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have changed places. Suppose the sun is in the east and the moon is in the west. The moon falls back (lit. moves) quickly eastwards and meets the sun, 'covering' its edge. Soon the moon going on eastwards passes the sun. When the western edge (of the sun), which has been 'covered' first, shines again with its light, the eastern edge, which was not 'covered' before, should (now) be 'covered'. But in fact we see that during an eclipse of the sun the light of the western edge is extinguished, yet when (the light) comes back the western edge is bright (but the eastern edge is bright also). The moon goes on and covers the eastern (inner) part as well as the western (inner) part. This is called 'exact intrustion' and 'mutual covering and obscuring'. How can these facts be explained (by astronomers who believe that the moon covers the light of the sun in solar eclipse).
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the sun and moon are not spherical; they only appear to be so on account of the distance. How can this be verified? The sun is the essence of fire, the moon the essence of water. On earth, fire and water never assume spherical forms, so why should they become spherical only in the heavens? The sun and moon are like the five planets, and these in turn like the other stars. Now the other stars are not really round, but only appear to be so in their shining, because they are so far away. How do we know this? In the
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of the qi (of the sun) to change (at those times). Why should it be said that the moon has anything to do with the times of (changing of) the sun('s qi) at the first and last days of the months? The sun should normally be full; if there is a shrinkage it is an abnormal event (and the scholars say that) there must be something consuming (the sun). But in such cases as landslides and earthquakes, what does the consuming then?
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is away from it is dark. The planets (as well as the moon) have the nature of water and reflect light. The light pouring forth from the sun does not always reach the moon owing to the obstruction of the earth itself—this is called 'anxu', a lunar eclipse. When (a similar effect) happens with a planet (we call it) an occultation (xingwei); when the moon passes across (the sun's path) then there is a solar eclipse (shi).
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solar eclipse is caused. Just as, in gloomy weather, neither sun nor moon can be seen. When the edges contact, the two consume each other; when the two are concentric they face each other exactly covered and the sun is nearly extinguished. That the sun and moon are in conjunction at times of new moon is simply one of the regulatories of the heavens.
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Roughly speaking, every 41 or 42 months there is a solar eclipse, and every 180 days there is a lunar eclipse. The reason why the eclipses have definite times is not (as the scholars say) that there are (recurring) abnormal events due to the periods (of the moon's cycle), but because it is the nature
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The sun is like fire and the moon like water. The fire gives out light and the water reflects it. Thus the moon's brightness is produced from the radiance of the sun, and the moon's darkness is due to (the light of) the sun being obstructed. The side that faces the sun is fully lit, and the side that
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rain clouds can spread all over the empire, but from small mountains only over a single province—the distance depends on the height. As to this coming of rain from the mountains, some hold that the clouds carry the rain with them, dispersing as it is precipitated (and they are right). Clouds and rain
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Wang was just as rational and uncompromising about knowledge. Beliefs require evidence, just as actions require results. Anyone can prattle nonsense, and they'll always be able to find people to believe it, especially if they can dress it up in superstitious flummery. Careful reasoning and experience
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Despite his self-imposed retirement, he eventually accepted an invitation of
Inspector Dong Qin (fl. AD 80–90) of Yang province to work as a Headquarters Officer. However, Wang soon resigned from this post as well. Xie Yiwu, a friend of Wang Chong's and a long-standing inspector and official, made an
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But that the moon covers the light of the sun in solar eclipses—no, that is not true. How can this be verified? When the sun and the moon are in conjunction and the light of the former is 'covered' by the latter, the edges of the two must meet at the beginning, and when the light reappears they must
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Now in such an abnormal event the Yang would have to be weak and the Yin strong, but (this is not in accord with) what happens on earth, where the stronger subdue the weaker. The situation is that at the ends of the months the light of the moon is very weak, and at the beginnings almost extinct; how
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called his style straightforward and without literary pretensions; in general, modern
Western writers have noted that Wang was one of the most original thinkers of his time, even iconoclastic in his opinions. They note that he gained popularity in the early 20th century because his ideas correspond
