:
2831:
2662:
2570:
revealed the Voynich manuscript to be written by the 16th-century English author
2531:
2392:
2369:
2265:
2041:
enciphered into groups of fake letters. For example, the first two lines of page
1714:
1653:
1542:
1538:
1490:
1482:
1385:
1365:
1361:
1297:
1267:
943:
551:
483:
475:
467:
448:
308:
282:
123:
8798:
5833:
2260:
such as was developed in the form of a philosophical classification of ideas by
9255:
9200:
5696:
3153:
3092:
3087:
3057:
2981:, published 29 July 2013, writer Oliver Knörzer and artist Puri Andini created
2977:
2866:
2519:
2491:
2147:
2107:
2046:
2005:
1904:
1415:
1263:
1074:
428:
9301:
9228:
news – summary of Gordon Rugg's paper directed towards a more general audience
8508:
8405:
8026:
7832:"Top 5 Webcomics That You Missed This Week: 'xkcd,' 'A Softer World' And More"
7250:
6908:
6825:
6794:"Computer scientist claims clues to deciphering mysterious Voynich manuscript"
4752:
4690:
3298:
2045:(seen above) contain "oror or" and "or or oro r", which strongly resemble how
2009:
The Vigenère square or table may have been used for encryption and decryption.
1418:
to Ferdinand III, then King of Bohemia, told me the said book belonged to the
631:
of copper and occasionally zinc. EDS did not show the presence of lead, while
9337:
9059:
8989:
was created from a revision of this article dated 14 September 2016
8714:
8516:
8265:
7942:
7610:
6104:
5734:
4844:
3072:
3067:
2823:
2699:
2487:
2340:
2155:
2151:
2076:
2068:
2025:
should be ruled out, because these typically employ larger cipher alphabets.
1899:
1765:
1761:
1747:
1685:
1630:
1576:
1564:
1550:
1460:
1337:
1248:
1042:
1005:
628:
612:
592:
490:
321:
313:
269:
9147:
4977:
2346:
In April 2007, a study by Austrian researcher Andreas Schinner published in
8466:
8287:
8044:
7670:
7548:
7485:
7168:
6628:
6199:
6065:
5323:"The journey to America of a set of manuscripts from the Collegium Romanum"
5282:
4708:
3107:
2998:
2848:
2814:
2722:
2432:
2311:
2299:
2274:
2261:
2249:
2159:
1881:
1845:
1560:
1512:
1502:
1274:
1009:
947:
919:
790:
765:
714:
518:
502:
494:
420:
392:
303:
8924:"A preliminary sketch of the history of the Roger Bacon cipher manuscript"
7304:"No, someone hasn't cracked the code of the mysterious Voynich manuscript"
6392:
4887:
4291:
4146:
2478:
One of the earliest efforts to decode the book's code was made in 1921 by
2075:
in 1499. Though the plain text was speculated to have been extracted by a
1235:
918:
in the 1940s, where each line of the manuscript was transcribed to an IBM
557:
177:
One column in the page body, with slightly indented right margin and with
48:
9215:
8495:
8392:
8067:
A Search-Based Tool for the Automated Cryptoanalysis of Classical Ciphers
7544:"New multispectral analysis of Voynich manuscript reveals hidden details"
6766:
4384:
4353:
4177:
3285:
3122:
3077:
3036:
2969:
2527:
2523:
2424:
2386:
2377:
2348:
2335:
2185:
2114:
1838:
1785:
1710:
1622:
1549:
In 1930, the manuscript was inherited after Wilfrid's death by his widow
1427:
1182:
951:
847:
794:
547:
498:
489:
The Voynich manuscript has been studied by both professional and amateur
456:
440:
118:
9121:
6544:
5706:
4097:
1478:
802:
8884:
7770:"New Haven Symphony readies a dramatic opener with Lash & Yukashev"
7273:
5078:. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011
4597:
3481:
3112:
2994:
2536:
2455:
2428:
2373:
2353:
1740:
who was known to have owned a large collection of Bacon's manuscripts.
1703:
1677:
1555:
1448:
1369:
1317:
1214:
1136:
drawings are small stars in the margin. The conventional sections are:
1104:
1070:
698:
578:
539:
452:
436:
226:
218:
9180:
9148:"Extensive list of authors who published about the Voynich manuscript"
5786:
5678:
Zelinka, Ivan; Lara, Melvin; C. Windsor, Leah; Lozi, René (May 2023).
2412:
2094:
Statistical analysis of the text reveals patterns similar to those of
1801:
One of Giovanni Fontana's fantastical illustrations, c. 1420–1430
1732:
The assumption that Bacon was the author led Voynich to conclude that
1293:
1015:
described such statistical analyses as "doomed to utter frustration".
619:(EDS) revealed that the inks contained major amounts of carbon, iron,
9090:
8605:"The Voynich manuscript: The most mysterious manuscript in the world"
7481:"Publisher wins rights to Voynich manuscript, a book no one can read"
7274:"Consonants & Vowels, Castles & Volcanoes. - lingbuzz/004381"
6750:"Decoding anagrammed texts written in an unknown language and script"
5354:
5026:
4523:
4492:
4322:
4260:
3511:
3341:"The Voynich manuscript: The most mysterious manuscript in the world"
3152:
A very small number of words in the manuscript have been found to be
3043:
2797:
2567:
2506:
2494:
2206:
2202:
2163:
2118:
2080:
1991:
1720:
1507:
1158:
1154:
1123:
1087:
The Voynich word frequencies of both variants appear to conform to a
1029:
683:
640:
624:
222:
214:
178:
8876:
7164:"Latin, Hebrew, ... proto-Romance? New theory on Voynich manuscript"
7125:
7090:
7059:
7028:
6960:"The language and writing system of MS 408 (Voynich) explained"
6719:"Mysterious 15th century manuscript finally decoded 600 years later"
6070:"A brand new new world / Nahuatl Voynich manuscript theory ..."
6025:
3440:
1952:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1515:, head of the Jesuit order and the university's rector at the time.
9292:
9112:
8184:
Child, James R. (Summer 1976). "The Voynich manuscript revisited".
6306:
5806:
Child, James R. (Summer 1976). "The Voynich manuscript revisited".
5778:
5761:
Hockett, Charles F. (1951). "Review of John de Francis (1950)
4001:
3970:
Yale University Library – Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
2986:
2447:
2404:
2273:
The concept of a constructed language is quite old, as attested by
2167:
1885:
1814:
1733:
1725:
1707:
1681:
1626:
1523:
1452:
1204:
694:
679:
8791:(in Spanish). Cáceres, Spain: Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños.
8009:
5226:"The letter of Johannes Marcus Marci to Athanasius Kircher (1665)"
4673:
678:
The green paint is tentatively characterised by copper and copper-
6879:"Will mystery of the medieval Voynich Manuscript ever be solved?"
4556:"The Voynich Manuscript: will we ever be able to read this book?"
3253:
2780:
The manuscript has inspired various works of fiction, including:
2710:
2678:
2666:
2607:
2210:
2173:
Child (1976), a linguist of Indo-European languages for the U.S.
1756:
1669:
1422:
and that he presented to the bearer who brought him the book 600
1341:
665:
661:
245:
Two manuscript copies which Baresch sent twice to Kircher in Rome
2652:
Greg Kondrak, a professor of natural language processing at the
2240:
The peculiar internal structure of Voynich manuscript words led
805:
flows smoothly, giving the impression that the symbols were not
9288:"Le mystère de l'indéchiffrable manuscrit Voynich reste entier"
8863:
Manly, John Matthews (1931). "Roger Bacon and the Voynich MS".
6445:"Does the "Voynich = migraine" theory make your head hurt too?"
4419:"William F. Friedman's Transcription of the Voynich Manuscript"
4130:
Duffy, Eamon (20 April 2017). "Secret Knowledge – or a Hoax?".
3474:"The New Signature of Horczicky and the Comparison of them all"
2451:
2320:
2284:
2214:
2198:
1987:
1580:
1526:, a large country palace near Rome that had been bought by the
1464:
1349:
1345:
1328:
the manuscript's vellum to between 1404 and 1438. In addition,
1278:
1259:
1162:
1144:
988:
806:
620:
416:
388:
210:
159:
4737:"Can statistics help crack the mysterious Voynich manuscript?"
2694:
In 2019, Gerard Cheshire, a biology research assistant at the
1849:
Some pages of the manuscript fold out to show larger diagrams.
1595:
929:
9078:
6754:
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics
5173:"Archive of communications of the Journal of Voynich Studies"
3209:
3178:
2840:
1673:
1423:
1207:" and containing castles, as well as what might be a volcano.
955:
690:
608:
585:
380:
89:
70:
7990:
6522:
4654:
3870:
2665:, but encoded using alphagrams, i.e. alphabetically ordered
2217:. They date the manuscript to between 1521 (the date of the
2205:
in the paint, they argue that the plants were from colonial
2049:
such as "CCC" or "XXXX" would look if verbosely enciphered.
1797:
1743:
8758:
8421:
Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Zanette, Damián H. (20 June 2013).
4925:. Stroudsburg, PA: Assoc. Comput. Linguist. pp. 78–86.
2328:
1728:
may have sold the manuscript to Emperor Rudolf around 1600.
946:"word types". The structure of these words seems to follow
424:
412:
326:
9134:
6531:[On the "impossible sources" of national history: The
4845:"Papers on the Voynich manuscript. The Voynich Manuscript"
959:
834:: A line of writing in the Latin script in the top margin.
588:(such as 42 and 47) are thicker than the usual parchment.
8928:
Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
8261:"Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript"
7196:"Medieval manuscript code 'unlocked' by Bristol academic"
6917:
from the original on 4 November 2021 – via YouTube.
6100:"Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript"
5677:
5027:"Voynich MS – Long tour: Known history of the manuscript"
3434:
3432:
3430:
1995:
1811:
Secretum de thesauro experimentorum ymaginationis hominum
8669:(digitally enhanced researchers' ed.). Lulu Press.
7513:"El Manuscrito Voynich de Siloé llega a Emiratos Árabes"
7368:"Voynich manuscript translation claims raise 'concerns'"
5994:"Breakthrough over 600 year-old mystery manuscript"
5926:"Breakthrough over 600 year-old mystery manuscript"
5393:(digitally enhanced researchers' ed.). Lulu Press.
2959:
The Voynich Cipher Manuscript, for chorus & ensemble
1695:
Ernest Board's portrayal of Bacon in his observatory at
5586:. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media. 2018.
5001:
4999:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3704:
3702:
3700:
1853:
Baresch's letter bears some resemblance to a hoax that
8638:
Tucker, Arthur O.; Talbert, Rexford H. (Winter 2013).
