290:
Boards have signed service provision agreements with 120 local Water
Service Providers that are responsible for the operation of water and sewerage systems. The Water Service Providers are regulated by a national body called the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB), a non-commercial state corporation established in March 2003 on the basis of the 2002 Water Act. Its functions comprise among others: issuing of licenses to water services boards and approval of service provision agreements between service providers and asset holding companies, developing tariff guidelines and carrying out tariff negotiations, setting standards and developing guidelines for service provision, publishing the results of sector monitoring in the form of comparative reports.
32:
413:. Regional water authorities were also part of the Scottish water industry when three bodies covering the North, West and East of Scotland were created in 1996, to take over responsibilities for water supply and sewage treatment from the regional councils, but they only lasted until 2002, when they were replaced by the publicly owned
312:) are regional government bodies charged with managing water barriers, waterways, water levels, water quality and sewage treatment in their respective regions. These regional water authorities are among the oldest forms of local government in the Netherlands, some of them having been founded in the 13th century.
133:
water supply (South Africa), regulation of pricing and service quality of drinking water supply at the national level (Kenya) or the coordination of water resources policies between various
Ministries and agencies at the national level together with the regulation of drinking water supply (the Philippines).
326:
The
National Water Resources Board (NWRB), created in 1976 through the National Water Code, coordinates policies concerning water resources. Since 2002, the National Water Resources Board (NWBR) is also entrusted with the economic regulation of water supply systems operated by local government units
201:
where water boards are based on state laws passed specifically for the purpose of creating these public service and welfare organisations. Membership can be voluntary or mandatory, depending on the purpose of the water board. Members can be individuals, typically landowners in the area covered by a
154:
in France, formerly called a basin agency, is a public administrative establishment that participates in water management within an administrative basin district, whose boundaries correspond to a large hydrographic basin. There are six of them, all established by the Water Law of 1964, specified by
132:
is a regional or national organisation that has very different functions from one country to another. The functions range from flood control and water resources management at the regional or local level (the
Netherlands, Germany), water charging and financing at the river basin level (France), bulk
208:
are for example industrial players and drinking water suppliers, too. There are thousands of water boards in
Germany, mostly in Northern Germany and usually consisting of individual members. The first such water boards were created for coastal protection in the 13th century as private associations
289:
Water
Services Boards in Kenya are asset holding companies. They are responsible for the development and rehabilitation of water and sewerage facilities, for investment planning and implementation in their service area. There are 8 regional Water Service Boards in the country. The Water Service
341:
The
National Water Supply and Drainage Board is the National Organization responsible for the provision of safe drinking water and facilitating the provision of sanitation to the people in Sri Lanka. The main functions of the organization are implementation of new urban and rural water supply
356:
Water Boards play a key role in the South
African water sector. They operate dams, bulk water supply infrastructure, some retail infrastructure and some wastewater systems. Some also provide technical assistance to municipalities. Through their role in the operation of dams they also play an
219:
are a different type of water boards and may also have members from industry, mining companies, slaughterhouses, hospitals etc., depending on the volume of waste water or impact on the regional water management. The 11 here established water boards
342:
projects, carrying out sector planning, feasibility studies, detailed designs, tender documentation, contract administration, project supervision and research and development work in the water and sanitation sector.
251:
catchment chemical and textile industry expanded. The growing environmental and health problems were leading to legislative solutions with specialized catchments area related laws. In 1899 the
155:
the Law of 3 January 1992. The hydrographic basins of the overseas departments of
Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, and Réunion are equipped with a Water Office, with equivalent missions.
483:
230:, Erftverband, Linksniederrheinische Entwässerungsgenossenschaft (LINEG), Niersverband, Ruhrverband, Wahnbachtalsperrenverband, Wasserverband Eifel-Rur, Wupperverband
182:, flood protection, groundwater management, bulk water supply, irrigation, drainage, the restoration and protection of ecosystems to water resources monitoring.
457:
is used in much of the rest of the United States. Fresh water supply districts were first established in Texas in 1919 and serve as complements to Texas' other
520:
321:
232:) have their historical starting point in the industrial developments in the 19th century and are always public and non-profit organisations.
161:
created hydrographic districts based on the model of these basin agencies; in other countries their activities are fulfilled by a water board.
472:
533:
336:
178:), also sometimes translated as water associations, are organizations set up under public law for different purposes ranging from
409:
was privatised and the water supply and sewerage and sewage disposal parts became companies and the regulatory arm formed the
659:
639:
284:
204:
96:
495:
68:
115:
75:
500:
488:
377:, commonly known as a water board, was one of a group of public bodies that came into existence in England and
357:
important role in water resources management. The Water Boards report to the
Department of Water and Forestry.
53:
82:
49:
435:
428:
64:
351:
385:
coming into force. This brought together in ten regional units a diverse range of bodies involved in
410:
299:
374:
367:
185:
Water boards are established on the legal basis of the federal law on water and soil associations (
271:
tributaries. The administrative and organisational frame is comparable to the Dutch water boards (
42:
461:, water improvement districts. As of 1992, there were 38 fresh water supply districts in Texas.
216:
198:
259:
followed hereafter. Today about 75% of the land area in North Rhine-Westphalia are managed by
223:
151:
143:
599:
179:
8:
458:
89:
574:
629:
635:
402:
394:
386:
454:
450:
414:
406:
382:
158:
653:
446:
398:
268:
20:
477:
442:
390:
227:
194:
439:
453:. The term fresh water supply district is mostly used in Texas, while
209:
that subsequently evolved into boards established under public law.
