693:
2158:
1642:
1921:
2222:
1281:
1464:
2396:
1976:
1590:
2849:
1387:
1709:
2566:. While most of these were defeats, it would be wrong to place the responsibility solely on him. He was up against a strong uniformly organised army with a coalition army. Many of the coalition troops were not as practised and disciplined as the Dutch troops, and it took time to incorporate them into the Dutch system. William did not attach much value to traditional victory signs either. He considered himself a winner if he managed to inflate French losses to the point where French offensive plans had to be abandoned. The battles he fought were almost all ones of attrition. That the Allies also suffered many casualties he took for granted. The Dutch army organisation was prepared for that; and, from 1689, so was England's.
854:
1533:, elder surviving daughter of the Duke of York, later King James II of England (James VII of Scotland). Mary was eleven years his junior and he anticipated resistance to a Stuart match from the Amsterdam merchants who had disliked his mother (another Mary Stuart), but William believed that marrying Mary would increase his chances of succeeding to Charles's kingdoms, and would draw England's monarch away from his pro-French policies. James was not inclined to consent, but Charles II pressured his brother to agree. Charles wanted to use the possibility of marriage to gain leverage in negotiations relating to the war, but William insisted that the two issues be decided separately. Charles relented, and Bishop
49:
1169:
2885:
2867:
972:
2876:
2858:
2271:
2070:
1844:
6967:
6953:
2570:
948:, one of Charles's peace conditions was the improvement of the position of his nephew. As a countermeasure in 1666, when William was sixteen, the States officially made him a ward of the government, or a "Child of State". All pro-English courtiers, including Zuylenstein, were removed from William's company. William begged De Witt to allow Zuylenstein to stay, but he refused. De Witt, the leading politician of the Republic, took William's education into his own hands, instructing him weekly in state matters and joining him for regular games of
2346:(also called the Treaty of London), under which the territories in Italy would pass to a son of the King of France, and the other Spanish territories would be inherited by a son of the Holy Roman Emperor. This arrangement infuriated both the Spanish, who still sought to prevent the dissolution of their empire, and the Holy Roman Emperor, who regarded the Italian territories as much more useful than the other lands. Unexpectedly, Charles II of Spain interfered as he lay dying in late 1700. Unilaterally, he willed all Spanish territories to
2335:
1739:
937:, London, while visiting her brother, the recently restored King Charles II. In her will, Mary requested that Charles look after William's interests, and Charles now demanded that the States of Holland end their interference. To appease Charles, they complied on 30 September 1661. That year, Zuylenstein began to work for Charles and induced William to write letters to his uncle asking him to help William become stadtholder someday. After his mother's death, William's education and guardianship became a point of contention between
1522:
2262:
wrote to
William in 1697 that "the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man, and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear." This, he said, was "tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations". William tersely dismissed these suggestions, however, saying, "It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal."
2646:
2258:. These relationships with male friends, and his apparent lack of mistresses, led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. William's modern biographers disagree on the veracity of these allegations. Some believe there may have been truth to the rumours, while others affirm that they were no more than figments of his enemies' imaginations, as it was common for someone childless like William to adopt, or evince paternal affections for, a younger man.
980:
399:
2105:, a man known for his ability to chart a moderate political course, gained William's confidence early in his reign. The Whigs, a majority in Parliament, had expected to dominate the government, and were disappointed that William denied them this chance. This "balanced" approach to governance did not last beyond 1690, as the conflicting factions made it impossible for the government to pursue effective policy, and William called for new elections early that year.
2506:
1429:, which had been besieged since 28 June. Grave surrendered on 27 October. The Dutch were split by internal disputes; the powerful Amsterdam mercantile body was anxious to end an expensive war once their commercial interests were secured, while William saw France as a long-term threat that had to be defeated. This conflict increased once ending the war became a distinct possibility when Grave was captured in October 1674, leaving only Maastricht.
1433:
2537:, for example, wrote that it was due to William's insight and personal courage that the Allies held out at the Battle of Seneffe, while he also praises how William led his troops to safety during the battles of Steenkerque and Landen. Still, William has been blamed by French and British historians for his impatience and recklessness, and for treating lightly his life and the lives of his soldiers. British historian
2172:(1688â1697) against France, leaving each spring and returning to England each autumn. England joined the League of Augsburg, which then became known as the Grand Alliance. Whilst William was away fighting, his wife, Mary II, governed the realm, but acted on his advice. Each time he returned to England, Mary gave up her power to him without reservation, an arrangement that lasted for the rest of Mary's life.
1202:
1189:
1622:, was announced to be pregnant. That month, to gain the favour of English Protestants, William wrote an open letter to the English people in which he disapproved of James's pro-Roman Catholic policy of religious toleration. Seeing him as a friend, and often having maintained secret contacts with him for years, many English politicians began to urge an armed invasion of England.
1367:), as punishment for their quick surrender to the enemy. William refused but obtained a special mandate from the States General to appoint all delegates in the States of these provinces anew. William's followers in the States of Utrecht on 26 April 1674 appointed him hereditary stadtholder. On 30 January 1675, the States of Gelderland offered him the titles of Duke of
4124:
eleven days ahead of Julian dates. He died on 19 March 1702 by the
Gregorian calendar, and on 8 March 1702 by the standard Julian calendar. (However, the English New Year fell on 25 March, so by English reckoning of the time, William died on 8 March 1701.) Unless otherwise noted, dates in this article follow the Julian calendar with New Year falling on 1 January.
1073:(city council member) to uphold the Edict; all but one complied. William saw all this as a defeat, but the arrangement was a compromise: De Witt would have preferred to ignore the prince completely, but now his eventual rise to the office of supreme army commander was implicit. De Witt further conceded that William would be admitted as a member of the
1835:, which met on 14 March 1689. He sent it a conciliatory letter, while James sent haughty uncompromising orders, swaying a majority in favour of William. On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown; they accepted on 11 May.
1417:, Condé led a cavalry attack against the Allied vanguard and by midday on 11 August had halted their advance. Against the advice of his subordinates, he then ordered a series of frontal assaults which led to very heavy casualties on both sides with no concrete result. William and the Dutch blamed the Imperial commander,
2521:
William's primary achievement was to contain France when it was in a position to impose its will across much of Europe. His life's aim was largely to oppose Louis XIV of France. This effort continued after his death during the War of the
Spanish Succession. Another important consequence of William's
2261:
Whatever the case, Bentinck's closeness to
William did arouse jealousies at the royal court. William's young protégé, Keppel, aroused more gossip and suspicion, being 20 years William's junior, strikingly handsome, and having risen from the post of a royal page to an earldom with some ease. Portland
1613:
also tried unsuccessfully to bring
William over, but now to put pressure on Charles. Nevertheless, William secretly induced the States General to send Charles the "Insinuation", a plea beseeching the king to prevent any Catholics from succeeding him, without explicitly naming James. After receiving
1512:
The war had seen the rebirth of the Dutch States Army as one of the most disciplined and best-trained
European armed forces. This had not been enough to keep France from making conquests in the Spanish Netherlands, which William and the regents blamed mainly on the Spaniards; the Dutch expected the
1455:
in the
Spanish Netherlands. Louis believed this would deprive the Dutch regents of the courage to continue the war any longer. In this, however, he was mistaken. The impending French offensive actually led to an intensification of Dutch-Spanish cooperation. Still, the French offensive of 1677 was a
1134:
Meanwhile, William had written a secret letter to
Charles in January 1672 asking his uncle to exploit the situation by exerting pressure on the States to appoint William stadtholder. In return, William would ally the Republic with England and serve Charles's interests as much as his "honour and the
4123:
elsewhere, including
William's birthplace in the Netherlands. At the time of William's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates: thus William was born on 14 November 1650 by Gregorian reckoning, but on 4 November 1650 by Julian reckoning. At William's death, Gregorian dates were
1617:
In 1685, when James II succeeded
Charles, William at first attempted a conciliatory approach, at the same time trying not to offend the Protestants in England. William, ever looking for ways to diminish the power of France, hoped that James would join the League of Augsburg, but by 1687 it became
1260:
and presented a proposal from Charles. In return for William's capitulation to England and France, Charles would make William Sovereign Prince of Holland, instead of stadtholder (a mere civil servant). When William refused, Arlington threatened that William would witness the end of the Republic's
782:
William's mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society. William's education was first laid in the hands of several Dutch governesses, some of English descent, including Walburg Howard and the
1653:
William at first opposed the prospect of invasion, but most historians now agree that he began to assemble an expeditionary force in April 1688, as it became increasingly clear that France would remain occupied by campaigns in Germany and Italy, and thus unable to mount an attack while William's
2245:
During the 1690s, rumours grew of William's alleged homosexual inclinations and led to the publication of many satirical pamphlets by his Jacobite detractors. He did have several close male associates, including two Dutch courtiers to whom he granted English titles: Hans Willem Bentinck became
1264:
Johan de Witt had been unable to function as Grand Pensionary after being wounded by an attempt on his life on 21 June. On 15 August, William published a letter from Charles, in which the English king stated that he had made war because of the aggression of the De Witt faction. The people thus
2366:
Another royal inheritance, apart from that of Spain, also concerned William. His marriage with Mary had not produced any children, and he did not seem likely to remarry. Mary's sister, Anne, had borne numerous children, all of whom died during childhood. The death of her last surviving child
1760:
in England, which met on 22 January 1689, to discuss the appropriate course of action following James's flight. William felt insecure about his position; though his wife preceded him in the line of succession to the throne, he wished to reign as king in his own right, rather than as a mere
2302:(20 September 1697), which ended the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV recognised William III as King of England, and undertook to give no further assistance to James II. Thus deprived of French dynastic backing after 1697, Jacobites posed no further serious threats during William's reign.
2350:, a grandson of Louis XIV. The French conveniently ignored the Second Partition Treaty and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance. Furthermore, Louis alienated William III by recognising James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of the former King James II (who died in September 1701), as
1641:
623:
in coalition with both Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded William as a champion of their faith. In 1685, his Catholic uncle and father-in-law, James, became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James's reign was unpopular with Protestants in the
1261:
existence. William answered famously: "There is one way to avoid this: to die defending it in the last ditch." On 7 July, the inundations were complete and the further advance of the French army was effectively blocked. On 16 July, Zeeland offered the stadtholdership to William.
2318:
was an invalid with no prospect of having children; some of his closest relatives included Louis XIV of France and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. William sought to prevent the Spanish inheritance from going to either monarch, for he feared that such a calamity would upset the
1808:
under normal circumstances, but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. It was, however, provided that "the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives".
1248:
of France, believing the war was over, began negotiations to extract as large a sum of money from the Dutch as possible. The presence of a large French army in the heart of the Republic caused a general panic, and the people turned against De Witt and his allies.
1729:
for the Roman Catholic cause; it was in his interests for James to be perceived as having left the country of his own accord, rather than having been forced or frightened into fleeing. William is the last person to successfully invade England by force of arms.
2522:
reign in England involved the ending of a bitter conflict between Crown and Parliament that had lasted since the accession of the first English monarch of the House of Stuart, James I, in 1603. The conflict over royal and parliamentary power had led to the
2371:) in 1700 left her as the only individual in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights. As the complete exhaustion of the defined line of succession would have encouraged a restoration of James II's line, the English Parliament passed the
2191:
in 1693. However, William managed to inflict such damage on the French in these battles that further major French offensives were ruled out. The following year, the Allies possessed the numerical upper hand in the Low Countries. This enabled William to
4170:
Frederick William was chosen because he could act as a neutral party mediating between the two women, but also because as a possible heir he was interested in protecting the Orange family fortune, which Amalia feared Mary would squander. Troost, pp.