6026:
Tucker, Arthur O.; Talbert, Rexford H. (Winter 2013).
6021:
6019:
4792:
Bowern, Claire L.; Lindemann, Luke (14 January 2021).
3837:; Saffron Walden, UK: Books Express Publishing, 2011,
3427:
3212:"The Voynich Code — The World's Mysterious Manuscript"
3177:
A very small number of words in the manuscript are in
6271:"Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message'"
5348:
5346:
5344:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
3997:"Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message'"
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
2713:
which was an active volcano during the 15th century.
986:
671:
The white paint is likely a mixture of egg-white and
7894:"Verschlüsselungsrätsel als Kunst: Das Buch des Woo"
7157:
7155:
6624:"Has a Mysterious Medieval Code Really Been Solved?"
6299:
5076:"UA Experts Determine Age of Book 'Nobody Can Read'"
4996:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
3847:
3697:
2180:
In February 2014, Professor Stephen Bax of the
1530:
in 1866 and housed the headquarters of the Jesuits'
1037:
that could be helpful for decipherers in the future.
697:
and iron sulfide. Minor amounts of lead sulfide and
9271:
The Voynich Code: The world's mysterious manuscript
9251:"The unread: The mystery of the Voynich manuscript"
8763:(doctoral thesis) (in German). Universität zu Köln.
6560:"A proposed partial decoding of the Voynich script"
6016:
5987:
5985:
5721:
4969:
2248:. In 1950, Friedman asked the British army officer
1817:machines, written in his cypher. That book and his
383:, hand-written in an unknown script referred to as
8797:
8795:
8338:Kennedy, Gerry; Churchill, Rob (14 January 2011).
8322:
8125:
7697:
5449:
5341:
5011:
4735:
4590:"The strange resonances of the Voynich manuscript"
4554:
4035:. London: Arcturus Publishing. pp. 135, 136.
3673:"The Voynich manuscript: The book nobody can read"
3496:
3399:
3397:
3395:
2319:, from the balneological section showing apparent
1688:sold books to Rudolf II in March 1599.)
1497:). It probably remained there until the troops of
1403:Reverend and Distinguished Sir, Father in Christ:
1258:The first section of the book is almost certainly
568:Samples from various parts of the manuscript were
9157:"Unsupervised analysis of the Voynich manuscript"
8904:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
8420:
7863:"Sandra And Woo do the Voynich… The Book of Woo!"
7152:
6256:
5890:A proposed partial decoding of the Voynich script
5671:
4641:
4493:"Analysis Section ( 2/5 ) – Character statistics"
4138:
4080:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3249:"Experts determine age of book 'nobody can read'"
2972:to compose a symphony inspired by the manuscript.
563:
9335:
8370:
8337:
7251:"Facsimile of volcano map in Voynich manuscript"
6657:"So much for that Voynich manuscript "solution""
6431:
5982:
5423:"The enciphered manuscripts of Giovanni Fontana"
5005:
4385:"Text Analysis – Transcription of the Text: FSG"
4354:"Text Analysis – Transcription of the Text: Eva"
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3708:
1903:The Voynich manuscript is written in an unknown
689:Analysis of the red-brown paint indicated a red
8786:
7455:"Yale publishes mysterious medieval manuscript"
7126:"Plant Series, No. 10. Manuscript MS 408.
4791:
3392:
2201:written in 1552. Together with the presence of
1243:, has been interpreted to represent a sunflower
8943:. Laguna Hills, California: Aegean Park Press.
8796:Goldstone, Lawrence; Goldstone, Nancy (2005).
8329:(1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp.
8099:"Materials Analysis of the Voynich Manuscript"
7091:"Plant Series, No. 9. Manuscript MS 408.
7060:"Plant Series, No. 8. Manuscript MS 408.
7029:"Plant Series, No. 6. Manuscript MS 408.
5382:
5380:
5191:
3932:
3772:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3278:
3276:
2742:of Arts nor the Centre for Medieval Studies".
2656:, and his graduate student Bradley Hauer used
2490:. These markings were supposed to be based on
80:Unknown; parchment dated to early 15th century
8637:
8618:(3). National Security Agency. Archived from
8325:The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing
8196:
6130:
5801:
5799:
5164:
4948:
4842:
4125:
4123:
3829:; Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1978,
3795:
3713:
3039:involved translating the plain text into the
1348:. Baresch was apparently puzzled about this "
1281:symbols and one diagram possibly showing the
1004:word appears up to three times in a row (see
9201:"World's most mysterious book may be a hoax"
8538:. Tom Doherty Associates. pp. 175–272.
6747:
6525:До "неможливих джерел" вітчизняної історії:
6390:
6355:
6225:
5754:
5730:""Voynich-Manuskript" das grosse Rätselbuch"
5355:"Voynich MS – History of research of the MS"
5276:
5274:
5104:
4412:
4410:
3751:. Tom Doherty Associates. pp. 175–272.
2644:published it." Other researchers concurred.
1750:might have created the manuscript as a fraud
1388:(also known as Johannes Marcus Marci), then
1018:In 2014, a team led by Diego Amancio of the
841:
701:are possibly present in the red-brown paint.
682:resinate; the crystalline material might be
8823:(in Spanish). Barcelona, ES: Océano Ambar.
8344:. Inner Traditions International, Limited.
6436:
6064:
5600:
5377:
5131:
4920:
4836:
4794:"The Linguistics of the Voynich Manuscript"
4625:"The most mysterious ms. – still an enigma"
4524:"Analysis Section ( 3/5 ) – Word structure"
4456:"What we know about the Voynich manuscript"
4453:
4323:"Text Analysis – Transcription of the Text"
4147:"The Radio-Carbon Dating of the Voynich MS"
4134:. Vol. 64, no. 7. pp. 44–46.
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3405:"Philip Neal's analysis of Marci's grammar"
3313:
3273:
705:The pigments used were deemed inexpensive.
9051:— navigating through high-resolution scans
8818:
8760:Textprozessierung – Design und Applikation
8740:. Vol. 19, no. 2. Archived from
7188:
6748:Hauer, Bradley; Kondrak, Grzegorz (2016).
6320:
6131:Pharao Hansen, Magnus (25 December 2018).
5818:
5796:
5551:
5549:
5217:
5057:"Mysterious Voynich manuscript is genuine"
4975:
4521:
4175:
4144:
4120:
4095:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3509:
3468:
3466:
2473:
1501:captured the city in 1870 and annexed the
962:), and some always in the middle section.
357:Evidence of retouching of text on page 3;
9359:Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers
9214:
9198:
9192:
9022:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
8772:(in Italian). Roma, IT: Eremon Edizioni.
8728:
8571:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
8456:
8446:
8233:The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma
8203:The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma
8160:
8123:
8104:. Beinecke Library (McCrone Associates).
8034:
8008:
7927:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7734:
7695:
7541:
7301:
6990:1983/a6f1af84-f023-405a-b1e8-448c01ef0673
6988:
6765:
6539:(in Ukrainian). 32–33 (Part 2): 611–618.
6305:
6268:
6195:"Secret of historic code: It's gibberish"
5705:
5695:
5521:
5519:
5271:
5244:
4914:
4863:
4810:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030613
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4751:
4698:
4672:
4546:
4407:
3994:
3898:
3802:The Voynich Manuscript: An elegant enigma
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3128:St. James: The Book of the 7 Dispensation
2807:Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone
2756:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
2549:Roger Bacon's Cipher: The Right Key Found
1968:Learn how and when to remove this message
1776:
1589:Timeline of Voynich manuscript ownership
1518:Beckx's private library was moved to the
1447:, and the sum of 600 ducats is 67.5
1153:Contains circular diagrams suggestive of
480:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
41:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
9079:"Voynich manuscript character navigator"
8997:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
8980:
8837:
8531:
8492:
8258:
7829:
7767:
7671:"Codex Seraphinianus: Some Observations"
7542:Ouellette, Jennifer (9 September 2024).
7489:. Agence France-Presse. 21 August 2016.
7271:
7224:
7123:
7088:
7057:
7026:
6957:
6551:
6391:Daniel, Gaskell; Claire, Bowern (2022).
6097:
5763:Nationalism and language reform in China
5728:Neidhart, Christoph (13 November 2002).
5727:
5170:
5049:
4619:
4030:
3858:
3744:
3621:
3512:"17th Century letters related to the MS"
3210:Steindl, Klaus; Sulzer, Andreas (2011).
2411:
2403:
2310:
2298:
2194:Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis
2004:
1898:
1844:
1796:
1742:
1719:
1690:
1644:
1616:
1570:
1477:
1307:
1292:
1234:
1122:
1110:
1098:
928:
776:
764:
363:
352:
9233:"The mystery of the Voynich manuscript"
9091:"Skeptoid #252: The Voynich Manuscript"
9085:
8938:
8921:
8899:
8602:
8473:
8389:
8371:Kennedy, Gerry; Churchill, Rob (2004).
8235:. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press.
7860:
7798:
7600:
7569:
7452:
7427:
6876:
6442:
5760:
5606:
5546:
5456:. University of Toronto Press. p.
5447:
5325:. Gregorian Archives. 22 October 2016.
5110:
4587:
3671:Schmeh, Klaus (January–February 2011).
3558:
3552:
3547:
3534:
3463:
3338:
3282:
2547:In 1943, Joseph Martin Feely published
2408:Script invented by Hildegard von Bingen
2244:to conjecture that the text could be a
2229:
1185:, roughly February and January), while
937:
686:or some other copper-chlorine compound.
474:, etc. Since 1969, it has been held in
27:15th century codex in an unknown script
14:
9336:
9110:
8756:
8662:
8593:
8216:from the original on 27 September 2020
8163:The World's Most Mysterious Manuscript
8096:
7891:
7334:"Statement re: Voynich research paper"
7297:
7295:
7161:
7008:from the original on 28 September 2021
6910:Voynich Manuscript: Update and Q&A
6667:from the original on 11 September 2017
6654:
6636:from the original on 12 September 2017
6603:from the original on 11 September 2017
6511:
5970:from the original on 25 September 2015
5659:from the original on 12 September 2016
5555:
5525:
5516:
5386:
5352:
5171:Ensanian, Berj N. (27 February 2007).
5137:
5113:"The Marci letter found inside the VM"
5073:
5024:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4902:from the original on 26 September 2021
4772:
4733:
4727:
4490:
4454:Reddy, Sravana; Knight, Kevin (2011).