31:
239:
catchment experienced hard coal mining and steel industry, in the
244:
236:
569:
567:
560:, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs., 1983, p. 67
248:
564:
378:
264:
558:
Water management institutions along the Texas/Mexico border
240:
197:
where water boards are in charge of coastal protection or
189:), complemented by state laws in several German states (
600:"WATER CODE CHAPTER 53. FRESH WATER SUPPLY DISTRICTS"
538:
534:
webpage Environment Ministry North Rhine-Westphalia
235:In parallel, in the middle of the 19th century the
202:water board, or municipalities. The members of the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
222:Aggerverband, Bergisch-Rheinischer Wasserverband,
651:
405:and fisheries. They lasted until 1989, when the
322:Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
337:National Water Supply and Drainage Board
652:
627:
544:
631:Water Management in England and Wales
263:, covering the sub catchments of the
187:Gesetz über Wasser- und Bodenverbände
285:Water supply and sanitation in Kenya
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
496:Association of Drainage Authorities
13:
381:in April 1974, as a result of the
14:
671:
360:
205:Wasserverband Westdeutsche Kanäle
427:This section is an excerpt from
421:
366:This section is an excerpt from
142:This section is an excerpt from
30:
345:
41:needs additional citations for
634:. Cambridge University Press.
592:
575:"FRESH WATER SUPPLY DISTRICTS"
550:
527:
513:
501:Watershed district (Minnesota)
315:
293:
1:
506:
660:Water management authorities
449:. It may have the power of
330:
7:
465:
436:fresh water supply district
429:Fresh water supply district
304:Dutch water boards (Dutch:
10:
676:
628:Porter, Elizabeth (1978).
620:
604:statutes.capitol.texas.gov
426:
365:
352:Water Board (South Africa)
349:
334:
319:
297:
282:
255:was founded and the other
247:mining started and in the
165:
141:
18:
16:Water management authority
445:in a defined area in the
411:National Rivers Authority
300:Water board (Netherlands)
261:Wasserwirtschaftsverbände
257:Wasserwirtschaftsverbände
213:Wasserwirtschaftsverbände
176:Wasserwirtschaftsverbände
170:In Germany water boards (
136:
484:Agence de l'eau (France)
438:is a body which manages
375:regional water authority
368:Regional water authority
278:
19:Not to be confused with
521:"Les offices de l'eau"
217:North Rhine-Westphalia
199:North Rhine-Westphalia
335:Further information:
327:and water districts.
320:Further information:
283:Further information:
253:Emschergenossenschaft
224:Emschergenossenschaft
144:Water agency (France)
310:hoogheemraadschappen
180:wastewater treatment
50:improve this article
459:water supply system
641:978-0-521-21865-8
126:
125:
118:
100:
667:
645:
614:
613:
611:
610:
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:
571:
562:
561:
554:
548:
542:
536:
531:
525:
524:
517:
492:
481:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
675:
674:
670:
669:
668:
666:
665:
664:
650:
649:
648:
642:
623:
618:
617:
608:
606:
598:
597:
593:
584:
582:
573:
572:
565:
556:
555:
551:
543:
539:
532:
528:
519:
518:
514:
509:
486:
475:
468:
463:
462:
432:
424:
419:
418:
403:river pollution
395:sewage disposal
387:water treatment
371:
363:
354:
348:
339:
333:
324:
318:
302:
296:
287:
281:
168:
163:
162:
147:
139:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
673:
663:
662:
647:
646:
640:
624:
622:
619:
616:
615:
591:
579:tshaonline.org
563:
549:
537:
526:
511:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
467:
464:
455:water district
451:eminent domain
433:
425:
423:
420:
415:Scottish Water
407:water industry
383:Water Act 1973
372:
364:
362:
361:United Kingdom
359:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
332:
329:
317:
314:
298:Main article:
295:
292:
280:
277:
172:Wasserverbände
167:
164:
159:European Union
148:
140:
138:
135:
124:
123:
106:September 2015
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
672:
661:
658:
657:
655:
643:
637:
633:
632:
626:
625:
605:
601:
595:
580:
576:
570:
568:
559:
553:
547:, p. 18.
546:
541:
535:
530:
522:
516:
512:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
485:
479:
474:
470:
469:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:United States
444:
441:
437:
430:
422:United States
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:land drainage
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
358:
353:
343:
338:
328:
323:
313:
311:
307:
306:waterschappen
301:
291:
286:
276:
274:
273:waterschappen
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
229:
225:
218:
214:
210:
207:
206:
200:
196:
193:) such as in
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
160:
157:In 2000, the
156:
153:
145:
134:
131:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Water board"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
21:Waterboarding
630:
607:. Retrieved
603:
594:
583:. Retrieved
581:. 2010-06-12
578:
557:
552:
540:
529:
515:
355:
346:South Africa
340:
325:
309:
305:
303:
288:
272:
260:
256:
252:
234:
228:Lippeverband
221:
212:
211:
203:
195:Lower Saxony
190:
186:
184:
175:
171:
169:
152:water agency
149:
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
545:Porter 1978
487: [
476: [
471:In France:
440:fresh water
316:Philippines
294:Netherlands
130:water board
609:2019-02-05
585:2019-02-05
507:References
245:brown coal
243:catchment
76:newspapers
473:Watringue
331:Sri Lanka
654:Category
466:See also
621:Sources
237:Emscher
166:Germany
90:scholar
638:
443:supply
391:supply
249:Wupper
191:Länder
137:France
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
491:]
480:]
379:Wales
279:Kenya
269:Meuse
265:Rhine
97:JSTOR
83:books
636:ISBN
389:and
241:Erft
69:news
308:or
275:).
267:or
215:in
174:or
52:by
656::
602:.
577:.
566:^
489:fr
482:,
478:fr
434:A
401:,
397:,
393:,
373:A
226:,
150:A
128:A
644:.
612:.
588:.
523:.
431:.
417:.
370:.
220:(
146:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