2433:
William's death meant that he would remain the only member of the Dutch House of Orange to reign over England. Members of this House had served as stadtholder of Holland and the majority of the other provinces of the Dutch Republic since the time of
1339:. In November, a 30,000-strong Dutch-Spanish army, under William's command, marched into the lands of the Bishops of MĂŒnster and Cologne. The Dutch troops took revenge and carried out many atrocities. Together with 35,000 Imperial troops, they then
2620:
and administrative centre for the city on two separate occasions reflecting his different sovereign statusâfirst as Fort Willem Hendrick in 1673, and then as Fort William in 1691 when the English evicted Colonists who had seized the fort and city.
1486:, Charles II of England's niece. An Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance followed in March 1678, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until late May. Louis seized this opportunity to improve his negotiating position and captured
2208:
William's rule led to rapid inflation in England, which caused widespread hunger from 1693 onwards. The Nine Years' War damaged English maritime trade and led to a doubling in taxation. These factors coupled with government mismanagement caused a
1291:
Though William's complicity in the lynching has never been proved (and some 19th-century Dutch historians have made an effort to disprove that he was an accessory), he thwarted attempts to prosecute the ringleaders, and even rewarded some, like
1014:(with which the treaty had been concluded) no longer existed. In 1660, William's mother Mary and grandmother Amalia tried to persuade several provincial States to designate William as their future stadtholder, but they all initially refused.
920:
to take charge of William's education and ensure that he would acquire the skills to serve in a futureâthough undeterminedâstate function; the States acted on 25 September 1660. Around this time, the young prince played with De Graeff's sons
1425:, largely due to obstructionism from de Souches, he was relieved of command. Frustrated, William joined the army under Rabenhaupt with 10,000 troops instead of campaigning further in the Spanish Netherlands. He assumed command of operations
1099:
owed the House of Orange. Charles was unable to pay, but William agreed to reduce the amount owed to 1,800,000 guilders. Charles found his nephew to be a dedicated Calvinist and patriotic Dutchman and reconsidered his desire to show him the
2046:, which became infamous in Jacobite propaganda as William had countersigned the orders. Bowing to public opinion, William dismissed those responsible for the massacre, though they still remained in his favour; in the words of the historian
2120:. While the Tories favoured preserving the king's prerogatives, William found them unaccommodating when he asked Parliament to support his continuing war with France. As a result, William began to prefer the Whig faction known as the
1724:
on his way. He was discovered and brought back to London by a group of fishermen. He was allowed to leave for France in a second escape attempt on 23 December. William permitted James to leave the country, not wanting to make him a
2085:. English: "William III, By the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, 1695." The reverse shows the arms, clockwise from top, of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, centred on William's personal arms of the
1871:, and those of non-Christian faiths. In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed. The Act, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier
1068:
The province of Holland, the centre of anti-Orangism, abolished the office of stadtholder, and four other provinces followed suit in March 1670, establishing the so-called "Harmony". De Witt demanded an oath from each Holland
2541:
acknowledges William's great qualities, but feels that he fell short as a field commander because, by often throwing himself into the fray, he no longer had the complete oversight. William commanded several field battles;
1053:, declared that the Captain-General or Admiral-General of the Netherlands could not serve as stadtholder in any province. Even so, William's supporters sought ways to enhance his prestige and, on 19 September 1668, the
2305:
As his life drew towards its conclusion, William, like many other contemporary European rulers, felt concern over the question of succession to the throne of Spain, which brought with it vast territories in Italy, the
1347:
in the long logistical lines between France and the Dutch Republic. The French position in the Netherlands became untenable and Louis was forced to evacuate French troops. This deeply shocked Louis and he retreated to
1796:
or to agree to remain king only in his wife's lifetime, there were negotiations between the two houses and the Lords agreed by a narrow majority that the throne was vacant. On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the
2331:, would obtain Spain, while France and the Holy Roman Emperor would divide the remaining territories between them. Charles II accepted the nomination of Joseph Ferdinand as his heir, and war appeared to be averted.
1460:. This meant that they could not prevent the cities from falling into French hands. The French then took a defensive posture, afraid that more success would force England to intervene on the side of the Allies.
1240:, in June the French army quickly overran the provinces of Gelderland and Utrecht. On 14 June, William withdrew with the remnants of his field army into Holland, where the States had ordered the flooding of the
2411:
following a fall from his horse, Sorrel. It was rumoured that the horse had been confiscated from Sir John Fenwick, one of the Jacobites who had conspired against William. Because his horse had stumbled into a
1604:
After his marriage in November 1677, William became a strong candidate for the English throne should his father-in-law (and uncle) James be excluded because of his Catholicism. During the crisis concerning the
1773:. Philip remained king only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, on the other hand, demanded that he remain as king even after his wife's death. When the majority of
1902:
The Bill of Rights also settled the question of succession to the Crown. After the death of either William or Mary, the other would continue to reign. Next in the line of succession was Mary II's sister,
1108:. In addition to differing political outlooks, William found that his lifestyle differed from his uncles Charles and James, who were more concerned with drinking, gambling, and cavorting with mistresses.
1716:
James at first attempted to resist William, but saw that his efforts would prove futile. He sent representatives to negotiate with William, but secretly attempted to flee on 11 December, throwing the
2179:
in 1692, the allies controlled the seas for the rest of the conflict, and the Treaty of Limerick (1691) pacified Ireland. At the same time, the Grand Alliance fared poorly in Europe, as William lost
7877:
3068:
1375:. The negative reactions to this from Zeeland and the city of Amsterdam made William ultimately decide to decline these honours; he was instead appointed stadtholder of Gelderland and Overijssel.
4313:
Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Mackenzie, Anna, countess of Balcarres and countess of Argyll (c. 1621â1707)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006
2136:
in 1694 to the Bank of England, a private institution owned by bankers, is his most relevant economic legacy. It laid the financial foundation of the English takeover of the central role of the
9423:
2384:
1662:, who displaced William's Protestant wife to become first in the line of succession and raised the prospect of an ongoing Catholic monarchy. Public anger also increased because of the trial of
1443:
On both sides, the last years of the war saw minimal return for their investment of men and money. The French were preparing a major offensive, however, at the end of 1676. Intended to capture
760:. William II had intended to appoint his wife as their son's guardian in his will; however, the document remained unsigned at William II's death and was therefore void. On 13 August 1651, the
7421:
1383:
of 1677 of the need to organize the state so that the citizens maintain control over the sovereign was an influential expression of this unease with the concentration of power in one person.
2438:(William I). The five provinces of which William III was stadtholderâHolland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijsselâall suspended the office after his death. Thus, he was the last
1083:
organ administering the defence budget. William was introduced to the council on 31 May 1670 with full voting rights, despite De Witt's attempts to limit his role to that of an advisor.
2533:
The historical verdict on William's qualities as an army commander is mixed. Many contemporaries agreed that he was a great field commander. Even his enemies spoke highly of him. The
2157:
1413:. William took the offensive and sought to bring on a battle by outflanking the French positions but the broken ground forced him to divide his army into three separate columns. At
7939:
826:. William was seen, despite his youth, as the leader of the "Orangist" party, heir to the stadholderships of several provinces and the office of Captain-General of the Union (see
2011:. Thus concluded the Williamite pacification of Ireland, and for his services, the Dutch general received the formal thanks of the House of Commons and was awarded the title of
6653:
1697:
100 years earlier: approximately consisting of 463 ships with 40,000 men on board, including 9,500 sailors, 11,000 foot soldiers, 4,000 cavalry and 5,000 English and
9323:
2375:, which provided that if Anne died without surviving issue and William failed to have surviving issue by any subsequent marriage, the Crown would pass to a distant relative,
2426:, stated that the fall "opened the door to a troop of lurking foes". William was buried in Westminster Abbey alongside his wife. His sister-in-law and cousin, Anne, became
9358:
1701:
volunteers. James's support began to dissolve almost immediately upon William's arrival; Protestant officers defected from the English army (the most notable of whom was
2616:
was briefly renamed New Orange for him in 1673 after the Dutch recaptured the city, which had been renamed New York by the British in 1665. His name was applied to the
2143:
William dissolved Parliament in 1695, and the new Parliament that assembled that year was led by the Whigs. The following year Parliament passed a colonial trade bill.
7414:
4326:
2526:
during the 1640s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. During William's reign, however, the conflict was settled in Parliament's favour by the Bill of Rights 1689, the
6280:
1560:" over Europe; Louis described William as "my mortal enemy" and saw him as an obnoxious warmonger. France's annexations in the Southern Netherlands and Germany (the
692:
1937:
Although most in Britain accepted William and Mary as sovereigns, a significant minority refused to acknowledge their claim to the throne, instead believing in the
5999:
1907:, and her issue, followed by any children William might have had by a subsequent marriage. Roman Catholics, as well as those who married Catholics, were excluded.
2478:, succeeded to the title at his birth in 1711; in the Treaty of Partition (1732), William IV agreed to share the title "Prince of Orange" with Frederick William.
2233:
Mary II died of smallpox on 28 December 1694, aged only 32, leaving William III to rule alone. William deeply mourned his wife's death. Despite his conversion to
1556:
By 1678, Louis XIV sought peace with the Dutch Republic. Even so, tensions remained: William remained suspicious of Louis, thinking that the French king desired "
1127:
made a counterproposal: to appoint William for just a single campaign. The prince refused this and on 25 February a compromise was reached: an appointment by the
8709:
7292:
7282:
1609:
in 1680, Charles at first invited William to come to England to bolster the king's position against the exclusionists, then withdrew his invitationâafter which
748:; thus, William was the sovereign Prince of Orange from the moment of his birth. Immediately, a conflict arose between his mother and his paternal grandmother,
827:
643:
William's reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him and his wife to take power. During the early years of his reign, William was occupied abroad with the
1891:
to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require
1017:
In 1667, as William III approached the age of 18, the Orangist party again attempted to bring him to power by securing for him the offices of stadtholder and
7765:
7758:
7407:
2042:
that had taken part in the rising a pardon provided that they signed allegiance by a deadline, and his government in Scotland punished a delay with the 1692
1991:
of William's forces in Ireland and entrusted with further conduct of the war there. Ginkell took command in Ireland in the spring of 1691, and following the
1777:
Lords proposed to acclaim her as sole ruler, William threatened to leave the country immediately. Furthermore, she, remaining loyal to her husband, refused.
752:, over the name to be given to the infant. Mary wanted to name him Charles after her brother, but her mother-in-law insisted on giving him the name William (
1879:. It provided, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the
7932:
7606:
5144:
4584:
1899:. William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute.
1654:
troops would be occupied in Britain. Believing that the English people would not react well to a foreign invader, he demanded in a letter to Rear-Admiral
9343:
1502:
7253:
883:
for a formal education, under the guidance of ethics professor Hendrik Bornius (though never officially enrolling as a student). While residing in the
6248:
1956:
Ireland was controlled by Roman Catholics loyal to James, and Franco-Irish Jacobites arrived from France with French forces in March 1689 to join the
7779:
7733:
4580:
1941:, which held that the monarch's authority derived directly from God rather than being delegated to the monarch by Parliament. Over the next 57 years
1920:
1618:
clear that James would not join the anti-French alliance. Relations worsened between William and James thereafter. In November, James's second wife,
1252:
On 4 July, the States of Holland appointed William stadtholder, and he took the oath five days later. The next day, a special envoy from Charles II,
2200:
from the French. The fortress was considered one of the strongest fortresses in Europe and the conquest was a major blow to Louis XIV's reputation.
1658:
that the most eminent English Protestants first invite him to invade. In June, Mary of Modena, after a string of miscarriages, gave birth to a son,
9368:
1463:
933:. This first involvement of the authorities did not last long. On 23 December 1660, when William was ten years old, his mother died of smallpox at
830:). He was viewed as the leader of the nation in its independence movement and its protector from foreign threats. This was in the tradition of the
7925:
2290:
to assassinate William in an attempt to restore James to the English throne. The plan failed and support for William surged. Parliament passed a
1111:
The following year, the Republic's security deteriorated quickly as an Anglo-French attack became imminent. In view of the threat, the States of
5629:
Andrew A. Hanham. "BLATHWAYT, William (1649â1717), of Little Wallingford House, Great Street, Westminster and Dyrham Park, Glos.". published in
2387:
than Sophia. The Act extended to England and Ireland, but not to Scotland, whose Estates had not been consulted before the selection of Sophia.