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He was equally scathing about the popular belief in ghosts. Why should only human beings have ghosts, he asked, not other animals? We are all living creatures, animated by the same vital principle. Besides, so many people have died that their ghosts would vastly outnumber living people; the world
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Again, the scholars assert that the bodies of the sun and moon are quite spherical. When one looks up at them, their shape seems like that of a ladle or a round basket, perfectly circular. They are not the qi of a light seen from far off, for qi could not be round. But (my opinion is) that in fact
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Other scholars say that when the sun is eclipsed, the moon covers it. The sun is further away (lit. above) but the moon being nearer (lit. below), then the moon could not cover the sun. But since the opposite is true, the sun is obstructed, its light is covered by that of the moon, and therefore a
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At the centre of his thought was the denial that Heaven has any purpose for us, whether benevolent or hostile. To say that Heaven provides us food and clothing is to say it acts as our farmer or tailor—an obvious absurdity. Humans are insignificant specks in the universe and cannot hope to effect
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asserts that: "As to the seasonal lunar and stellar connections, the thought of Wang Chong (about 83 AD) is that in some way or other the cyclical behavior of the qi on earth, where water is distilled into mountain clouds, is correlated with the behavior of the qi in the heavens, which brings the
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or larger scientific discourse in his time, his formulations can seem alien to the modern eye—to some readers, even as peculiar as the superstitions that he was rejecting. But despite this barrier to his work, he gained some fame, though mostly after his death. He had an effect on what
Karlgren
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Wang insisted that the words of previous sages should be treated critically, and that they were often contradictory or inconsistent. He criticized scholars of his time for not accepting this, as well as what he called the popular acceptance of written works. He believed that the truth could be
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Wang returned to his home commandery where he became a local teacher. He was elevated as an
Officer of Merit, but due to his critical and quarrelsome nature he decided to resign from this position. Following this was a period of isolated retirement when Wang composed essays on philosophy, his
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Wang's reference to
Gongyan Gao's (i.e. Gongyan Zhuan's) commentary perhaps demonstrates that Gongyan's work, compiled in the 2nd century BC, explored the topic of the hydrological cycle long before Wang wrote about the process. The British biochemist, historian, and sinologist
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According to the scholars, solar eclipses are brought about by the moon. It has been observed that they occur at times of new moon (lit. on the last days and first days of months), when the moon is in conjunction with the sun, and therefore the moon can eclipse it. In the
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One example of Wang's rationality is his argument that thunder must be caused by fire or heat, and is not a sign of the heavens being displeased. He argued that repeatable experience and experiment should be tried before adopting the belief that divine will was involved.
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then could it conquer the sun? If you say that eclipses of the sun are due to the moon consuming it, then what is it that consumes (in a lunar eclipse) the moon? Nothing, the moon fades of itself. Applying the same principle to the sun, the sun also fades of itself.
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The
Confucians also maintain that the expression that the rain comes down from heaven means that it actually does fall from the heavens (where the stars are). However, consideration of the subject shows us that rain comes from above the earth, but not down from
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there must be rain. As long as it does not rain, the moon has not approached, and the mountains have no clouds. Heaven and earth, above and below, act in mutual resonance. When the moon approaches above, the mountains steam below, and the embodied
620:, writing in his Lun Tian (Discourse on the Heavens) of 274 AD that supported Wang's theory by arguing the inferior Yin (Moon) could never obstruct the superior Yang (Sun), Liu was still outside of the mainstream accepted Confucian tradition. The
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Unlike most of the
Chinese philosophers of his period, Wang spent much of his life in non-self-inflicted poverty. He was said to have studied by standing at bookstalls, and had a superb memory, which allowed him to become very well-versed in the
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Seeing the rain gather from above, people say that it comes from the heavens—admittedly it comes from above the earth. How can we demonstrate that the rain originates in the earth and rises from the mountains? Gongyang Gao's commentary on the
628:(1031–1095) supported the old theory of a spherical Sun and Moon by using his own reasoning about eclipses, which he explained were due to the Moon and the Sun coming into obstruction of one another. The Song dynasty Chinese philosopher
254:(155–220). As some of the questionable tenets of the philosophy of New Text Confucianism fell out of use and repute, Rafe de Crespigny states that the rationalist philosophy of Wang Chong became much more influential in Chinese thought.
