1561:. The central government financed most investments through grants, thus reducing the need to increase tariffs. Water privatization in Colombia was largely homegrown, adapting models used elsewhere to the particular circumstances and culture of Colombia. A model introduced from Spain, the mixed company with a majority stake by the municipality and a minority stake by a private operator, was particularly successful. Foreign water companies won some of the early contracts, but quickly sold a majority of their shares to Colombian operators. There was a significant increase in access under private contracts. For example, in Cartagena, water supply coverage increased from 74 percent to almost universal coverage, while sewer coverage went up from 62 percent to 79 percent between 1996 and 2006. Half a million people gained access and 60 percent of the new connections benefited families in the poorest income quintile. To achieve universal coverage, the operator made extensive use of community bulk-supply schemes that provide safe water to the many illegal settlements that were expanding on the city's periphery. However, there is no conclusive evidence showing that access increased more rapidly under private contracts than in the case of publicly managed utilities. In Cartagena, tariffs declined substantially, indicating that the operator passed on efficiency gains to consumers.
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sometimes provide a large portion of the city's population with water. For example, a study of six Latin
American countries showed that they provide water to 25% of the population in seven cities. In Africa, they serve an estimated 50% of the urban population. They mainly operate in slums, serving the people who are not catered to by the city authorities. Many small-scale water operators provide water through tanker trucks or animal-drawn carts. Others operate water distribution networks fed by wells, as it is the case in Asunción, Paraguay, and in Sanaa, Yemen. Small-scale operators can be owned by individual entrepreneurs or can take the form of cooperatives, as it is the case in Honduras. Small-scale operators do not always comply with technical norms and the quality of the water they provide or their tariffs are often not regulated. More often than not, their tariffs are significantly higher than those of public water utilities. This can attributed to either profiteering or simply the high transportation costs expended during the distribution of water. They typically lack capital to further expand their network. However, in a few pilot cases – such as in Kenya, Uganda, Cambodia and Vietnam – international aid agencies have provided them with grants to increase access, often in the form of
1224:
Monitoring the performance of both the private and the public partner, applying sanctions in case of non-compliance and dispute resolution become particularly important. The regulatory tasks depend on the form of private sector participation: Under a management contract the monitoring of the achievement of performance standards, on which the remuneration of the private company depends, is typically carried out by an independent consulting firm. Under a concession contract or in the case of an asset sale, tariff regulation through a regulatory agency or the government is a key regulatory function. Water concessions are frequently renegotiated, often resulting in better terms for the private company. For example, negotiations of concessions in Buenos Aires and Manila resulted in investment requirements being reduced, tariffs being increased and tariffs being indexed to the exchange rate to the US dollar. The quality and strength of regulation is an important factor that influences whether water privatization fails or succeeds. The tasks, form and capacity of the public entities charged with regulation vary greatly between countries.
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countries or 13% of the world population were served by the private sector in one form or another. This includes 309 million people in China, 61 million in the United States, 60 million in Brazil, 46 million in France, 23 million in Spain, 15 million in India and 14 million in Russia. In
England and Wales the entire population of 55 million is served by private companies. In addition, in Chile, the Czech Republic, Armenia, and three African countries – Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon and Senegal – private companies provide water services to the entire urban population. In Hungary, they serve almost half the population. In Algeria, Colombia, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Poland, and South Africa less than half the population is served by private companies. In the Philippines, Indonesia, Bulgaria, Estonia, and Cuba, private water companies serve only the capital city.
1416:, almost all concessions were terminated, including in Buenos Aires in 2006. The impact of the concession remains controversial. The government and critics argue that the concessionaire failed to achieve the targets set under the concession contract in terms of expansion of access, investment and service quality. Proponents concede that targets were not reached, but argue that a freeze in tariffs at the time of the devaluation of the Peso during the Argentinian economic crisis in 2001 violated the contract and thus made it impossible to achieve the original targets. According to the Argentinian economist Sebastian Galiani, the public company OSN had invested only US$ 25m per year between 1983 and 1993, while the private concessionaire Aguas Argentinas increased investments to around US$ 200m per year between 1993 and 2000. According to the private concessionnaire
1648:. The study reviews the impact of private management on the efficiency of water utilities in many countries from many continents including Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Most evidences from the study suggests that "there is no statistically significant difference between the efficiency performance of public and private operators in this sector.". In addition, a 2008 literature review by the Asian Development Bank shows that of 20 studies reviewed, only three show concrete evidence on technical efficiency improvements or cost reductions under private management. Therefore, by 2005, private operator, at least, made an indirect contribution to financing by improving efficiency, making it possible for utilities to finance investments internally instead of having to rely on more debt.
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citizens to possess rights to exploit water resources. Establishing this Water Code, the Chile's government achieved the water privatization, and this regime is still in force. Today, the government has reduced its power in water resources administration; therefore, 90% of the Chile's drinking water supply is controlled by the transnational corporations. However, this water system causes the imbalance of Chile's distribution of water rights. For example, since Water Code permits companies' to exploit water resources, 71% of Chile's water resources are utilized in irrigation which is equivalent to the annual consumption of 243 millions homes. The inequal distribution of water rights induces the scarcity of
Chilean citizens' water resources, particularly in the drought.
33:
1604:, since children are more likely to be adversely affected by contaminated water. Water privatization has historically had mixed impacts on child mortality and the overall health of the people affected by it. A study found that, between 1991 and 1997 in Argentina, areas where child mortality was upwards of 26% fell to just under 8% after water was privatized, because the regulations imposed on private water companies were more rigorous than their government-controlled counterparts. Along with this, development of water infrastructure in impoverished areas at the hands of private companies also reduced child mortality rates. Some governments privatize water companies, among other reasons, to improve the quality of the water supply.
199:, formerly Lyonnaise des Eaux and then Ondeo. The Compagnie Générale des Eaux was founded in 1853 and Lyonnaise des Eaux in 1880. In the late 19th century, municipal governments, dissatisfied with high tariffs and the lack of expansion of networks to poor neighborhoods, did not renew private concessions and created instead municipally owned utilities. The share of private water operators declined to 17% in 1936. The share of the private sector gradually increased to 32% in 1954, 50% in 1975, and 80% in 2000 using a new model. Instead of the concession contracts, which gave the responsibility to finance investments to the private company, the new lease contracts (
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147:
1439:
461:
1211:; and in an asset sale it is the price paid for the company. In some cases – such as in Casablanca in 1997 and in Jakarta in 1998 – private companies have been selected through direct negotiations without competitive bidding. In other cases – such as in Cartagena (Colombia) in 1995, Cochabamba (Bolivia) in 1999 and Guayaquil (Ecuador) in 2000 – only a single bid was submitted. If development aid agencies are involved in directly financing private sector participation, they systematically require competitive bidding. However, in some cases – such as in Timişoara, Romania – the
1657:
companies. According to the study, contrary to public perception, the financial returns of private infrastructure concessions have been modest. The average annual return on capital employed was 7 percent. For a number of concessions, the returns have been below the cost of capital. On average telecommunications and energy concessions have fared much better than water concessions. Seven out of 10 water concessions had negative rates of return and two concessions had returns that were lower than the cost of capital of the private companies.
439:
private shareholders amounting to the interest rate on 10-year government bonds plus 2 percent, as specified in a contract that was kept confidential until the state government was forced by a referendum to make it public. As a result, tariffs increased (15% in 2004 alone) and the state government's revenues from the company declined compared to the situation before privatization (168m Euro profit for the state in 1997 compared to a 10m Euro loss in 2003). In Chile, where no
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maintaining the good condition of old infrastructure is also expensive. Thus, if a significant portion of public funds is not allocated to maintenance, pipes and waste water treatment plants can fall into disrepair. For some countries, the cost of managing a public water utility system becomes unaffordable. In these cases, privatization can be seen as a possible solution for governments to attract national and international private investment.
1461:. In the previous years, despite encumbered funds made available by the World Bank to support the public utility of Cochabamba, access to piped water in the city had decreased to 40%. Water losses had remained high at 40%, and water was supplied only 4 hours a day. Those not connected to the network paid ten times as much for their water to private vendors as those who were. This contrasted with the situation in Bolivia's second-largest city,
1624:
Guyana, tariffs were increased at the time of privatization. However, there are some other cases that tariffs under water privatization did not increase in a long run, typically in Sub-Saharan Africa, where most of investments are funded through development aid. For example, tariffs remained stable in
Senegal, while in Gabon they declined by 50% in five years (2001–2006) and by 30% in ten years in Côte d'Ivoire (1990 to 2000).
5202:
1381:. The concessions represent the largest population served by private operators in the developing world. As of 2010, the concession in Eastern Manila is highly successful and has led to significant improvements in access, service quality and efficiency: the population served more than doubled from 3 in 1997 to 6.1 million in 2009, the share of customers with continuous water supply increased from 26% to more than 98% and
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211:
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340:
284:, ownership of assets remains public and only certain functions are delegated to a private company for a specific period. Full privatization of water supply and sanitation is an exception today, being limited to England, Chile and some cities in the United States. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are the most common form of private sector participation in water supply and sanitation today.
1472:. He wanted the construction of a large dam, the Misicuni dam, and a pipeline from the dam to the city to be included in the concession. The World Bank had opposed the dam as unnecessarily expensive and subsequently ended its involvement related to water supply in the city. Despite this, in the view of the public the World Bank remains inseparably linked to the Cochabamba privatization.
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than doubled (+142%) in the first eight years. On the other hand, privatization increased investments: In the six years after privatization the companies invested ÂŁ17 billion, compared to ÂŁ9.3 billion in the six years before privatization. It also brought about compliance with stringent drinking water standards and led to a higher quality of river water. According to data from
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1891 and again from 1993 to 2006; in Cairo and
Alexandria, Egypt, from 1867 to 1956; in Beirut, Lebanon, from the 19th century until 1951; in Shanghai, China, from 1875 to 1949; in Casablanca, Morocco, from 1914 to 1962 and then again after 1997; in Senegal until 1971 and then again after 1996; and in CĂ´te d'Ivoire from colonial times until today without interruption.
