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aircraft is a venerable aircraft for weather reconnaissance. It flies directly into the hurricane, typically penetrating the hurricane's eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 feet (150 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The 53rd WRS Hurricane
Hunters operate ten WC-130J aircraft
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high altitude jet conducts hurricane surveillance flying upwards of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) each flight to document upper and lower level winds that affect the movement of tropical cyclones. The hurricane models (computer models predicting hurricane tracks and intensity) mainly utilize NOAA G-IV
232:
replaced weather ships when they became prohibitively expensive. Since the 1970s, their role has been largely superseded by weather buoys by design. Across the northern
Atlantic, the number of weather ships dwindled over the years. The original nine ships in the region had fallen to eight by the
285:
Prior to shuttle launches or landings, pilots fly aircraft that provide cloud, wind, turbulence, visibility, and precipitation information. Aircraft are flown along the future flight path of the shuttle and observations are noted. This complements radar and satellite data and only provides
281:
clouds. Satellite imagery is used to ascertain cloud-top temperatures to analyze the potential for lightning. Certain types of imagery are valued for their ability to view fog and low clouds at night. Satellite imagery in the long term can help enhance the shuttle flight landing procedure.
250:
Polarfront' was put out of operation 1 January 2010. Despite the loss of designated weather ships, weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation, which have increased in number over the
384:
The role of the ocean in predicting climate: a report of workshops conducted by Study Panel on Ocean
Atmosphere Interaction under the auspices of the Ocean Science Committee of the Ocean Affairs Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research
119:
are not built to withstand the severe turbulence encountered in hurricane rainbands and eye walls. One reason is that a helicopter receives all of its lift from its rotating blades, and they are most likely to break off in hurricane conditions.
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information that is useful for short-term (up to four hours before launch or landing) but not long-term forecasting. Aerial reconnaissance often provides a more accurate assessment of weather conditions than radar or satellite imagery.
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By 1983, data was still being collected by ships "M" ("Mike"), "R" ("Romeo"), "C" ("Charlie"), and L ("Lima"), Because of high operating costs and budget issues, weather ship "R" was recalled from the
233:
1970s. In 1974, the Coast Guard announced plans to terminate the United States stations, and, in 1977, the last United States weather ship was replaced by a newly developed weather buoy.
816:
240:
before the deployment of a weather buoy for the region. This recall was blamed for the minimal warning given in advance of the Great Storm of 1987. The last weather ship was
97:
is the acquisition of weather data used for research and planning. Typically the term reconnaissance refers to observing weather from the air, as opposed to the ground.
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are heavily instrumented flying laboratories specifically modified to take atmospheric and radar measurements within tropical cyclones and winter storms.
542:
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National
Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Science Committee, National Research Council (U.S.). Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction (1974).
49:
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359:
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Hercules is used as a weather reconnaissance aircraft, with 5 different versions being used. The current version is the
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dropwindsonde data that is collected both day and night in storms affecting the United States.
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Research Moored Array for
African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
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Other aircraft have been used to investigate hurricanes, including an instrumented
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748:
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430:"North Atlantic Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) Surface Meteorological Data (1945-1983)"
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Pan-European
Infrastructure for Ocean & Marine Data Management (2010-09-11).
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Images from satellites provided a resource for forecasting weather for NASA
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Frank C. Brody; Richard A. Lafosse; Dan G. Bellue; Timothy D. Oram (1997).
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launches and landings. Meteorologists analyze images to predict regions of
229:
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Binary
Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR)
486:"Operations of the National Weather Service Spaceflight Meteorology Group"
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have fallen out of favor due to their high operating cost. Unmanned
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Prediction and
Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA)
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703:
638:
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Weather reconnaissance is also provided by weather balloons.
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and dissipation. Special attention is paid to low clouds and
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Tropospheric
Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
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10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0526:OOTNWS>2.0.CO;2
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Collection of weather data from otherwise inacessible areas
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Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS)
244:, known as weather station "M" at 66°N, 02°E, run by the
410:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Operations
408:"Alpha, Bravo, Charlie... Ocean Weather Ships 1940-1980"
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Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)
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477:
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405:
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825:Earth-based meteorological observation systems and
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496:(3). American Meteorological Society: 526–544.
979:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project (TAO/TRITON)
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810:
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553:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
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1057:
934:Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
817:
803:
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964:Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
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68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1005:Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)
79:
1020:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)
1000:Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
884:Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)
406:Robertson P. Dinsmore (December 1996).
260:
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1025:Road Weather Information System (RWIS)
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461:(1583). IPC Magazines: 22. 1987-10-22
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432:. British Oceanographic Data Centre
351:Fundamentals of weather and climate
13:
451:"Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm"
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246:Norwegian Meteorological Institute
14:
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854:Automated airport weather station
1212:Multifunction Phased Array Radar
1197:Advanced Technology Demonstrator
984:Voluntary observing ship program
388:. National Academies. p. 40
354:. Psychology Press. p. 31.