1280:
9288:
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1335:
in the north of the Dutch Republic finally forced the troops of MĂŒnster and Cologne to withdraw, while William crossed the Dutch Waterline and
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7494:
2487:
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17:
2395:
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1788:
majority, quickly resolved that the throne was vacant, and that it was safer if the ruler were Protestant. There were more Tories in the
1574:
refugees to the Republic. This led William III to join various anti-French alliances, such as the Association League, and ultimately the
717:
593:
589:
377:
6902:
2675:
26 April 1674 â 13 February 1689: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel
2221:
9413:
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6928:
1509:
would remain in Spanish hands. On 19 August, Spain and France agreed an armistice, followed by a formal peace treaty on 17 September.
730:
1801:, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee, had abdicated the government of the realm, thereby leaving the throne vacant.
929:
in the park of the country house in Soestdijk. In 1674 Wilhelm bought the estate from Jacob de Graeff, which was later converted into
9348:
6659:
4185:
2422:
1091:
In November 1670, William obtained permission to travel to England to urge Charles to pay back at least a part of the 2,797,859
767:
82:
7599:
3953:
632:. Supported by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, William invaded England in what became known as the
1456:
success. The Spaniards found it difficult to raise enough troops due to financial constraints and the Allies were defeated in the
9308:
9293:
7856:
6919:
2342:
When, however, Joseph Ferdinand died of smallpox in February 1699, the issue re-opened. In 1700, William and Louis agreed to the
1702:
1693:, proclaiming "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion I will maintain". William's fleet was vastly larger than the
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loyalty due to this state" allowed. Charles took no action on the proposal, and continued his war plans with his French ally.
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was fought three days later on 13 August, when a combined Dutch-Spanish force under William attacked the French army under
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2003:, thereby effectively suppressing the Jacobite forces in Ireland within a few more months. After difficult negotiations a
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Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 2, FâO
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1987:, who had accompanied William to Ireland and had commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne, was named
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to threaten the French supply lines. In September 1673, the Dutch situation further improved. The resolute defence by
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667:, threatened the Protestant succession. The danger was averted by placing William and Mary's cousins, the Protestant
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1705:, James's most able commander), and influential noblemen across the country declared their support for the invader.
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in the Spanish Netherlands in 1692. A surprise attack on the French under the command of the Duke of Luxembourg at
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1645:
The formation of the Dutch fleet that sailed for England with more than 450 ships, more than twice the size of the
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853:
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1006:, which forbade the province of Holland from appointing a member of the House of Orange as stadtholder. After the
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2637:. The five bastions were named after William III's titles: Orange, Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Buuren and Leerdam.
2094:
1589:
896:
675:. Upon his death in 1702, William was succeeded in Britain by Anne and as titular Prince of Orange by his cousin
1979:
Lieutenant-General Godert de Ginkell successfully commanded the Williamite forces in Ireland after William left.
990:
After the death of William's father, most provinces had left the office of stadtholder vacant. At the demand of
9378:
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Davies, pp. 614â615. William was "William II" of Scotland, for there was only one previous Scottish king named
2834:
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1785:
1685:. William's intentions to invade were public knowledge by September 1688. With a Dutch army, William landed at
2713:
of the United Netherlands". After their accession in Great Britain in 1689, William and Mary used the titles "
1677:
On 30 June 1688âthe same day the bishops were acquittedâa group of political figures, known afterward as the "
1229:
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descendant of William I to be named stadtholder for the majority of the provinces. Under William III's will,
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2806:); II and III Or a bugle horn Azure, stringed Gules Orange) with an inescutcheon, Nine pieces Or and Azure (
1065:. A month later, Amalia allowed William to manage his own household and declared him to be of majority age.
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Friso was made William's universal heir in his Last Will and Testament. However, the title was disputed by
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596:. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he
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granting religious liberty to his subjects, a policy which appeared to threaten the establishment of the
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During the war with France, William tried to improve his position by marrying, in 1677, his first cousin
1061:. To receive this honour, William had to escape the attention of his state tutors and travel secretly to
9032:
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He was a great man, an enemy of France, to which he did a great deal of harm, but we owe him our esteem.
2383:), and to her Protestant heirs. The Act debarred Roman Catholics from the throne, thereby excluding the
1968:. After progress stalled, William personally intervened to lead his armies to victory over James at the
1277:
in The Hague on 20 August. Subsequently, William replaced many of the Dutch regents with his followers.
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with France, directed at destroying the Dutch Republic and installing William as "sovereign" of a Dutch
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2625:, the capital of The Bahamas, is named after Fort Nassau, which was renamed in 1695 in his honour. The
2474:, ceded his territorial claim to Louis XIV, keeping only a claim to the title. Friso's posthumous son,
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by Guy Carleton Lee Francis and Francis Newton Thorpe. Published 1904 by G. Barrie & Sons, p. 167
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were William's strongest supporters, he initially favoured a policy of balance between the Whigs and
1957:
1950:
1316:
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4145:, in which if the House of Orange became extinct in the male line the issue of his eldest daughter,
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in England and Scotland, including over 400 clergy and several bishops of the Church of England and
655:
to assassinate William and restore James to the throne. In Scotland, William's role in ordering the
9353:
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4153:, was a younger daughter of Frederick Henry.) The dispute was eventually settled in 1732 with the
2672:
16 July 1672 â 26 April 1674: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland
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2057:
William's reputation in Scotland suffered further damage when he refused English assistance to the
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1080:
478:
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The coat of arms used by the king and queen was: Quarterly, I and IV Grand quarterly, Azure three
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burrow, many Jacobites toasted "the little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat". Years later,
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1021:. To prevent the restoration of the influence of the House of Orange, De Witt, the leader of the
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766:(Supreme Court) ruled that guardianship would be shared between his mother, his grandmother and
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in 1676 were given a greater sense of urgency in November 1677 when William married his cousin
1401:. In 1674, Allied forces in the Netherlands were numerically superior to the French army under
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William continued to fight against the invaders from England and France, allying himself with
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4072:â illegitimate elder half-brother of William III and his secretary after the death of Huygens
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2810:); between the III and IV quarters, an inescutcheon, Gules a fess counter embattled Argent (
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as soon as possible, despite his youth and inexperience. On 15 December 1671, the States of
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Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650â1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
6249:"The Castle of Good Hope, oldest surviving colonial building in South Africa, is completed"
5837:
Falkner, James (2004), "Keppel, Arnold Joost van, first earl of Albemarle (1669/70â1718)",
4201:, William's victory is commemorated annually by Northern Irish and Scottish Protestants on
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3213:
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1010:, the Act of Seclusion, which had not remained a secret for long, was declared void as the
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from 1689 until his death in 1702. He ruled Great Britain and Ireland with his wife, Queen
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married the couple on 4 November 1677. Mary became pregnant soon after the marriage, but
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2608:(and hence the university), were named in his honour, this is probably untrue, although
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1765:. The only precedent for a joint monarchy in England dated from the 16th century, when
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Correspondentie van Willem III en van Hans Willem Bentinck, eersten graaf van Portland
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where no one, except a few intimates, were allowed to disturb him. The next year only
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De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672â1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning
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1863:. It did not, however, extend toleration as far as he wished, still restricting the
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The Dutch authorities did their best at first to ignore these intrigues, but in the
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Bartholomew Begley, "Spinoza, Before and After the Rampjaar", European Legacy 27.6
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replaced De Witt as grand pensionary, and was more friendly to William's interests.
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Redefining William III. The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context
6347:, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, pp. 191â192,
5168:
4439:. Vol. 4. Oscar A. Bierstadt (trans.) (1st ed.). AMS Press. p. 300.
4395:. Oxford University Press. pp. 429â30, 569, 604, 608, 660, 664, 720, 785â86.
2466:, his mother Louise Henriette being Henriette Catherine's older sister. Under the
1304:, with high offices. This damaged his reputation in the same fashion as his later
659:
remains notorious. William's lack of children and the death in 1700 of his nephew
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The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
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William continued to absent himself from Britain for extended periods during his
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2012:
1671:
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647:(1688â1697), leaving Mary to govern Britain alone. She died in 1694. In 1696 the
597:
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77:
69:
54:
8687:
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5633:, ed. D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley, London: Boydell and Brewer. 2002.
4945:
4814:"De schuld van Willem III en zijn vrienden aan den moord der gebroeders de Witt"
2237:, William's popularity in England plummeted during his reign as a sole monarch.
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Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England
6615:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678â1679)"
6132:
5153:
4946:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678â1679)"
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Andries de Graeff, voorbeeld van culturele elite? Tweede opdrach, by Pieter Vis
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The return of the Stadholder-King in the Dutch Republic on 31 January 1691, by
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Throughout William and Mary's marriage, William had only one reputed mistress,
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Fagel now proposed to treat the liberated provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland and
1075:
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558:
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334:
238:
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During William's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe: the Old Style
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Ed. William A Shaw. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1933. 290â301.
1953:
as well as numerous laymen, refused to take oaths of allegiance to William.
1614:
indignant reactions from Charles and James, William denied any involvement.
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2050:, "one became a colonel, another a knight, a third a peer, and a fourth an
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in early March, before signing a peace treaty with the Dutch on 10 August.
1444:
1301:
1034:
1022:
983:
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2596:, is a namesake. Long Island itself was also known as Nassau during early
2450:
as well as several lordships in the Netherlands. He was William's closest
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for one summer, followed by a permanent appointment on his 22nd birthday.
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6436:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 238â239
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9â16 July 1672: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland
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The Crown was not offered to James's infant son, who would have been the
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in Britain and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the New Style
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candidacy of several dozen people more closely related to Mary and Anne
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For the Dutch Republic, 1672 proved calamitous. It became known as the
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Or, armed and langued azure (Dietz); between the I and II quarters an
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in southwest England on 5 November 1688. He came ashore from the ship
696:
William's parents, William II of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal, 1647
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5496:"BBC â History â Scottish History â Restoration and Revolution (II)"
1541:. After a further illness later in 1678, she never conceived again.
1525:
William married his first cousin, the future Queen Mary II, in 1677.
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The 40 Years War 1672â1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King
6282:
The life of William III. Late King of England, and Prince of Orange
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in 1694. A year later, the Allies achieved their grand success and
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made this their official policy. On 19 January 1672, the States of
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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2022.2083912
2798:); at the fess point an inescutcheon, quarterly I and IV Gules, a
1712:
Arms of William and Mary, as depicted on his invasion banner, 1688
1397:
Meanwhile, the front of the war against France had shifted to the
808:
Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange
141:
Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel
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Hollands roem in kunsten en wetenschappen. Met register: Volume 2
4149:, Frederick I's mother, would have first claim. (Friso's mother,
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2573:
Victorian reimagining of William III at the Battle of Landen, by
2283:
1686:
1448:
1228:, the Netherlands was invaded by France and its allies: England,
1143:
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1030:
637:
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352:
132:
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raised Highland forces and won a victory on 27 July 1689 at the
787:. From April 1656, the prince received daily instruction in the
525:; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as
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8349:
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8021:
8016:
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2775:
2327:(1698), which provided for the division of the Spanish Empire:
1996:
1793:
1726:
1721:
1583:
979:
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Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
6766:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649â1815
5521:"BBC â History â British History in depth: The Jacobite Cause"
2399:
19th-century depiction of William's deadly fall from his horse
2140:
and Bank of Amsterdam in global commerce in the 18th century.