207:, because the central government did not want to interfere with the autonomy of municipalities and was unwilling to finance heavy investments. The water supply of Paris was privatized in 1985 when a conservative mayor awarded two lease contracts, each covering one half of the city. In 2010, a socialist mayor remunicipalized the water system of the French capital.
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privatized water systems have been undergoing a complete restructuring. Small water companies in the UK have also been purchased by multinational companies from the United States, France and
Scotland. The privately owned companies have been found to have trouble with water quality, environment pollution, sewage management, leakage and logistical errors.
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the people can pay the tariffs. In this manner, the water company's need to make adequate returns is met by supplying water only to those who can pay. However, in other countries such as
Nigeria and Ghana where the governments fail to distribute access to water to the people, water privatization led to expansion of services to low-income districts.
63:(PPPs). PPPs allow for a mix between public and private ownership and/or management of water and sanitation sources and infrastructure. Privatization, as proponents argue, may not only increase efficiency and service quality but also increase fiscal benefits. There are different forms of regulation in place for current privatization systems.
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or to expand access. Ideological motives and external influences also play a role, with market-liberal ideology favoring privatization, left-leaning ideologies opposing, and both conservatives and centrists falling in between, often based on local and business-minded considerations. Usually, several of the above motives are combined.
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example, some studies simply compare the situation before privatization to the situation after privatization. More sophisticated studies try to compare the changes in privately managed utilities to those of publicly managed utilities that operate under similar conditions during the same period. The second group of studies often use
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and maintain public and private water projects. This model, although very profitable, lacks economic regulation due to poor logistics. This is a problem which is in the process of being fixed by implementing a clear and well-defined contract between the Water
Agencies and the contractors who build the infrastructure.
1615:, public water systems are likely to invest more money into improving water quality. Water companies working on a commercial basis might find it too costly to implement systems to better the water quality beyond what is necessary by law. This might increase the risk of harmful cancer-causing substances in the water.
1424:(ICSID) ruled that the Argentinian government unfairly refused to allow the private concessionaires to raise tariffs during the period after the devaluation of the Argentine peso in 2001 and that the private companies are entitled to damages. The private companies announced that they would seek US$ 1.2bn in damages.
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The evidence concerning the impact of water privatization is mixed. Often proponents and opponents of water privatization emphasize those examples, studies, methods and indicators that support their respective point of view. As with any empirical study, results are influenced by the methods used. For
170:
In
England and Wales, the emergence of the first private water companies dates back to the 17th century. In 1820, six private water companies operated in London. However, the market share of private water companies in London declined from 40% in 1860 to 10% in 1900. In the 1980s, their share all over
154:
Privately owned water utilities were common in Europe, the United States, and Latin
America in the mid and late 19th century. Their importance gradually faded away until the early 20th century as they proved unable to expand access and publicly owned utilities became stronger. A second global dawn of
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However, comparing water expenditure between private and public management in the U.S., a study of household water expenditures in cities under private and public management in the U.S. concludes that "whether water systems are owned by private firms or governments may, on average, simply not matter
1354:
In the 1980s the elite largely believed that the state was not building infrastructure for water in a manner that would allow the economy to grow appropriately. For this reason, the economic and political powerful spearhead a shift towards making water a privately owned utility. Recently, the entire
446:
Financial motives for water privatization are also common in countries where water access and service quality is poor. In cities with rapidly growing slums, it is very expensive for the government to expand their water utility system infrastructure at the pace of the growing population. Furthermore,
347:
The motives for water privatization vary from one case to another, and they often determine which mode of privatization is chosen: management and lease contracts are used to increase efficiency and improve service quality while asset sales and concessions primarily aim to reduce the financial burden
241:
In Chile, the Pinochet dictatorship established 1980 Constitution including the water laws that is a foundation of Chile's water systems. Additionally, the government enacted the 1981 Water Code, a legal regime that decide to eliminate the government involvement in controlling water system and allow
2798:
The study covered CĂłrdoba, Argentina; Barranquilla, Colombia; AsunciĂłn, Paraguay; Guatemala City, Guatemala; and three cities in Peru (Lima, Cuzco and Ica). The cooperative of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, is also covered in the study, but is a special case, since it serves the entire city and operates more
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Although the impact on tariffs cannot be fully concluded since each country has different policy on tariffs, water tariffs tend to be increased under privatization. For instance, in Buenos Aires and in Manila, tariffs first declined, but then increased above their initial level; in Cochabamba or in
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declined from 63% to 16%. The concession in Western Manila failed when the company Maynilad went bankrupt in 2003. It was sold to new investors in 2007 and performance has improved since then. The share of the population with access to piped water in Western Manila increased from 67% in 1997 to 86%
1346:
In England and Wales, water tariffs and profits increased substantially after privatization in 1989, but investments also increased and water quality in rivers improved. Tariffs increased by 46% in inflation-adjusted terms during the first nine years after privatization. Operating profits have more
1301:
The best-known examples of water privatization in the late 20th century are those undertaken in England under Margaret Thatcher, the Manila and Buenos Aires concessions as well as the failed privatization in Cochabamba, Bolivia, which became a symbol of the struggle against globalization. Less well
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Being monopolies, all water utilities – public or private – need to be regulated concerning tariff approvals, service quality, environmental compliance and other aspects. The awareness for the need to regulate typically increases substantially when profit-oriented private operators become involved:
484:
On the other hand, in many countries, such as in Japan, Canada, Egypt, Pakistan, or Scandinavia, there are no private water companies. Nicaragua, the Netherlands, and Uruguay have even passed laws banning water privatization. In Italy, in June 2011 a law favoring water privatization was repealed by
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European and local private water companies expanded in Latin America, Africa, and Asia in the second half of the 19th century, all while their importance declined in Europe. In Uruguay, water supply was privately managed from 1867 to 1950; in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for a brief period from 1887 to
132:
Figures outlining the accessibility of water from the private sector also display the controversy of private water sources: one source claims that 909 million people were served by "private players" in 2011 globally, up from 681 million people in 2007. This figure includes people served by publicly
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An empirical study of 34 concessions in nine Latin American countries during the 1990s, including 10 water concessions in 5 countries (3 in Argentina, 1 in Bolivia, 1 in Brazil, 3 in Chile and 2 in Colombia), has estimated the profitability of concessions compared to the cost of capital of private
1607:
However in Argentina, water privatization did not fulfill many promises the citizens were expecting. This included the expansion of sewerage treatment and connections and the reduction in the price of water, which actually increased. Along with this, the private water companies in Argentina needed
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Privatized water companies generally increase tariffs to earn more profits, which consequently reduces the accessibility of the resource for poor households since the poor are not able to pay high tariffs. In other words, investments are only made to improve accessibility in richer districts where
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The funding of French Water Agencies is completely done in by themselves. Meaning that these companies are self-funded. The total revenue is hard to estimate but from 1992 to 1996 around 81 Billion French Francs were held in revenue by these Water Agencies. This large fund is mostly used to expand
1327:
Water privatization in France has been going on from before the 1800s but only recently, around the 1960s, has it grown in size and power. In the 20 years between the 1950s and 1970s it is estimated that the private water sector increased its share of potable water supply by at least 20%, a figure
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Private companies are typically selected through international competitive bidding and need to have demonstrated previous experience. Selection is either done through a combination of price and quality, or solely based on price. In the case of a management contract, the price is the management fee
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plant is operated by a private company on behalf of a publicly owned and operated utility that serves the final customer. On the basis of this broader definition and taking into account the growth of both population and water privatization between 2007 and 2011, it estimates that 909 million in 62
468:
There are widely differing estimates of the number of people served by private water companies. The World Bank estimated that, as of 2007, about 270 million people received water from private companies in more than 40 countries, including about 160 million in developed countries and 110 million in
438:
In some cases, where access is already universal and service quality is good, financial motives dominate, as it was the case in Berlin, Germany, and in Chile. In Berlin the state government sold a 49.9% share of its water utility in 1999 for 1.69bn Euros in exchange for a guaranteed profit for the
237:
In the United States, 60% of piped water systems were privately owned in 1850. However, this share declined to 30% in 1924. As of 2010, 2000 water and wastewater facilities in the U.S. were operated under public-private partnerships, a joint effort between the private group and the municipality it
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plants, to the private sector. The World Bank estimated the urban population directly served by private water operators in developing countries to be much lower at 170 million in 2007. Among them, only about 15 million people, all living in Chile, are served by privately owned utilities. Privately
1587:
analyzes how access, quality of service, operational efficiency and tariffs have evolved under 65 public-private partnerships for urban water utilities in developing countries. The study estimates that "PPP projects have provided access to piped water for more than 24 million people in developing
1193:
Beyond water privatization, which involves contractual relationships between a government and formally established large companies, there is also "the other private sector" in water supply consisting of small-scale, often informal local operators. They exist in most cities in the Global South and
1574:
techniques. The results also depend on the choice of the indicator used to measure impact: One common indicator is the increase in access to water supply and sewerage. Other indicators are changes in tariffs, investments, water-borne diseases or indicators for service quality (e.g. continuity of
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levels in almost all cases, sometimes covering only a fraction of the cost of service provision. The magnitude of tariff increases is influenced by the profit margin of private operators, but also to a large extent by the efficiency of utilities in terms of water losses and labor productivity.
381:
approach to the management of water, the service provider will be incentivized by profit to increase efficiency and improve service quality. Some critics argue that this belief is misguided because the water utility sector is typically monopolized by one private company. They claim that this
1552:
Between 1996 and 2007, public-private partnerships for water and sewer services in more than 40 Colombian cities were entered into, serving more than 20% of the country's urban population. Most of the contracts were awarded in municipalities with highly deteriorated infrastructure, such as
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that has increased to around 75% in the current present. The water supply is now owned by three major companies. In the 3600 local municipalities in France each of them has the power to decide whether or not they publicize or privatize drinking water and dictate the terms of the contract.