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says that at such and such a month at new moon there was an eclipse of the sun, but these statements do not imply that the moon did it. Why should (the chroniclers) have made no mention of the moon if they knew that it was really
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632:(1130–1200) also supported this theory in his writing. Although Wang Chong was right about the water cycle and other aspects of early science, his stern opposition to mainstream Confucian thought at the time made him a
608:. When people went near to examine them, it turned out that they were stones, but not round. Since these (shooting) stars were not round, we may be sure that the sun, the moon, and the planets are not spherical either.
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of Nature. Clouds and fog show that rain is coming. In summer it turns to dew, in winter to frost. Warm, it is rain, cold, it is snow. Rain, dew, and frost, all proceed from the earth, and do not descend from the
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bullet, and they thought the moon had the nature of a mirror. Some of them recognized the moon as a ball too. Those parts of the moon the sun illuminates look bright, those parts it does not, remain dark.
310:神), he simply separates them from the notion that they are the souls of the dead. He seems to believe that the phenomena exist, but whatever they may be, they have no relation to the deceased.
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upwards through stones one or two inches thick, and gathers. In one day's time it can spread over the whole empire, but this is only so if it comes from Thai Shan." What he means is that from
161:. Born a son of Wang Song, he was admired in his local community for his filial piety and devotion to his father. With the urging of his parents, Wang travelled to the Eastern Han capital at
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227:(r. 75–88). Emperor Zhang accepted this and summoned Wang Chong to appear at his court, yet Wang claimed ill health and refused to travel. Wang later died at home around the year 100.
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People say that spirits are the souls of dead men. That being the case, spirits should always appear naked, for surely it is not contended that clothes have souls as well as men. (
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called, the 'neo-Daoism'—a reformed Daoist philosophy with a more rational, naturalistic metaphysics, without much of the superstition and mysticism into which Daoism had fallen.
413:. When the garments (of those travelling on high mountain passes) are moistened, it is not the effect of the clouds and mists they pass through, but of the suspended rain water.
195:(d. 28). Due to his humble origins, Wang became resentful of officials who were admired simply because of their wealth and power and not for any scholarly abilities.
1408:
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moon near to the Hyades at certain times." Thus, Wang Chong was uniting classical
Chinese thought with radically modern ways of scientific thinking in his day.
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had begun to rule people's lives. Wang derided all this and made a vocation of giving a rational, naturalistic account of the world and the human place in it.
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will bring heavy rain showers." They believe that according to these two passages of the classics, heaven itself causes the rain. What are we to say to this?
187:. Since he was poor and lacked enough money to purchase proper texts of study, Wang had to resort to frequent visits to bookshops to acquire knowledge.
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forms naturally large spherical bodies in space), his ideas on this would not be later accepted in China. Although there were some figures like
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496:. However, Wang Chong's theory went against the correct 'radiating influence' theory supported by Zhang Heng (that the light of the rounded
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527:; they have shape but no light. This they receive only when the sun illuminates them. The former masters regarded the sun as round like a
149:. He eventually reached the rank of District Secretary, a post he soon lost as a result of his combative and anti-authoritarian nature.
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are really the same thing. Water evaporating upwards becomes clouds, which condense into rain, or still further into
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With his acute rationale and objective approach, Wang Chong wrote many things that would be praised by later modern
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Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
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writes that during his studies Wang was most likely influenced by contemporary Old Text realists such as
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Going against the grain of the accepted theory, and thinking more along the lines of the 1st century BC
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Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
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discovered, and would become obvious, by making the words clear, and by clear commentary on the text.