2124:. The Whig government was responsible for the creation of the
1820:, Henry Compton. Normally, the coronation is performed by the
1551:
8991:
8931:
8269:
6635:
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667â1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)
2811:
2795:
2764:
2180:
1548:, in contrast to the many mistresses his uncles openly kept.
1513:
once powerful Spanish Empire to have more military strength.
1491:
1487:
1312:
888:
6501:
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution
6369:
Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe
4832:
2841:); over all an escutcheon Azure billetty a lion rampant Or.
615:, William participated in several wars against the powerful
8053:
4963:
4577:
opgang van Mens en Wetenschap, by Hubert Luns, p. 90 (2018)
4393:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477â1806
2772:
1201:
7947:
6718:
Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte
2821:
Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in
2278:
who administered the kingdom while William was on campaign
2061:, a Scottish colony (1698â1700) that failed disastrously.
1964:. William sent his navy to the city in July, and his army
1390:
The thanksgiving service of William's army in Grave after
1188:
636:. In 1688, he landed at the south-western English port of
6219:
Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People
5631:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690â1715
1887:
during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the
6396:. Vol. 2. Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 297.
6342:
4913:
4232:"Treaty between Prussia and Orange-Nassau, Berlin, 1732"
2358:, broke out in July 1701 and continued until 1713/1714.
810:, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors,
27:
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702
6906:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 662â664.
6785:
William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography
2843:
2354:
King of England. The subsequent conflict, known as the
2187:
was repulsed and the French defeated the allies at the
2175:
After the Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated a French fleet at
1972:
on 1 July 1690, after which James fled back to France.
744:
Eight days before William was born, his father died of
6977:
William III of England and Orange & II of Scotland
6943:"Archival material relating to William III of England"
4901:
4184:
that office was filled by William's uncle-by-marriage
2298:, and he was beheaded in 1697. In accordance with the
2030:, but he died in the fight and a month later Scottish
1236:. Although the Anglo-French fleet was disabled by the
1115:
wanted William to be appointed Captain-General of the
814:. In these lessons, the prince was taught that he was
6737:
William III: From Prince of Orange to King of England
4889:
1470:
saves William of Orange from a French dragoon at the
6214:
4806:
Staatkundige Geschiedenis van Nederland. Tweede Deel
4353:
John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1625â1672
975:
Johan de Witt took over William's education in 1666.
941:
and the advocates of a more republican Netherlands.
6787:. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Ashgate Publishing.
6540:
6065:
2633:, South Africa, in the 17th century, naming it the
2213:and a run on the recently created Bank of England.
1983:Upon William's return to England, his close friend
865:within a flower garland filled with symbols of the
5137:
2686:By 1674, William was fully styled as "Willem III,
2612:, the college's first building, is named for him.
879:From early 1659, William spent seven years at the
604:, the younger brother and later successor of King
9324:English military personnel of the Nine Years' War
8717:
6824:Van der Zee, Henri; Van der Zee, Barbara (1973).
6708:England in the Reigns of James II and William III
6577:The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall
6002:. Westminster Abbey Official site. Archived from
5614:Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 11, 1696â1697.
4424:(trans.) (reprint ed.). Phoenix. p. 65.
4137:, who had a claim to the title on the basis of a
3414:
2741:As Prince of Orange, William's coat of arms was:
1578:(an anti-French coalition that also included the
960:
891:, William had a small personal retinue including
806:The ideal education for William was described in
9265:
6343:Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974),
6278:
6152:
6150:
2454:relative, as well as grandson of William's aunt
2286:made William its Stadtholder. In the same year,
1945:pressed for restoration of James and his heirs.
9359:Dutch military personnel of the Nine Years' War
6463:William III and the Defense of European Liberty
5787:Van der Kiste, pp. 186â192; Troost, pp. 226â237
5221:Troost, pp. 200â203; van der Kiste, pp. 102â103
4355:. Princeton University Press. pp. 781â797.
2906:Royal coat of arms outside Scotland, 1694â1702
2900:Royal coat of arms outside Scotland, 1689â1694
2649:Joint monogram of William and Mary carved onto
1593:Portrait of William, aged 27, in the manner of
1505:. Luxembourg withdrew and William thus ensured
1037:, to induce the States of Holland to issue the
600:Mary, the elder daughter of his maternal uncle
7614:
6652:Mijers, Esther; Onnekink, David, eds. (2007).
6215:Craton, Michael; Saunders-Smith, Gail (1992).
1928:between James II and William III, 12 July 1690
795:preacher Cornelis Trigland, a follower of the
8703:
7933:
7727:
7600:
7415:
7247:
6366:
6147:
6131:. College of William and Mary. Archived from
5958:
5956:
5928:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5723:"The Economic Crisis of the 1690s in England"
5646:Troost, pp. 239â241; van der Zee, pp. 368â369
5481:
5479:
4794:John de Witt: Statesman of the "true Freedom"
2488:Cultural depictions of William III of England
2338:Louis XIV of France, William's lifelong enemy
2329:Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria
2112:, William began to favour the Tories, led by
899:, who (as an illegitimate son of stadtholder
828:Politics and government of the Dutch Republic
7261:
6844:
6518:is the third volume of four, published 1957.
6425:
6285:. Google eBoek (scanned version). p. 28
6115:
6102:
6100:
5835:Van der Kiste, pp. 204â205; Baxter, p. 352;
5703:
5691:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5181:
5179:
5148:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
5094:
5092:
5082:
5080:
4981:
4969:
4931:
4870:
4868:
4849:
4847:
2462:also claimed the Principality as the senior
1586:, Spain and several German states) in 1686.
1086:
708:on 4 November 1650. Baptised William Henry (
671:, in line to the throne after Anne with the
577:, and their joint reign is known as that of
8500:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
7741:
5826:Troost, pp. 25â26; Van der Zee, pp. 421â423
5288:. Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
4770:
4768:
4749:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4704:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4457:
4455:
2640:
2513:. Erected in 1701, it was destroyed by the
2361:
2240:
2077:, 1695. The Latin inscription is (obverse)
1552:Tensions with France, intrigue with England
822:, fulfilling the historical destiny of the
594:Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland
9344:Deaths by horse-riding accident in England
8710:
8696:
8677:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
7940:
7926:
7734:
7720:
7607:
7593:
7422:
7408:
7254:
7240:
6965:
6951:
6371:. Little, Brown & Co. pp. 29â30.
5953:
5923:
5911:
5859:
5857:
5811:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5612:"Treasury Calendar: October 1696, 16â31."
5488:
5476:
5409:
5407:
5405:
4325:Troost, 27. The author may also have been
4151:Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau
2909:Royal coat of arms in Scotland, 1694â1702
2903:Royal coat of arms in Scotland, 1689â1694
2509:Statue of William III formerly located on
1847:Engraving of William III and Mary II, 1703
1831:William also summoned a Convention of the
1812:William and Mary were crowned together at
1167:
777:
731:Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland
47:
6715:
6097:
5738:
5366:
5316:
5302:
5286:The Dutch role in the Glorious Revolution
5254:
5242:
5176:
5089:
5077:
4865:
4844:
4838:
4186:William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz
2423:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
2064:
1960:and contest Protestant resistance at the
1356:and Maastricht remained in French hands.
768:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
6711:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6391:
5567:Troost, p. 222; van der Zee, pp. 301â302
5513:
5194:Troost, p. 191; van der Kiste, pp. 91â92
4765:
4744:
4732:
4720:
4699:
4687:
4637:
4619:
4594:
4592:
4554:
4542:
4526:
4524:
4496:
4452:
4437:History of the People of the Netherlands
4307:
4300:
4298:
4224:
3954:Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz
2894:The coat of arms used by William III as
2837:); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (
2829:); II Or a lion rampant within a double
2644:
2568:
2504:
2394:
2333:
2269:
2220:
2156:
2068:
1974:
1919:
1842:
1838:
1828:, refused to recognise James's removal.
1737:
1707:
1640:
1588:
1520:
1462:
1431:
1421:, and after a failed attempt to capture
1385:
1323:. In November 1672, he took his army to
1279:
1041:. The Edict, supported by the important
1002:, had a secret annexe that required the
978:
970:
852:
691:
651:, a faction loyal to the deposed James,
308:
9369:English pretenders to the French throne
6593:
6579:. Clarendon Press. pp. 1477â1806.
6367:Maclagan, Michael; Louda, JiĆĂ (1999).
6223:. University of Georgia Press. p.
5854:
5839:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5836:
5720:
5402:
5145:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5135:
4907:
3125:11. Countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein
3069:John Albert I, Count of Solms-Braunfels
1138:
756:) to bolster his prospects of becoming
640:; James was deposed shortly afterward.
304:
14:
9266:
6178:
6129:"Historical Chronology, pp. 1618â1699"
5716:
5714:
5712:
5283:
4390:
4365:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
3287:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3048:
2938:
2934:
1915:
1851:William encouraged the passage of the
1636:
1625:
729:. Mary was the elder daughter of King
9289:17th-century Dutch military personnel
8691:
7921:
7715:
7588:
7403:
7328:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn
7298:Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein
7235:
6897:"William III., King of England"
6685:
6318:. Guinness Publishing. 1991. p.
5796:
5454:"The Battle of the Boyne (1689â1690)"
4919:
4589:
4521:
4350:
4295:
4292:Van der Kiste, pp. 5â6; Troost, p. 27
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3650:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3555:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3363:
3353:
3349:
3337:
3331:
3321:
3305:
3295:
3291:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3243:
3233:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3201:
3185:
3175:
3171:
3147:
3137:
3124:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3092:
3082:
3066:
3056:
3052:
3036:
3030:
3020:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2666:The Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau
1438:Capture of Valenciennes by the French
9419:Stadtholders of Guelders and Zutphen
6632:
4943:
4895:
4434:
4415:
4034:John William Friso, Prince of Orange
3448:William the Silent, Prince of Orange
2656:
2265:
1910:
1173:William inspects the Dutch Waterline
1144:"Disaster year" and Franco-Dutch War
6392:Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (2003).
5709:
5274:Baxter, pp. 242â246; Miller, p. 208
4370:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 65â67.
4274:Troost, p. 26; van der Zee, pp. 6â7
4100:
2924:Ancestors of William III of England
2022:also took place in Scotland, where
687:
24:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2430:of England, Scotland and Ireland.
2369:Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
2323:. William and Louis agreed to the
2203:
2132:. William's decision to grant the
1875:, established restrictions on the
1824:, but the Archbishop at the time,
1733:
1566:policy) and the revocation of the
1265:incited, De Witt and his brother,
834:before him: his great-grandfather
25:
9435:
9414:Stadtholders in the Low Countries
9399:People of the Glorious Revolution
6963:National Portrait Gallery, London
6888:
6541:Collot d'Escury, Hendrik (1825).
6045:"Text of the Treaty of Partition"
4581:Jephta Dullaart: Triumph of Peace
4205:of July â cf. Troost, pp. 278â280
4147:Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau
4143:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
4089:William was declared King by the
3598:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
3422:Family of William III of England
2975:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
2763:); II Or a lion rampant guardant
2678:13 February 1689 â 8 March 1702:
2470:(1713), Frederick I's successor,
2034:forces subdued the rising at the
2007:was signed on 3 October 1691âthe
1666:who had publicly opposed James's
1220:("disaster year") because in the
1079:, the Council of State, then the
9349:Deaths from pneumonia in England
6911:William II & III and Mary II
6872:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
6557:. Oxford University Press, USA.
6428:"Amalie, Prinzessin von Oranien"
6419:
6410:
6385:
6360:
6336:
6306:
6297:
6272:
6263:
6241:
6208:
6193:
6172:
6121:
6071:
6036:
6027:
6018:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5965:
5944:
5935:
5902:
5893:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5845:
5829:
5820:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5763:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5623:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5467:
5446:
5433:"The Siege of Derry (1688â1689)"
5425:
5416:
5389:
5380:
5139:"William III and II (1650â1702)"
4804:, p. 222; Nijhoff, D. C. (1893)
4191:
2530:and the Act of Settlement 1701.