4382:
4351:
4320:
4289:
4258:
4235:"Books once owned by Jacobus Horčický"
4206:
4200:
3988:
3903:
3819:from the original on 27 September 2020
3685:from the original on 16 September 2018
3670:
3651:
3646:
3583:
3438:
3382:
3380:
3246:
3233:
3194:
2936:Between 1976 and 1978, Italian artist
2581:
2542:
2465:
1894:
1312:Voynich among his books in Soho Square
664:with minor traces of the copper oxide
9181:"Voynich manuscript discussion forum"
8908:
8862:
8698:
8273:from the original on 23 December 2014
8183:
8063:
8051:from the original on 29 November 2014
7922:
7651:from the original on 10 November 2012
7523:from the original on 13 November 2017
6836:from the original on 4 November 2021.
6655:Newitz, Annalee (10 September 2017).
6621:
6590:
6471:"William Romaine Newbold (1865–1926)"
6238:from the original on 11 November 2006
6192:
6112:from the original on 23 December 2014
5991:
5824:
5805:
5742:from the original on 23 December 2019
5738:(interview) (in German). Zürich, CH.
5633:
5528:"Athanasius Kircher – the VM in Rome"
5429:from the original on 15 February 2018
4869:
4824:from the original on 2 September 2021
4760:from the original on 29 November 2021
4715:from the original on 29 November 2014
4522:Zandbergen, René (26 December 2015).
4435:from the original on 29 November 2014
4416:
4302:from the original on 16 December 2017
4129:
4108:from the original on 11 February 2018
4026:
4024:
3894:
3892:
3871:Gerry Kennedy, Rob Churchill (2004).
3522:from the original on 14 November 2017
3451:from the original on 11 February 2018
2775:
812:
773:, showing characteristics of the text
607:(PLM), it has been determined that a
9199:Whitfield, John (17 December 2003).
9135:"Voynich manuscript mailing list HQ"
8767:
8320:
8308:from the original on 10 January 2023
8285:
7904:from the original on 13 October 2013
7780:from the original on 21 October 2016
7735:Griffiths, Paul (18 November 2001).
7677:from the original on 28 January 2020
7673:. Bulgaria: Bas. 29 September 2004.
7582:from the original on 13 January 2020
7461:from the original on 22 October 2016
7396:
7140:from the original on 13 January 2021
7105:from the original on 13 January 2021
7070:from the original on 13 January 2021
7027:Cheshire, Gerard E. (January 2020).
6826:"Voynich Manuscript Revealed (2018)"
6806:from the original on 13 January 2021
6774:from the original on 28 January 2018
6729:from the original on 27 January 2018
6699:from the original on 3 February 2018
6591:Gibbs, Nicholas (5 September 2017).
6499:
6413:from the original on 10 January 2023
6281:from the original on 2 February 2020
6168:"Replicating the Voynich Manuscript"
5644:
5483:
5329:from the original on 25 October 2017
5303:from the original on 10 January 2023
5280:
5259:from the original on 13 January 2019
4569:from the original on 12 January 2022
4215:from the original on 29 October 2018
4209:"Evidence of text retouching of f1r"
4068:from the original on 28 January 2020
4009:from the original on 2 February 2020
3920:from the original on 10 January 2019
3386:
3261:from the original on 17 January 2012
3020:was also discussed in the 2017 book
2975:For the 500th strip of the webcomic
2558:
2219:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
2033:in the 1460s and included the later
1917:
1443:The "Dr. Raphael" is believed to be
617:energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
202:Unknown; possibly an invented script
114:Unknown; suggested (amongst others):
9166:
9104:
8838:Casanova, Antoine (19 March 1999).
8787:Violat-Bordonau, Francisco (2006).
8757:Hermes, Jürgen (14 February 2012).
8734:"The Mysterious Voynich Manuscript"
8564:
8111:from the original on 15 August 2019
7955:
7768:Amarante, Joe (23 September 2016).
7493:from the original on 23 August 2016
7302:Ouellette, Jennifer (15 May 2019).
7292:
6557:
6269:Hogenboom, Melissa (22 June 2013).
6226:D'Agnese, Joseph (September 2004).
5887:
5564:from the original on 23 August 2013
5558:"More about Dr. Raphael Mnishowsky"
5556:Hurych, Jan B. (20 December 2007).
5534:from the original on 23 August 2013
5037:from the original on 7 October 2000
4984:from the original on 17 August 2019
4929:
4552:
4503:from the original on 17 August 2019
4395:from the original on 17 August 2019
4364:from the original on 17 August 2019
4333:from the original on 17 August 2019
4188:from the original on 17 August 2019
4055:
3995:Hogenboom, Melissa (21 June 2013).
3616:
3571:from the original on 14 August 2019
3377:
3247:Stolte, Daniel (10 February 2011).
2363:, published findings claiming that
2089:
2071:, is very old and was described by
1792:
1664:, the book had once been bought by
1333:report contains no such statement.
660:The blue paint proved to be ground
639:, potassium hydrogen sulphate, and
368:Retouching of drawing on page 131;
229:sections and a section with recipes
24:
9354:Scientific illuminated manuscripts
9145:
8967:
8909:Manly, John Matthews (July 1921).
8692:
8552:from the original on 18 March 2024
8358:from the original on 18 March 2024
8259:Grossman, Lisa (3 February 2014).
8097:Barabe, Joseph G. (1 April 2009).
7873:from the original on 2 August 2013
7811:from the original on 2 August 2013
7749:from the original on 23 April 2016
7570:Tronaru, Doinel (26 August 2016).
7453:Dunavin, Davis (14 October 2016).
7272:Cheshire, Gerard (December 2018).
7058:Cheshire, Gerard E. (April 2020).
6622:Zhang, Sarah (10 September 2017).
6593:"Voynich manuscript: the solution"
6477:. 6 September 1926. Archived from
6207:from the original on 23 April 2016
6098:Grossman, Lisa (3 February 2014).
5504:from the original on 18 March 2024
5250:
5179:from the original on 12 March 2018
5111:Jackson, David (23 January 2015).
5074:Stolte, Daniel (9 February 2011).
4157:from the original on 4 August 2019
4033:The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park
4021:
3976:from the original on 29 March 2022
3942:. Beinecke Library. Archived from
3889:
2689:
2416:Detail of the nymphs on page 141;
1433:At the command of your Reverence,
25:
9380:
9154:
9132:
9122:"Voynich manuscript bibliography"
9119:
8948:
8922:Voynich, Wilfrid Michael (1921).
8917:. No. 143. pp. 186–197.
8900:Newbold, William Romaine (1928).
8247:(Books Express Publishing, 2011,
7968:from the original on 15 July 2018
7737:"A Metaphor, Powerful and Poetic"
7603:"L'enciclopedia dell'altro mondo"
7601:Corrias, Pino (5 February 2006).
7378:from the original on 16 June 2019
7124:Cheshire, Gerard E. (June 2020).
7089:Cheshire, Gerard E. (June 2020).
6889:from the original on 14 July 2020
6858:from the original on 14 July 2020
6451:from the original on 23 June 2016
6443:Pelling, Nick (19 January 2012).
6004:from the original on 4 March 2016
5938:from the original on 4 March 2016
5869:from the original on 15 June 2016
5645:Vogt, Elmar (22 September 2009).
5365:from the original on 10 June 2016
5152:from the original on 29 July 2019
4271:from the original on 27 July 2017
2704:Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon
2626:
2197:or Badianus manuscript, an Aztec
2083:can be arbitrarily hard to find.
1824:
1436:Joannes Marcus Marci of Cronland
1253:medieval or early modern medicine
493:, including American and British
8979:
8603:Tiltman, John H. (Summer 1967).
8064:Banks, Michael J. (5 May 2008).
7949:
7916:
7892:Schmeh, Klaus (11 August 2013).
7885:
7854:
7830:Kleefeld, Sean (3 August 2013).
7823:
7799:Knörzer, Oliver (29 July 2013).
7792:
7761:
7728:
7689:
7663:
7633:
7621:from the original on 9 July 2017
7594:
7563:
7535:
7519:(in Spanish). 11 November 2017.
7505:
7473:
7446:
7421:
7409:from the original on 17 May 2019
7390:
7360:
7348:from the original on 21 May 2019
7326:
7314:from the original on 17 May 2019
7280:from the original on 8 June 2021
7265:
7243:
7218:
7206:from the original on 16 May 2019
7176:from the original on 16 May 2019
7117:
7082:
7051:
7039:from the original on 30 May 2023
7020:
6951:
6921:
6901:
6870:
6840:
6818:
6786:
6741:
6711:
6679:
6648:
6615:
6584:
6572:from the original on 21 May 2016
6516:
6505:
6493:
6463:
6425:
6384:
6349:
6193:McKie, Robin (25 January 2004).
6165:
6147:from the original on 7 July 2022
5906:from the original on 21 May 2016
5615:from the original on 6 July 2016
5607:Pelling, Nick (27 August 2009).
5420:
5223:
5138:Knight, Kevin (September 2009).
4976:Zandbergen, René (17 May 2016).
4851:from the original on 13 May 2021
4534:from the original on 2 June 2016
4176:Zandbergen, René (27 May 2016).
4145:Zandbergen, René (11 May 2016).
4096:Zandbergen, René (11 May 2016).
3510:Zandbergen, René (19 May 2016).
3339:Tiltman, John H. (Summer 1967).
2953:Contemporary classical composer
2061:
1922:
1640:
1485:acquired the manuscript in 1912.
1094:
908:
896:
884:
872:
828:" is found in the bottom margin.
391:on which it is written has been
53:A floral illustration on page 32
47:
8701:"Secret knowledge – or a hoax?"
8666:The Complete Voynich Manuscript
8474:Pelling, Nicholas John (2006).
7983:
7801:"[500] The Book Of Woo"
6535:in the Ukrainian context].
6314:
6293:
6262:
6250:
6219:
6186:
6159:
6124:
6091:
6079:from the original on 5 May 2016
6058:
5992:Rigby, Nic (18 February 2014).
5950:
5918:
5888:Bax, Stephen (1 January 2014).
5881:
5851:
5827:"Again, the Voynich manuscript"
5732:[The big puzzle-book].
5638:
5627:
5576:
5477:
5441:
5414:
5390:The Complete Voynich Manuscript
5315:
5067:
4734:Miller, Greg (20 August 2021).
4613:
4581:
4515:
4484:
4447:
4417:Reeds, Jim (7 September 1994).
4376:
4345:
4314:
4283:
4252:
4227:
4169:
4049:
3958:
3864:
3171:
3162:
2726:, Davis gave this explanation:
2647:
2598:In 1978, John Stojko published
2526:markings. Although evidence of
2307:, of the pharmaceutical section
1819:Bellicorum instrumentorum liber
1495:Pontifical Gregorian University
9241:. 21 June 2004. Archived from
8699:Duffy, Eamon (20 April 2017).