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were worshipped as gods, omens were seen everywhere, belief in ghosts was almost universal, and
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When the rain comes from the mountains, the moon passes the (other) stars and approaches Pi
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Although Wang Chong was certain of his ideas about eclipses (without the knowledge of how
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official recommendation to the court requesting that Wang serve as a senior scholar under
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484:(78–139) and Chinese scholars before him, Wang discussed theories about the causation of
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of all their theories, including eclipses (the Confucian-accepted model being correct).
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would be swamped by them. He never, however, explicitly denies the existence of ghosts (
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117:(論衡, "Critical Essays"). This book contained many theories involving early sciences of
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which says, "When the moon follows the stars, there will be wind and rain," or the
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were largely ignored during his lifetime, the prominent official and later scholar
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512:). Writing little more than a century before Zhang Heng, the mathematician and
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215:("On Macrobiotics"). About eighty of these essays were later compiled into his
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and brought it with him on his trip in 198 to the Han court established at
238:(132–192) wrote of his admiration for Wang's written works. The politician
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A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
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1014:"Rationalism and materialist philosophy in China: Fan Zhen, Wang Chung"
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in China thereafter. Wang also accurately described the process of the
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Wang Chong reacted to the state that philosophy had reached in China.
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and scientists alike as being modern-minded. For example, much like
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Although Wang's rationalistic philosophy and criticism of so-called
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183:(32–92), the son of Ban Biao who made further contributions to the
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explanation of the origin of the universe. His main work was the
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changes in it, and it is ludicrous arrogance to think that the
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1st century Chinese meteorologist, astronomer, and philosopher
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83:(仲任), was a Chinese astronomer, meteorologist, naturalist,
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had long ago changed into a religious and magic way, and
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account of the world and of human beings and gave a
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Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
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453:meet and unite. This is (part of the) spontaneous
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1016:. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009
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270:had been the state religion for some 150 years.
1613:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
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375:, Wang Chong wrote the following passage about
431:, which says, "The approach of the moon to Pi
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1337:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
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725:
667:
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157:Wang was born into a poor family in modern
1682:
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1098:
1084:
1620:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
707:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism (2006)
519:(78–37 BC) wrote in the 1st century BC:
219:("Discourses Weighed in the Balance").
70:
3159:
1689:
1227:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
1105:
257:
1663:
1079:
980:(Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
173:(3–54), the latter who initiated the
1202:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
326:The Swedish linguist and sinologist
1443:Protectorate of the Western Regions
1192:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
1071:Lun Hêng (论衡), works by Wang Ch'ung
1008:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
794:Needham, Volume 3, 468, Footnote e.
242:(d. 228) acquired a copy of Wang's
13:
565:there were many eclipses, and the
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3233:
1043:Wang Ch'ung (humanistictexts.org)
997:
3177:1st-century Chinese philosophers
1453:Translation of government titles
1257:
624:(960–1279) polymathic scientist
3172:1st-century Chinese astronomers
1599:Book on Numbers and Computation
331:to those that later evolved in
87:, and writer active during the
1416:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
1287:Records of the Grand Historian
722:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 344
699:
348:
60:
1:
1308:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1232:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1139:Rebellion of the Seven States
967:(Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.
929:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
916:
523:The moon and the planets are
1062:Works by or about Wang Chong
812:Needham, Volume 3, 227, 411.
471:
290:would change itself for us.
7:
3197:Han dynasty science writers
1048:Wang Ch'ung (Peter J. King)
910:Needham, Volume 3, 413-414.
892:Needham, Volume 3, 415–416.
883:Needham, Volume 3, 414-415.
874:Needham, Volume 3, 412-413.
851:Needham, Volume 3, 411-412.