2282:In 1696, the Dutch territory of
2274:Engraving from 1695 showing the
2146:
1200:
1187:
955:
763:Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland
397:
7977:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
7843:Willem Lodewijk of Nassau-Dietz
6922:at the official website of the
6913:at the official website of the
6619:Oxford Public International Law
6449:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5277:
5268:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5197:
5188:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5068:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4950:Oxford Public International Law
4937:
4877:
4856:
4823:
4786:
4777:
4756:
4711:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4628:
4610:
4601:
4570:
4533:
4512:
4487:
4478:
4464:
4443:
4428:
4409:
4384:
4359:
4344:
4335:
4319:
4286:
4174:
4093:on 13 February 1689 and by the
2662:4 November 1650 â 9 July 1672:
2110:Parliamentary elections of 1690
1985:Dutch General Godert de Ginkell
1296:, with money, and others, like
897:Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein
770:, husband of his paternal aunt
663:, the son of his sister-in-law
300:
150:4 July 1672 â 8 March 1702
9309:17th-century Scottish monarchs
9294:17th-century Dutch politicians
7974:Monarchs of England until 1603
6853:] (in Dutch). Prometheus.
6524:William III: Profiles in Power
6416:Maclagan and Louda, pp. 27, 73
6251:. South African History Online
6200:"The Dutch Under English Rule"
5799:Culture and Society in Britain
5618:British History Online website
5336:Davies, p. 469; Israel, p. 136
4808:, pp. 92â93, and fn. 4 p. 92;
4796:, Cambridge University Press,
4435:Blok, Petrus Johannes (1970).
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4164:
4127:
4083:
3415:Orange and Stuart: Family tree
2472:Frederick William I of Prussia
2216:
1995:, succeeded in capturing both
1478:The peace talks that began at
961:Exclusion from stadtholdership
857:The young prince portrayed by
584:William was the only child of
13:
1:
9384:Lord high admirals of England
9299:17th-century English monarchs
8719:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
7155:Second Stadtholderless Period
6959:Portraits of King William III
6669:James II: A Study in Kingship
6503:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6345:The Royal Heraldry of England
5635:History of Parliament website
4212:
4059:British monarchs' family tree
2356:War of the Spanish Succession
2128:following the example of the
1897:cruel and unusual punishments
1747:
1329:John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen
1198:Second Stadtholderless Period
1183:
1157:Stadtholderate of William III
870:
682:
169:Second Stadtholderless Period
58:
9329:Burials at Westminster Abbey
7787:Georg Schenck van Toutenburg
7631:Georg Schenck van Toutenburg
7343:John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg
7120:First Stadtholderless Period
6315:The Guinness Book of Answers
6203:The History of North America
6079:"Statue of King William III"
5169:UK public library membership
4391:Israel, Jonathan I. (1995).
4217:
4159:First Stadtholderless Period
3790:William II, Prince of Orange
3033:William II, Prince of Orange
2377:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
2083:MAG BR, FRA, ET HIB REX 1695
1405:, which was based along the
1287:by William of Orange in 1673
1193:First Stadtholderless Period
967:First Stadtholderless Period
727:William II, Prince of Orange
716:), he was the only child of
586:William II, Prince of Orange
368:William II, Prince of Orange
159:First Stadtholderless Period
18:William III of Great Britain
7:
9314:Accidental deaths in London
9304:17th-century Irish monarchs
8584:British monarchs after the
6845:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020).
6479:Chapman, Hester W. (1953).
6179:Norris, Edwin Mark (1917).
5136:Claydon, Tony (May 2008) .
4418:Orange and Stuart 1641â1672
4047:
2915:
2833:flory-counter-flory Gules (
2582:College of William and Mary
1660:James Francis Edward Stuart
1570:in 1685, caused a surge of
1516:
818:to become an instrument of
250:[NS: 19 March 1702]
10:
9440:
6185:. Little, Brown. pp.
6158:"History of Nassau County"
6118:, pp. 36â39 & 95.
5971:Van der Kiste, pp. 251â254
5863:Van der Kiste, pp. 202â203
5778:Van der Kiste, pp. 180â184
5769:Van der Kiste, pp. 179â180
5664:Van der Kiste, pp. 150â158
5413:Van der Kiste, pp. 114â115
5345:Van der Kiste, pp. 107â108
4351:Rowen, Herbert H. (1978).
4066:â secretary to William III
3776:Louise Henriette of Nassau
3281:
3165:
3042:
2936:
2485:
2150:
1703:Lord Churchill of Eyemouth
1629:
1147:
964:
903:) was his paternal uncle.
29:
9240:
8960:
8725:
8672:
8595:
8579:
8575:
8512:
8495:
8491:
7968:
7964:
7773:Charles, Duke of Guelders
7753:
7681:Frederick Henry of Orange
7626:
7548:Frederick Henry of Orange
7510:Maximilian II of Burgundy
7490:Henry III of Nassau-Breda
7449:
7363:Frederick Henry of Orange
7273:
7220:
7211:
7203:
7184:
7169:
7149:
7132:
7114:
7109:
7099:
7072:
7054:
7037:
7028:
7015:
7010:
6975:
6658:. Ashgate. Archived from
6481:Mary II: Queen of England
6279:S. and J. Sprint (1703).
5841:, Oxford University Press
5740:10.1017/S0018246X22000309
5706:, pp. 239 & 250.
5284:Israel, Jonathan (2003).
4197:Due to the change to the
4018:
4016:
4002:
3997:George I of Great Britain
3972:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3877:
3875:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3783:Albertine Agnes of Nassau
3768:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3616:
3594:
3591:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3523:
3521:
3505:
3503:
3351:
3343:
3334:Henrietta Maria of France
3315:
3293:
3289:
3253:
3231:
3223:
3195:
3173:
3169:
3131:
3112:
3104:
3095:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels
3076:
3054:
3050:
3014:
2992:
2984:
2956:
2940:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2715:King and Queen of England
2629:built a military fort in
2481:
2403:In 1702, William died of
2211:currency crisis 1695â1697
1951:Scottish Episcopal Church
1668:Declaration of Indulgence
1196:
1186:
1178:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1087:Conflict with republicans
901:Frederick Henry of Orange
783:Scottish noblewoman Lady
750:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels
508:
504:
414:
409:
405:
393:
383:
373:
363:
351:
327:
322:
318:
282:
267:
244:
217:
213:
202:
192:
181:
174:
164:
154:
146:
139:
128:
118:
108:
98:
90:
68:
46:
41:
6868:Waller, Maureen (2006).
6433:Neue Deutsche Biographie
5872:Van der Zee, pp. 402â403
5801:, Manchester, p. 97
5721:Waddell, Brodie (2023).
5637:Retrieved 3 August 2023.
5620:Retrieved 3 August 2023.
5558:Van der Zee, pp. 296â297
5038:Van der Zee, pp. 202â206
5011:Van der Kiste, pp. 44â46
5002:Van der Kiste, pp. 42â43
4993:Van der Kiste, pp. 38â39
4657:Van der Kiste, pp. 18â20
4598:Van der Kiste, pp. 16â17
4530:Van der Kiste, pp. 14â15
4518:Van der Kiste, pp. 12â17
4327:Johan van den Kerckhoven
4141:made by his grandfather
4076:
2641:Titles, styles, and arms
2627:Dutch East India Company
2600:. Though many alumni of
2407:, a complication from a
2390:
2362:English royal succession
2294:against the ringleader,
2241:Rumours of homosexuality
1822:Archbishop of Canterbury
1816:on 11 April 1689 by the
1363:as conquered territory (
939:his dynasty's supporters
700:William III was born in
598:married his first cousin
30:Not to be confused with
9394:Nobility from The Hague
7475:Wolfert VI van Borselen
7348:Willem IV van den Bergh
7303:John V of Nassau-Siegen
7288:Philip I of CroĂż-Chimay
6903:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6764:Rodger, N.A.M. (2004).
6716:Panhuysen, Luc (2009).
6160:. Nassau County website
5694:, p. 95 & 236.
5500:The Making of the Union
5173:(Subscription required)
4064:Constantijn Huygens Jr.
2736:
2604:think that the town of
2590:Nassau County, New York
2344:Second Partition Treaty
2252:Arnold Joost van Keppel
2028:Battle of Killiecrankie
1742:Portrait attributed to
863:Jan Vermeer van Utrecht
778:Childhood and education
592:, the daughter of King
248:8 March 1702 (aged 51)
227:: 14 November 1650]
185:4 November 1650 â
9374:House of Orange-Nassau
9274:William III of England
8727:Monarchs of the Picts
7794:Maximiliaan van Egmond
7636:Maximiliaan van Egmond
7224:The Earl of Torrington
6982:House of Orange-Nassau
6924:Royal Collection Trust
6735:Pull, William (2021).
6686:Nolan, Cathal (2008).
6594:Jacques, Tony (2007).
6545:(in Dutch). Van Cleef.
6522:Claydon, Tony (2002).
6466:. pp. 1650â1702.
6182:The Story of Princeton
6047:(in French). Heraldica
5797:Black, J, ed. (1997),
5727:The Historical Journal
5154:10.1093/ref:odnb/29450
4366:Schama, Simon (1987).
4135:Frederick I of Prussia
4095:Parliament of Scotland
3969:William III of England
3947:Frederick I of Prussia
3150:William III of England
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2782:), IV Gules two lions
2731:Defenders of the Faith
2653:
2586:Williamsburg, Virginia
2577:
2518:
2503:
2460:Frederick I of Prussia
2448:Principality of Orange
2400:
2373:Act of Settlement 1701
2339:
2325:First Partition Treaty
2279:
2230:
2165:
2090:
2087:House of Orange-Nassau
2065:Parliament and faction
1980:
1934:
1848:
1753:
1713:
1650:
1601:
1526:
1475:
1440:
1394:
1288:
1102:Secret Treaty of Dover
987:
976:
946:Second Anglo-Dutch War
895:, and a new governor,
876:
867:House of Orange-Nassau
824:House of Orange-Nassau
713:
697:
673:Act of Settlement 1701
661:the Duke of Gloucester
653:plotted unsuccessfully
522:
338:
9379:Knights of the Garter
8962:Monarchs of the Scots
7892:William III of Orange
7815:Gillis van Berlaymont
7691:William III of Orange
7651:Gillis van Berlaymont
7561:William III of Orange
7376:William III of Orange
7338:Gillis van Berlaymont
7293:Willem van Egmond jr.
7283:Willem van Egmond jr.
6783:Troost, Wout (2005).
6667:Miller, John (1991).
6662:on 23 September 2015.
6426:Harry Gerber (1953),
6042:Israel, pp. 991â992;
5980:Van der Kiste, p. 255
5851:Van der Kiste, p. 201
5239:Van Nimwegen, 183â186
5134:e.g. Troost, p. 190;
4473:Vrouwen van Soestdijk
4416:Geyl, Pieter (2002).
4091:Parliament of England
3812:Charles II of England
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2697:etc., Stadtholder of
2648:
2606:Princeton, New Jersey
2572:
2560:Battle of Steenkerque
2552:Battle of Saint-Denis
2511:College Green, Dublin
2508:
2491:
2446:stood to inherit the
2398:
2348:Philip, Duke of Anjou
2337:
2273:
2224:
2160:
2079:GVLIELMVS III DEI GRA
2072:
1978:
1939:divine right of kings
1923:
1846:
1839:Revolution settlement
1758:Convention Parliament
1741:
1711:
1644:
1597:after a prototype by
1592:
1524:
1499:Battle of Saint-Denis
1472:Battle of Saint-Denis
1466:
1435:
1389:
1333:Hans Willem van Aylva
1283:
1226:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1000:First Anglo-Dutch War
996:Treaty of Westminster
982:
974:
856:
695:
630:Catholic Emancipation
484:Battle of Steenkerque
457:Battle of Saint-Denis
9043:Constantine III (IV)
9008:Constantine II (III)
8554:William III & II
8119:Henry the Young King
8069:Edward the Confessor
8037:Ăthelred the Unready
7899:William IV of Orange
7885:William II of Orange
7696:William IV of Orange
7686:William II of Orange
7671:Adolf van Nieuwenaar
7569:William IV of Orange
7553:William II of Orange
7535:Adolf van Nieuwenaar
7525:Philip of Noircarmes
7520:Maximilian of Hennin
7384:William IV of Orange
7368:William II of Orange
7353:Adolf van Nieuwenaar
6987:Cadet branch of the
6947:UK National Archives
6720:. Uitgeverij Atlas.