7861:Pelling, Nick (29 July 2013).
7428:Clemens, Raymond, ed. (2016).
7162:Addley, Esther (16 May 2019).
6877:Bracher, Jane (15 June 2018).
6523:Русина , Олена (2011–2014).
5526:Hurych, Jan B. (15 May 2009).
4465:. pp. 1–9. Archived from
4292:"Notes on f116v's Michitonese"
4207:Stolfi, Jorge (22 July 2004).
4098:"The origin of the Voynich MS"
3146:
2961:is inspired by the manuscript.
2672:
2613:
2593:
2399:
1559:and daughter of mathematician
1336:The first confirmed owner was
996:Records of the Grand Historian
564:Parchment, covers, and binding
528:
466:The manuscript is named after
13:
1:
9268:& Andreas Sulzer (2011).
8819:Pérez-Ruiz, Mario M. (2003).
8789:El ABC del Manuscrito Voynich
8161:Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1978).
7397:Cork, Tristan (17 May 2019).
7225:Cheshire, Gerard (May 2023).
6981:10.1080/02639904.2019.1599566
6597:The Times Literary Supplement
6558:Bax, Stephen (January 2014).
6370:10.1080/01611194.2019.1596999
6335:10.1080/01611194.2016.1206753
6257:Montemurro & Zanette 2013
6055: (archived 27 March 2014)
4951:"Voynich Information Browser"
4949:Schwerdtfeger, Elias (2004).
4178:"About the binding of the MS"
3561:"New Atlantis Voynich Theory"
3134:
2745:
1666:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
1426:. He believed the author was
1300:, who sent the manuscript to
1173:, a hunter with crossbow for
1165:constellations (two fish for
967:Pennsylvania State University
850:phrase for 'a widow's share'.
708:
533:
260:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
9043:"Voynich Manuscript Voyager"
9020:. Digital collection of the
8706:The New York Review of Books
8646:(100): 70–75. Archived from
8448:10.1371/journal.pone.0066344
8209:. National Security Agency.
8155:Codex Seraphinianus+base 21.
7723:Codex Seraphinianus+base 21.
6432:Kennedy & Churchill 2004
6034:(100): 70–75. Archived from
5584:Unraveling the Voynich codex
5006:Kennedy & Churchill 2011
4843:Currier, PH; Zandbergen, R.
4798:Annual Review of Linguistics
4638:– quoted by D'Imperio (1978)
4553:Day, Michael (24 May 2011).
4261:"Voynich Manuscript: Months"
4132:The New York Review of Books
3709:Kennedy & Churchill 2004
3681:. Vol. 35, no. 1.
3188:
3118:Undeciphered writing systems
2966:New Haven Symphony Orchestra
2921:
2904:
2887:
2870:
2852:
2835:
2818:
2801:
2788:
2334:In 2003, computer scientist
2052:
1473:Jacobus Horcicky de Tepenecz
1414:Dr. Raphael, a tutor in the
654:scanning electron microscopy
7:
9364:Works of unknown authorship
8804:. New York, NY: Doubleday.
6170:. UK: Keele. Archived from
6141:nahuatlstudies.blogspot.com
3050:
2718:Medieval Academy of America
2638:Medieval Academy of America
1948:the claims made and adding
1499:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
1445:Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky
987:
635:(XRD) identified potassium
10:
9385:
8598:. New York: Vantage Press.
8124:Berloquin, Pierre (2008).
7696:Berloquin, Pierre (2008).
7614:(in Italian). p. 39.
6935:. May 2019. Archived from
6475:University of Pennsylvania
6046:– via archive.today.
5863:University of Bedfordshire
5697:10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110217
5609:"Voynich cipher structure"
4870:Davis, Lisa Fagin (2020).
4426:AT&T Bell Laboratories
3441:"Origin of the manuscript"
2791:
2501:four hundred years before
2484:University of Pennsylvania
2442:Kennedy and Churchill use
2233:
2182:University of Bedfordshire
1980:
1439:Prague, 19th August, 1665
1374:claimed to have deciphered
1288:
1230:
1211:Pharmaceutical, 34 folios:
605:polarized light microscopy
8915:Harper's Monthly Magazine
8902:The Cipher of Roger Bacon
8509:10.1080/01611190601133539
8406:10.1080/0161-110191889932
8295:CEUR Workshop Proceedings
8167:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
8027:10.1080/01611190601133539
7704:. Sterling. p. 300.
7432:. Yale University Press.
7148:– via academia.edu.
7113:– via academia.edu.
7078:– via academia.edu.
7047:– via academia.edu.
6958:Cheshire, Gerard (2019).
6537:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
6400:CEUR Workshop Proceedings
5290:CEUR Workshop Proceedings
5096:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4753:10.1146/knowable-081921-1
4691:10.1080/01611190601133539
4031:Turing =, Dermot (2020).
3559:SantaColoma, H. Richard.
3299:10.1080/0161-110191889932
2762:, with scholarly essays.
2658:computational linguistics
2209:and the text represented
1316:Much of the book's early
1193:Balneological, 20 folios:
1107:section of the manuscript
343:
335:
249:
241:
233:
206:
198:
186:
173:
165:
155:
142:Antonio Averlino Filarete
110:
95:
84:
76:
66:
58:
46:
39:
34:
9344:15th-century manuscripts
9302:"The Voynich Manuscript"
9264:written and directed by
9111:Zandbergen, René (ed.).
9015:"The Voynich Manuscript"
7923:Bauer, Craig P. (2017).
6913:(video). 1 August 2019.
6529:в українському контексті
6524:
5825:Child, James R. (2007).
5484:Long, Pamela O. (2001).
5140:"The Voynich manuscript"
4290:Palmer, Sean B. (2004).
4259:Palmer, Sean B. (2004).
3810:National Security Agency
3356:National Security Agency
3139:
2361:University of Manchester
2175:National Security Agency
2166:generally have only one
1251:or to address topics in
1200:Cosmological, 13 folios:
1151:Astronomical, 21 folios:
693:with the crystal phases
646:
546:pages collected into 18
9369:Yale University Library
9349:History of cryptography
8532:Schuster, John (2009).
6228:"Scientific Method Man"
5253:"El Manuscrito Voynich"
3745:Schuster, John (2009).
2480:William Romaine Newbold
2474:William Romaine Newbold
2437:stream of consciousness
2427:(speaking-in-tongues),
2294:
1020:University of São Paulo
760:
9193:News and documentaries
9033:The Voynich Manuscript
8975:
8955:Listen to this article
8768:Foti, Claudio (2010).
8373:The Voynich Manuscript
7898:Klausis Krypto Kolumne
7576:Adevarul (in Romanian)
7430:The Voynich Manuscript
5684:Applied Soft Computing
5448:Bolzoni, Lina (2001).
3873:The Voynich Manuscript
3518:. Voynich manuscript.
3003:Klausis Krypto Kolumne
2760:The Voynich Manuscript
2739:
2686:was rejected in 2019.
2574:, whose works include
2420:
2409:
2323:
2308:
2280:Philosophical Language
2271:
2236:Philosophical language
2213:, the language of the
2027:Polyalphabetic ciphers
2010:
1998:cryptographers led by
1908:
1850:
1802:
1777:Fabrication by Voynich
1751:
1738:Elizabeth I of England
1729:
1699:
1657:
1553:, author of the novel
1486:
1441:
1313:
1305:
1244:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1039:
979:
973:The things we know as
934:
842:
786:
774:
719:University of Campinas
598:
372:
361:
285:(Joannes Marcus Marci)
9245:on 10 September 2005.
9167:Pelling, Nick (ed.).
9146:Stolfi, Jorge (ed.).
8974:
8939:Levitov, Leo (1987).
8821:El Manuscrito Voynich
8612:NSA Technical Journal
8594:Stojko, John (1978).
8375:. London, UK: Orion.
8286:Guzy, Stefan (2022).
8186:NSA Technical Journal
8132:. Sterling. pp.
7641:"Codex Seraphinianus"
7342:University of Bristol
5808:NSA Technical Journal
5281:Guzy, Stefan (2022).
5251:Santos, Marcelo dos.
4888:10.1353/mns.2020.0011
4609:on 28 September 2018.
3348:NSA Technical Journal
3005:of cryptology expert
2989:and discussed in the
2957:'s 1995 chamber work
2736:L. Fagin Davis (2019)
2728:
2696:University of Bristol
2654:University of Alberta
2515:University of Chicago
2415:
2407:
2314:
2302:
2254:
2150:, etc.) and possibly
2008:
1902:
1848:
1800:
1746:
1723:
1694:
1648:
1617:Authorship hypotheses
1571:Timeline of ownership
1481:
1401:
1322:University of Arizona
1311:
1296:
1238:
1126:
1119:; resembling a dragon
1114:
1102:
1063:polyalphabetic cipher
1034:
971:
944:are considered unique
932:
903:f116v ("Michitonese")
780:
768:
574:University of Arizona
367:
356:
9216:10.1038/news031215-5
9155:Bloem, Peter (ed.).
9006:More spoken articles
8663:Winter, Jay (2015).
8581:on 11 September 2013
8565:Shailor, Barbara A.
8478:. Compelling Press.
8321:Kahn, David (1967).
7962:www.sandraandwoo.com
6854:. 21 February 2019.
6832:. 22 February 2018.
6767:10.1162/tacl_a_00084
6692:Smithsonian Magazine
6473:. Penn Biographies.
6137:written in Nahuatl?"
6049:alternate PDF source
5966:. 20 February 2014.
5934:. 18 February 2014.
5865:. 14 February 2014.
5472:Secretum de Thesauro
5387:Winter, Jay (2015).
4588:Vonfelt, S. (2014).
3966:"Voynich Manuscript"
3940:"Voynich Manuscript"
3041:constructed language
2621:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2600:Letters to God's Eye
2444:Hildegard von Bingen
2246:constructed language
2230:Constructed language
2098:. For instance, the
2015:substitution ciphers
2002:in the early 1950s.
1717:if not Roger Bacon.
1378:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1298:Joannes Marcus Marci
1127:Detail of page 158,
1089:Zipfian distribution
938:Statistical patterns
472:astrological symbols
409:constructed language
105:constructed language
9238:Scientific American
8849:Université de Paris
8439:2013PLoSO...866344M
8019:2013PLoSO...867310A
7229:. Gerard Cheshire.
7031:Andromeda polifolia
6802:. 24 January 2018.
6725:. 27 January 2018.
6695:. 31 January 2018.
6068:(14 January 2014).
