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793:'s pectoral fin is the largest appendage of any mammal and humpbacks are known for their extremely acrobatic behaviour. Pec-slapping varies between groups of different social structure, such as not occurring in lone males but being common in mother calf pairs and also when they are accompanied by an escort. The reasons for pec-slapping therefore can vary depending on age and sex of individual humpback whales. During the breeding season adult males pec-slap before they disassociate with a group of males that are vying for a female, whereas adult females pec-slap to attract potential mates and indicate that she is sexually receptive. Its function between mother calf pairs is less well known but is likely to be a form of play and communication that is taught to the calf by the mother for use when it is sexually mature. Pectoral slapping has also been observed in the
744:, is a surfacing behaviour unique to humpback whales. During this the humpback converts its forward momentum into a crack-the-whip rotation, pivoting with its pectorals as it drives its head downward and thrusts its entire fluke and peduncle (the muscular rear portion of the torso) out of the water and sideways, before crashing into the water with terrific force. Peduncling takes place among the focal animals (female, escort, challenging male) in a competitive group, apparently as an aggressive gesture. Possibilities include escorts fending off a particular challenging male, females who seem agitated with an escort, or an individual not comfortable with a watching boat's presence. Occasionally, one whale performs a series of dozens of peduncle throws, directed at the same target each time.
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468:. The type of interaction can often depend on the behavioral state of the group as well as species. For example, spotted dolphins are more likely to interact when travelling or milling but less likely when they are socialising or surface feeding. Interactive behavior may also depend on group composition, as both orca and bottlenose dolphins have been recorded to interact mostly when a calf was in the group. This indicates that groups with calves may approach boats in order to teach the young how to interact safely to avoid collision. Another result of cetaceans traveling in pods is an increase in competition for the optimal wave energy and so maximum energy saving position. Position of individuals may reflect the dominance
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429:, where they are off the stern in the wake. Cetaceans swim using fluke propulsion when experiencing wave energy below the threshold needed for riding, such as when boats travel at speeds slower than 3 m/s or when they are outside of the peak wave energy zone. However, at higher speeds dolphins and porpoises will seek out the pressure wave and its maximum energy zone in order to ride the wave by holding their flukes in a fixed plane, with only minor adjustments for repositioning. Wave-riding reduces the energetic cost of swimming to the dolphin, even when compared to slower swimming speeds. For example,
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255:. The immense cloud of bubbles and underwater disturbance following a breach cannot be faked; neighbours then know a breach has taken place. A single breach costs a whale only about 0.075% of its total daily energy intake, but a long series of breaches may add up to a significant energy expenditure. A breach is therefore a sign that the animal is physically fit enough to afford energy for this acrobatic display, hence it could be used for ascertaining dominance, courting or warning of danger. It is also possible that the loud "smack" upon re-entering is useful for stunning or scaring prey, similar to
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then jerk upwards at full speed with as few as 3 tail strokes to perform a breach. In all breaches the cetacean clears the water with the majority of its body at an acute angle, such as an average of 30° to the horizontal as recorded in sperm whales. The whale then turns to land on its back or side, and less frequently may not turn but "belly flop" instead. In order to achieve 90% clearance, a humpback needs to leave the water at a speed of eight metres per second or 29 kilometres per hour (18 mph). For a 36 metric tons (40 short tons) animal, this results in a
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avoid or seek interactions. The occasions where no effect is seen is predominantly when the cetaceans are travelling or feeding, but not when they are showing surface activity. In the case of avoidance, the animals may dive rather than staying submerged near the surface or move horizontally away from the vessels. For example, when sperm whales are approached by boats they surface less, shorten the intervals between breathes and do not show their fluke before diving as often. Cetaceans may also reduce their acrobatic surfacing behaviours, such as when
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568:. Spyhopping is controlled and slow, and can last for minutes at a time if the whale is sufficiently inquisitive about whatever it is viewing. Generally, the whale does not appear to swim by fluke propulsion to maintain its "elevated" position while spyhopping, instead relying on exceptional buoyancy control and positioning with pectoral fins. Typically the whale's eyes will be slightly above or below the surface of the water, enabling it to see whatever is nearby on the surface. Different species of sharks, including the
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854:. This sleep pattern has been identified in all five cetacean species that have been tested for it thus far. Cetaceans intermittently come to the surface in order to breathe during these sleep periods and exhibit logging behaviour. Logging can occur interchangeably with surface resting behaviour when cetaceans are travelling slowly, which is particularly common in mother-calf pairs, as the young tire quickly during swimming. Logging is common, particularly in
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259:. As breaching is often seen in rough seas it is possible that a breach allows the whale to breathe in air that is not close to the surface and full of spray, or that they use breaching to communicate when the noise of the ocean would mask acoustic signals. Another widely accepted possible reason is to dislodge parasites from the skin. The behaviour may also be more simply a form of play.
