20:
258:
1335:
248:
60:
195:
190:
Different guides have been made for architects and engineers to determine various parameters of waffle slabs, primarily the overall thickness and rib dimensions. The following are rules of thumb, which are explained further in the accompanying diagrams:
80:
after the concrete sets. This structure was designed to be more solid when used on longer spans and with heavier loads. This type of structure, because of its rigidity, is recommended for buildings that require minimal vibration, like
51:
comes from the grid pattern created by the reinforcing ribs. Waffle slabs are preferred for spans greater than 40 feet (12 m), as they are much stronger than flat slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs,
310:
Waffle slabs are thicker than flat slabs, so the height between each floor must be greater to have enough space for the slab system and other building services
181:
The reinforcements are integrated into the slab while being manufactured, without needing to reinforce the assembly on site. This is the most expensive option.
101:, and may be more expensive than other types of slabs, but depending on the project and the quantity of concrete needed it may be cheaper to build.
1273:
499:
653:
1364:
1294:
216:
The width of the ribs is typically 130 mm (5 in) to 150 mm (6 in), and ribs usually have steel rod reinforcements.
1011:
721:
1162:
537:
836:
294:
1253:
203:
Slab depth is typically 75 mm (3 in) to 130 mm (5 in) thick. As a rule of thumb, the depth should be
471:
407:
1021:
350:
751:
1227:
794:
714:
1374:
1268:
1243:
1157:
1124:
152:. First the supports are built, then the pods are arranged in place, and finally the concrete is poured.
1379:
1222:
1036:
746:
603:
553:
164:
Formwork construction and pouring of concrete occur on site, then the slab is assembled (if required).
1258:
1200:
1119:
1059:
874:
789:
155:
This process may occur in three different approaches, however the basic method is the same in each:
707:
554:"HOLEDECK | certificate system lightened reinforced concrete slabs which saves 20% in construction"
281:
Bigger spans can be achieved with less material, being more economical and environmentally friendly
19:
1031:
578:
776:
1129:
1006:
930:
821:
816:
363:
323:
1212:
955:
1248:
1149:
1144:
1104:
1016:
879:
628:
275:
124:
are needed to give the waffle shape to the slab. The formwork is made up of many elements:
297:
can be run through them. One proprietary implementation of this system is called
Holedeck.
274:
Better for buildings that require less vibrations – this is managed by the
8:
1195:
1114:
884:
826:
368:
40:
1109:
1026:
1369:
1338:
1094:
1089:
1064:
1046:
960:
940:
761:
678:
533:
467:
403:
77:
1217:
1190:
1099:
965:
925:
804:
766:
329:
168:
160:
1359:
1134:
985:
889:
799:
654:"UC San Diego - Galbraith Hall Interior Renovation / Kevin deFreitas Architects"
1207:
1139:
980:
899:
869:
864:
756:
176:
76:
create a grid like surface on the bottom. The grid is formed by the removal of
856:
426:
1353:
1180:
1079:
1069:
975:
373:
307:
Greater quantities of formwork materials are needed, which can be very costly
172:
The slabs are made somewhere else and then brought to the site and assembled.
94:
89:
facilities. It is also used in buildings that require big open spaces, like
86:
36:
1084:
970:
945:
738:
53:
894:
257:
904:
841:
313:
Waffle slabs are preferred for flat topographical areas not sloped sites
251:
Diagram showing waffle slab rib and Beam
Heights rule of thumb formulas.
245:
of the span between columns. Its height should be the same as the ribs.
1289:
1074:
1054:
846:
82:
500:"Waffle Slab - Construction Procedure, Characteristics and Advantages"
247:
59:
1320:
261:
Diagram shows the width of the column head with rule of thumb formula
194:
1304:
1299:
935:
730:
378:
121:
98:
44:
1263:
831:
90:
990:
950:
784:
219:
The distance between ribs is typically 915 mm (3 ft).
23:
The underside of a waffle slab, showing the grid like structure
63:
Section of a waffle slab including beam, ribs, and column head
909:
811:
73:
198:
Diagram shows slab and rib width with rules of thumb formula
699:
557:
284:
Some people find the waffle pattern aesthetically pleasing
47:
ribs running in two directions on its underside. The name
235:
The width of the solid area around the column should be
120:
A waffle slab can be made in different ways but generic
290:
Forms can be implemented with wood, concrete or steel
270:
The waffle slab floor system has several advantages:
287:
Greater load capacity than traditional one-way slabs
532:(Fifth ed.). New Jersey: Wiley. p. 4.06.