4683:2013PLoSO...867310A
4621:Friedman, Elizebeth
4062:ciphermysteries.com
3083:Codex Seraphinianus
2943:Codex Seraphinianus
2770:multispectral scans
2582:Robert S. Brumbaugh
2553:substitution cipher
2543:Joseph Martin Feely
2511:John Matthews Manly
2499:compound microscope
2466:Decipherment claims
2242:William F. Friedman
2073:Johannes Trithemius
2000:William F. Friedman
1895:Language hypotheses
1463:for the sum of 600
1221:Recipes, 22 folios:
1141:Herbal, 112 folios:
1115:Detail of page 50,
1059:substitution cipher
975:grammatical markers
916:William F. Friedman
713:Computer scientist
577:(i.e., it is not a
521:were unsuccessful.
461:speculative fiction
419:, or other form of
397:Italian Renaissance
9321:Unknown parameter
9276:New York Festivals
9259:(blog). July 2013.
9169:"Voynich theories"
9133:Reeds, Jim (ed.).
9120:Reeds, Jim (ed.).
9018:(.tiff; jpeg; pdf)
8976:
8650:on 22 January 2014
8625:on 18 October 2011
8075:University of York
7774:New Haven Register
7742:The New York Times
7093:Erodium malacoides
6533:Voynich manuscript
6502:, pp. 867–869
6135:Voynich manuscript
6038:on 22 January 2014
5353:Zandbergen, René.
5119:on 28 January 2020
5063:on 5 January 2012.
5025:Zandbergen, René.
4636:. pp. E1, E5.
4491:Zandbergen, René.
4383:Zandbergen, René.
4352:Zandbergen, René.
4321:Zandbergen, René.
4058:"Voynich theories"
3946:on 13 January 2013
3678:Skeptical Inquirer
3484:on 26 January 2009
3439:Zandbergen, René.
3389:, pp. 870–871
3365:on 18 October 2011
3098:Fictional language
2893:The Sword of Moses
2776:Cultural influence
2768:In September 2024
2421:
2410:
2324:
2309:
2289:fusional languages
2258:universal language
2023:homophonic ciphers
2011:
1933:possibly contains
1909:
1880:In his 2006 book,
1875:Raphael Mnishovsky
1869:Athanasius Kircher
1851:
1803:
1752:
1730:
1700:
1662:Raphael Mnishovsky
1658:
1487:
1457:actual gold weight
1394:Charles University
1358:Athanasius Kircher
1330:McCrone Associates
1314:
1306:
1302:Athanasius Kircher
1245:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1103:A detail from the
1013:Elizebeth Friedman
935:
813:Extraneous writing
787:
775:
515:Elizebeth Friedman
379:is an illustrated
377:Voynich manuscript
373:
362:
299:Athanasius Kircher
293:Charles University
275:Athanasius Kircher
139:Raphael Mnishovsky
135:Athanasius Kircher
99:Unknown; possibly
88:Unknown; possibly
35:Voynich manuscript
18:Voynich Manuscript
9062:on 15 August 2015
8972:
8830:978-84-7556-216-2
8811:978-0-7679-1473-4
8779:978-88-89713-17-4
8770:Il Codice Voynich
8676:978-1-329-60774-3
8567:"Beinecke MS 408"
8545:978-1-4299-5919-3
8485:978-0-9553160-0-5
8382:978-0-7528-5996-5
8351:978-1-59477-854-4
8253:978-1-78039-009-3
8242:978-0-89412-038-1
8176:978-0-8093-0808-8
8143:978-1-4027-2833-4
8073:(M.Eng. thesis).
7956:Knörzer, Oliver.
7934:978-0-691-16767-1
7842:on 21 August 2014
7711:978-1-4027-2833-4
7439:978-0-300-21723-0
7338:www.bristol.ac.uk
7236:978-1-399-95499-0
7062:Paris quadrifolia
6799:The National Post
6174:on 23 August 2016
5861:(Press release).
5593:978-3-319-77293-6
5497:978-0-8018-6606-7
5467:978-0-8020-4330-6
5400:978-1-329-60774-3
4743:Knowable Magazine
4623:(5 August 1962).
4472:on 26 August 2011
4428:. pp. 1–23.
4042:978-1-78950-621-1
3875:. London: Orion.
3843:978-1-78039-009-3
3835:978-0-89412-038-1
3758:978-1-4299-5919-3
3478:Hurontaria.baf.cz
3415:on 7 October 2011
3063:Automatic writing
2933:
2932:
2918:Mircea Cartarescu
2859:The Doomsday Code
2684:Digital Philology
2564:Leonell C. Strong
2559:Leonell C. Strong
2365:semantic networks
2096:natural languages
2029:were invented by
1978:
1977:
1970:
1935:original research
1614:
1613:
1532:Ghislieri College
1416:Bohemian language
1372:) dictionary and
1340:, a 17th-century
1326:radiocarbon dated
1283:classical planets
1052:Reasonator search
858:Iberian Peninsula
826:Jacobj à Tepenecz
673:calcium carbonate
633:X-ray diffraction
627:and calcium with
570:radiocarbon dated
351:
350:
16:(Redirected from
9376:
9330:
9324:
9319:
9317:
9309:
9297:
9283:
9282:on 9 March 2012.
9266:Klaus T. Steindl
9260:
9246:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9218:
9188:
9176:
9173:Cipher Mysteries
9163:
9161:
9151:
9142:
9129:
9116:
9105:Analyst websites
9100:
9089:(5 April 2011).
9082:
9074:
9069:
9067:
9058:. Archived from
9050:
9037:Internet Archive
9029:
9019:
8996:
8994:
8983:
8982:
8973:
8963:
8961:
8956:
8944:
8935:
8918:
8905:
8896:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8847:(Ph.D. thesis).
8846:
8834:
8815:
8803:
8792:
8783:
8764:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8744:on 27 April 2018
8738:Skeptic Magazine
8730:Stollznow, Karen
8725:
8723:
8721:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8624:
8609:
8599:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8577:. Archived from
8561:
8559:
8557:
8535:Haunting Museums
8528:
8489:
8470:
8460:
8450:
8417:
8386:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8334:
8328:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8307:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8246:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8215:
8208:
8193:
8180:
8157:
8152:
8150:
8131:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8110:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8083:
8077:. Archived from
8072:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8038:
8012:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7867:Cipher Mysteries
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7838:. Archived from
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7718:
7703:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7620:
7607:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7517:burgosconecta.es
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7299:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7128:Crepis vesicaria
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7007:
6992:
6964:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6769:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6564:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6520:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6481:on 19 April 2016
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6440:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6412:
6397:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6266:
6260:
6259:, p. e66344
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6073:Cipher Mysteries
6062:
6056:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6023:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5894:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5832:. Archived from
5831:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5699:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5651:
5642:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5523:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5455:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5350:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5232:on 15 March 2016
5228:. Archived from
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5201:. Archived from
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5144:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5115:. Archived from
5108:
5102:
5101:
5095:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5059:. Archived from
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5022:
5009:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4978:"Rosettes folio"
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4953:. Archived from
4946:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4789:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4755:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4702:
4676:
4652:
4639:
4637:
4629:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4602:. Archived from
4594:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4558:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4093:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3916:. Yale Library.
3915:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3845:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3807:
3793:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3748:Haunting Museums
3742:
3711:
3706:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3668:
3649:
3644:
3619:
3614:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3565:Santa-coloma.net
3556:
3550:
3545:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3470:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:. Archived from
3401:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3358:. Archived from
3345:
3336:
3311:
3310:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3214:. Archived from
3207:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3150:
3034:
3015:
2991:Cipher Mysteries
2955:Hanspeter Kyburz
2910:The Book of Life
2901:Deborah Harkness
2783:
2782:
2737:
2588:Robert Brumbaugh
2090:Natural language
1990:of some sort—an
1973:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:inline citations
1926:
1925:
1918:
1886:Antonio Averlino
1866:
1832:Jacobus Sinapius
1807:Giovanni Fontana
1793:Giovanni Fontana
1635:Giovanni Fontana
1586:
1585:
1528:Society of Jesus
1520:Villa Mondragone
1364:had published a
1055:
992:
984:Mandarin Chinese
924:machine readable
900:
888:
876:
845:
511:William Friedman
507:Prescott Currier
431:(i.e. folkloric
405:natural language
322:Hans Peter Kraus
304:Pieter Jan Beckx
265:Jakub of Tepenec
145:Cornelis Drebbel
130:Jakub of Tepenec
51:
32:
31:
21:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9334:
9333:
9322:
9320:
9311:
9310:
9300:
9286:
9263:
9249:
9231:
9221:
9219:
9195:
9179:
9159:
9107:
9077:
9065:
9063:
9054:
9047:jasondavies.com
9041:
9026:Yale University
9017:
9013:
9010:
9009:
8998:
8992:
8990:
8987:This audio file
8984:
8977:
8968:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8877:10.2307/2848508
8853:
8851:
8844:
8831:
8812:
8780:
8747:
8745:
8719:
8717:
8695:
8693:Further reading
8690:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8653:
8651:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8607:
8584:
8582:
8575:Yale University
8555:
8553:
8546:
8486:
8383:
8361:
8359:
8352:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8290:
8276:
8274:
8243:
8229:D'Imperio, M.E.
8227:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8206:
8198:D'Imperio, M.E.
8177:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8101:
8087:
8085:
8084:on 5 March 2012
8081:
8070:
8054:
8052:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7969:
7954:
7950:
7935:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7890:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7859:
7855:
7845:
7843:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7812:
7797:
7793:
7783:
7781:
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7733:
7729:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7652:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7540:
7536:
7526:
7524:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7496:
7494:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7464:
7462:
7451:
7447:
7440:
7426:
7422:
7412:
7410:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7374:. 17 May 2019.
7366:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7317:
7315:
7300:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7237:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7202:. 16 May 2019.
7194:
7193:
7189:
7179:
7177:
7160:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7087:
7083:
7073:
7071:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7040:
7025:
7021:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6968:Romance Studies
6962:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6890:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6723:The Independent
6717:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6670:
6668:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6530:
6527:Рукопис Войнича
6521:
6517:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6452:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6395:
6389:
6385:
6354:
6350:
6319:
6315:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6267:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6208:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6148:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6063:
6059:
6053:Wayback Machine
6041:
6039:
6024:
6017:
6007:
6005:
5990:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5963:The Independent
5956:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5931:BBC News Online
5924:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5842:
5840:
5839:on 16 June 2009
5836:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5804:
5797:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5554:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5524:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5498:
5482:
5478:
5468:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5385:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5351:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5199:"Beinecke 408A"
5197:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5109:
5105:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5023:
5012:
5004:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4957:on 26 July 2019
4947:
4930:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4790:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4653:
4642:
4633:Washington Post
4627:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4143:
4139:
4128:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4056:Pelling, Nick.