302:, under which assets are leased to the private operator who receives a share of revenues. It thus typically bears a higher commercial risk than under a management contract. Investment is fully or mostly financed and carried out by the public sector. The duration is typically 10–15 years.
1351:, the economic regulator of water and sewer companies in England and Wales, from the early 1990s until 2010, network pressure has improved substantially, supply interruptions have become less frequent, the responsiveness to complaints has improved and leakage has been reduced.
426:(e.g., in Tanzania and Guyana). Critics claim that these external influences are problematic and argue that influencing water privatization is part of a broader movement of Western powers imposing neoliberalism on countries in the Global South. In the UK, the
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help from the national government to bypass regulatory agencies after it treated to cancel their contract due to conflicts of interest. Many workers' unions were opposed to privatizing water, but their pleas were largely ignored by the Argentine government.
3819:
Wilhelm, Michael; Bergmann, Sabine; Dieter, Hermann H. (June 2010). "Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and new approach to assess drinking water contamination by shorter-chained C4–C7 PFCs".
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Public water companies also sometimes participate in bids for private water contracts. For example, the Moroccan state-owned water utility ONEP has won a bid in Cameroon and the Dutch publicly owned water firm Vitens has won a management contract in
203:) made the private operator only responsible for operation and maintenance, while major investments became a responsibility of the municipalities. The French water companies also escaped the nationalizations after the war and later under President
225:
In Germany, a British private water company had set up the first piped water system and treatment plant in Berlin in 1852, but the city, dissatisfied with the lack of investment in particular in sewerage, cancelled the contract in 1873. In 1887
295:, under which the private operator is only responsible for running the system, in exchange for a fee that is to some extent performance-related. Investment is financed and carried out by the public sector. The duration is typically 4–7 years.
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The real obstacles to universal access to the water service in developing countries:Thoughts stemming from the experience of access to drinking water of the poor neighbourhoods populations living in Port-au-Prince (Haiti) and Buenos Aires
2098:
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the city expanded its piped water system in the aftermath of the riots. Nevertheless, under public management half of the 600,000 people of Cochabamba remain without piped water and those with it continue to receive intermittent service.
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2503:"Zwischen Gemeinwohl und Profitinteresse (Between the Common Good and Profit Seeking): Erfahrungen bei der Teilprivatisierung der Wasserwirtschaft in Berlin (Experiences with the partial water privatization in Berlin)"
2293:"Zwischen Gemeinwohl und Profitinteresse (Between the Common Good and Profit Seeking): Erfahrungen bei der Teilprivatisierung der Wasserwirtschaft in Berlin (Experiences with the partial water privatization in Berlin)"
320:, most commonly used in France and Francophone West Africa. Management contracts are used in Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Armenia, among others. Mixed-ownership companies are most common in Spain, Colombia, and Mexico.
3133:
Regulation and corporate innovation:The case of Manila Water, by Perry Rivera, in:Transforming the world of water, Global Water Summit 2010, Presented by Global Water Intelligence and the International Desalination
1495:. However, the protests spread to the entire country and the government declared a state of emergency in April. Protests still continued and several people were killed. In the midst of the turmoil the employees of
186:
Meanwhile, the water sector in France has always been characterized by a coexistence of public and private management, with their respective shares fluctuating over time. The two largest private companies are
480:
24 countries, such as Argentina, Bolivia, Ghana and the Central African Republic, had reverted to public management as of 2009. However, 84 percent of contracts awarded mostly in the 1990s were still active.
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counteracts many of the advantages associated with the market economy because without competition between multiple water service businesses there is nothing to drive prices down and levels of efficiency up.
1490:
Demonstrations and a general strike erupted in January 2000 in protest against the tariff increase and the perceived privatization of water resources. The government arrested the leader of the protesters,
356:
Water privatization is seen by some as a solution to improving poorly managed public water utility systems. Symptoms of poor management can include low water bill collection, high water losses (known as
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Les PPP pour développer les services d'eau potable:quelques leçons de l'experience française pour les PED (PPP to develop drinking water services: some lessons from the French experience for developing
3342:
3053:
Page, Ben; Bakker, Karen (2005). "Water governance and water users in a privatised water industry: participation in policy-making and in water services provision: a case study of England and Wales".
312:, under which the private operator is responsible for running the entire system. Investment is mostly or fully financed and carried out by the private operator. The duration is typically 20–30 years.
406:, whereby a development loan is given on the condition that the receiving country privatize their water utility system. Other aid agencies have also supported water privatization. These include the
377:
increasing efficiency and improving service quality were principal motives for water privatization. In these cases, the argument to privatize water is predicated on the belief that by adopting a
2261:, in: Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 36-37.
2208:, in:Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 31, 35.
1465:, where a utility run as a cooperative had managed to increase access and improve service quality with the support of the World Bank. In Santa Cruz, privatization had never been considered.
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2597:
banning water privatization was passed in October 2004. The law banning privatization of public water supply in the Netherlands was passed in September 2004, with broad cross-party support.
2416:, in:Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 38-45.
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Guayaquil, Ecuador; San Pedro Sula, Honduras; Jakarta, Indonesia (with some control by the national government in the latter case); Manila, Philippines; formerly in Buenos Aires, Argentina
1420:, during the 13-year-duration of its concession it extended access to water to 2 million people and access to sanitation to 1 million people, despite the economic crisis. In July 2010 the
2225:, in: Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, p. 56.
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over all water resources, including water used for irrigation, communal water systems and even rainwater collected on roofs. Upon taking control the company raised water tariffs by 35%.
1483:. The government accepted the bid and signed the concession. The consortium was guaranteed a minimum 15% annual return. In parallel, a law was passed that appeared to give a monopoly to
234:
district. The German water sector has always been dominated by municipally owned utilities. Despite this, the water system of Berlin was partially privatized in 1999 for fiscal reasons.
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Antonio Estache(World Bank and ECARES, Université Libre de Bruxelles), Sergio Perelman (CREPP, Université de Liège), Lourdes Trujillo (DAEA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria):
66:
Private sector participation in water supply and sanitation is controversial. Proponents of private sector participation argue that it has led to improvements in the efficiency and
1404:
as part of one of the world's largest privatization programs. Concessions were signed in 28% of the country's municipalities covering 60% of the population, including in 1993 for
343:
The government of Cuba entrusted the water supply of Havana to a private company in order to improve service quality, showing the diversity of motives behind water privatization.
218:
In Spain, private water companies maintained their position, budging the global trend during the late 19th and early 20th century. The largest private water company in Spain is
1421:
2633:
3252:
A Loftus and DA McDonald. 2001. Of Liquid Dreams: A Political Ecology of Water Privatization in Buenos Aires, Environment and Urbanization, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 179–200.
59:. Water privatization has a variable history in which its popularity and favorability has fluctuated in the market and politics. One of the common forms of privatization is
3513:
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222:. Initially created by French and Belgian investors, it was sold to Spanish investors in 1920, only to gradually come back under French control in the early 21st century.
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fled from Cochabamba. The government finally released Oscar Olivera and signed an agreement with him stating that the concession would be ended. The government then told
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as success stories. Critics, however, contend that private sector participation led to tariff increases, and privatized water systems are incompatible with ensuring the
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and smaller peers such as Saur) control 60 percent of France's water market. Veolia and Suez are the world's largest private international water and wastewater firms.
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privatized all public water and sewer companies in England and Wales. In Scotland local governments dominated by the Labour party kept water systems in public hands.
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1503:
that by leaving Cochabamba they had abandoned the concession and parliament revoked Law 2029. The Cochabamba protests became a worldwide symbol of struggle against
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The impact of water privatization on the amount of carcinogenic substances found in the water supply is highly debated. In some cases, such as the German state of
3895:"Public or Private Drinking Water? The Effects of Ownership and Benchmark Competition on U.S. Water System Regulatory Compliance and Household Water Expenditures"
2777:
305:
a mixed-ownership company in which a private investor takes a minority share in a water company with full management responsibility vested in the private partner.
3402:
4017:
2236:
Les relations puissance publique-firmes privées dans le secteur de l'eau et de l'assainissement (Public-private power relations in water supply and sanitation)
3346:
2738:
472:
The Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook uses a broader definition including also wastewater services. More importantly, it also includes cases where a water or
2763:
2933:
1518:. The proceedings, which were held behind closed doors, ended in 2006 with a settlement under which Bechtel dropped its claim. With financing from the
1227:
Globally, regulation of private water companies is being carried out by the following types of public entities or, sometimes, a combination of them.
2502:
2292:
1669:
Water Yearbook 2010–11, 909 million people (13% of the world population) were served by private operators. The largest private water companies are:
4043:
2413:
2258:
2221:
2205:
1212:
415:
257:
In Central and Eastern Europe, private companies expanded during the late 1990s, especially in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania.
2990:
469:
developing countries. However, the report did not include estimates of the number of people served by private companies on the wastewater side.
3036:
3013:
2831:
1145:
A World Bank report lists the following examples of successful public-private partnerships in developing countries: the full privatization in
2087:, Austrian parliament votes to forbid Glyphosphat & water is a public good necessary for the existence of a human, orf.at, 2019-07-02>
19:
This article is about private sector participation in the provision of water services and sanitation. For commercialized bottled water, see
4113:
366:
3961:
3912:
World Bank Infrastructure Performance and Reform in Developing and Transition Economies: Evidence from a Survey of Productivity Measures
3730:
3309:
3221:
3144:
Wu, Xun; Malaluan, Nepomuceno A. (2008). "A Tale of Two Concessionaires: A Natural Experiment of Water Privatisation in Metro Manila".
2238:
2071:, Result of the vote of the Austrian Parliament to amend the constitution that Water, and its Distribution is a public good, 2019-07-02
1409:
1207:(fixed fee plus performance-based fee); in the case of a lease it is the lease fee per unit of water sold; in a concession it is the
443:
plants existed prior to privatization, the government's desire to finance their construction off-budget drove privatization in 1998.