6555:The Isles: A History
6066:Collot d'Escury 1825
6033:Israel, pp. 962, 968
5989:Churchill, pp. 30â31
5603:Claydon, pp. 129â131
5203:Van der Kiste, p. 91
5020:Van der Kiste, p. 47
4792:Rowen, H. H. (1986)
4315:accessed 29 Nov 2014
4070:Abel Tassin d'Alonne
3990:James Francis Edward
3805:Mary, Princess Royal
3620:Charles I of England
3272:Mary, Princess Royal
3214:Charles I of England
2651:Hampton Court Palace
2602:Princeton University
2580:William endowed the
2379:(a granddaughter of
1873:Declaration of Right
1867:of Roman Catholics,
1857:religious toleration
1285:Recapture of Naarden
1139:Becoming stadtholder
1012:English Commonwealth
893:Hans Willem Bentinck
881:University of Leiden
733:and sister of kings
718:Mary, Princess Royal
590:Mary, Princess Royal
561:from the 1670s, and
529:, was the sovereign
378:Mary, Princess Royal
307:; died
9409:Protestant monarchs
9073:Malcolm III Canmore
8502:Union of the Crowns
7906:William V of Orange
7829:Georges van Lalaing
7766:Jasper van Marwijck
7759:Christoph van Moers
7701:William V of Orange
7661:Georges van Lalaing
7574:William V of Orange
7389:William V of Orange
7060:Glorious Revolution
7047:as titular claimant
6803:Van der Kiste, John
6705:Ogg, David (1957).
6633:Lynn, John (1999).
6613:Lesaffer, Randall.
6573:Israel, Jonathan I.
6083:Dublin City Council
6024:Israel, pp. 959â960
5932:Troost, pp. 258â260
5920:Troost, pp. 256â257
5899:Troost, pp. 253â255
5881:Van der Zee, p. 414
5682:Troost, pp. 244â246
5673:Troost, pp. 281â283
5655:Troost, pp. 241â246
5594:Troost, pp. 228â232
5576:Troost, pp. 223â227
5540:Troost, pp. 220â223
5485:Troost, pp. 274â275
5473:Troost, pp. 270â273
5422:Troost, pp. 212â214
5386:Troost, pp. 266â268
5377:Troost, pp. 219â220
5363:Troost, pp. 210â212
5327:Troost, pp. 207â210
5313:Davies, pp. 614â615
5265:Troost, pp. 205â207
5251:Troost, pp. 204â205
5212:Troost, pp. 193â196
5107:Troost, pp. 180â183
5098:Troost, pp. 173â175
5086:Troost, pp. 152â153
5074:Troost, pp. 150â151
5065:Troost, pp. 156â163
5056:Troost, pp. 153â156
5047:Troost, pp. 141â145
4984:, pp. 166â167.
4944:Lesaffer, Randall.
4934:, pp. 157â161.
4922:, pp. 126â128.
4874:Troost, pp. 109â112
4853:Troost, pp. 106â110
4841:, pp. 391â398.
4820:(1867), pp. 201â218
4471:Catharina Hooft at
4180:In the province of
4155:Treaty of Partition
3819:James II of England
2709:etc., Captain- and
2635:Castle of Good Hope
2556:Battle of the Boyne
2456:Henriette Catherine
2316:Charles II of Spain
2103:Marquess of Halifax
2044:Massacre of Glencoe
1970:Battle of the Boyne
1932:Jan van Huchtenburg
1926:Battle of the Boyne
1916:Jacobite resistance
1855:, which guaranteed
1853:Toleration Act 1689
1833:Estates of Scotland
1799:Bill of Rights 1689
1756:William summoned a
1637:Invasion of England
1632:Glorious Revolution
1626:Glorious Revolution
1399:Spanish Netherlands
1008:English Restoration
859:Jan Davidsz de Heem
812:Constantijn Huygens
657:Massacre of Glencoe
634:Glorious Revolution
602:James, Duke of York
474:Battle of the Boyne
469:Invasion of England
447:Siege of Maastricht
94:1689 â 8 March 1702
9146:Second Interregnum
9113:William I the Lion
8982:Constantine I (II)
8972:Kenneth I MacAlpin
8586:Acts of Union 1707
8549:James II & VII
8242:Kenneth I MacAlpin
8027:Edgar the Peaceful
7878:Hendrik Casimir II
7495:Antoon van Lalaing
7485:Jan III van Egmond
7458:Willem van Lalaing
7308:Philip of Burgundy
7159:Title next held by
7124:Title last held by
7110:Political offices
7068:James II & VII
7064:Title last held by
7041:John William Friso
7020:Title last held by
6497:Churchill, Winston
6458:Baxter, Stephen B.
5029:Chapman, pp. 86â93
4199:Gregorian calendar
4121:Gregorian calendar
3976:Mary II of England
3478:James I of England
3463:Henry IV of France
3308:Henry IV of France
2949:William the Silent
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2654:
2578:
2528:Triennial Act 1694
2519:
2499:Napoleon Bonaparte
2444:John William Friso
2436:William the Silent
2401:
2340:
2300:Treaty of Rijswijk
2280:
2231:
2227:Godfried Schalcken
2166:
2091:
2048:John Dalberg-Acton
2038:. William offered
2009:Treaty of Limerick
1989:Commander in Chief
1981:
1935:
1889:right to bear arms
1849:
1754:
1714:
1681:", sent William a
1651:
1602:
1576:League of Augsburg
1558:universal kingship
1546:Elizabeth Villiers
1527:
1476:
1441:
1395:
1381:Political Treatise
1379:'s warning in his
1337:recaptured Naarden
1306:actions at Glencoe
1289:
998:, which ended the
988:
977:
914:Cornelis de Graeff
877:
842:, his grandfather
838:, his grand-uncle
836:William the Silent
797:Contra-Remonstrant
698:
677:John William Friso
289:Mary II of England
207:John William Friso
113:James II & VII
42:William III and II
32:William the Silent
9404:Princes of Orange
9364:Dutch Protestants
9319:British Anglicans
9261:
9260:
9134:First Interregnum
8685:
8684:
8668:
8667:
8571:
8570:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8032:Edward the Martyr
7915:
7914:
7864:Hendrik Casimir I
7850:Maurice of Nassau
7836:Francisco Verdugo
7822:Caspar van Robles
7709:
7708:
7676:Maurice of Nassau
7666:Francisco Verdugo
7656:Caspar van Robles
7582:
7581:
7543:Maurice of Nassau
7539:
7530:William of Orange
7515:William of Orange
7505:Louis of Flanders
7480:Joost van Lalaing
7461:Gozewijn de Wilde
7397:
7396:
7358:Maurice of Nassau
7323:Philip de Lalaing
7313:Floris van Egmond
7278:Willem van Egmond
7230:
7229:
7221:Succeeded by
7214:Lord High Admiral
7100:Succeeded by
7050:
7038:Succeeded by
6933:N. Japikse, ed.,
6860:978-9-0446-3871-4
6775:978-0-3930-6050-8
6768:. Penguin Group.
6749:William of Orange
6727:978-9-0450-1328-2
6697:978-0-3133-3046-9
6644:978-0-5820-5629-9
6605:978-0-3133-3538-9
6516:Age of Revolution
6116:Van Nimwegen 2020
6006:on 6 January 2008
5704:Van Nimwegen 2020
5692:Van Nimwegen 2020
5167:(Subscription or
4982:Van Nimwegen 2020
4970:Van Nimwegen 2020
4932:Van Nimwegen 2020
4898:, pp. 80â81.
4783:Troost, pp. 89â90
4774:Troost, pp. 85â86
4753:Troost, pp. 80â81
4729:Troost, pp. 78â83
4708:Troost, pp. 65â66
4648:Troost, pp. 62â64
4616:Troost, pp. 53â54
4567:Troost, pp. 52â53
4539:Troost, pp. 29â30
4484:Troost, pp. 43â44
4449:Troost, pp. 37â40
4341:Troost, pp. 36â37
4304:Troost, pp. 34â37
4097:on 11 April 1689.