23:
859:Automatic weather station (AWS)
255:
224:Watercraft deployed for use as
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171:1963 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
1221:Joint Polarization Experiment
959:Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
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348:J. F. Robin McIlveen (1998).
314:
219:
304:Tropical cyclone observation
176:Past aircraft used were the
139:for weather reconnaissance.
7:
1124:Weather surveillance radars
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292:
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43:. The specific problem is:
10:
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299:Convective storm detection
109:
100:
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992:
954:FluxNet Project (FluxNet)
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917:
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309:Environmental monitoring
1088:Military weather radars
1015:Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)
849:Aircraft report (AIREP)
634:Ice accretion indicator
490:Weather and Forecasting
674:Present weather sensor
148:NOAA Hurricane Hunters
146:aircraft flown by the
95:Weather reconnaissance
91:
83:
889:Pilot report (PIREP)
599:Dark adaptor goggles
261:Spaceflight planning
216:A,B,E,H, 1965-2005.
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
1247:Weather forecasting
277:cloud particularly
1131:WSR-1, 1A, 3 and 4
644:Lightning detector
279:cumulonimbus incus
165:that was flown in
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86:WC-130 Weatherbird
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902:
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874:Hurricane Hunters
792:
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734:Thermo-hygrograph
724:Sunshine recorder
589:Ceiling projector
361:978-0-7487-4079-6
112:Hurricane hunters
78:
77:
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41:quality standards
32:This article may
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1146:WSR-88D (NEXRAD)
1141:WSR-74C and -74S
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827:weather stations
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774:Whole sky camera
719:Stevenson screen
624:Heat flux sensor
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89:hurricane hunter
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754:Weather balloon
749:Transmissometer
714:Sounding rocket
659:Pan evaporation
584:Ceiling balloon
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271:cloud formation
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167:Hurricane Ginny
129:Lockheed C-130J
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208:, 1963–1969; W
204:, 1956–1963; W
200:, 1951–1956; W
196:, 1946–1947. W
125:Lockheed C-130
110:Main article:
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58:September 2013
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779:Wind profiler
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764:Weather radar
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669:Pyrheliometer
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455:New Scientist
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267:Space Shuttle
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247:
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238:Bay of Biscay
234:
231:
230:weather buoys
227:
226:weather ships
217:
215:
212:N 1954-1973;
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:, 1946–1947;
191:
188:, 1945–1947;
187:
184:, 1944–1945;
183:
179:
174:
172:
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164:
159:
156:
155:Gulfstream IV
151:
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30:
21:
20:
1187:NSSL Doppler
1010:NEXRAD radar
894:Weather ship
769:Weather vane
759:Weather buoy
649:Nephelometer
551:Earth-based
493:
489:
463:. Retrieved
458:
454:
445:
434:. Retrieved
423:
412:. Retrieved
401:
390:. Retrieved
383:
376:
365:. Retrieved
350:
343:
331:. Retrieved
322:
288:
284:
264:
256:Applications
249:
241:
235:
223:
175:
163:Lockheed U-2
160:
152:
141:
133:
122:
115:
94:
93:
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
739:Thermometer
729:Tethersonde
709:Solarimeter
699:Snow pillow
664:Pyranometer
609:Disdrometer
169:during the
144:WP-3D Orion
117:Helicopters
52:if you can.
1241:Categories
744:Tide gauge
689:Snow gauge
684:Rain gauge
679:Radiosonde
654:Nephoscope
629:Hygrometer
619:Field mill
594:Ceilometer
564:Anemometer
465:2011-01-18
436:2011-01-31
414:2011-01-31
392:2011-01-18
367:2011-01-18
333:6 February
315:References
275:convective
242:Polarfront
220:Watercraft
178:A-20 Havoc
1202:CSU-CHILL
1115:AN/FPS-41
1105:AN/APS-2F
1100:AN/APQ-13
922:Worldwide
912:By region
869:Dropsonde
694:Snowboard
614:Dropsonde
579:Barometer
574:Barograph
569:Atmometer
512:1520-0434
153:The NOAA
1207:OU-PRIME
1110:AN/CPS-9
784:Windsock
293:See also
251:decades.
180:, 1944;
106:Aircraft
34:require
1192:SMART-R
879:Mesonet
839:General
604:Dewcell
385:Council
101:Methods
45:wikify.
36:cleanup
1226:RaXPol
1136:WSR-57
510:
358:
214:WC-130
1172:ARMOR
1167:ADRAD
704:SODAR
639:Lidar
328:"FAQ"
210:C-121
1216:NSSL
1177:CASA
1151:TDWR
939:Argo
508:ISSN
356:ISBN
335:2011
206:B-47
202:B-50
198:B-29
194:B-29
190:B-25
186:B-17
182:B-24
142:The
134:The
123:The
1214:at
1182:DOW
1079:US
498:doi
459:116
1243::
506:.
494:12
492:.
488:.
474:^
457:.
453:.
248:.
173:.
131:.
84:A
1072:e
1065:t
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818:e
811:t
804:v
544:e
537:t
530:v
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500::
468:.
439:.
417:.
395:.
370:.
337:.
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
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