1644:
According to a World Bank study in 2005, the most consistent improvement made by public-private partnerships in water supply was in
150:
The Hampton water works serving London were part of the assets sold in 1989 as part of the privatization of water supply in England.
1855:
1341:
126:
3624:
3510:
1475:
The government proceeded to bid out the concession; this time including the Misicuni dam. Only a single company submitted a bid,
133:
owned companies that have merely outsourced the financing, construction, and operation of part of their assets, such as water or
3874:
3600:
3531:
3114:
1925:
4147:
1728:
1364:
1170:
1162:
680:
71:
3382:
4058:
4007:
3661:
3271:
2891:
2864:
2661:"Présentation des services publics de l'eau et de l'assainissement en France, 2e Rencontres des Maires – Symposium de Cannes"
2124:
2009:
1976:
1700:
1377:
Water privatization in Manila began in 1997 with the award of two concession contracts for the Eastern and Western halves of
1665:
Private water operators come in very different forms from multinational corporations to small enterprises. According to the
1468:
In 1997, a first bid for a water concession in Cochabamba had been declared void at the request of the mayor of Cochabamba,
327:(BOT) contract. Under a BOT contract the private operator signs an agreement with a utility that purchases treated water or
5251:
1747:
2658:
4002:
Schiffler, Manuel: Water, Politics and Money. A Reality Check on Privatization, Springer International Publishing, 2015.
3925:
Privatization Revisited: Lessons from Private Sector Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries
2918:
Privatization Revisited: Lessons from Private Sector Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries
1850:
1840:
623:
159:
privatizations in England and Wales, the fall of communism and the ensuing global emphasis on free market policies. The
3583:
Gomes-Lobo, Andrés, and M. Melendez: Social Policy, Regulation and Private Sector Participation: the Case of Colombia.
3368:
3702:"Item Details Page for From curiosity to commodity: a review of the evolution of sachet drinking water in West Africa"
3203:
316:
Concessions are the most common form of PPPs in water supply and sanitation. They are followed by leases, also called
5029:
4036:
3996:
2050:
1386:
in 2006 and the share of customers that enjoys 24-hour water supply increased from 32% in 2007 to 71% in early 2011.
182:
The water supply of Paris was operated by two private companies from 1985 to 2010, each serving one half of the city.
4014:
4653:
2274:
1870:
1800:
1628:
1395:
1158:
662:
497:
List of countries with formal private sector participation in urban water supply with number and type of contracts
192:
122:
110:
4106:
3620:
3506:
3494:
2735:
2509:
2299:
1890:
1830:
1810:
1536:
1519:
1373:
The private companies providing water in Manila have expanded access of water supply to the poor living in slums.
1150:
818:
749:
423:
407:
370:
106:
79:
32:
2345:
1527:
the leading figure in the protests admitted, "I would have to say we were not ready to build new alternatives."
1875:
1865:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1790:
1785:
1215:
has financed parallel investments, while a concession was awarded by the government after direct negotiations.
1174:
1166:
788:
698:
530:
403:
399:
287:
The three most common forms of PPPs, in the order of increasing responsibilities for the private partner, are:
95:
83:
75:
60:
3942:
How Profitable Are Infrastructure Concessions in Latin America? Empirical Evidence and Regulatory Implications
2948:
Neto, Frederico (May 1998). "Water privatization and regulation in England and France: a tale of two models".
2894:. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), University of Greenwich. pp. 10–12. Archived from
70:
of utilities. It is argued that it has increased investment and has contributed to expanded access. They cite
4170:
1885:
1795:
1311:
1154:
717:
2867:. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), University of Greenwich. pp. 6–7. Archived from
138:
managed but publicly owned companies serve the remainder under concession, lease, and management contracts.
5246:
4722:
4557:
3988:
2438:
1880:
1805:
1742:
Domestic water operators have a strong presence in Brazil, Colombia, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
1146:
836:
733:
276:
Broadly speaking, there are two forms of private sector participation in water supply and sanitation. In a
5261:
5046:
2536:"Human Rights and Market Rules in Chile's Water Conflicts: A Call for Structural Changes in Water Policy"
1815:
1260:
904:
395:
374:
261:
164:
171:
England and Wales was about 25%. The tide turned completely in 1989 when the conservative government of
5192:
5179:
5063:
5007:
4099:
2659:
Alain Tiret, Délégué général de la Fédération professionnelle des entreprises de l'eau (25 June 2008).
2488:
2068:
427:
4051:
Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries
3875:
Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries
3653:
Public Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries
3601:
Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries
3115:
Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries
2987:
2485:"Dirty aid, dirty water: The UK Government's push to privatise water and sanitation in poor countries"
2004::Blue Covenant: the Global Water Crisis and the Coming Battle for the Right to Water. New York, 2008.
1926:
Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries
4594:
2660:
2359:
2325:"The partial-privatisation of the Berlin Water Company in 1999 and urban development in 1990s Berlin"
1316:
Private water firms have had a dominant role in France for more than a century. Private water firms (
362:
264:, Bolivia, paving the way for a new pragmatism and a reduced emphasis on privatization, and in 2019,
3293:
422:(e.g., in Albania, Armenia, Jordan and Peru), French development cooperation (e.g., in Senegal) and
214:
The water supply of Barcelona has been managed by a private company, Aguas de Barcelona, since 1867.
4579:
3560:
3472:
3266:. Vol. 2006. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). pp. 124–148.
3033:
3010:
2838:
1735:
102:
2042:
Water Privatisation: Transnational corporations and the re-regulation of the global water industry
4754:
4643:
3984:
1462:
1027:
3427:
2722:
2685:
1548:
is one of the Colombian cities whose water supply is provided by a mixed public-private company.
146:
5157:
5000:
4872:
3928:
3405:, Operations Evaluation Department Précis, Spring 2002, Number 222. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
2921:
2778:"Independent water entrepreneurs in Latin America – the other private sector in water services"
2697:
2380:
Correa-Parra, Juan; Vergara-Perucich, José Francisco; Aguirre-Nuñez, Carlos (1 December 2020).
1645:
1612:
1302:
known, but just as relevant, are water privatizations in other countries, such as in Colombia.
411:
398:(IMF), often play a role in the decision of governments to privatize water, as was the case in
324:
129:
are cited by both supporters and opponents, each emphasizing different aspects of these cases.
3737:
3316:
3228:
2837:. World Bank/Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility. pp. 167–179. Archived from
1979:. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), University of Greenwich. Archived from
204:
4954:
4949:
4744:
4685:
3977:
Balanyá, Belén, Brid Brennan, Olivier Hoedeman, Satoko Kishimoto and Philipp Terhorst (eds):
3898:
2745:, February 2011, Viewpoint Note No. 326, by David Earhardt, Melissa Rekas and Martina Tonizz.
2710:
2159:
1511:
and the general public, by far the best known example of the failure of water privatization.
1274:
in England; Water Superintendency SISS in Chile; Water Regulatory Commission CRA in Colombia
1031:
460:
309:
3924:
2917:
2723:
Privatization of Water Services in the United States: An Assessment of Issues and Experience
2698:
Privatization of Water Services in the United States: An Assessment of Issues and Experience
2235:
1575:
supply or drinking water quality) and efficiency (e.g. water losses or labor productivity).
5148:
5120:
5085:
5012:
4812:
4749:
4567:
4388:
3829:
3775:
3153:
1760:
1685:
1674:
1433:
1417:
1405:
887:
473:
440:
328:
188:
134:
1438:
121:
forbade the privatization of water provision via its constitution. Water privatization in
8:
5143:
5051:
5039:
4882:
4690:
4613:
4339:
4130:
3951:, January 2005, by Sophie Sirtaine, Maria Elena Pinglo, J. Luis Guasch and Vivien Foster.
1558:
1545:
1469:
758:
292:
3833:
3779:
3628:
3157:
1514:
The company, insisting that it had been forced out, filed a $ 25 million lawsuit in the
101:, with the belief that public water will no longer be public. Aborted privatizations in
87:
5153:
5138:
5068:
5024:
4914:
4500:
4405:
4160:
3801:
3281:
3169:
2961:
2466:
2187:
1765:
1693:
1321:
219:
196:
3731:"Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality"
3310:"Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality"
3222:"Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality"
3034:
Service and delivery – performance of the water companies in England and Wales 2009–10
3011:
Service and delivery – performance of the water companies in England and Wales 2009–10
2535:
2508:(in German). Brot fĂĽr die Welt: Hintergrund-Materialien 13. p. 26. Archived from
2298:(in German). Brot fĂĽr die Welt: Hintergrund-Materialien 13. p. 26. Archived from
1413:
1023:
167:
played an important role in this process through the conditionality of their lending.
5125:
4589:
4495:
4468:
4315:
4265:
4201:
4155:
4054:
4032:
4003:
3992:
3853:
3845:
3805:
3793:
3657:
3267:
3173:
3093:
3070:
2965:
2555:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2245:, in:Eau:le temps d'un bilan, La gazette des communes, Cahier détaché no. 2, 30/1752.
2191:
2179:
2046:
2005:
1382:
358:
172:
156:
3691:
Salina, Irena, dir. Flow. Prod. Steven Starr. Oscilloscope, 2008. Film. 20 May 2013.
2346:
The Sanitary City:Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present
2040:
5218:
5075:
5034:
5017:
4904:
4802:
4334:
4238:
4122:
3837:
3783:
3264:
Efficiency, Equity, and Liberalisation of Water Services in Buenos Aires, Argentina
3161:
3062:
2957:
2547:
2450:
2393:
2382:"Water Privatization and Inequality: Gini Coefficient for Water Resources in Chile"
2171:
1929:
1781:
Countries and cities with private sector participation in water supply as of 2013:
1195:
365:, sometimes lasting only for a few hours a day or a few days per week. In Algeria,
3980:
Reclaiming Public Water: Achievements, Struggles and Visions from Around the World
2895:
2868:
1980:
1946:
1775:
1600:
One of the most effective measures of the effectiveness of water privatization is
1019:
5092:
5058:
4944:
4924:
4834:
4483:
4449:
4383:
4180:
4165:
4021:
3948:
3881:
3607:
3517:
3207:
3121:
3040:
3017:
2994:
2742:
2607:
2278:
2242:
1721:
1601:
67:
4015:
Water for sale: how business and the market can resolve the world's water crisis
3841:
2725:, 2002, p. 30, Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB). Retrieved 11 May 2012.