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
3826:Sophia of Hanover
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3007:Louise de Coligny
2913:
2912:
2657:Titles and styles
2544:Battle of Seneffe
2535:Marquis de Quincy
2524:English Civil War
2468:Treaty of Utrecht
2418:Winston Churchill
2409:broken collarbone
2292:bill of attainder
2288:Jacobites plotted
2266:Peace with France
2256:Earl of Albemarle
2130:Bank of Amsterdam
2036:Battle of Dunkeld
1993:Battle of Aughrim
1911:Rule with Mary II
1881:right to petition
1877:royal prerogative
1865:religious liberty
1814:Westminster Abbey
1683:formal invitation
1580:Holy Roman Empire
1474:, by Jacob de Vos
1298:Johan van Banchem
1271:brutally murdered
1256:, met William in
1238:Battle of Solebay
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1117:Dutch States Army
1057:appointed him as
1055:States of Zeeland
1051:Gillis Valckenier
1047:Andries de Graeff
918:States of Holland
846:, and his father
832:princes of Orange
820:Divine Providence
801:Gisbertus Voetius
789:Reformed religion
527:William of Orange
512:
511:
479:Siege of Limerick
437:Battle of Seneffe
347:
346:
275:Westminster Abbey
254:Kensington Palace
16:(Redirected from
9431:
9339:Counts of Nassau
9254:
9245:also monarch of
8712:
8705:
8698:
8689:
8688:
8577:
8576:
8537:Richard Cromwell
8527:The Protectorate
8517:James I & VI
8493:
8492:
8074:Harold Godwinson
7994:Edward the Elder
7987:Alfred the Great
7971:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7919:
7918:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7831:
7824:
7817:
7810:
7808:Karel van Brimeu
7803:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7713:
7712:
7646:Karel van Brimeu
7609:
7602:
7595:
7586:
7585:
7537:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7401:
7400:
7333:Karel van Brimeu
7256:
7249:
7242:
7233:
7232:
7204:Preceded by
7044:
7031:Prince of Orange
7006:
6999:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6955:
6950:
6915:British monarchy
6907:
6899:
6883:
6864:
6841:
6827:William and Mary
6820:
6807:William and Mary
6798:
6779:
6760:
6740:
6731:
6712:
6701:
6682:
6663:
6648:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6609:
6590:
6568:
6546:
6537:
6514:
6492:
6475:
6443:
6440:full text online
6437:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6394:Armorial general
6389:
6383:
6382:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6222:
6212:
6206:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6106:Claydon, pp. 3â4
6104:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5951:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5921:
5918:
5909:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5852:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5742:
5718:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5638:
5627:
5621:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5364:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5314:
5311:
5300:
5299:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5141:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5087:
5084:
5075:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4742:
4739:
4730:
4727:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4697:
4694:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4587:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4552:
4549:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4293:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4228:
4206:
4195:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4131:
4125:
4113:
4098:
4087:
4054:Anglo-Dutch Wars
3635:Elizabeth Stuart
3428:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3366:Marie de' Medici
2930:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2896:Prince of Orange
2844:
2784:passant guardant
2691:Prince of Orange
2584:(in present-day
2564:Battle of Landen
2548:Battle of Cassel
2501:
2321:balance of power
2248:Earl of Portland
2198:recaptured Namur
2189:Battle of Landen
2163:Ludolf Bakhuysen
2020:Jacobite risings
1966:landed in August
1869:non-trinitarians
1826:William Sancroft
1818:Bishop of London
1782:House of Commons
1752:
1749:
1468:Hendrik Overkirk
1458:Battle of Cassel
1373:Count of Zutphen
1365:Generality Lands
1294:Hendrik Verhoeff
1222:Franco-Dutch War
1204:
1191:
1184:
1171:
1154:
1153:
1004:Act of Seclusion
935:Whitehall Palace
931:Soestdijk Palace
907:Grand Pensionary
875:
872:
772:Louise Henriette
739:James II and VII
688:Birth and family
579:William and Mary
531:Prince of Orange
517:(William Henry;
489:Battle of Landen
452:Battle of Cassel
427:Siege of Naarden
422:Franco-Dutch War
410:Military service
401:
320:
319:
312:
310:
306:
302:
251:
228:
221:4 November 1650
188:
176:Prince of Orange
63:
60:
51:
39:
38:
21:
9439:
9438:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9354:Dutch Anglicans
9264:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9244:
9236:
8963:
8956:
8912:Constantine (I)
8792:Galam Cennalath
8728:
8721:
8716:
8686:
8681:
8664:
8591:
8567:
8532:Oliver Cromwell
8508:
8483:
8478:
8325:Constantine III
8234:
8059:Harold Harefoot
8049:Edmund Ironside
7960:
7955: and
7946:
7916:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7871:Willem Frederik
7869:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7780:Ludolf Coenders
7778:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7749:
7740:
7710:
7705:
7622:
7613:
7583:
7578:
7470:Lewis de Bruges
7454:Hugo van Lannoy
7445:
7428:
7398:
7393:
7269:
7260:
7226:
7217:
7209:
7198:
7179:
7160:
7157:
7146:
7125:
7122:
7105:
7088:
7086:
7075:King of England
7065:
7062:
7043:
7034:
7021:
7000:
6998:4 November 1650
6994:
6993:
6990:House of Nassau
6985:
6978:
6941:
6894:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6867:
6861:
6838:
6823:
6817:
6801:
6795:
6782:
6776:
6763:
6743:
6734:
6728:
6704:
6698:
6679:
6666:
6651:
6645:
6623:
6621:
6612:
6606:
6587:
6571:
6565:
6549:
6534:
6521:
6511:
6495:
6478:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6213:
6209:
6198:
6194:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6135:on 15 July 2008
6127:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6098:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5804:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5719:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5628:
5624:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5403:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5317:
5312:
5303:
5296:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5177:
5166:
5158:
5156:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5085:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4422:Arnold Pomerans
4414:
4410:
4403:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4364:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4196:
4192:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4132:
4128:
4117:Julian calendar
4114:
4101:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4050:
3983:Anne of England
3613:Henrietta Maria
3417:
3412:
3246:Anne of Denmark
2918:
2771:); III Gules a
2767:crowned Azure (
2739:
2711:Admiral-General
2695:Count of Nassau
2659:
2643:
2562:(1692) and the
2502:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2393:
2364:
2268:
2243:
2219:
2206:
2204:Economic crisis
2170:Nine Years' War
2155:
2153:Nine Years' War
2149:
2126:Bank of England
2067:
2024:Viscount Dundee
2013:Earl of Athlone
1918:
1913:
1841:
1771:Philip of Spain
1750:
1736:
1734:Proclaimed king
1672:Anglican Church
1639:
1634:
1628:
1611:Lord Sunderland
1568:Edict of Nantes
1554:
1519:
1343:, an important
1273:by an Orangist
1242:Dutch Waterline
1182:
1174:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1097:House of Stuart
1089:
1039:Perpetual Edict
1019:Captain-General
992:Oliver Cromwell
969:
963:
958:
927:Jacob de Graeff
873:
844:Frederick Henry
780:
690:
685:
645:Nine Years' War
563:King of England
500:
464:Nine Years' War
343:
314:
298:
294:
291:
278:
272:
252:
249:
229:
222:
186:
86:
70:King of England
64:
61:
55:Godfrey Kneller
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9437:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9389:Lords of Breda
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9334:Child monarchs
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9142:
9137:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8968:
8966:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8733:
8731:
8723:
8722:
8715:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8692:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8524:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8428:Edward Balliol
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8288:Constantine II
8285:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8216:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8080:Edgar Ătheling
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7969:
7962:
7961:
7945:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7922:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7739:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7716:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7589:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7563:
7558:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7538:(Utrecht only)
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7500:René of Chùlon
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7465:Jean de Lannoy
7462:
7459:
7456:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7427:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7378:
7373:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7318:René of Chùlon
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7219:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7182:
7181:
7167:
7166:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7131:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7098:
7071:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7039:
7036:
7027:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7011:Regnal titles
7008:
7007:
6986:
6979:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6956:
6939:
6931:
6926:
6917:
6908:
6890:
6889:External links
6887:
6885:
6884:
6878:
6865:
6859:
6842:
6836:
6821:
6815:
6799:
6793:
6780:
6774:
6761:
6741:
6732:
6726:
6713:
6702:
6696:
6683:
6677:
6664:
6649:
6643:
6630:
6610:
6604:
6591:
6585:
6569:
6563:
6551:Davies, Norman
6547:
6538:
6532:
6519:
6509:
6493:
6476:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6418:
6409:
6402:
6384:
6377:
6359:
6353:
6335:
6328:
6305:
6296:
6271:
6262:
6240:
6233:
6207:
6192:
6171:
6146:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6070:
6068:, p. 306.
6058:
6035:
6026:
6017:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5962:Troost, p. 235
5952:
5950:Troost, p. 234
5943:
5941:Troost, p. 260
5934:
5922:
5910:
5908:Troost, p. 255
5901:
5892:
5890:Troost, p. 251
5883:
5874:
5865:
5853:
5844:
5828:
5819:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5762:
5733:(2): 281â302.
5708:
5696:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5639:
5622:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5585:Troost, p. 226
5578:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5549:Troost, p. 221
5542:
5533:
5512:
5487:
5475:
5466:
5445:
5424:
5415:
5401:
5388:
5379:
5365:
5356:
5354:Troost, p. 209
5347:
5338:
5329:
5315:
5301:
5294:
5276:
5267:
5253:
5241:
5232:
5230:Rodger, p. 137
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5185:Troost, p. 191
5175:
5127:
5125:Troost, p. 186
5118:
5116:Troost, p. 189
5109:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5067:
5058:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4974:
4972:, p. 166.
4962:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4910:, p. 408.
4900:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4862:Troost, p. 109
4855:
4843:
4839:Panhuysen 2009
4831:
4829:Troost, p. 122
4822:
4785:
4776:
4764:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4588:
4569:
4553:
4541:
4532:
4520:
4511:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4463:
4451:
4442:
4427:
4408:
4401:
4383:
4376:
4358:
4343:
4334:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4265:Claydon, p. 14
4258:
4249:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4190:
4173:
4163:
4126:
4099:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
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3809:
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3800:
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3648:
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3500:
3498:
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3473:
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3469:
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3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:James VI and I
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2769:Katzenelnbogen
2738:
2735:
2688:by God's grace
2684:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2658:
2655:
2642:
2639:
2592:, a county on
2495:
2483:
2480:
2392:
2389:
2363:
2360:
2267:
2264:
2242:
2239:
2218:
2215:
2205:
2202:
2151:Main article:
2148:
2145:
2138:Dutch Republic
2066:
2063:
2040:Scottish clans
1962:Siege of Derry
1958:war in Ireland
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1893:excessive bail
1861:nonconformists
1859:to Protestant
1840:
1837:
1790:House of Lords
1735:
1732:
1695:Spanish Armada
1679:Immortal Seven
1656:Arthur Herbert
1647:Spanish Armada
1638:
1635:
1630:Main article:
1627:
1624:
1620:Mary of Modena
1607:Exclusion Bill
1599:Sir Peter Lely
1595:Willem Wissing
1553:
1550:
1518:
1515:
1377:Baruch Spinoza
1319:, and Emperor
1254:Lord Arlington
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1129:States General
1088:
1085:
1076:Raad van State
1025:, allowed the
965:Main article:
962:
959:
957:
954:
912:and his uncle
785:Anna Mackenzie
779:
776:
714:Willem Hendrik
706:Dutch Republic
689:
686:
684:
681:
628:, who opposed
559:Dutch Republic
523:Willem Hendrik
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
499:
498:
497:
496:
494:Siege of Namur
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:Siege of Grave
439:
434:
429:
418:
416:
412:
411:
407:
406:
403:
402:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
345:
344:
342:
341:
339:Willem Hendrik
332:
328:
325:
324:
316:
315:
296:
292:
287:
286:
284:
280:
279:
273:
269:
265:
264:
246:
242:
241:
239:Dutch Republic
219:
215:
214:
211:
210:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
137:
136:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
80:
66:
65:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9436:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9123:Alexander III
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8964:(traditional)
8959:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8757:Galan Erilich
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8729:(traditional)
8724:
8720:
8713:
8708:
8706:
8701:
8699:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8671:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8574:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8505:
8503:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8400:Alexander III
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8256:Constantine I
8253:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7943:
7938:
7936:
7931:
7929:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7889:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7858:
7857:Ernst Casimir
7854:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7801:Jan van Ligne
7798:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7737:
7732:
7730:
7725:
7723:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7641:Jan van Ligne
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7610:
7605:
7603:
7598:
7596:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7420:
7418:
7413:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7252:
7250:
7245:
7243:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7208:
7202:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7042:
7033:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6984:
6983:
6974:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6930:
6929:BBC â History
6927:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6898:
6893:
6892:
6881:
6879:0-3123-3801-5
6875:
6871:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6837:0-3944-8092-9
6833:
6829:
6828:
6822:
6818:
6816:0-7509-3048-9
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6794:0-7546-5071-5
6790:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6690:. Greenwood.
6689:
6684:
6680:
6678:0-4136-5290-4
6674:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6598:. Greenwood.
6597:
6592:
6588:
6586:0-1982-0734-4
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6564:0-1951-3442-7
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6533:0-5824-0523-8
6529:
6525:
6520:
6517:
6512:
6510:0-3043-6393-6
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6422:
6413:
6405:
6403:0-8063-4811-9
6399:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6378:1-8560-5469-1
6374:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6354:0-9004-5525-X
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6329:0-8511-2957-9
6325:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6303:Troost, p. 77
6300:
6284:
6283:
6275:
6266:
6250:
6244:
6236:
6234:0-8203-2122-2
6230:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6211:
6204:
6201:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6175:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6117:
6112:
6103:
6101:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6067:
6062:
6046:
6039:
6030:
6021:
6005:
6001:
6000:"William III"
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5957:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5858:
5848:
5840:
5832:
5823:
5814:
5808:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5661:
5652:
5643:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5555:
5546:
5537:
5522:
5516:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5455:
5449:
5434:
5428:
5419:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5295:0-5213-9075-3
5291:
5287:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5180:
5170:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5083:
5081:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4810:Fruin, Robert
4807:
4803:
4802:0-5215-2708-2
4799:
4795:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4769:
4762:Troost, p. 75
4759:
4750:
4748:
4741:Troost, p. 76
4738:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4717:Troost, p. 74
4714:
4705:
4703:
4696:Troost, p. 67
4693:
4691:
4684:Troost, p. 66
4681:
4675:Troost, p. 65
4672:
4666:Troost, p. 64
4663:
4654:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4634:Troost, p. 60
4631:
4625:Troost, p. 59
4622:
4613:
4607:Troost, p. 57
4604:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4551:Troost, p. 41
4548:
4546:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4509:Troost, p. 49
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4493:Troost, p. 44
4490:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4461:Troost, p. 43
4458:
4456:
4446:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4402:0-19-873072-1
4398:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4377:0-394-51075-5
4373:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4289:
4283:Troost, p. 26
4280:
4271:
4262:
4256:Claydon, p. 9
4253:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4167:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4038:
4035:
4023:
4021:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3903:
3887:
3885:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3710:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3621:
3614:
3599:
3592:
3580:
3577:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3531:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3464:
3449:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:fleurs-de-lis
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:New York City
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2575:Ernest Crofts
2571:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:cognatic heir
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2428:queen regnant
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:Low Countries
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2276:Lord Justices
2272:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:recapture Huy
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2147:War in Europe
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:Royal Charter
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:Although the
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2059:Darien scheme
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:by the king.