797:, but due to its smaller size, the sound produced will be quieter and therefore used for communication over smaller distances unlike the humpback. Exposure of the pectoral fin and consequent slapping has also been infrequently observed in blue whales, where it is most often a by-product of lunge feeding followed by rolling on to its side.
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the leap. These benefits also outweigh the energy wasted due to the large amount of splashing often seen when groups are porpoising. Porpoising is therefore a result of high speed swimming which cetaceans use for important pursuit and escape activities. For example, dolphins may be seen porpoising away from their main predator,
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is carried out on every continent, with an estimated 13 million people participating in 2008. This, when combined with the sustained increase in boat vessel traffic, has likely affected the surface activity of cetaceans. When boats and other whale watching vessels approach, most cetaceans will either
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into the air, and then slaps them against the surface of the water. It is a form of non-vocal communication commonly observed in a variety of whale and dolphin species as well as seals. The motion is slow and controlled, and the behaviour can occur repeatedly by one individual over a few minutes. The
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Although some behaviours such as spyhopping, logging and lobtailing occur in both groups, others such as bow riding or peduncle throws are exclusive to one or the other. It is these energetic behaviours that humans observe most frequently, which has resulted in a large amount of scientific literature
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make at the water's surface in addition to breathing. Cetaceans have developed and use surface behaviours for many functions such as display, feeding and communication. All regularly observed members of the order
Cetacea, including whales, dolphins and porpoises, show a range of surfacing behaviours.
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is a behaviour that whales exhibit when at rest and appear like "logs" at the surface. It is defined as lying without forward movement at the surface of the water with the dorsal fin or parts of the back are exposed. Whales often rest for periods of time under the surface in order to sleep in mainly
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together, making it easier for the humpback to feed on them. In this instance, lobtail feeding behaviour appeared to progressively spread throughout the population, as it increased from 0 to 50% of the population using it over the 9-year study. As no individual under 2 years old nor any mothers were
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out of the water and then bringing them down onto the surface of the water hard and fast in order to make a loud slap. Large whales tend to lobtail by positioning themselves vertically downwards into the water and then slapping the surface by bending the tail stock. Dolphins, however, tend to remain
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and therefore high speeds over long periods of time. Studies have also shown that leaping is more energetically efficient than swimming above a certain threshold speed. This is due to the reduction in friction when travelling in air compared to water which saves more energy than is needed to produce
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tours' participants, the tours may be encouraged to approach cetaceans closer than recommended by guidelines. There is a lack of understanding about the long-term effects of whale-watching on the behaviour of cetaceans, but it is theorised that it may cause avoidance of popular sites, or a decrease
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Two techniques are used by cetaceans in order to breach. The first method, most common in sperm and humpback whales, is conducted by swimming vertically upwards from depth, and heading straight out of the water. The other more common method is to travel close to the surface and parallel to it, and
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defines a breach as any leap in which at least 40% of the animal's body clears the water, and a lunge as a leap with less than 40% clearance. Qualitatively, a breach is a genuine jump with an intent to clear the water, whereas a lunge is the result of a fast upward-sloping swim that has caused the
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along with up to one third of their body at any one time. This results in little splashing as they have a very streamlined shape. Porpoising occurs mainly when dolphins and porpoises are swimming at speeds greater than 4.6 m/s. Here, jump length is roughly equal to distance traveled when the
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species such as seals that are resting on the floes. When prey is detected the individual will conduct a series of spy-hops from different locations around it, then vocalise to the group members to do the same to possibly prepare for an attack. In this instance a spyhop may be more useful than a
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Ultimately, the reasons for breaching are unknown; however, there is evidence to support a range of hypotheses. Whales are more likely to breach when they are in groups, suggesting that it is a non-verbal signal to other group members during social behaviour. Scientists have called this theory
60:, based on the presence of teeth or baleen plates in adults respectively. However, when considering behaviour, Cetacea can be split into whales (cetaceans more than 10 m long such as sperm and most baleen whales) and dolphins and porpoises (all Odontocetes less than 10 m long including