464:
Prague is one of many cities whose water supply is provided by a private company
249:
Demonstration in Johannesburg, against the privatization of water, December 2008
36:
Graffiti against the closure of a public fountain and privatization of water in
5256:
5133:
5080:
4990:
4909:
4894:
4889:
4841:
4729:
4525:
4473:
4456:
4290:
3788:
3763:
3701:
2700:, 2002, p. 3, Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB). Retrieved 11 May 2012.
1666:
1268:
Specialized regulatory agency set up permanently under law at the country level
1131:
1052:
Full privatizations (4), concession (1), leases (2) and management contract (1)
823:
430:
campaigned against the support of water privatization through aid from the UK.
378:
299:
98:
48:
3764:"Of liquid dreams: a political ecology of water privatization in Buenos Aires"
2809:
2484:
2022:
1861:
Countries which had private sector participation in water supply in the past:
16:
Private sector participation in the provision of water services and sanitation
5240:
5097:
4934:
4824:
4781:
4562:
4439:
4325:
4275:
4139:
4044:
Private Operators and Rural Water Supplies : A Desk Review of Experience
3849:
3797:
3165:
3097:
3074:
2969:
2559:
2462:
2183:
1959:
1770:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1492:
493:
became the first major city in the United States to ban water privatization.
24:
20:
3066:
2634:"Baltimore votes to become first large U.S. city to ban water privatization"
5206:
4899:
4857:
4633:
4584:
4520:
4376:
4280:
3978:
3857:
3729:
Galiani, Sebastian; Gertler, Paul; Schargrodsky, Ernesto (31 August 2002).
3308:
Galiani, Sebastian; Gertler, Paul; Schargrodsky, Ernesto (31 August 2002).
3220:
Galiani, Sebastian; Gertler, Paul; Schargrodsky, Ernesto (31 August 2002).
3200:
2001:
1717:
1689:
1571:
1554:
1507:
and the Cochabamba privatization is probably, both among activists against
1401:
1378:
1317:
1208:
754:
685:
227:
52:
3914:, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3514, February 2005, pp. 11-13.
3561:"Local Solutions Improve Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Colombia"
2573:
2551:
2111:
The figures are quoted from the Pinsent Masons' 12th Annual Water Yearbook
975:
4995:
4939:
4761:
4739:
4734:
4601:
4478:
4444:
4432:
4320:
4243:
3728:
3307:
3219:
2379:
1457:, decided to privatize water supply in the country's third largest city,
1035:
979:
485:
an overwhelming majority of Italians through a referendum. In 2019, the
178:
155:
private water utilities came in the early 1990s in the aftermath of the
5230:
5102:
4919:
4877:
4819:
4788:
4427:
4359:
4297:
4270:
4233:
3870:
3596:
3556:
3110:
2594:
2271:
2175:
1584:
1541:
1458:
1454:
1442:
1400:
Water privatization in Argentina began in 1992 under the government of
1257:
Specialized regulatory agency at the supra-municipal sub-national level
1249:
Specialized body at the city level set up to regulate a single contract
1189:
A small scale private operator using a water tanker to distribute water
793:
391:
230:
was created, which remains an important regional water supplier in the
160:
56:
2398:
2381:
1933:
1445:
was the scene of violent protests against water privatization in 2000.
1039:
943:
Concessions (22), full privatizations (3) and management contracts (2)
402:
and in several African countries. This influence may take the form of
351:
4985:
4867:
4675:
4670:
4648:
4537:
4530:
4349:
4344:
4251:
4228:
3619:
2079:
2077:
1233:
Type of entity charged with the regulation of private water providers
971:
954:
937:
775:
486:
5225:
4091:
4071:
1123:
1015:
5112:
4680:
4606:
4547:
4542:
4490:
4400:
4371:
4364:
4354:
4285:
4259:
4255:
4247:
3894:
2832:"Approaches to Private Participation in Water Services – A Toolkit"
2357:
2026:
1127:
1106:
1098:
925:
801:
645:
628:
490:
260:
However, some water privatizations failed, most notably in 2000 in
37:
2736:
Water in Bucharest:A Utility's Efficiency Gains under a Concession
2414:
Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private)
2259:
Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private)
2206:
Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private)
2160:"Community water system privatization and the water access crisis"
2084:
2074:
1960:"Water Is a Human Right: How privatization gets water to the poor"
1180:
268:
forbid the privatization of water provision via its constitution.
5201:
4980:
4776:
4771:
4717:
4623:
4552:
4395:
4196:
2934:
Paris's return to public water supplies makes waves beyond France
2892:"Problems with private water concessions: a review of experience"
2865:"Problems with private water concessions: a review of experience"
1977:"Problems with private water concessions: a review of experience"
1678:
1480:
1450:
1185:
1063:
983:
933:
883:
805:
703:
667:
265:
210:
118:
91:
2810:"Supporting small providers in poor and underserved communities"
1369:
245:
4829:
4794:
4618:
4574:
4422:
4220:
1102:
1079:
1047:
1043:
929:
909:
859:
855:
649:
595:
339:
114:
2064:
2062:
1688:, serving 124.3 million people in 2011 with its US subsidiary
1422:
International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
4862:
4702:
4628:
4415:
3940:
Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility / World Bank:
3029:
3006:
1348:
1271:
999:
863:
797:
323:
A concession for the construction of a new plant is called a
455:
4807:
4663:
4658:
4638:
4512:
4463:
4307:
4024:, Presentation at the Amigo Society, Brussels, 30 May 2006.
3385:, Vol 11, Issue 8 (August 2010). Retrieved 17 October 2010.
3367:
Sarah Botton, Alexandre BraĂŻlowsky and Sarah Matthieussent:
2059:
1279:
Specialized unit in a Ministry set up temporarily by decree
891:
867:
231:
2764:
Hungary – Water privatisation in the context of transition
1516:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
418:
in Eastern Europe, German development cooperation through
280:, assets are permanently sold to a private investor. In a
4766:
4410:
4072:
The World Bank's work and publications on water resources
3822:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
3143:
2069:
Beschluss Nationalrat Österreich die Verfassung zu ändern
1713:
the Italian firm ACEA, serving 18 million people in 2011;
1707:
505:
Extent of country served by privatized urban water supply
419:
3585:
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
3201:
Maynilad doubles 24-hr service coverage under MPIC, DMCI
1241:
Municipality or an association of smaller municipalities
3923:
Gunatilake, Herath and Mary Jane F. Carangal–San Jose:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
2988:
Water privatization and regulation in England and Wales
1169:, and Gabun; and the lease contracts in CĂ´te d'Ivoire,
2916:
Gunatilake, Herath and Mary Jane F. Carangal–San Jose:
5190:
3818:
3188:
Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities
1949:, Fredrik Segerfeldt, Cato Institute, 25 August 2005.
3679:
Fatal indifference: the G8, Africa and global health
3388:
2439:"Access to Water in the Slums of Sub-Saharan Africa"
3873:/ Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility:
2436:
352:
Increasing efficiency and improving service quality
3599:/ Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility:
3511:IDB maintains US$ 18.6mn for Cochabamba waterworks
3113:/ Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility:
1627:In addition, initial tariffs have been well below
23:. For the sale of water resources themselves, see
3087:
2889:
2862:
2234:Guerin-Schneider, Laetitia and Dominique Lorrain:
1974:
5238:
3495:Bechtel Abandons its ICSID Claim Against Bolivia
3403:Bolivia Water Management: A Tale of Three Cities
1213:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
416:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
109:, as well as privately managed water systems in
3625:"When a water meter is worth more than a house"
3092:. Public Services International Research Unit.
2437:Dagdeviren, Hulya; Robertson, Simon A. (2011).
1181:Small-scale operators: the other private sector
1136:Mixed-ownership company (1) and concessions (2)
410:(e.g., in Ecuador, Colombia and Honduras), the
4029:The Water Business: Corporations versus People
2038:
1201:
4107:
3962:Drinking water: the partnership ONEP-CAMWATER
3887:
3610:, by Philippe Marin, 2009, pp. 37-38, 43, 60.
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
2253:
2251:
3340:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1296:
3917:
3587:(UNRISD) Working Paper, April 2007, Geneva.
3523:
3497:, 10 February 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
3459:Social Movements: An Anthropological Reader
2890:Lobina, Emanuele; Hall, David (June 2003).
2863:Lobina, Emanuele; Hall, David (June 2003).
2039:Finger, Matthias; Allouche, Jeremy (2002).
1975:Lobina, Emanuele; Hall, David (June 2003).
1703:(FCC), serving 28.2 million people in 2011;
1153:; the concessions in Guayaquil in Ecuador,
4114:
4100:
3577:
3555:
3408:
3383:Suez seeks $ 1.2bn in damages in Argentina
3052:
2566:
2248:
2125:"Margaret Thatcher's Privatization Legacy"
1940:
1660:
1564:
1358:
549:73 million people, including through PPPs
3931:, ERD Working Paper No. 115, 2008, p. 13.
3787:
3465:
2924:, ERD Working Paper No. 115, 2008, p. 19.
2574:"Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2011–2012"
2397:
2358:National Association of Water Companies.
2023:Fighting the Corporate Theft of Our Water
1904:
960:Mixed-ownership companies and concessions
764:Mixed-ownership companies and concessions
654:Concession (1) and full privatization (1)
456:Prevalence of public-private partnerships
271:
3904:
3425:
3090:UK water privatisation : a briefing
2709:National Association of Water Companies:
2684:National Association of Water Companies:
1856:Water privatization in the United States
1701:Fomento de Construcciones Y Contratas SA
1540:
1437:
1368:
1342:Water privatisation in England and Wales
1184:
957:and more than 1,000 other municipalities
459:
338:
244:
209:
177:
145:
117:, are highlighted as failures. In 2019,
31:
3884:, by Philippe Marin, 2009, pp. 107-116.