639:
539:(Mystical Laws) of 120 AD:
10:
3238:
3207:Philosophers from Zhejiang
1812:Hundred Schools of Thought
1438:Provinces and commanderies
1326:Eight Immortals of Huainan
1154:War of the Heavenly Horses
993:(Physics Edition), 1st ed.
954:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
947:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
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1144:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
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1034:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
755:Crespigny, 806 & 895.
323:of the world are needed.
129:, which became common in
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3212:Scientists from Shaoxing
1197:Trung sisters' rebellion
1161:Han conquest of Gojoseon
1128:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
950:Needham, Joseph (1986).
661:
602:Spring and Autumn period
563:Spring and Autumn period
535:Zhang Heng wrote in his
444:. When it approaches Pi
397:Spring and Autumn Annals
344:Early scientific thought
203:("On Common Morality"),
1807:Nine Schools of Thought
1476:Ancient Chinese coinage
1237:Yellow Turban Rebellion
901:Needham, Volume 3, 416.
865:Needham, Volume 3, 412.
842:Needham, Volume 3, 413.
830:Needham, Volume 3, 414.
821:Needham, Volume 3, 227.
803:Needham, Volume 3, 469.
785:Needham, Volume 3, 468.
476:Similar to Han dynasty
211:("On Government"), and
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3182:Chinese meteorologists
3110:State consequentialism
1498:Science and technology
1242:End of the Han dynasty
1182:Han conquest of Nanyue
610:
596:
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418:Some persons cite the
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19:For the director, see
3222:Writers from Shaoxing
3192:Han dynasty essayists
2127:Northern and Southern
1426:Three Ducal Ministers
1314:Flying Horse of Gansu
1301:Book of the Later Han
990:Encyclopedia of China
977:Encyclopedia of China
964:Encyclopedia of China
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232:New Text Confucianism
179:. He also befriended
21:Wang Chong (director)
1488:Sino-Roman relations
1331:Mawangdui Silk Texts
1247:Battle of Red Cliffs
1187:Han conquest of Dian
743:Crespigny, 152 806.
556:, Wang Chong wrote:
225:Emperor Zhang of Han
3202:People from Shangyu
3187:Chinese naturalists
1757:School of Diplomacy
1367:Eastern Han Chinese
1268:Society and culture
1173:Southward expansion
1134:LĂĽ Clan disturbance
1053:Works by Wang Chong
258:Work and philosophy
167:Imperial University
89:Eastern Han dynasty
1691:Chinese philosophy
1585:Balanced Discourse
1124:Chu–Han Contention
923:de Crespigny, Rafe
646:Chinese philosophy
365:'s 4th century BC
250:by Prime Minister
76:; 27 – c. 97 AD),
3217:Technical writers
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3002:Mandate of Heaven
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1166:Four Commanderies
1057:Project Gutenberg
970:Zhang, Shaokang,
508:from the rounded
337:scientific method
328:Bernhard Karlgren
189:Rafe de Crespigny
159:Shangyu, Zhejiang
91:. He developed a
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3031:Self-cultivation
2936:Neo-Confucianism
2671:Chung-ying Cheng
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1725:Neo-Confucianism
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3134:Epistemology
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3043:Yin and yang
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3026:Human nature