4054:
4050:
4043:
4029:
4022:
4012:
4010:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3848:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3805:
3797:D'Imperio, M.E.
3794:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3743:
3714:
3707:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3669:
3652:
3645:
3622:
3615:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3508:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3409:Voynich Central
3403:
3402:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3343:
3337:
3314:
3281:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3245:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3221:on 9 March 2012
3218:
3208:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3103:Oera Linda Book
3053:
3028:
3018:The Book of Woo
3009:
2983:The Book of Woo
2884:Dominic Selwood
2832:Scarlett Thomas
2778:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2692:
2690:Gerard Cheshire
2675:
2650:
2629:
2616:
2596:
2584:
2576:A Little Herbal
2561:
2545:
2532:Hebrew language
2503:van Leeuwenhoek
2476:
2468:
2402:
2393:Yale University
2370:Yale University
2297:
2238:
2232:
2092:
2064:
2055:
2035:Vigenère cipher
1983:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1897:
1867:once played on
1860:
1827:
1795:
1779:
1715:Albertus Magnus
1654:Hans von Aachen
1643:
1637:, and Voynich.
1619:
1610:
1608:
1573:
1543:Wilfrid Voynich
1539:Vatican Library
1491:Collegio Romano
1483:Wilfrid Voynich
1386:Jan Marek Marci
1362:Collegio Romano
1304:in 1665 or 1666
1291:
1268:maidenhair fern
1233:
1097:
1049:
940:
911:
904:
901:
892:
889:
880:
877:
815:
763:
711:
649:
601:
593:Collegio Romano
566:
536:
531:
505:. Codebreakers
484:digital library
476:Yale University
468:Wilfrid Voynich
449:science fantasy
423:, or perhaps a
331:
309:Wilfrid Voynich
283:Jan Marek Marci
250:Previously kept
234:Illumination(s)
151:
124:Wilfrid Voynich
85:Place of origin
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9382:
9372:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9332:
9331:
9298:
9296:. 25 May 2019.
9284:
9261:
9256:The New Yorker
9247:
9229:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9177:
9164:
9152:
9143:
9130:
9117:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9087:Dunning, Brian
9083:
9075:
9052:
9039:
9030:
8999:
8985:
8978:
8966:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:External links
8947:
8946:
8945:
8936:
8934:(43): 415–430.
8919:
8906:
8897:
8871:(3): 345–391.
8860:
8835:
8829:
8816:
8810:
8793:
8784:
8778:
8765:
8754:
8726:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8688:
8675:
8660:
8635:
8600:
8591:
8562:
8544:
8529:
8490:
8484:
8471:
8418:
8400:(4): 275–295.
8387:
8381:
8368:
8350:
8335:
8318:
8283:
8256:
8241:
8194:
8181:
8175:
8158:
8142:
8121:
8094:
8061:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7948:
7933:
7915:
7884:
7853:
7822:
7805:Sandra and Woo
7791:
7760:
7727:
7710:
7688:
7662:
7645:rec.arts.books
7632:
7593:
7562:
7534:
7504:
7472:
7457:. NPR – WSHU.
7445:
7438:
7420:
7389:
7359:
7325:
7291:
7264:
7242:
7235:
7217:
7187:
7151:
7116:
7081:
7050:
7019:
6950:
6939:on 15 May 2019
6920:
6900:
6869:
6839:
6817:
6785:
6740:
6710:
6678:
6647:
6614:
6583:
6550:
6515:
6504:
6492:
6462:
6435:
6424:
6383:
6348:
6329:(3): 247–268.
6313:
6292:
6261:
6249:
6218:
6185:
6166:Rugg, Gordon.
6158:
6123:
6090:
6057:
6015:
5981:
5949:
5917:
5897:StephenBax.net
5880:
5850:
5817:
5795:
5779:10.2307/409788
5773:(3): 439–445.
5753:
5720:
5670:
5637:
5626:
5599:
5592:
5575:
5545:
5515:
5496:
5476:
5466:
5440:
5421:Neal, Philip.
5413:
5399:
5376:
5340:
5314:
5270:
5255:(in Spanish).
5243:
5224:Neal, Philip.
5216:
5205:on 2 June 2016
5190:
5163:
5130:
5103:
5066:
5048:
5010:
5008:, pp. 12–
4995:
4968:
4928:
4913:
4862:
4835:
4804:(1): 285–308.
4771:
4726:
4640:
4612:
4580:
4545:
4514:
4483:
4446:
4406:
4375:
4344:
4313:
4282:
4251:
4239:www.voynich.nu
4226:
4199:
4168:
4137:
4119:
4079:
4048:
4041:
4020:
3987:
3957:
3931:
3902:
3899:Brumbaugh 1978
3888:
3882:978-0752859965
3881:
3863:
3846:
3771:
3757:
3712:
3696:
3650:
3620:
3582:
3551:
3533:
3495:
3462:
3426:
3391:
3376:
3312:
3293:(4): 275–295.
3272:
3232:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3170:
3161:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:False document
3090:
3088:Copiale cipher
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Asemic writing
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3026:Craig P. Bauer
2978:Sandra and Woo
2973:
2962:
2951:
2938:Luigi Serafini
2931:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2867:Linda Sue Park
2863:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2777:
2774:
2747:
2744:
2733:
2691:
2688:
2674:
2671:
2649:
2646:
2628:
2627:Nicholas Gibbs
2625:
2615:
2612:
2595:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2572:Anthony Ascham
2560:
2557:
2544:
2541:
2535:attributed to
2475:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2401:
2398:
2296:
2293:
2262:Bishop Wilkins
2231:
2228:
2108:Khojiki script
2091:
2088:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2047:Roman numerals
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1896:
1893:
1858:Andreas Müller
1826:
1825:Other theories
1823:
1794:
1791:
1778:
1775:
1724:Mathematician
1697:Merton College
1652:, portrait by
1642:
1639:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1569:
1420:Emperor Rudolf
1290:
1287:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1208:
1197:
1190:
1148:
1096:
1093:
1075:Topic modeling
1047:Luke Lindemann
976:
939:
936:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
895:
893:
890:
883:
881:
878:
871:
868:
867:
861:
851:
835:
829:
814:
811:
762:
759:
710:
707:
703:
702:
687:
676:
669:
648:
645:
600:
597:
565:
562:
535:
532:
530:
527:
491:cryptographers
429:reference work
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
324:
319:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
286:
280:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
256:Unknown origin
253:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:pharmaceutical
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:Anthony Ascham
146:
143:
140:
137:
132:
127:
121:
115:
112:
108:
107:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
62:Beinecke MS408
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9381:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9328:
9323:|people=
9315:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9239:
9234:
9230:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9196:
9186:
9185:Voynich Ninja
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9165:
9158:
9153:
9149:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9109:
9108:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9073:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9038:
9035: at the
9034:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8988:
8942:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8861:
8850:
8843:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8802:
8801:
8794:
8790:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8771:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8755:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8696:
8678:
8672:
8668:
8667:
8661:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8636:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8563:
8551:
8547:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8503:(2): 95–107.
8502:
8498:
8497:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8433:(6): e66344.
8432:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8394:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8336:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8319:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8289:
8284:
8272:
8268:
8267:
8266:New Scientist
8262:
8257:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8212:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8156:
8145:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8129:
8122:
8107:
8100:
8095:
8080:
8076:
8069:
8068:
8062:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8003:(2): 95–107.
8002:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7926:
7919:
7903:
7900:(in German).
7899:
7895:
7888:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7795:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7764:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7713:
7707:
7702:
7701:
7692:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7611:La Repubblica
7604:
7597:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7538:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7441:
7435:
7431:
7424:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7296:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7253:. p. 158
7252:
7246:
7238:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7158:
7156:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7129:
7120:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7069:
7065:
7063:
7054:
7038:
7034:
7032:
7023:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6961:
6954:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6904:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6519:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6496:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6433:
6428:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6308:
6303:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6253:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6127:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6105:New Scientist
6101:
6094:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6054:
6050:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6020:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5735:Die Weltwoche
5731:
5724:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5635:
5630:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5550:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:. JHU Press.
5489:
5488:
5480:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5444:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5381:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5275:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5093:
5077:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4924:
4917:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:Manuscr. Stud
4873:
4866:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4730:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4667:(2): 95–107.
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4562:The Telegraph
4557:
4549:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3859:Schinner 2007
3855:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Book of Soyga
3071:
3069:
3068:Beale ciphers
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2968:commissioned
2967:
2964:In 2015, the
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:false writing
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:Time Riders:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:In 2004, the
2752:
2743:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:proto-Romance
2697:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:ancient Greek
2489:
2488:magnification
2485:
2481:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:balneological
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2341:Cardan grille
2337:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2269:substitution.