3676:
3461:. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
3452:
3450:
3448:
3261:
3213:
3180:
3000:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2533:
2348:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
2157:
2122:
1639:
761:and more than 40 other cities and towns
5239:
3761:
3529:
3127:
2494:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2329:Waterlat-Gobacit Network Working Paper
2216:
2214:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2085:Nationalrat stimmt fĂĽr Glyphosatverbot
1710:, serving 18.3 million people in 2011;
1427:
1365:Water privatization in the Philippines
1263:in U.S. states; some Brazilian states
1218:
741:Full privatizations and concession (1)
709:Lease (1) and management contracts (2)
390:External influences, such as from the
385:
4121:
4095:
3724:
3722:
3650:Marin, Philippe (22 September 2009).
3649:
3621:Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
2943:
2941:
2593:In Uruguay a civil-society-initiated
2500:
2290:
2284:
1923:
1406:the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires
601:Lease (1) and management contract (1)
3456:
3445:
2976:
2947:
2775:
2099:"East to West: the Future of Water?"
2096:
1618:
1583:A before after comparative study by
1335:
433:
195:and then Vivendi Environnement, and
3643:
2419:
2211:
2142:
1924:Marin, Philippe (1 February 2009).
1851:Water privatization in South Africa
1841:Water privatization in Metro Manila
1731:, serving 12.4 million in 2011; and
1595:
1578:
1449:In the mid-1990s the government of
51:participations in the provision of
13:
3971:
3901:Working Paper 05-05. (March 2005).
3893:Wallsten, Scott and Katrina Kosec:
3719:
3473:"Timeline:Cochabamba Water Revolt"
3426:Finnegan, William (8 April 2002).
3124:, by Philippe Marin, 2009, p. 114.
2962:10.1111/j.1477-8947.1998.tb00718.x
2938:
551:14% of water revenues without PPPs
14:
5273:
4065:
3530:Forero, Juan (14 December 2005).
2608:"Berlusconi accepts nuclear blow"
1681:), serving 125.4 million in 2011;
5224:
5212:
5200:
5175:
5174:
4027:Sjölander Holland, Ann-Christin:
3532:"Bolivia regrets IMF experiment"
3043:, p. 40. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
3020:, p. 21. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
2997:, by Caroline van den Berg 1997.
2455:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00543.x
1871:Water privatization in Argentina
1801:Water privatization in Bucharest
1724:, an Australian investment bank;
1651:
1396:Water privatization in Argentina
1290:Ministry of Interior in Morocco
3954:
3934:
3864:
3812:
3762:Loftus, A. J (1 October 2001).
3755:
3694:
3685:
3670:
3613:
3590:
3549:
3507:Inter-American Development Bank
3500:
3487:
3375:
3361:
3334:
3301:
3255:
3246:
3193:
3137:
3104:
3081:
3046:
3023:
2927:
2910:
2883:
2856:
2824:
2802:
2792:
2769:
2757:
2748:
2728:
2716:
2703:
2691:
2678:
2652:
2626:
2600:
2587:
2527:
2483:Joy, Clare and Peter Hardstaff:
2477:
2406:
2373:
2351:
2338:
2317:
2264:
2228:
2198:
2158:Greiner, Patrick Trent (2020).
2116:
2090:
1891:Water privatization in Tanzania
1831:Water privatization in Honduras
1811:Water privatization in Colombia
1738:, serving 16.8 million in 2011.
1537:Water privatization in Colombia
1520:Inter-American Development Bank
1109:and five other cities and towns
424:British development cooperation
408:Inter-American Development Bank
78:, Bucharest, several cities in
3343:"Argentinian official website"
3055:International Journal of Water
2501:Werle, Hermann (August 2004).
2291:Werle, Hermann (August 2004).
2123:Edwards, Chris (Winter 2017).
2032:
2015:
1995:
1968:
1952:
1876:Water privatization in Bolivia
1866:Water privatization in Albania
1846:Water privatization in Morocco
1836:Water privatization in Jakarta
1826:Water privatisation in England
1821:Water privatization in Ecuador
1791:Water privatization in Armenia
1786:Water privatization in Algeria
404:structural adjustment programs
1:
2360:"Public-Private Partnerships"
2323:Beveridge, Ross (June 2017).
1897:
1886:Water privatization in Guinea
1796:Water privatization in Brazil
1312:Water privatization in France
988:Concessions (3) and Lease (1)
554:Investor-owned and 2,000 PPPs
450:
4140:Pollution / quality
3989:Corporate Europe Observatory
3768:Environment and Urbanization
3315:. p. 15. Archived from
1881:Water privatization in Ghana
1806:Water privatization in Chile
1389:
1282:Ministry of Water in Jordan
1261:Public Utilities Commissions
508:Type and number of contracts
7:
5252:Privatization controversies
4053:The World Bank, Feb. 2009,
3842:10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.05.004
3736:. p. 1. Archived from
3656:. World Bank Publications.
3227:. p. 9. Archived from
3190:, World Bank, 2009, p. 56f.
1816:Water privatization in Cuba
1753:
1692:and its Spanish subsidiary
1530:
1202:Selecting private operators
396:International Monetary Fund
193:Compagnie Générale des Eaux
165:International Monetary Fund
61:public–private partnerships
10:
5278:
4046:The World Bank, Nov. 2010.
3789:10.1177/095624780101300215
3381:Global Water Intelligence:
3372:, May 2005, pp. 15-18, 31.
3088:Lobina, Emanuele. (2001).
2489:World Development Movement
1534:
1453:, under pressure from the
1431:
1412:, under the government of
1393:
1362:
1339:
1309:
841:All urban areas until 2011
428:World Development Movement
334:
282:public-private partnership
141:
18:
5170:
5111:
4976:
4969:
4850:
4711:Types / location
4710:
4701:
4511:
4306:
4219:
4189:
4138:
4129:
4088:, a 2008 documentary film
2443:Development Policy Review
2241:19 September 2012 at the
1965:Magazine, 17 August 2005.
1947:Private Water Saves Lives
1305:
1297:Examples of privatization
1149:; the mixed companies in
507:
504:
363:intermittent water supply
4042:Kleemeier, Elizabeth L.
3677:Labonte, Ronald (2004).
3262:Solanes, Miguel (2006).
3166:10.1177/0042098007085108
2713:. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
2688:. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
2220:Cezon, P. et L. Breuil:
2045:. Taylor & Francis.
1588:countries since 1990".
1161:, Eastern Manila in the
896:Management contracts (3)
872:Management contracts (3)
4085:Flow: For Love of Water
3985:Transnational Institute
3152:(1): 207–229, 212–217.
3067:10.1504/ijw.2005.007158
3039:31 October 2012 at the
3016:31 October 2012 at the
2993:8 February 2012 at the
2950:Natural Resources Forum
2686:Private Water Solutions
1661:Private water operators
1565:Impact of privatization
1359:Manila, the Philippines
844:Management contract (1)
538:Full privatization (26)
123:Buenos Aires, Argentina
107:Dar es-Salaam, Tanzania
3929:Asian Development Bank
3516:11 August 2016 at the
3457:Nash, June C. (2002).
2922:Asian Development Bank
2799:like a formal utility.
2666:(in French). p. 2
2534:Larrain, Sara (2012).
1928:(Report). World Bank.
1720:, indirectly owned by
1646:operational efficiency
1613:North Rhine-Westphalia
1549:
1479:, a consortium led by
1446:
1374:
1287:Ministerial department
1190:
722:65 cities in 10 states
522:Concessions and leases
465:
414:(e.g., in China), the
412:Asian Development Bank
344:
325:Build-Operate-Transfer
272:Forms of privatization
250:
215:
183:
151:
41:
3899:Brookings Institution
3880:20 March 2012 at the
3606:20 March 2012 at the
3120:20 March 2012 at the
2766:, by Gabor Scheiring.
2741:24 March 2012 at the
2552:10.1089/env.2011.0020
2540:Environmental Justice
2277:17 April 2021 at the
1544:
1441:
1372:
1188:
463:
342:
248:
213:
181:
149:
35:
5086:remnant natural area
4723:storage and recovery
4389:habitat conservation
4207:Deforestation (REDD)
4020:16 July 2011 at the
4013:Segerfeldt, Fredrik:
3947:6 March 2012 at the
3706:soka.on.worldcat.org
3631:on 29 September 2007
3206:22 July 2011 at the
1675:Veolia Environnement
1640:Impact on efficiency
1602:child mortality rate
1434:Cochabamba Water War
1410:2001 economic crisis
474:wastewater treatment
441:wastewater treatment
329:wastewater treatment
189:Veolia Environnement
135:wastewater treatment
76:Guayaquil in Ecuador
5247:Water privatization
5040:Earth Overshoot Day
4614:Marine conservation
4595:non-timber products
4031:, Zed Books, 2005,
3960:Business Cameroon:
3834:2010IJHEH.213..224W
3780:2001EnUrb..13..179L
3349:on 15 December 2007
3158:2008UrbSt..45..207X
2776:Solo, Tova (2003).
2711:The Truth about PPP
2270:Aguas de Barcelona:
1470:Manfred Reyes Villa
1428:Cochabamba, Bolivia
1219:Forms of regulation
1082:and 23 other cities
759:Cartagena, Colombia
557:1772 in Providence
498:
386:External influences
293:management contract
205:François Mitterrand
103:Cochabamba, Bolivia
96:international human
45:Water privatization
5262:Water and politics
5025:Ecosystem services
4148:Ambient standards
3536:The New York Times
3428:"Leasing The Rain"
3341:Suez Environment.
3210:, 18 January 2011.
2412:Bertrand Dardenne:
2257:Bertrand Dardenne:
2204:Bertrand Dardenne:
2176:10.1111/soc4.12785
1766:Remunicipalization
1694:Aguas de Barcelona
1550:
1447:
1375:
1322:Suez Environnement
1191:
1028:Miasteczko ĹšlÄ…skie
573:1973 country-wide
496:
466:
345:
278:full privatization
251:
238:was operating in.