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3014:Filial piety
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2861:Zhou Guoping
2856:Zhang Shenfu
2841:Yin Haiguang
2836:Yang Changji
2781:Liu Xiaofeng
2766:Liang Qichao
2651:Carsun Chang
2639:20th century
2625:Zhuang Cunyu
2555:Hong Liangji
2515:Chen Menglei
2510:Chen Hongmou
2492:Zhan Ruoshui
2452:Liu Zongzhou
2422:Hong Zicheng
2417:Huang Zongxi
2323:Fan Zhongyan
2301:Ten Kingdoms
2287:Linji Yixuan
2282:Liu Zongyuan
2089:
1871:Gongsun Long
1833:Eastern Zhou
1824:Philosophers
1802:
1798:Mixed School
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1776:
1720:Han learning
1715:Confucianism
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1213:Red Eyebrows
1020:February 25,
1018:. Retrieved
988:
985:"Wang Chong"
983:Xu, Qiduan,
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972:"Wang Chong"
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959:"Wang Chong"
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28:Chinese name
3105:Role ethics
3090:Metaphysics
2866:Zhou Zuoren
2826:Xiong Shili
2811:Tang Chun-i
2806:Sun Yat-sen
2801:Qiu Renzong
2796:Mou Zongsan
2746:Kang Youwei
2691:Feng Youlan
2656:P. C. Chang
2646:Cai Yuanpei
2630:Zeng Guofan
2615:Yu Zhengxie
2545:Gong Zizhen
2540:Feng Guifen
2530:Fang Lanfen
2462:Qian Dehong
2262:Zhang Zhihe
2198:Xiahou Xuan
2138:Bao Jingyan
1981:Zhuang Zhou
1546:Luoxia Hong
1409:Family tree
1294:Book of Han
1208:Xin dynasty
1107:Han dynasty
373:water cycle
368:Meteorology
355:sinologists
349:Meteorology
185:Book of Han
176:Book of Han
139:water cycle
123:meteorology
105:mechanistic
85:philosopher
72:Wang Ch'ung
32:family name
3161:Categories
3144:Legitimacy
2846:Yu Dunkang
2816:Tang Yijie
2791:Mao Zedong
2776:Lin Yutang
2741:Jin Yuelin
2736:Jiang Qing
2711:He Guanghu
2681:Chu Anping
2666:Chen Duxiu
2595:Wang Fuzhi
2585:Tan Sitong
2580:Pan Pingge
2575:Liu Yiming
2457:Luo Rufang
2378:Zhou Dunyi
2363:Wang Chuyi
2353:Wang Anshi
2333:Lu Jiuyuan
2213:Yan Zhitui
2203:Xie Daoyun
2105:Yang Xiong
2090:Wang Chong
2065:Kong Anguo
1926:Shen Buhai
1921:Shang Yang
1876:Guan Zhong
1846:Chunyu Kun
1767:Naturalism
1561:Zhang Heng
1556:Wang Chong
1377:Government
1355:Han poetry
925:. (2007).
917:References
656:Wang Chung
502:reflection
482:Zhang Heng
402:evaporates
400:says; "It
131:irrigation
127:chain pump
66:Wade–Giles
61:Wáng Chōng
44:Wang Chong
3167:27 births
3123:Shan shui
3056:Zhengming
2831:Xu Fuguan
2756:Li Shicen
2731:Ray Huang
2716:Hu Qiaomu
2686:Fang Keli
2676:Ch'ien Mu
2661:Chen Daqi
2590:Tang Zhen
2535:Fang Quan
2447:Liu Bowen
2437:Lai Zhide
2427:Jiao Hong
2412:Chen Jiru
2373:Zhang Zai
2338:Shao Yong
2313:Cheng Hao
2257:Wang Tong
2158:Guo Xiang
2080:Liu Xiang
2060:Jing Fang
1971:Yuan Xian
1951:Ximen Bao
1906:Lie Yukou
1861:Duanmu Ci
1851:Confucius
1737:Huang–Lao
1536:Liu Xiang
1516:Ding Huan
1483:Silk Road
1350:Old Texts
1320:Huainanzi
1281:Sima Qian
554:Lucretius
537:Ling Xian
517:Jing Fang
472:Astronomy
406:Mount Tai
363:Aristotle
361:polymath
272:Confucius
240:Wang Lang
119:astronomy
3117:Ink wash
3095:Politics
3085:Theology
2944:Ming yun
2920:Jing zuo
2879:Concepts
2761:Li Zehou
2726:Hua Gang
2696:Gan Yang
2605:Yan Yuan
2600:Wei Yuan
2570:Lin Zexu
2550:Gu Yanwu
2525:Fang Bao
2520:Dai Zhen
2482:Wu Cheng
2472:Wang Gen
2343:Shen Kuo
2318:Cheng Yi
2277:Liu Yuxi
2183:Sengzhao
2143:Fan Zhen
2045:Huan Tan
2025:Ban Zhao
1976:Zhang Yi
1966:Yang Zhu
1931:Shen Dao
1841:Bu Shang
1742:Legalism
1710:Buddhism
1551:Sima Tan
1511:Cai Yong
1389:Ban Chao
1381:military
1344:Yiwu Zhi
1222:Chengjia
1030:cite web
943:(1986).