466:(Sixth ed.). New Jersey: Wiley. p. 124.
1351:
1274:International Federation for Structural Concrete
335:Logistic and Telecommunication SL, Madrid, Spain
715:
400:Dictionary of Architecture and Construction
222:The height of the ribs and beams should be
104:There are two types of waffle slab system:
722:
708:
461:
97:. Waffle slabs are composed by intricate
344:Galbraith Hall, UC San Diego, California
293:If holes are provided between the ribs,
278:joist reinforcements that form the grid.
256:
246:
193:
58:
18:
604:"Barangaroo House / Collins and Turner"
497:
115:
1352:
397:
703:
527:
185:
837:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
523:
521:
519:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
462:Allen, Edward; Iano, Joseph (2017).
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
421:
419:
72:A waffle slab is flat on top, while
1254:Institution of Structural Engineers
579:"Logytel I+D / AlarcĂłn + Asociados"
353:Parking Garage, Caguas, Puerto Rico
338:Barangaroo House, Sydney, Australia
16:Concrete flooring structural system
13:
498:Anupoju, Sadanandam (2017-12-13).
14:
1391:
1365:Concrete buildings and structures
530:Building Construction Illustrated
516:
480:
444:
416:
1334:
1333:
464:The Architect's Studio Companion
351:Centro de Bellas Artes de Caguas
301:
671:
646:
752:Roman architectural revolution
621:
596:
571:
546:
391:
341:GS1 Portugal, Lisboa, Portugal
67:
1:
402:. McGraw Hill. p. 1051.
384:
265:
729:
629:"GS1 Portugal / PROMONTORIO"
528:Ching, Francis D.K. (2014).
232:of the span between columns.
7:
1269:Portland Cement Association
1244:American Concrete Institute
357:
317:
10:
1396:
747:Ancient Roman architecture
111:Two way waffle slab system
108:One way waffle slab system
56:, and one-way joist slabs.
1329:
1313:
1282:
1259:Indian Concrete Institute
1236:
1173:
1045:
999:
918:
855:
775:
737:
347:odD House, Quito, Ecuador
326:, London, United Kingdom
1037:Alkali–silica reaction
795:Energetically modified
679:"odD House 1.0 / odD+"
398:Harris, Cyril (2005).
364:Waffle slab foundation
324:Royal National Theatre
262:
252:
199:
64:
24:
431:Civil Engineers Forum
260:
250:
197:
62:
22:
1022:Environmental impact
880:Reversing drum mixer
116:Construction process
1375:Reinforced concrete
369:Reinforced concrete
130:horizontal supports
41:reinforced concrete
1125:Self-consolidating
817:Water–cement ratio
263:
253:
200:
186:Waffle slab design
65:
33:two-way joist slab
25:
1380:Structural system
1347:
1346:
1339:Category:Concrete
1120:Roller-compacting
941:Climbing formwork
790:Calcium aluminate
762:Roman engineering
539:978-1-118-45834-1
295:building services
134:vertical supports
1387:
1337:
1336:
1249:Concrete Society
1060:Fiber-reinforced
875:Volumetric mixer
767:Roman technology
724:
717:
710:
701:
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694:
693:
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675:
669:
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619:
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569:
568:
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556:. Archived from
550:
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511:
510:
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478:
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442:
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330:Washington Metro
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1232:
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1041:
995:
914:
890:Flow table test
851:
771:
733:
728:
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547:
540:
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517:
508:
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504:The Constructor
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436:
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396:
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387:
360:
320:
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209:
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188:
118:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1393:
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1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1345:
1344:
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1330:
1327:
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1317:
1315:
1311:
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1308:
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1302:
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1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Concrete block
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:voided biaxial
1193:
1188:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
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1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
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1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
922:
920:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
900:Concrete cover
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:Concrete mixer
867:
861:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
781:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