220:Aguas de Barcelona
216:
197:Suez Environnement
184:
152:
42:
38:Turnhout, Flanders
5188:
5187:
5166:
5165:
4965:
4964:
4644:genetic resources
4580:genetic resources
4215:
4214:
4123:Natural resources
4059:978-0-8213-7956-1
4008:978-3-319-16690-2
3964:, 13 August 2010.
3663:978-0-8213-7957-8
3273:978-92-64-02867-8
2640:. 7 November 2018
2399:10.3390/w12123369
2164:Sociology Compass
2010:978-1-59558-186-0
1761:Water consumption
1716:the British firm
1699:the Spanish firm
1619:Impact on tariffs
1383:non-revenue water
1336:England and Wales
1294:
1293:
1244:France and Spain
1173:, and Yerevan in
1143:
1142:
631:and Dolphin Coast
487:City of Baltimore
434:Financial motives
359:non-revenue water
173:Margaret Thatcher
5269:
5229:
5228:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5178:
5177:
5129:
5076:Natural heritage
5035:overexploitation
4974:
4973:
4708:
4707:
4654:herbal medicines
4634:FAO Plant Treaty
4174:
4151:
4136:
4135:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4049:Marin, Philippe
3991:, January 2005.
3965:
3958:
3952:
3938:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3791:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3743:on 10 April 2008
3742:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3627:. Archived from
3617:
3611:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3521:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3475:. PBS. June 2002
3469:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3406:
3399:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3345:. Archived from
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3322:on 10 April 2008
3321:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3234:on 10 April 2008
3233:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3050:
3044:
3027:
3021:
3004:
2998:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:on 25 March 2012
2514:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2491:, February 2005.
2481:
2475:
2474:
2434:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:on 25 March 2012
2304:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2132:The Cato Journal
2129:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2029:, 25 April 2007.
2019:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1958:Bailey, Ronald:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1727:the French firm
1706:the German firm
1684:the French firm
1673:the French firm
1596:Impact on health
1579:Impact on access
1501:Aguas del Tunari
1497:Aguas del Tunari
1485:Aguas del Tunari
1477:Aguas del Tunari
1230:
1229:
1196:output-based aid
1085:Concessions (24)
1032:DÄ…browa GĂłrnicza
598:and other cities
499:
495:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5199:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5162:
5127:
5107:
5093:Systems ecology
5059:Natural capital
4961:
4846:
4835:reclaimed water
4697:
4659:UPOV Convention
4507:
4302:
4211:
4185:
4181:Ozone depletion
4172:
4149:
4125:
4120:
4068:
4022:Wayback Machine
3974:
3972:Further reading
3969:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3949:Wayback Machine
3939:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3892:
3888:
3882:Wayback Machine
3869:
3865:
3817:
3813:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3618:
3614:
3608:Wayback Machine
3595:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3528:
3524:
3520:, 24 June 2002.
3518:Wayback Machine
3505:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3455:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3409:
3400:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3208:Wayback Machine
3198:
3194:
3186:Philippe Marin:
3185:
3181:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3122:Wayback Machine
3109:
3105:
3086:
3082:
3051:
3047:
3041:Wayback Machine
3028:
3024:
3018:Wayback Machine
3005:
3001:
2995:Wayback Machine
2986:
2977:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2844:on 17 June 2011
2841:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2743:Wayback Machine
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2478:
2435:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2344:Melosi, Martin:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2279:Wayback Machine
2269:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2243:Wayback Machine
2233:
2229:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2156:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2104:
2102:
2097:Steadman, Lis.
2095:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1922:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1756:
1722:Macquarie Group
1663:
1654:
1642:
1621:
1598:
1581:
1567:
1539:
1533:
1436:
1430:
1414:NĂ©stor Kirchner
1398:
1392:
1367:
1361:
1344:
1338:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1221:
1204:
1183:
1112:Concessions (8)
1089:
1024:Tarnowskie GĂłry
810:Concessions (3)
738:All urban areas
690:Concessions (2)
672:Concessions (2)
634:Concessions (2)
612:All urban areas
581:All urban areas
572:
571:1960 in Abidjan
565:All urban areas
550:
458:
453:
436:
388:
354:
337:
274:
191:, formerly the
144:
68:service quality
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5234:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5128:(perpetuation)
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5081:Nature reserve
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4714:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:climate change
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4526:Bioprospecting
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:Clean Air Act
4163:
4158:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4066:External links
4064:
4063:
4062:
4047:
4040:
4025:
4011:
4000:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3953:
3933:
3916:
3903:
3886:
3863:
3828:(3): 224–232.
3811:
3774:(2): 179–199.
3754:
3718:
3693:
3684:
3669:
3662:
3642:
3612:
3589:
3576:
3548:
3522:
3499:
3486:
3464:
3444:
3432:The New Yorker
3407:
3387:
3374:
3360:
3333:
3300:
3290:|journal=
3272:
3254:
3245:
3212:
3192:
3179:
3136:
3126:
3103:
3080:
3045:
3022:
2999:
2975:
2956:(2): 107–117.
2937:
2926:
2909:
2898:on 9 July 2011
2882:
2871:on 9 July 2011
2855:
2823:
2801:
2791:
2768:
2756:
2747:
2727:
2715:
2702:
2690:
2677:
2651:
2625:
2614:. 14 June 2011
2599:
2586:
2565:
2526:
2493:
2476:
2449:(4): 485–505.
2418:
2405:
2372:
2350:
2337:
2316:
2283:
2263:
2247:
2227:
2210:
2197:
2141:
2115:
2089:
2073:
2058:
2051:
2031:
2014:
1994:
1983:on 9 July 2011
1967:
1951:
1939:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1736:American Water
1732:
1725:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1682:
1667:Pinsent Masons
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1620:
1617:
1597:
1594:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1563:
1535:Main article:
1532:
1529:
1432:Main article:
1429:
1426:
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1340:Main article:
1337:
1334:
1310:Main article:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1203:
1200:
1182:
1179:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:Aguascalientes
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:2001 (Prague)
1086:
1083:
1077:
1076:Czech Republic
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:Concession (1)
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:Concession (1)
1002:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
952:
948:
947:
944:
941:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:Concession (1)
912:
907:
901:
900:
897:
894:
881:
877:
876:
873:
870:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:Concession (1)
826:
824:San Pedro Sula
821:
815:
814:
811:
808:
791:
785:
784:
781:
780:Concession (1)
778:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
752:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
707:
701:
695:
694:
691:
688:
683:
677:
676:
673:
670:
665:
659:
658:
655:
652:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
626:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
593:
589:
588:
585:
584:Concession (1)
582:
579:
575:
574:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
535:Entire country
533:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
457:
454:
452:
449:
435:
432:
387:
384:
353:
350:
336:
333:
314:
313:
306:
303:
300:lease contract
296:
273:
270:
143:
140:
99:right to water
53:water services
49:private sector
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5274:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5159:
5158:Non-renewable
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Urban ecology
5096:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Privatization
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Surface water
4823:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4326:peak farmland
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:1-84277-564-2
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:90-71007-10-3
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3688:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3493:Opinio Juris:
3490:
3474:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Urban Studies
3140:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2811:
2805:
2795:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2662:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:(5): e12785.
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2052:9780415232081
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2021:Lohan, Tara:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:Barlow, Maude
1998:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:Nestlé Waters
1774:
1772:
1771:Bottled water
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1652:Profitability
1649:
1647:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:cost recovery
1625:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1576:
1573:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1525:Oscar Olivera
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1509:globalization
1506:
1505:neoliberalism
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Oscar Olivera
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
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1425:
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1415:
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1407:
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1356:
1352:
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1343:
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1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1088:1993 (reform)
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Bielsko-Biała
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
940:and 23 others
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
893:
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861:
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843:
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835:
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827:
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822:
820:
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766:
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748:
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732:
731:
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621:
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611:
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607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
570:
567:
564:
562:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
561:
560:
556:
553:
548:
546:United States
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
518:
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514:
510:
501:
500:
494:
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349:
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128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
88:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
86:, as well as
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:is short for
46:
39:
34:
30:
26:
25:water trading
22:
21:bottled water
5156: /
5030:Exploitation
4929:
4915:Conservation
4858:Desalination
4793:
4686:conservation
4521:Biodiversity
4469:conservation
4316:Agricultural
4244:Fossil fuels
4083:
4028:
3979:
3956:
3936:
3919:
3906:
3889:
3866:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3738:the original
3709:. Retrieved
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3672:
3652:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3629:the original
3615:
3592:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:
3525:
3502:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3467:
3458:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:
3377:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:the original
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3317:the original
3303:
3263:
3257:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3229:the original
3215:
3195:
3182:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3134:Association.
3129:
3106:
3089:
3083:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3025:
3002:
2953:
2949:
2929:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:the original
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2812:. World Bank
2804:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2780:. World Bank
2771:
2759:
2754:PPI database
2750:
2730:
2718:
2705:
2693:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2611:
2602:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2568:
2546:(2): 82–88.
2543:
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2510:the original
2496:
2479:
2446:
2442:
2408:
2392:(12): 3369.