640:See also
626:Shen Kuo
567:Chun Qiu
529:crossbow
486:eclipses
478:polymath
458:heavens.
288:universe
280:fengshui
236:Cai Yong
209:Zheng wu
193:Huan Tan
171:Ban Biao
93:rational
81:Zhongren
37:Wang (王)
26:In this
3129:Society
2906:Jian'ai
2721:Hu Shih
2706:Gu Zhun
2565:Ma Qixi
2467:Wang Ji
2432:Jiao Yu
2348:Su Song
2328:Hu Hong
2218:Zhi Dun
2208:Xun Can
2193:Wang Bi
2188:Wang Su
2178:Ji Kang
2173:Huiyuan
2163:Fu Xuan
2153:Ge Hong
2100:Xun Yue
2095:Wang Fu
2085:Ma Rong
2055:Jia Kui
1996:Zou Yan
1956:Xu Xing
1941:Sun Tzu
1911:Mencius
1886:Hui Shi
1881:Han Fei
1856:Deng Xi
1793:Yangism
1785:Xuanxue
1752:Marxism
1698:Schools
1606:Fangyan
1541:Liu Xin
1526:Hua Tuo
1506:Cai Lun
1471:Coinage
1463:Economy
1399:Emperor
1394:Ma Yuan
1116:History
1064:at the
1006:in the
651:Yigupai
634:skeptic
618:Liu Chi
614:gravity
504:of the
488:, with
428:Shijing
421:Shujing
388:heaven.
316:Lunheng
252:Cao Cao
248:Xuchang
244:Lunheng
217:Lunheng
163:Luoyang
114:Lunheng
97:secular
48:Chinese
3100:Ethics
3073:Topics
3008:Wu wei
2786:Lu Xun
2610:Yu Yue
2560:Ji Yun
2442:Li Zhi
2383:Zhu Xi
2368:Ye Shi
2267:Han Yu
2252:Jizang
2168:He Yan
2148:Fan Ye
2075:Lu Jia
2070:Liu An
2050:Jia Yi
2040:Dou Wu
1986:Zichan
1936:Su Qin
1896:Li Kui
1778:Daoxue
1772:Taoism
1747:Mohism
1531:Liu An
1521:Du Shi
1276:Ban Gu
1109:topics
933:
630:Zhu Xi
377:clouds
333:Europe
264:Daoism
181:Ban Gu
68::
58::
56:pinyin
50::
30:, the
3080:Logic
3063:Ziran
2701:Gu Su
2487:Xu Ai
2272:Li Ao
2247:Fu Yi
1961:Xunzi
1946:Wu Qi
1901:Li Si
1891:Laozi
1866:Gaozi
1576:Texts
1433:Kings
1217:Lulin
662:Notes
550:Roman
359:Greek
276:Laozi
205:Jeiyi
3049:Yong
2996:Tian
2975:Shen
2956:Qing
2913:Jing
2502:Qing
2401:Ming
2396:Yuan
2305:Song
2236:Tang
1991:Zisi
1916:Mozi
1404:list
1379:and
1215:and
1036:link
1022:2005
931:ISBN
498:Moon
492:and
446:hsiu
442:hsiu
433:hsiu
381:rain
379:and
308:shen
274:and
201:Jisu
153:Life
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121:and
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2009:Qin
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455:Tao
411:dew
304:gui
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