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horizontal, either on their belly or their back, and make the slap via a jerky whole body movement. All species are likely to slap several times in a single session. Like breaching, lobtailing is common amongst active cetacean species such as sperm, humpback, right and
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305:, also known as running, is a high speed surface behaviour of small cetaceans where long jumps are alternated with swimming close to the surface. Despite the name, porpoising behaviour is seen in dolphins and porpoises, as well as other marine species such as
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Time intervals between surfacing can vary depending on the species, surfacing style or the purpose of the dive; some species have been known to dive for up to 85 minutes at a time when hunting, and dives in excess of three hours have been observed in
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in North
America have shown that the focal animals increased their tail-slapping behaviour when approached by boats within 100 m, and that 70% of surface active behaviours (SABs) in these orca were seen when a boat was within 225 m. Similarly,
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have shown that the noise of a lobtail travels much less well than that of a vocal call or a breach. Thus the lobtail is probably important visually as well as acoustically, and may be a sign of aggression. Some suggest that lobtailing in
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leads to much splashing and is more common at slower speeds so cannot be attributed to an energy saving mechanism. It is therefore more likely to be a form of play or communication within or between pods. Another reason might be to remove
684:. Lobtailing is more common within species that have a complex social order than those where animals are more likely to be solitary. Lobtailing often occurs in conjunction with other aerial behaviour such as breaching. Species with large
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Although porpoising is a useful product of rapid swimming, much variation seen in the behaviour cannot be explained by this cause alone; it has likely evolved to provide other functions. For example, the rotation during porpoising by the
456:, although most larger Odontocetes do not seek out any form of interaction with boats. Bow-riding is the most common form of interactive behaviour with boats across a variety of smaller Odontocete species, such as dolphins in the genera
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The sound of a lobtail can be heard underwater several hundred metres from the site of a slap. This has led to speculation amongst scientists that lobtailing is, like breaching, a form of non-vocal communication. However, studies of
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can be up to 700 times their own weight and so efficiently remove them. Other theories suggest that cetaceans may porpoise in order to observe distant objects such as food by looking for visual cues, such as birds dive-bombing a
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Stamation, K. A.; Croft, D. B.; Shaughnessy, P. D.; Waples, K. A.; Briggs, S. V. (2010), "Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of
Australia",
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Spyhopping often occurs during a "mugging" situation, where the focus of a whale's attention is on a boat, such as whale-watching tours, which they sometimes approach and interact with. On the other hand, spyhopping among
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breach, because the view is held steady for a longer period of time. Often when cetaceans breach, their eyes do not clear the water, which suggests it might not be used for looking but instead for hearing. For example,
365:. Research into the additional functions of porpoising has so far been focussed on the more acrobatic species, but it is likely that other cetaceans also use it for these, and perhaps unknown, reasons too.
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groups without calves are approached by vessels to within 300 m. Avoidance behaviour is typical of whales, but interactions are more common in whale groups that contain calves and also in the smaller
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also jump, change direction and form tighter groups more when boats are present, particularly when they do not adhere to the regulations about approach. As an increase in SABs is beneficial to the
874:, where a group of cetaceans at the surface have little or no directional movement but instead socialise with each other. This behaviour is particularly common in large groups of pilot whales.
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horizontal positions, although sperm whales also rest vertically. However, as they consciously need to breathe at the surface, they can rest only one-half of their brain at a time, known as
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observed to use lobtail feeding it suggests that it is taught in foraging groups. The spread of lobtail feeding amongst humpback whales indicates its success as a novel foraging method.
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Lyamin, O. I.; Mukhametov, L. M.; Seigel, J. M.; Nazarenko, E. A.; Polyakova, I. G.; Shpak, O. V. (2002), "Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whales",
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Heithaus, M. R. (2001), "Shark attacks on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western
Australia: attack rate, bite scar frequencies, and attack seasonality",
2532:"Whale Watching Worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits: a special report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth MA, USA."