757:Roman concrete
754:
749:
743:
741:
735:
734:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
696:
695:
670:
645:
620:
595:
570:
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538:
515:
479:
472:
443:
415:
408:
389:
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366:
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267:
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255:
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233:
220:
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187:
184:
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177:Pre-fabricated
173:
165:
138:cube junctions
117:
114:
113:
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109:
95:train stations
69:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1257:
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1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:Organizations
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:slab on grade
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1164:
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1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Self-leveling
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
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1058:
1056:
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1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:Cast-in-place
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
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886:
883:
881:
878:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
858:
854:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Reinforcement
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
782:
780:
778:
774:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
702:
684:
680:
674:
659:
655:
649:
634:
630:
624:
609:
605:
599:
584:
580:
574:
560:on 2019-03-28
559:
555:
549:
541:
535:
531:
524:
522:
520:
505:
501:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
475:
473:9781119092414
469:
465:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
432:
428:
427:"Waffle Slab"
422:
420:
411:
409:0-07-145237-0
405:
401:
394:
390:
380:
377:
375:
374:Concrete slab
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
312:
309:
306:
305:
302:Disadvantages
296:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
273:
272:
271:
259:
249:
234:
221:
218:
215:
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143:
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127:
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110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:manufacturing
84:
79:
75:
61:
57:
55:
54:one-way slabs
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:concrete slab
34:
30:
21:
1213:Step barrier
1185:
1174:Applications
1085:Nanoconcrete
971:Power trowel
956:Power screed
946:Slip forming
919:Construction
687:. Retrieved
685:. 2015-04-16
682:
673:
662:. Retrieved
660:. 2017-02-03
657:
648:
637:. Retrieved
635:. 2017-05-17
632:
623:
612:. Retrieved
610:. 2018-08-08
607:
598:
587:. Retrieved
585:. 2014-01-02
582:
573:
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
548:
529:
507:. Retrieved
503:
463:
435:. Retrieved
433:. 2014-12-25
430:
399:
393:
269:
213:of the span.
189:
175:
167:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
119:
103:
83:laboratories
71:
48:
32:
28:
26:
1191:hollow-core
1150:Waste light
1145:Translucent
1105:Prestressed
1032:Segregation
1017:Degradation
905:Cover meter
842:Silica fume
777:Composition
142:hole plates
126:waffle pods
68:Description
29:waffle slab
1354:Categories
1290:Eurocode 2
1228:Structures
1115:Reinforced
1075:Lunarcrete
1055:AstroCrete
1012:Durability
1007:Properties
885:Slump test
857:Production
847:Metakaolin
689:2018-12-04
664:2018-12-04
639:2018-12-04
614:2018-12-04
589:2018-12-04
564:2018-12-05
509:2018-11-18
437:2018-12-05
385:References
266:Advantages
150:steel bars
1321:Hempcrete
1283:Standards
1110:Ready-mix
1027:Recycling
822:Aggregate
805:Rosendale
683:ArchDaily
658:ArchDaily
633:ArchDaily
608:ArchDaily
583:ArchDaily
1370:Concrete
1314:See also
1305:EN 10080
1300:EN 206-1
1295:EN 197-1
1154:Aerated
1095:Polished
1090:Pervious
1065:Filigree
961:Finisher
936:Formwork
800:Portland
731:Concrete
379:Formwork
358:See also
332:Building
318:Examples
169:Precast:
161:In situ:
99:formwork
91:theatres
45:concrete
39:made of
1264:Nanocem
1223:Columns
1100:Polymer
1000:Science
966:Grinder
926:Precast
832:Fly ash
739:History
276:two way
240:⁄
227:⁄
208:⁄
1360:Floors
1186:waffle
1135:Sulfur
991:Tremie
986:Sealer
951:Screed
895:Curing
785:Cement
536:
470:
406:
74:joists
49:waffle
1218:Roads
1140:Tabby
1047:Types
981:Float
910:Rebar
865:Plant
812:Water
146:clits
122:forms
78:molds
43:with
35:is a
1181:Slab
1163:RAAC
1080:Mass
1070:Foam
976:Pump
534:ISBN
468:ISBN
404:ISBN
148:and
85:and
1158:AAC
93:or
31:or
1356::
681:.
656:.
631:.
606:.
581:.
518:^
502:.
482:^
446:^
429:.
418:^
229:25
210:24
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
27:A
723:e
716:t
709:v
692:.
667:.
642:.
617:.
592:.
567:.
542:.
512:.
476:.
440:.
412:.
242:8
238:1
225:1
206:1
179::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