2389:
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2353:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2286:
2266:
2230:
2200:
2167:
2163:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2110:
2103:. Retrieved
2101:. WaterWorld
2092:
2041:
2034:
2017:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1970:
1962:
1954:
1942:
1860:
1780:
1744:
1741:
1734:the US firm
1718:Thames Water
1690:United Water
1664:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1568:
1555:Barranquilla
1551:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1448:
1408:. After the
1402:Carlos Menem
1399:
1379:Metro Manila
1376:
1353:
1345:
1330:
1326:
1318:Veolia Water
1315:
1300:
1226:
1222:
1209:water tariff
1205:
1192:
1144:
852:Saudi Arabia
755:Barranquilla
624:South Africa
483:
479:
471:
467:
445:
437:
389:
379:market-based
367:Saudi Arabia
355:
346:
322:
317:
315:
286:
281:
277:
275:
259:
256:
252:
240:
236:
228:Gelsenwasser
224:
217:
200:
185:
169:
153:
131:
65:
44:
43:
29:
5149:Nationalism
5121:Common-pool
4762:Hydrosphere
4755:remediation
4740:Groundwater
4335:Degradation
3747:14 February
3711:21 November
3479:15 February
3401:World Bank:
3370:(Argentina)
3353:18 February
3326:14 February
2734:World Bank:
2365:20 December
1572:econometric
1163:Philippines
888:Constantine
725:Concessions
681:Philippines
511:Start date
5241:Categories
5144:Extraction
5103:Wilderness
5064:accounting
5047:Management
5013:ecological
5001:tragedy of
4920:Peak water
4905:Efficiency
4878:Sanitation
4820:Stormwater
4813:harvesting
4789:Irrigation
4691:management
4649:gene banks
4590:management
4568:management
4484:resilience
4450:phosphorus
4406:industrial
4384:Management
4360:soundscape
4266:Geothermal
4078:Multimedia
3871:World Bank
3597:World Bank
3557:World Bank
3238:10 October
3111:World Bank
2670:10 October
2595:referendum
2223:countries)
2105:26 January
1934:10986/2703
1898:References
1585:World Bank
1463:Santa Cruz
1459:Cochabamba
1455:World Bank
1443:Cochabamba
794:Casablanca
706:and others
592:Mozambique
451:Prevalence
392:World Bank
331:services.
318:affermages
310:concession
262:Cochabamba
201:affermages
161:World Bank
57:sanitation
5219:Companies
5154:Renewable
5139:Depletion
5126:Conflict
5008:Economics
4986:enclosure
4945:Resources
4925:Pollution
4842:Watershed
4745:pollution
4676:Seed bank
4671:Rangeland
4553:Fisheries
4538:Biosphere
4531:biopiracy
4474:fertility
4350:cityscape
4345:Landscape
4252:peak coal
4239:Resources
4190:Emissions
3850:1438-4639
3806:153477386
3798:0956-2478
3298:, p. 168.
3292:ignored (
3282:cite book
3199:Maynilad:
3174:221015268
3098:612915200
3075:1465-6620
3061:(1): 38.
2970:0165-0203
2560:1939-4071
2519:9 October
2471:153624406
2463:1467-7679
2309:9 October
2192:216417111
2184:1751-9020
2138:: 89–101.
1559:Cartagena
1546:Cartagena
1390:Argentina
1236:Examples
1159:Argentina
976:Timișoara
972:Bucharest
955:Barcelona
938:Wuhu City
776:Guayaquil
663:Indonesia
615:Lease (1)
568:Lease (1)
5180:Category
5113:Resource
5052:adaptive
4950:improved
4910:Conflict
4895:Security
4890:Scarcity
4883:improved
4873:Leaching
4750:recharge
4730:Drinking
4681:Wildlife
4548:Bushmeat
4543:Bushfood
4496:planning
4401:gemstone
4396:Minerals
4377:property
4365:viewshed
4355:seascape
4286:sunlight
4260:peak oil
4256:peak gas
4018:Archived
3945:Archived
3878:Archived
3858:20556880
3623:(2006).
3604:Archived
3559:(2006).
3514:Archived
3204:Archived
3118:Archived
3037:Archived
3014:Archived
2991:Archived
2739:Archived
2612:BBC News
2579:25 March
2335:: 27–40.
2275:Archived
2239:Archived
2027:AlterNet
1754:See also
1531:Colombia
1151:Colombia
1128:Saltillo
1107:Debrecen
1099:Budapest
996:Bulgaria
980:Ploiești
926:Shenzhen
819:Honduras
802:Tangiers
750:Colombia
646:Selangor
642:Malaysia
629:Mbombela
491:Maryland
394:and the
371:Colombia
163:and the
157:Thatcher
80:Colombia
5193:Portals
4981:Commons
4970:Related
4935:Quality
4851:Aspects
4777:glacial
4718:Aquifer
4624:Pasture
4575:Forests
4501:reserve
4276:Nuclear
4246: (
4202:Trading
4197:Airshed
3830:Bibcode
3776:Bibcode
3681:. IDRC.
3635:2 March
3569:2 March
3541:29 June
3437:29 June
3154:Bibcode
2902:18 June
2875:18 June
2848:18 June
2816:18 June
2784:18 June
2644:6 April
2638:Reuters
2618:3 April
2327:(PDF).
2272:History
1987:18 June
1679:Vivendi
1636:much."
1481:Bechtel
1451:Bolivia
1175:Armenia
1171:Senegal
1167:Morocco
1095:Hungary
1064:Tallinn
1060:Estonia
1040:WoĹşniki
984:Otopeni
968:Romania
934:Lanzhou
884:Algiers
880:Algeria
806:Tetouan
789:Morocco
772:Ecuador
704:Yerevan
699:Armenia
668:Jakarta
609:Senegal
531:England
502:Country
400:Bolivia
361:), and
335:Motives
266:Austria
142:History
127:England
125:and in
119:Austria
111:Jakarta
92:Senegal
84:Morocco
4991:global
4955:policy
4900:Supply
4863:Floods
4830:Sewage
4803:Marine
4795:huerta
4629:Plants
4619:Meadow
4479:health
4457:rights
4445:copper
4423:mining
4321:arable
4221:Energy
4161:Indoor
4057:
4035:
4006:
3995:
3856:
3848:
3804:
3796:
3660:
3270:
3172:
3096:
3073:
2968:
2558:
2469:
2461:
2190:
2182:
2049:
2008:
1963:Reason
1306:France
1155:Brazil
1124:CancĂşn
1120:Mexico
1103:Szeged
1080:Prague
1048:Toszek
1044:Drobin
1036:GĹ‚ogĂłw
1026:&
1016:Gdańsk
1012:Poland
930:Fuzhou
910:Havana
860:Jeddah
856:Riyadh
718:Brazil
686:Manila
650:Penang
596:Maputo
516:France
115:Berlin
105:, and
72:Manila
5257:Water
5207:Water
5134:Curse
4940:Right
4782:polar
4772:bergs
4735:Fresh
4703:Water
4416:metal
4340:Field
4291:shade
4281:Solar
4271:Hydro
4156:Index
3802:S2CID
3741:(PDF)
3734:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3320:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3225:(PDF)
3170:S2CID
3030:OFWAT
3007:OFWAT
2842:(PDF)
2835:(PDF)
2664:(PDF)
2513:(PDF)
2506:(PDF)
2467:S2CID
2386:Water
2303:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2188:S2CID
2128:(PDF)
1748:Ghana
1349:OFWAT
1272:OFWAT
1147:Chile
1139:1993
1115:1994
1071:2001
1055:1992
1007:2000
1000:Sofia
991:2000
963:1867
951:Spain
946:2001
922:China
917:2000
899:2005
875:2008
864:Mecca
847:2000
837:Ghana
831:2000
813:1997
798:Rabat
783:2001
767:1996
744:1998
734:Chile
728:1995
712:2000
693:1997
675:1998
657:1992
637:1992
618:1996
604:1999
587:1997
578:Gabon
541:1989
525:1853
519:9,000
5069:good
5018:land
4996:land
4808:Rain
4664:wood
4639:food
4602:Game
4513:Life
4464:Soil
4440:peak
4433:sand
4308:Land
4298:Wind
4173:(US)
4150:(US)
4055:ISBN
4033:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3993:ISBN
3987:and
3854:PMID
3846:ISSN
3794:ISSN
3749:2008
3713:2020
3658:ISBN
3637:2008
3571:2008
3543:2016
3481:2007
3439:2016
3355:2008
3328:2008
3294:help
3268:ISBN
3240:2013
3094:OCLC
3071:ISSN
2966:ISSN
2904:2011
2877:2011
2850:2011
2818:2011
2786:2011
2672:2013
2646:2019
2620:2020
2581:2012
2556:ISSN
2521:2013
2459:ISSN
2367:2011
2311:2013
2180:ISSN
2107:2012
2083:<
2047:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1989:2011
1729:SAUR
1686:Suez
1557:and
1418:Suez
1130:and
1046:and
982:and
905:Cuba
892:Oran
890:and
868:Taif
866:and
804:and
648:and
375:Cuba
373:and
232:Ruhr
113:and
90:and
82:and
55:and
5231:Law
4868:Law
4767:Ice
4607:law
4585:law
4563:law
4491:Use
4428:law
4411:ore
4372:Law
4248:gas
4234:Law
4229:Bio
4166:Law
4131:Air
3838:doi
3826:213
3784:doi
3162:doi
3063:doi
2958:doi
2548:doi
2451:doi
2394:doi
2172:doi
1930:hdl
1708:RWE
420:KfW
5243::
4258:,
4254:,
4250:,
3983:,
3927:,
3897:,
3852:.
3844:.
3836:.
3824:.
3800:.
3792:.
3782:.
3772:13
3770:.
3766:.
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3704:.
3534:.
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3430:.
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3150:45
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2554:.
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2538:.
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2465:.
2457:.
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2441:.
2421:^
2390:12
2388:.
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2250:^
2213:^
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2166:.
2162:.
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2130:.
2109:.
2076:^
2061:^
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1906:^
1750:.
1320:,
1198:.
1177:.
1165:,
1157:,
1126:,
1105:,
1101:,
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1022:,
1018:,
978:,
974:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
886:,
862:,
858:,
800:,
796:,
757:,
489:,
369:,
308:a
298:a
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4115:e
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4101:v
4061:.
4039:.
4010:.
3999:.
3860:.
3840::
3832::
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3786::
3778::
3751:.
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3032::
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2972:.
2960::
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2788:.
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2550::
2544:5
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2369:.
2333:4
2313:.
2281:.
2194:.
2174::
2055:.
2012:.
1991:.
1936:.
1932::
1696:;
1677:(
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27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.