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Williams, T. M.; Friedl, W. A.; Fong, M. L.; Yamada, R. M.; Sedivy, P.; Huan, J. E. (1992), "Travel at low energetic cost by swimming and wave-riding bottlenose dolphins",
215:, are very common breachers and are in fact capable of lifting themselves completely out of the water very easily, although there is little distinction between this and
441:. Wave-riding behaviour can be performed by dolphins from minutes up to several hours, and therefore is a useful energy-saving mechanism for swimming at higher speeds.
634:
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Weinrich, Mason T.; Schilling, Mark R.; Belt, Cynthia R. (December 1992), "Evidence for acquisition of a novel feeding behaviour: lobtail feeding in humpback whales,
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137:
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Noren, D. P.; Johnson, A. H.; Rehder, D.; Larson, A. (2009), "Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales.",
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is most commonly used to describe the surface activity of cetaceans that approach boats and jump repeatedly in the waves produced by the boats. This includes
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will often spy-hop in order to hear better when they are near the line where waves begin to break in the ocean as this marks out their migration route.
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Ware, C.; Friedlaender, A. S.; Nowacek, D. P. (2011), "Shallow and deep lunge feeding of humpback whales in fjords of the West
Antarctic Peninsula",
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for the energetic exercise. At leisurely cruising speeds below 4.6 m/s, dolphins swim below the water's surface and only briefly expose their
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1998:"Cooperative hunting behavior, prey selectivity and prey handling by pack ice killer whales (Orcinus orca), type B, in Antarctic Peninsula waters"
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Corkeron, P. J. (1995), "Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hervey Bay, Queensland: behaviour and responses to whale-watching vessels",
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243:. Despite its energetic cost, breaching is often carried out in series. The longest recorded sustained series was by a humpback near the
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Hawkins, E.; Gartside, D. F. (2009), "Interactive behaviours of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) during encounters with vessels",
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Miller, L. J.; Solangi, M.; Kuczaj, S. A. (2010), "Seasonal and
Diurnal Patterns of Behavior Exhibited by Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (
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Lusseau, D. (2003), "Effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts",
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17:
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Kavanagh, A. S., Owen, K., Williamson, M. J., Noad, M. J., Goldizen, A. W., Kniest, E., Cato, D. H., Dunlop, R. A. (January 2017).
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2558:"Effects of whale-watching vessels on the surface and underwater acoustic behaviour of sperm whales off Kaikoura, New Zealand."
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totaling 130 leaps in less than 90 minutes. Repeated breaches tire the animal, so less of the body clears the water each time.
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is a leap out of the water, also known as cresting. The distinction between the two is fairly arbitrary: cetacean researcher
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219:. Some non-cetacean marine creatures also exhibit breaching behavior, such as several shark species and rays of the genera
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Ng, S. L.; Leung, S. (2003), "Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) to vessel traffic",
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whale to clear the surface of the water unintentionally. This latter "lunging" behaviour is often a result of feeding in
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is a means of foraging. The hypothesis is that the loud noise causes fish to become frightened, thus tightening their
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Miller, P. J. O.; Aoki, K.; Rendell, L. E.; Amano, M. (2008), "Stereotypical resting behaviour of the sperm whale.",
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2200:) communication: The context and potential functions of pec-slapping behavior on the Hawaiian wintering grounds.",
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and transport cost was reduced by up to 70% during wave-riding compared to swimming at speeds 1 m/s slower in
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Quick, Nicola J.; Cioffi, William R.; Shearer, Jeanne M.; Fahlman, Andreas; Read, Andrew J. (15 September 2020).