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:Austroasiatic
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2113:The linguist
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:Cardan grille
2074:
2070:
2069:steganography
2062:Steganography
2059:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1972:
1969:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:This section
1929:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:Edward Kelley
1763:
1762:spirit medium
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:Edward Kelley
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:Karl Widemann
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:for 600
1671:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:Early history
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:Edward Kelley
1628:
1624:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:carbon dating
1568:
1566:
1565:Hans P. Kraus
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:Ethel Voynich
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:Karl Widemann
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Georg Baresch
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:pharmacopoeia
1242:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:, a bull for
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1105:balneological
1101:
1095:Illustrations
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:balneological
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:Claire Bowern
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
990:
985:
978:
974:
970:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
909:Transcription
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
852:
849:
844:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
820:
819:
818:
810:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
785:, text detail
784:
779:
772:
767:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:
657:
655:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:trace amounts
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:iron gall ink
610:
606:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
371:
366:
360:
355:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
315:
314:Ethel Voynich
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:Georg Baresch
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:balneological
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
147:
144:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
59:Also known as
57:
50:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9305:
9291:
9280:the original
9275:
9270:
9254:
9243:the original
9236:
9220:. Retrieved
9204:
9184:
9172:
9138:
9125:
9113:"Voynich.nu"
9094:
9071:
9064:. Retrieved
9060:the original
9046:
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8868:
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8852:. Retrieved
8840:
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8799:
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8759:
8746:. Retrieved
8742:the original
8737:
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8704:
8680:. Retrieved
8665:
8652:. Retrieved
8648:the original
8643:
8627:. Retrieved
8620:the original
8615:
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8595:
8583:. Retrieved
8579:the original
8554:. Retrieved
8534:
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8340:
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8264:
8232:
8218:. Retrieved
8202:
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8127:
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8086:. Retrieved
8079:the original
8066:
8053:. Retrieved
8000:
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7984:Bibliography
7970:. Retrieved
7961:
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7924:
7918:
7906:. Retrieved
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7840:the original
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7825:
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7794:
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7699:
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7665:
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7623:. Retrieved
7609:
7596:
7584:. Retrieved
7575:
7565:
7555:18 September
7553:. Retrieved
7549:Ars Technica
7547:
7537:
7525:. Retrieved
7516:
7507:
7495:. Retrieved
7486:The Guardian
7484:
7475:
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7448:
7429:
7423:
7411:. Retrieved
7403:Bristol Live
7402:
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7371:
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7316:. Retrieved
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7307:
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7267:
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7199:
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7169:The Guardian
7167:
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7119:
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7098:
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7072:. Retrieved
7061:
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7030:
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6972:
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6941:. Retrieved
6937:the original
6932:
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6903:
6891:. Retrieved
6882:
6872:
6860:. Retrieved
6852:Open Culture
6851:
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6797:
6788:
6776:. Retrieved
6757:
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6731:. Retrieved
6722:
6713:
6701:. Retrieved
6690:
6681:
6671:12 September
6669:. Retrieved
6661:Ars Technica
6660:
6650:
6640:12 September
6638:. Retrieved
6629:The Atlantic
6627:
6617:
6607:10 September
6605:. Retrieved
6596:
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6465:
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6200:The Observer
6198:
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6172:the original
6161:
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6060:
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6036:the original
6031:
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5997:
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5961:
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5929:
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5834:the original
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5416:
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5246:
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5230:the original
5219:
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5117:the original
5106:
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5069:
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5051:
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5030:
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4971:
4959:. Retrieved
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4879:
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4853:. Retrieved
4838:
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4801:
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4762:. Retrieved
4741:
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4664:
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4604:the original
4600:Graphométrie
4596:
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4560:
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4527:
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4467:the original
4462:
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4397:. Retrieved
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4296:Inamidst.com
4295:
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4265:Inamidst.com
4264:
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4238:
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4150:
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4101:
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4061:
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4000:
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3969:
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3944:the original
3934:
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3905:
3872:
3866:
3821:. Retrieved
3801:
3762:. Retrieved
3747:
3687:. Retrieved
3676:
3573:. Retrieved
3564:
3554:
3548:Pelling 2006
3524:. Retrieved
3515:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3477:
3453:. Retrieved
3444:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3408:
3367:. Retrieved
3360:the original
3351:
3347:
3290:
3284:
3263:. Retrieved
3252:
3223:. Retrieved
3216:the original
3173:
3164:
3148:
3108:Rohonc Codex
3021:
3017:
3007:Klaus Schmeh
3002:
2999:Nick Pelling
2990:
2982:
2976:
2958:
2941:
2940:created the
2925:
2909:
2892:
2876:Trust No One
2875:
2858:
2849:Alex Scarrow
2839:
2822:
2815:Lev Grossman
2805:
2779:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2729:
2723:Ars Technica
2721:
2715:
2708:
2693:
2683:
2676:
2651:
2648:Greg Kondrak
2634:
2630:
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2599:
2597:
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2575:
2562:
2548:
2546:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2441:
2433:outsider art
2422:
2417:
2385:
2383:
2372:, using the
2358:
2347:
2345:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2304:
2278:
2275:John Wilkins
2272:
2264:in 1667 and
2255:
2250:John Tiltman
2239:
2222:
2192:
2190:
2186:proper nouns
2179:
2172:
2124:Sino-Tibetan
2112:
2103:
2100:word entropy
2093:
2085:
2065:
2056:
2042:
2039:
2012:
1984:
1964:
1958:January 2017
1955:
1932:
1912:
1910:
1890:
1882:Nick Pelling
1879:
1873:
1852:
1836:
1828:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1755:
1754:Dee and his
1753:
1731:
1701:
1676:, 67.5
1668:and King of
1659:
1620:
1574:
1561:George Boole
1554:
1548:
1536:
1517:
1513:Petrus Beckx
1506:
1503:Papal States
1488:
1469:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1382:
1335:
1324:researchers
1315:
1275:bloodletting
1272:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1210:
1199:
1192:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1131:; the castle
1128:
1116:
1086:
1080:In terms of
1079:
1067:
1040:
1035:
1017:
1010:cryptanalyst
1002:
994:
993:text of the
980:
972:
964:
952:orthographic
948:phonological
941:
912:
863:
853:
843:der Mussteil
837:
831:
821:
816:
799:
791:Latin script
788:
782:
770:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:Jorge Stolfi
712:
704:
650:
602:
590:
583:
567:
552:
537:
523:
519:John Tiltman
503:World War II
495:codebreakers
488:
465:
421:cryptography
411:, an unread
393:carbon-dated
384:
376:
374:
369:
358:
223:cosmological
215:astronomical
29:
9139:Voynich.net
9126:Voynich.net
8496:Cryptologia
8393:Cryptologia
7527:12 November
6576:20 February
6512:Stojko 1978
6364:(1): 1–19.
6358:Cryptologia
6323:Cryptologia
6066:Pelling, N.
5746:22 December
4463:www.isi.edu
4244:9 September
3647:Barabe 2009
3286:Cryptologia
3158:High German
3123:Vinland Map
3078:Codex Gigas
3037:obfuscation
3029: [
3010: [
3001:as well as
2970:Hannah Lash
2946:containing
2673:Ahmet Ardıç
2614:Stephen Bax
2594:John Stojko
2528:micrography
2524:microscopic
2429:channelling
2425:glossolalia
2400:Glossolalia
2387:Cryptologia
2378:paleography
2349:Cryptologia
2336:Gordon Rugg
2115:Jacques Guy
2019:nomenclator
1861: [
1855:orientalist
1839:ultraviolet
1786:Eamon Duffy
1711:Roger Bacon
1680:(2.10
1623:Roger Bacon
1451:(2.10
1428:Roger Bacon
1183:Capricornus
1175:Sagittarius
1050: [
922:to make it
848:High German
795:punctuation
529:Description
499:World War I
457:metafiction
443:or work of
441:glossolalia
347:MS 408
242:Exemplar(s)
119:Roger Bacon
96:Language(s)
9338:Categories
9066:4 December
9002:Audio help
8993:2016-09-14
8644:HerbalGram
8312:10 January
8220:1 February
8165:. London:
7784:20 October
7586:13 January
7497:21 October
7465:21 October
6933:EurekAlert
6810:27 January
6778:27 January
6733:27 January
6703:2 February
6417:10 January
6307:2107.02858
6032:HerbalGram
5899:(Report).
5634:Banks 2008
5508:4 November
5433:31 January
5359:Voynich.nu
5333:25 October
5307:10 January
5031:Voynich.nu
4882:: 164–80.
4598:Free (ISP)
4528:Voynich.nu
4497:Voynich.nu
4389:Voynich.nu
4358:Voynich.nu
4327:Voynich.nu
4182:Voynich.nu
4151:Voynich.nu
4102:Voynich.nu
3823:1 February
3516:Voynich.nu
3445:Voynich.nu
3354:(3). U.S.
3135:References
3113:Rongorongo
2995:cryptology
2786:Author(s)
2746:Facsimiles
2537:pareidolia
2530:using the
2354:stochastic
2315:Page 135;
2303:Page 175;
2234:See also:
2144:Vietnamese
2081:stegotexts
1942:improve it
1913:Voynichese
1706:friar and
1704:Franciscan
1556:The Gadfly
1318:provenance
1264:wild pansy
1215:apothecary
1196:the other.
1082:morphology
1041:Linguists
1006:Zipf's law
969:, stated:
920:punch card
807:enciphered
781:Page 191;
769:Page 119;
709:Retouching
699:palmierite
637:lead oxide
579:palimpsest
540:codicology
534:Codicology
497:from both
453:mythopoeia
437:compendium
385:Voynichese
336:Discovered
9325:ignored (
9056:"Voynich"
8893:163421798
8715:0028-7504
8517:0161-1194
8115:15 August
8010:1303.0347
7943:963914459
7908:11 August
7877:10 August
7846:10 August
7815:10 August
7776:. Music.
7745:. Music.
7134:Submitted
7099:Submitted
7012:27 August
6999:166780758
6975:: 30–67.
6760:: 75–86.
6500:Kahn 1967
6378:181797693
6151:17 August
6133:"Was the
6008:4 January
4906:30 August
4896:218957807
4855:30 August
4828:30 August
4818:228894621
4764:31 August
4674:1303.0347
3387:Kahn 1967
3189:Citations
3044:Toki Pona
3022:Unsolved!
2798:Max McCoy
2751:Voynich.
2604:Ukrainian
2586:In 1978,
2568:plaintext
2507:telescope
2495:shorthand
2458:section.
2454:" in the
2207:New Spain
2203:atacamite
2164:morphemes
2162:, etc.),
2119:plaintext
2053:Shorthand
1992:algorithm
1946:verifying
1650:Rudolf II
1508:ex libris
1493:(now the
1360:from the
1342:alchemist
1239:Page 66,
1205:causeways
1159:astrology
1155:astronomy
1030:gibberish
854:f70v–f73v
684:atacamite
641:syngenite
625:potassium
344:Accession
318:Anne Nill
295:in Prague
187:Condition
179:paragraph
111:Author(s)
9314:cite web
9293:Le Monde
9096:Skeptoid
9004: ·
8865:Speculum
8732:(2014).
8550:Archived
8525:20016840
8467:23805215
8427:PLOS ONE
8414:28332554
8356:Archived
8303:Archived
8271:Archived
8231:(1978).
8211:Archived
8200:(1978).
8106:Archived
8049:Archived
8045:23844002
7997:PLOS ONE
7966:Archived
7902:Archived
7871:Archived
7836:MTV Geek
7809:Archived
7778:Archived
7747:Archived
7675:Archived
7649:Archived
7616:Archived
7580:Archived
7521:Archived
7491:Archived
7459:Archived
7407:Archived
7376:Archived
7372:BBC News
7346:Archived
7312:Archived
7278:Archived
7204:Archived
7200:BBC News
7174:Archived
7138:Archived
7103:Archived
7068:Archived
7037:Archived
7003:Archived
6915:Archived
6887:Archived
6856:Archived
6834:Archived
6804:Archived
6772:Archived
6727:Archived
6697:Archived
6665:Archived
6634:Archived
6601:Archived
6567:Archived
6545:24711694
6449:Archived
6408:Archived
6279:Archived
6275:BBC News
6236:Archived
6205:Archived
6145:Archived
6110:Archived
6077:Archived
6002:Archived
5998:BBC News
5968:Archived
5936:Archived
5901:Archived
5867:Archived
5767:Language
5740:Archived
5713:19 March
5654:Archived
5613:Archived
5562:Archived
5532:Archived
5502:Archived
5427:Archived
5363:Archived
5327:Archived
5298:Archived
5257:Archived
5177:Archived
5147:Archived
5092:cite web
5035:Archived
4982:Archived
4900:Archived
4849:Archived
4822:Archived
4758:Archived
4713:Archived
4709:23844002
4661:PLOS ONE
4567:Archived
4532:Archived
4507:31 March
4501:Archived
4430:Archived
4399:31 March
4393:Archived
4368:31 March
4362:Archived
4337:31 March
4331:Archived
4300:Archived
4269:Archived
4213:Archived
4186:Archived
4155:Archived
4106:Archived
4066:Archived
4007:Archived
4002:BBC News
3980:26 April
3974:Archived
3918:Archived
3911:"MS 408"
3814:Archived
3799:(1978).