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Dunlop, R. A.; Cato, D. H.; Noad, M. J. (2008), "Non-song acoustic communication in migrating humpback whales (
1709:"Interactions of cetaceans with whale watching boats–implications for the management of whale watching tourism"
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cetaceans are submerged. This exposes the blowhole for longer which is needed to get enough oxygen to maintain
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that, when attached, increase drag during swimming. When spinner dolphins impact the water the combination of
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Hui, C. A. (1987), "The porpoising of penguins an energy-conserving behaviour for respiratory ventilation?",
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2483:"Extreme diving in mammals: first estimates of behavioural aerobic dive limits in Cuvier's beaked whales"
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560:, the whale rises and holds a vertical position partially out of the water, often exposing its entire
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2101:"Evidence for the functions of surface-active behaviors in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)"
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Weihs, D.; Fish, F. E.; Nicastro, A. J. (2007), "Mechanics of remora removal by dolphin spinning",
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784:, informally known as pec-slapping, is when a cetacean turns on its side, exposes one or both
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183:. The right, humpback, and sperm whales are the most widely observed jumpers. However other
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are travelling at speed they are forced to stay close to the surface in order to maintain
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Whale surfacing behaviors: breaching, logging, flipper slapping, video by Matteo
Sommacal
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Weilgart, L. S.; Whitehead, H. (1990), "Vocalizations of the North
Atlantic pilot whale (
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is thought to aid predation, as they are often seen around ice floes attempting to view
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Au, D.; Weihs, D. (1980), "At high speeds dolphins save energy by leaping.",
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of the pod and therefore could be used to ascertain dominance. Several
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may also slap them against the water for a similar effect, known as
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2401:"Why do the Humpback Whales visit Hervey Bay?" The Oceania Project
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Würsig, B.; Dorsey, E.M.; Richardson, W.J.; Wells, R.S. (1989),
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1649:"Fishing charter crew captures orca pod playing in boat's wake"
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1540:, "Why do dolphins jump out of the water?", Dolphin World FAQ.
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Weihs, D. (2002), "Dynamics of dolphin porpoising revisited",
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Gordon, J.; Leaper, R.; Hartley, F. G.; Chappell, O. (1992),
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Humpback whale tail-slapping off the coast of
Molokai, Hawaii
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O'Connor, S.; Campbell, R.; Cortez, H.; Knowles, T. (2009),
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Dahlheim, M. E. (1980), "Killer whales observed bowriding",
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rarely lobtail, but it is a very common phenomenon amongst
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2712:"Feeding, aerial and play behaviour of the bowhead whale,
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This is how whales break through the surface of the water
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870:. Another behaviour that may be mistaken for logging is
448:. It has also been observed in larger cetaceans such as
2471:, Oceanus Magazine, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.
1925:"What is the shark-steps-on-Lego shark actually doing?"
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1065:, FAO Marine Mammals of the World, Suborder Odontoceti.
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or the direction of incoming boats to avoid collision.
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are also known to display actions in similar manners.
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Orcas surfing in ship's wake, Jackie Dunham, CTV News
2273:"Whales" Marine Discovery Centre, Henley Beach, S. A.
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1261:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 181,
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Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Humpback whale lobtailing at Ísafjarðardjúp, Iceland
2682:"Effects of tourism on dusky dolphins at Kaikoura."
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937:marine ecologist Lisa Ballance with a curious baby
2080:The effects of volcanic tsunamis on marine mammals
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64:) as many behaviours are correlated with size.
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1851:"2 gray whales catch waves near Mission Beach"
655:Bowhead whale tail-slapping in Shantar Islands
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663:is the act of a whale or dolphin lifting its
52:Cetacea is usually split into two suborders,
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2137:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1833:"Bowriding Humpback Whales – Log Transcript"
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1289:Why do whales and other sea mammals breach?
1258:Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean
1207:Sperm whales: social evolution in the ocean
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1133:"The Flying Mobulas of the Sea of Cortez"
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564:and head. It is visually akin to a human
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1131:Paul and Michael Albert (26 June 2005).
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2196:Deakos, M. H. (2012), "Humpback whale (
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1316:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1090:
124:double-breaching off the south side of
14:
2753:
2689:Wellington: Department of Conservation
2462:
2427:) as related to behavioral contexts",
2246:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2150:
2148:
1815:"Boná Island and Panama Canal, Panama"
1706:
1647:Rafael Avitabile (10 September 2018).
1532:
1453:
1419:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1150:
1148:
1146:
689:
1996:Pitman, R. L.; Durban, J. W. (2012),
1876:, National Geographic, archived from
1866:
1864:
1786:
1389:
1057:
44:is a grouping of movement types that
2413:
2392:
2340:
1274:
1154:
890:
747:
444:Wave-riding is most common in small
2523:
2487:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2474:
2429:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2288:
2186:
2145:
1896:
1763:"La baleine s'amuse by Gilles Macé"
1640:
1392:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1378:
1358:
1352:
1295:
1143:
941:, possibly a new species. Southern
24:
2703:
1923:Keartes, Sarah (October 5, 2016).