3683:Archived
3569:Archived
3520:Archived
3449:Archived
3307:28332554
3259:Archived
3051:See also
2993:blog of
2987:MTV Geek
2927:Solenoid
2734:—
2682:journal
2667:anagrams
2448:migraine
2285:suffixes
2266:Dalgarno
2168:syllable
1815:mnemonic
1734:John Dee
1726:John Dee
1708:polymath
1627:John Dee
1524:Frascati
1370:Egyptian
1356:scholar
1266:and the
1179:Aquarius
1163:zodiacal
1025:keywords
695:hematite
680:chlorine
611:pen and
558:bifolios
279:(Copies)
207:Contents
156:Material
9308:. 2020.
9306:Youtube
8991: (
8962:minutes
8885:2848508
8854:13 June
8458:3689824
8435:Bibcode
8331:870–871
8036:3699599
8015:Bibcode
7972:14 July
7284:16 June
7257:16 June
6893:14 July
6862:14 July
6830:YouTube
6455:11 June
6343:5848113
6051:at the
5663:11 June
5619:29 June
5568:11 June
5538:11 June
4961:11 June
4700:3699599
4679:Bibcode
4476:11 June
3914:(image)
3808:. U.S.
3617:Shailor
3254:PhysOrg
3219:(video)
2997:expert
2711:Vulcano
2679:YouTube
2608:Ukraine
2513:of the
2482:of the
2211:Nahuatl
2136:Burmese
2132:Tibetan
2128:Chinese
2031:Alberti
1981:Ciphers
1940:Please
1670:Bohemia
1579:of the
1465:florins
1289:History
1231:Purpose
1145:herbals
717:of the
666:cuprite
662:azurite
656:(SEM).
572:at the
445:fiction
126:himself
101:natural
9222:2 June
9206:Nature
8891:
8883:
8827:
8808:
8776:
8748:8 June
8720:13 May
8713:
8682:9 June
8673:
8654:8 June
8629:8 June
8585:8 June
8556:8 June
8542:
8523:
8515:
8482:
8465:
8455:
8412:
8379:
8362:8 June
8348:
8277:8 June
8251:
8239:
8173:
8149:8 June
8140:
8088:8 June
8055:8 June
8043:
8033:
7941:
7931:
7753:8 June
7717:8 June
7708:
7681:8 June
7655:8 June
7625:8 June
7436:
7413:17 May
7382:17 May
7352:22 May
7318:17 May
7233:
7210:16 May
7180:16 May
7144:13 May
7109:13 May
7074:13 May
7043:13 May
6997:
6943:16 May
6543:
6485:8 June
6376:
6341:
6285:8 June
6242:8 June
6211:8 June
6203:. UK.
6178:8 June
6116:8 June
6083:8 June
6042:8 June
5974:8 June
5942:8 June
5910:8 June
5873:8 June
5843:8 June
5787:409788
5785:
5590:
5494:
5464:
5406:9 June
5397:
5369:8 June
5263:9 June
5236:9 June
5209:9 June
5183:9 June
5156:9 June
5123:9 June
5082:8 June
5041:8 June
4988:9 June
4894:
4816:
4719:8 June
4707:
4697:
4573:8 June
4538:8 June
4439:8 June
4306:8 June
4275:8 June
4219:8 June
4192:9 June
4161:8 June
4112:8 June
4072:8 June
4039:
4013:8 June
3950:8 June
3924:8 June
3879:
3841:
3833:
3764:8 June
3755:
3689:8 June
3575:8 June
3526:9 June
3488:8 June
3455:8 June
3419:8 June
3369:8 June
3305:
3265:8 June
3225:8 June
3181:script
2792:Title
2663:Hebrew
2452:nymphs
2374:tf–idf
2321:nymphs
2221:) and
2215:Aztecs
2199:herbal
2134:, and
2104:et al.
1988:cipher
1905:script
1757:scrier
1674:ducats
1581:vellum
1424:ducats
1390:rector
1366:Coptic
1354:Jesuit
1350:Sphynx
1346:Prague
1279:Zodiac
1260:herbal
1171:Taurus
1167:Pisces
989:pinyin
956:vowels
803:ductus
621:sulfur
586:folios
548:quires
544:vellum
517:, and
447:(e.g.
417:cypher
403:for a
401:script
389:vellum
387:. The
289:Rector
211:Herbal
199:Script
194:found)
192:quires
174:Format
160:vellum
9160:(PDF)
8889:S2CID
8881:JSTOR
8845:(PDF)
8623:(PDF)
8608:(PDF)
8521:S2CID
8410:S2CID
8306:(PDF)
8291:(PDF)
8214:(PDF)
8207:(PDF)
8134:1–384
8109:(PDF)
8102:(PDF)
8082:(PDF)
8071:(PDF)
8005:arXiv
7619:(PDF)
7606:(PDF)
7006:(PDF)
6995:S2CID
6963:(PDF)
6570:(PDF)
6563:(PDF)
6541:JSTOR
6411:(PDF)
6396:(PDF)
6374:S2CID
6339:S2CID
6302:arXiv
6232:Wired
5904:(PDF)
5893:(PDF)
5837:(PDF)
5830:(PDF)
5783:JSTOR
5690:(C).
5657:(PDF)
5650:(PDF)
5301:(PDF)
5286:(PDF)
5150:(PDF)
5143:(PDF)
4892:S2CID
4814:S2CID
4669:arXiv
4628:(PDF)
4607:(PDF)
4593:(PDF)
4470:(PDF)
4459:(PDF)
4433:(PDF)
4422:(PDF)
3817:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3363:(PDF)
3344:(PDF)
3303:S2CID
3179:Latin
3154:Latin
3140:Notes
3033:]
3014:]
2922:2015
2905:2014
2888:2013
2871:2012
2853:2011
2841:PopCo
2836:2004
2824:Codex
2819:2004
2802:1995
2789:Year
2520:Latin
2431:, or
2223:circa
2148:Khmer
1865:]
1455:) of
1344:from
1187:Aries
1129:f86r6
1054:]
864:f116v
783:f107r
751:f72v3
747:f72v1
739:f67r2
691:ochre
647:Paint
609:quill
584:Some
553:recto
433:index
381:codex
370:f72v3
182:parts
90:Italy
71:codex
9327:help
9224:2021
9068:2013
8856:2016
8825:ISBN
8806:ISBN
8774:ISBN
8750:2016
8722:2020
8711:ISSN
8684:2016
8671:ISBN
8656:2016
8631:2016
8587:2016
8558:2016
8540:ISBN
8513:ISSN
8480:ISBN
8463:PMID
8377:ISBN
8364:2016
8346:ISBN
8314:2023
8299:3313
8279:2016
8249:ISBN
8237:ISBN
8222:2021
8192:(3).
8171:ISBN
8151:2016
8138:ISBN
8117:2019
8090:2016
8057:2016
8041:PMID
7974:2018
7939:OCLC
7929:ISBN
7910:2013
7879:2013
7848:2013
7817:2013
7786:2016
7755:2016
7719:2016
7706:ISBN
7683:2016
7657:2016
7627:2016
7588:2020
7557:2024
7529:2017
7499:2016
7467:2016
7434:ISBN
7415:2019
7384:2019
7354:2019
7320:2019
7286:2021
7259:2021
7231:ISBN
7212:2019
7182:2019
7146:2020
7111:2020
7076:2020
7045:2020
7014:2021
6945:2019
6895:2020
6864:2020
6812:2019
6780:2018
6735:2018
6705:2018
6673:2017
6642:2017
6609:2017
6578:2014
6487:2016
6457:2016
6419:2023
6404:3313
6287:2016
6244:2016
6213:2016
6180:2016
6153:2022
6118:2016
6085:2016
6044:2016
6010:2018
5976:2016
5944:2016
5912:2016
5875:2016
5845:2016
5814:(3).
5748:2019
5715:2024
5665:2016
5621:2016
5588:ISBN
5570:2016
5540:2016
5510:2020
5492:ISBN
5462:ISBN
5435:2018
5408:2016
5395:ISBN
5371:2016
5335:2017
5309:2023
5294:3313
5265:2016
5238:2016
5211:2016
5185:2016
5158:2016
5125:2016
5098:link
5084:2016
5043:2016
4990:2016
4963:2016
4908:2021
4857:2021
4830:2021
4766:2021
4721:2016
4705:PMID
4575:2016
4540:2016
4509:2018
4478:2016
4441:2016
4401:2018
4370:2018
4339:2018
4308:2016
4277:2016
4246:2024
4221:2016
4194:2016
4163:2016
4114:2016
4074:2016
4037:ISBN
4015:2016
3982:2022
3952:2016
3926:2016
3877:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3825:2021
3766:2016
3753:ISBN
3691:2016
3577:2016
3528:2016
3490:2016
3457:2016
3421:2016
3371:2016
3267:2016
3227:2016
3156:and
2418:f78r
2329:hoax
2317:f75r
2305:f99r
2295:Hoax
2156:Thai
2043:f15v
2021:and
1773:it.
1376:the
1241:f33v
1181:and
1117:f25v
1045:and
891:f17r
846:, a
838:f66r
832:f17r
771:f66r
761:Text
755:f73r
753:and
743:f71r
735:f57v
731:f26v
538:The
501:and
425:hoax
413:code
375:The
327:Yale
225:and
166:Size
77:Date
67:Type
9211:doi
8873:doi
8616:XII
8505:doi
8453:PMC
8443:doi
8402:doi
8190:XXI
8031:PMC
8023:doi
6985:hdl
6977:doi
6883:CNN
6762:doi
6366:doi
6331:doi
5812:XXI
5775:doi
5765:".
5702:hdl
5692:doi
5688:138
5458:102
4884:doi
4806:doi
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3352:XII
3295:doi
3024:by
2706:."
2642:TLS
2277:'s
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2152:Tai
2138:),
1996:NSA
1944:by
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