1861:
1448:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01002.x
1241:. Animal Corner. 26 February 2015.
1068:
640:Humpback whale tail-slapping with
576:, have also been known to spyhop.
25:
2777:
2734:
1175:
728:
2716:, summering in the Beaufort Sea"
2611:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00320.x
2181:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00208.x
2022:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00453.x
1576:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01824.x
1527:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00131.x
1482:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00054.x
1119:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00427.x
1022:
1008:
950:
927:
912:
904:Humpback whale and kayakers off
897:
831:
819:
807:
769:
754:
648:
633:
621:
609:
541:
529:
408:
390:
375:
287:
269:
136:
114:
99:
94:Humpback whale spinner-breaching
87:
2264:
2240:
2215:
2092:
1944:
1843:
1825:
1807:
1795:from the original on 2021-12-21
1780:
1755:
216:
2680:Barr, K.; Slooten, E. (1999),
1231:
1197:
1124:
852:unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
356:and vertical force upon these
13:
1:
2361:10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00346-1
2057:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80318-5
1973:10.1016/S0141-1136(03)00041-2
1953:Marine Environmental Research
1554:) in the Mississippi Sound",
1187:, Conscious Breath Adventures
1051:
887:under extreme circumstances.
877:
814:Southern right whales resting
522:
295:Southern right whale dolphins
262:
68:on the subject and a popular
2247:Harris, Tom (13 July 2001),
2223:"North Atlantic right whale"
713:
512:Stationary surface behaviour
400:following watching boats in
76:Travelling surface behaviour
42:Cetacean surfacing behaviour
7:
2654:Endangered Species Research
2628:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1361:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1212:University of Chicago Press
1001:
10:
2782:
2349:Behavioural Brain Research
984:. For example, studies on
800:
600:
536:Orca ("type C") spyhopping
515:
499:
2318:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.003
2127:– via ResearchGate.
18:Whale surfacing behaviour
2225:. Arkive. Archived from
1899:"Elasmobranch Behaviour"
1750:10.1578/AM.35.2.2009.259
1716:MEER EV, Berlin, Germany
551:spyhopping in Antarctica
2077:Dr Stavros Kaniklides,
1255:Whitehead, Hal (2003),
906:Avila Beach, California
826:Bowhead whale sleeping
721:Whales with raised tail
597:Lobtailing and slapping
27:Cetacean movement types
2198:Megaptera novaeangliae
2157:Megaptera novaeangliae
2041:Megaptera novaeangliae
1787:橘田佳音利 (7 March 2014).
1204:Hal Whitehead (2003),
574:oceanic whitetip shark
163:
38:
2591:Marine Mammal Science
2161:Marine Mammal Science
2105:Marine Mammal Science
2002:Marine Mammal Science
1507:Marine Mammal Science
1428:Marine Mammal Science
1405:10.1093/icb/42.5.1071
1099:Marine Mammal Science
921:Saint-Gilles, Réunion
885:Cuvier's beaked whale
764:showing pectoral fins
724:on Wikimedia Commons.
158:
81:Breaching and lunging
33:
2469:"The Deepest Divers"
1839:. December 30, 2002.
1803:– via YouTube.
1653:NBC News - San Diego
1462:Conservation Biology
919:Humpback whales off
762:Southern right whale
642:California sea lions
549:Southern minke whale
207:whales also breach.
2603:2010MMamS..26...98S
2536:Economists at Large
2441:1990BEcoS..26..399W
2309:2008CBio...18..R21M
2173:2008MMamS..24..613D
2117:2017MMamS..33..313K
2014:2012MMamS..28...16P
1965:2003MarER..56..555N
1857:. February 3, 2016.
1821:. January 14, 2016.
1707:Ritter, F. (2003),
1611:1992Natur.355..821W
1568:2010Ethol.116.1127M
1519:2007MMamS..23..707W
1474:2003ConBi..17.1785L
1440:2001MMamS..17..526H
1331:1980Natur.284..548A
1111:2011MMamS..27..587W
450:false killer whales
382:"Type B" orcas off
253:"honest signalling"
2714:Balaena mysticetus
2500:10.1242/jeb.222109
2449:10.1007/BF00170896
2425:Globicephala melas
1552:Tursiops truncatus
1286:USCB ScienceLine,
958:Bottlenose dolphin
518:Bubble net feeding
439:bottlenose dolphin
277:Hourglass dolphins
164:
39:
2542:on August 1, 2012
2493:(18): jeb222109.
2249:"How Whales Work"
2125:10.1111/mms.12374
1873:Gray Whale Spyhop
1605:(6363): 821–823,
1562:(12): 1127–1137,
1325:(5756): 548–550,
1268:978-0-226-89517-8
1239:"Whale Behaviour"
1225:978-0-226-89517-8
1078:Publications List
891:Human interaction
782:Pectoral slapping
748:Pectoral slapping
690:pectoral slapping
570:great white shark
144:Hector's Dolphins
107:Dwarf sperm whale
16:(Redirected from
2773:
2730:
2720:
2698:
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2696:
2695:
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2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:10.3354/esr00205
2649:
2643:
2642:
2634:(7): 1290–1299,
2623:
2614:
2613:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2538:, archived from
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2051:(6): 1059–1072,
2045:Animal Behaviour
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1930:Earth Touch News
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1718:, archived from
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1619:10.1038/355821a0
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1161:, archived from
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1135:. Archived from
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1087:
1086:
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1016:Cetaceans portal
1013:
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823:
811:
773:
758:
740:, also known as
682:oceanic dolphins
652:
637:
625:
613:
545:
533:
506:Jumping dolphins
412:
394:
379:
291:
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239:of 288 thousand
211:, including the
209:Oceanic dolphins
140:
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91:
70:tourism industry
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2766:Mammal behavior
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2723:Aquatic Mammals
2718:
2706:
2704:Further reading
2701:
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2640:10.1139/z95-153
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2297:Current Biology
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1903:Wildlife Online
1897:Baldwin, Marc.
1895:
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1883:
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1819:Expeditions.com
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1738:Aquatic Mammals
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868:humpback whales
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776:Humpback whales
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402:Churchill River
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341:spinner dolphin
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162:breach sequence
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2735:External links
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1959:(5): 555–567,
1943:
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1855:FOX5 San Diego
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1174:
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1139:on 4 May 2013.
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995:whale watching
991:dusky dolphins
978:humpback whale
973:Whale watching
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678:river dolphins
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848:
840:
834:
829:
822:
817:
810:
805:
804:
798:
796:
792:
787:
786:pectoral fins
783:
772:
767:
763:
757:
752:
751:
745:
743:
739:
737:
723:
722:
718:
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631:
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619:
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583:
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384:South Georgia
378:
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366:
364:
359:
358:ectoparasites
355:
351:
347:
342:
336:
334:
329:
324:
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316:
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308:
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296:
290:
285:
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281:Drake Passage
278:
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206:
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198:
194:
190:
186:
185:baleen whales
182:
177:
176:Hal Whitehead
173:
169:
161:
157:
150:, New Zealand
149:
145:
139:
134:
131:
127:
126:Unimak Island
123:
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108:
102:
97:
90:
85:
84:
73:
71:
65:
63:
59:
55:
50:
47:
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36:
32:
19:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2692:, retrieved
2688:
2675:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2594:
2590:
2568:, retrieved
2564:
2540:the original
2535:
2525:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2464:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2405:, retrieved
2400:
2394:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2280:, retrieved
2272:
2266:
2256:, retrieved
2252:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:the original
2217:
2201:
2197:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2133:cite journal
2108:
2104:
2094:
2084:, retrieved
2079:
2072:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2008:(1): 16–36,
2005:
2001:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1882:, retrieved
1878:the original
1872:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1799:24 September
1797:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:24 September
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1720:the original
1715:
1684:(2): 78–80,
1681:
1678:The Murrelet
1677:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1642:
1602:
1598:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1510:
1506:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1431:
1427:
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1391:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1322:
1318:
1288:
1257:
1233:
1206:
1199:
1189:, retrieved
1183:
1177:
1167:, retrieved
1163:the original
1157:
1137:the original
1126:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1082:, retrieved
1077:
1070:
1059:
1047:
1043:Tail-walking
971:
881:
871:
864:pilot whales
860:sperm whales
856:right whales
846:
845:
781:
780:
741:
734:
732:
719:
694:
660:
659:
603:Tail sailing
578:
557:
555:
463:
457:
443:
426:
422:
418:
416:
337:
302:
301:
249:
233:
226:
220:
171:
167:
165:
66:
51:
41:
40:
1367:: 209–211,
982:odontocetes
795:right whale
670:grey whales
591:gray whales
446:Odontocetes
427:wake-riding
419:wave-riding
354:centrifugal
319:respiration
245:West Indies
2755:Categories
2729:(1): 27–37
2694:2015-05-20
2570:2015-05-20
2407:2015-05-13
2282:2015-05-13
2258:2006-11-27
2233:2015-05-04
2210:10125/7066
2204:(Thesis),
2086:2015-05-26
1884:2015-05-25
1658:5 November
1214:, p.
1191:2015-05-25
1169:2015-05-25
1155:The Dodo,
1084:2015-05-25
1052:References
878:Dive times
839:Gray whale
742:peduncling
661:Lobtailing
601:See also:
558:spyhopping
523:Spyhopping
516:See also:
476:, such as
431:heart rate
423:bow-riding
328:metabolism
303:Porpoising
297:porpoising
263:Porpoising
257:lobtailing
217:porpoising
148:Cloudy Bay
54:Odontoceti
2517:221886321
1936:August 7,
1908:August 7,
1184:Breaching
841:cavorting
674:Porpoises
470:hierarchy
465:Delphinus
417:The term
363:bait ball
346:barnacles
323:blowholes
311:pinnipeds
109:breaching
58:Mysticeti
46:cetaceans
37:breaching
2509:32967976
2457:34187605
2387:27009685
2379:11809503
2335:10587736
2327:18177706
2065:53270820
1981:12927738
1793:Archived
1789:"クジラの大群"
1556:Ethology
1490:83589031
1414:21680390
1002:See also
943:Ross Sea
736:peduncle
686:flippers
490:humpback
474:rorquals
459:Stenella
307:penguins
237:momentum
187:such as
181:rorquals
2599:Bibcode
2437:Bibcode
2370:8788623
2305:Bibcode
2169:Bibcode
2113:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1961:Bibcode
1690:3535038
1635:4281153
1627:1538760
1607:Bibcode
1564:Bibcode
1515:Bibcode
1470:Bibcode
1436:Bibcode
1347:4334691
1327:Bibcode
1107:Bibcode
962:paddler
872:milling
847:Logging
801:Logging
714:Gallery
562:rostrum
500:Gallery
486:bryde's
398:Belugas
350:remoras
313:. When
2761:Whales
2515:
2507:
2455:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2333:
2325:
2063:
1979:
1688:
1633:
1625:
1599:Nature
1488:
1412:
1345:
1319:Nature
1265:
1222:
960:and a
707:school
665:flukes
492:, and
333:sharks
228:Mobula
168:breach
130:Alaska
2719:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2513:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2383:S2CID
2331:S2CID
2277:(PDF)
2159:).",
2061:S2CID
1767:PBase
1723:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1686:JSTOR
1631:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1343:S2CID
738:throw
582:orcas
556:When
478:minke
222:Manta
197:minke
172:lunge
170:or a
122:Orcas
2505:PMID
2375:PMID
2323:PMID
2139:link
1977:PMID
1938:2020
1910:2020
1801:2018
1774:2018
1660:2020
1623:PMID
1410:PMID
1263:ISBN
1220:ISBN
939:orca
935:NOAA
866:and
676:and
586:prey
572:and
494:gray
462:and
454:orca
452:and
309:and
225:and
213:orca
203:and
201:gray
193:blue
146:off
62:orca
56:and
2662:doi
2636:doi
2607:doi
2495:doi
2491:223
2445:doi
2365:PMC
2357:doi
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2313:doi
2206:hdl
2177:doi
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2018:doi
1969:doi
1837:PBS
1746:doi
1615:doi
1603:355
1572:doi
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1478:doi
1444:doi
1400:doi
1369:doi
1335:doi
1323:284
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482:sei
348:or
279:in
205:sei
189:fin
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