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:standing army
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1806:heir apparent
1802:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1745:
1744:Thomas Murray
1740:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:seven bishops
1661:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:Henry Compton
1532:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:Saint Germain
1346:
1342:
1341:captured Bonn
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:civil militia
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
968:
956:Early offices
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
910:Johan de Witt
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
775:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
694:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:British Isles
622:
619:French ruler
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
507:
503:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Siege of Bonn
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:Protestantism
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
358:Orange-Nassau
356:
354:
350:
340:
336:
333:
331:William Henry
330:
329:
326:
321:
317:
290:
285:
281:
276:
271:12 April 1702
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
226:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:11 April 1689
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9226:
9144:
9132:
9118:Alexander II
8817:Gartnait III
8676:
8655:Elizabeth II
8583:
8553:
8499:
8426:
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6618:
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6450:Bibliography
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6431:
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6362:
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6281:
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6269:Troost, p. 5
6265:
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6218:
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6137:. Retrieved
6133:the original
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6089:28 September
6087:. Retrieved
6082:
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6061:
6049:. Retrieved
6038:
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6004:the original
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5524:. Retrieved
5515:
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5499:
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5448:
5436:. Retrieved
5427:
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5382:
5359:
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5285:
5279:
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5226:
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5143:
5130:
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5061:
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4953:. Retrieved
4949:
4939:
4927:
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4908:Jacques 2007
4903:
4891:
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4834:
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4279:
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4261:
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4240:. Retrieved
4235:
4226:
4193:
4176:
4166:
4154:
4129:
4085:
3968:
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2835:for Scotland
2816:
2790:, Or a fess
2788:inescutcheon
2740:
2685:
2664:His Highness
2579:
2532:
2520:
2492:
2432:
2421:
2402:
2365:
2351:
2341:
2304:
2296:John Fenwick
2281:
2260:
2254:was created
2244:
2232:
2225:Portrait by
2207:
2174:
2167:
2142:
2107:
2092:
2082:
2078:
2056:
2018:A series of
2017:
2005:capitulation
1982:
1955:
1936:
1924:
1901:
1850:
1830:
1811:
1803:
1779:
1767:Queen Mary I
1755:
1715:
1690:
1676:
1652:
1616:
1603:
1561:
1555:
1543:
1528:
1511:
1496:
1477:
1445:Valenciennes
1442:
1396:
1358:
1310:
1302:Johan Kievit
1290:
1263:
1251:
1215:
1213:
1179:
1133:
1110:
1090:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1045:politicians
1035:Gaspar Fagel
1023:States Party
1016:
989:
984:Gaspar Fagel
943:
905:
884:
878:
807:
805:
781:
761:
757:
753:
743:
721:
699:
642:
610:
583:
578:
533:from birth,
526:
514:
513:
415:Battles/wars
187:8 March 1702
53:Portrait by
36:
9284:1702 deaths
9279:1650 births
9098:Alexander I
9048:Kenneth III
8999:(uncertain)
8897:Talorgan II
8862:Nechtan III
8837:Gartnait IV
8802:Gartnait II
8660:Charles III
8645:Edward VIII
8375:Alexander I
8355:Malcolm III
8330:Kenneth III
8230:Elizabeth I
8192:Richard III
7565:interregnum
7557:interregnum
7380:interregnum
7372:interregnum
7187:Stadtholder
7172:Stadtholder
7135:Stadtholder
7096:(1689â1694)
6920:William III
6745:Robb, Nesca
6671:. Methuen.
6637:. Longman.
6624:30 December
6526:. Longman.
6289:1 September
6255:21 December
5459:10 November
5438:10 November
4955:30 December
4238:(in French)
4203:The Twelfth
4139:fideicommis
2839:for Ireland
2827:for England
2680:His Majesty
2610:Nassau Hall
2594:Long Island
2588:) in 1693.
2539:John Childs
2458:. However,
2440:patrilineal
2235:Anglicanism
2217:Later years
1895:or inflict
1751: 1690
1409:river near
1392:its capture
1317:Brandenburg
1258:Nieuwerbrug
1244:on 8 June.
1059:First Noble
950:real tennis
916:pushed the
874: 1660
816:predestined
799:theologian
758:stadtholder
723:stadtholder
669:Hanoverians
535:Stadtholder
515:William III
193:Predecessor
155:Predecessor
135:(1689â1694)
109:Predecessor
62: 1690
9268:Categories
9227:William II
9212:Charles II
9167:Robert III
9108:Malcolm IV
9088:Donald III
9078:Donald III
9053:Malcolm II
9038:Kenneth II
8947:Bridei VII
8902:Drest VIII
8847:Bridei III
8832:Talorgan I
8827:Talorc III
8807:Nechtan II
8772:Gartnait I
8635:Edward VII
8625:William IV
8615:George III
8544:Charles II
8439:Robert III
8385:Malcolm IV
8360:Donald III
8335:Malcolm II
8320:Kenneth II
8202:Henry VIII
8162:Richard II
8157:Edward III
8091:William II
8064:Harthacnut
7620:Overijssel
7199:1675â1702
7195:Overijssel
7180:1674â1702
7163:William IV
7147:1672â1702
7128:William II
7035:1650â1702
7024:William II
6809:. Sutton.
5526:9 November
5505:9 November
5171:required.)
4920:Nolan 2008
4213:References
2598:Dutch rule
2486:See also:
2476:William IV
2185:Steenkerke
2118:Nottingham
2108:After the
2081:(reverse)
2075:Crown coin
2032:Cameronian
1883:, raise a
1718:Great Seal
1539:miscarried
1503:Luxembourg
1453:Saint-Omer
1423:Oudenaarde
1419:de Souches
1361:Overijssel
1325:Maastricht
1180:Chronology
1113:Gelderland
1106:rump state
1081:generality
1063:Middelburg
1027:pensionary
885:Prinsenhof
848:William II
735:Charles II
683:Early life
613:Protestant
606:Charles II
555:Overijssel
209:(disputed)
197:William II
129:Co-monarch
100:Coronation
9217:James VII
9207:Charles I
9182:James III
9162:Robert II
9083:Duncan II
9013:Malcolm I
9003:Donald II
8942:Ciniod II
8937:Bridei VI
8917:Ăengus II
8867:Drest VII
8857:Bridei IV
8822:Bridei II
8782:Talorc II
8762:Drest III
8747:Nechtan I
8650:George VI
8620:George IV
8610:George II
8522:Charles I
8504:from 1603
8454:James III
8434:Robert II
8390:William I
8365:Duncan II
8293:Malcolm I
8283:Donald II
8207:Edward VI
8197:Henry VII
8182:Edward IV
8152:Edward II
8142:Henry III
8125:Richard I
8086:William I
8007:Ăthelstan
7087:1689â1702
6830:. Knopf.
6757:401229115
6489:753145632
6472:473975225
5757:254000548
5749:0018-246X
4896:Lynn 1999
4236:Heraldica
4218:Citations
4182:Friesland
2743:Quarterly
2631:Cape Town
2420:, in his
2405:pneumonia
2312:New World
1947:Nonjurors
1943:Jacobites
1784:, with a
1720:into the
1691:Den Briel
1411:Charleroi
1321:Leopold I
1246:Louis XIV
1162:1672â1702
1095:debt the
1043:Amsterdam
793:Calvinist
791:from the
702:The Hague
649:Jacobites
621:Louis XIV
394:Signature
277:, England
258:Middlesex
235:The Hague
231:Binnenhof
203:Successor
165:Successor
119:Successor
9202:James VI
9187:James IV
9177:James II
9157:David II
9152:Robert I
9128:Margaret
9058:Duncan I
8977:Donald I
8922:Drest IX
8892:AlpĂn II
8887:Ciniod I
8882:Bridei V
8877:Ăengus I
8842:Drest VI
8797:Bridei I
8777:Cailtram
8767:Drest IV
8752:Drest II
8742:Talorc I
8640:George V
8630:Victoria
8605:George I
8474:James VI
8459:James IV
8449:James II
8422:David II
8417:Robert I
8406:Margaret
8340:Duncan I
8249:Donald I
8187:Edward V
8177:Henry VI
8167:Henry IV
8147:Edward I
8113:Henry II
8012:Edmund I
8001:Ălfweard
7959:monarchs
7953:Scottish
7267:Guelders
7207:James II
7191:Guelders
7079:Scotland
6805:(2003).
6747:(1962).
6575:(1995).
6553:(1999).
6499:(2002).
6460:(1966).
6164:10 April
6051:8 August
6010:8 August
5807:citation
5159:8 August
4048:See also
2916:Ancestry
2831:tressure
2750:billetty
2733:, etc."
2719:Scotland
2682:The King
2558:(1690),
2554:(1678),
2550:(1677),
2546:(1674),
2517:in 1928.
2496:â
2310:and the
2177:La Hogue
2001:Limerick
1769:married
1699:Huguenot
1572:Huguenot
1517:Marriage
1480:Nijmegen
1427:at Grave
1369:Guelders
1345:magazine
1267:Cornelis
1224:and the
1217:Rampjaar
1150:Rampjaar
746:smallpox
617:Catholic
571:Scotland
551:Guelders
384:Religion
74:Scotland
9251:Ireland
9247:England
9222:Mary II
9192:James V
9172:James I
9103:David I
9063:Macbeth
8997:Eochaid
8952:Drest X
8872:AlpĂn I
8812:Cinioch
8787:Drest V
8737:Drest I
8558:Mary II
8464:James V
8444:James I
8380:David I
8345:Macbeth
8277:Eochaid
8172:Henry V
8107:Matilda
8101:Stephen
8096:Henry I
7957:British
7951:,
7949:English
7747:Drenthe
7443:Utrecht
7439:Zeeland
7435:Holland
7176:Utrecht
7143:Zeeland
7139:Holland
7092:Mary II
7083:Ireland
6961:at the
6139:30 July
5397:William
4818:De Gids
4242:29 June
2804:ChĂąlons
2780:Vianden
2754:rampant
2752:a lion
2727:Ireland
2707:Utrecht
2703:Zeeland
2699:Holland
2452:agnatic
2381:James I
2352:de jure
2284:Drenthe
2229:, 1690s
2073:Silver
1763:consort
1687:Brixham
1649:of 1588
1563:RĂ©union
1449:Cambrai
1415:Seneffe
1269:, were
1234:Cologne
1230:MĂŒnster
1125:Holland
1121:Utrecht
1093:guilder
1031:Haarlem
840:Maurice
704:in the
638:Brixham
575:Mary II
567:Ireland
557:in the
547:Utrecht
543:Zeeland
539:Holland
313:
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293:
262:England
133:Mary II
83:more...
78:Ireland
9068:Lulach
9033:AmlaĂb
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8907:Conall
8469:Mary I
8350:Lulach
8314:AmlaĂb
8308:Cuilén
8298:Indulf
8224:Philip
8219:Mary I
8022:Eadwig
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2761:Nassau
2723:France
2623:Nassau
2482:Legacy
2414:mole's
2250:, and
2101:. The
2099:Tories
1997:Galway
1794:regent
1727:martyr
1722:Thames
1584:Sweden
1407:Piéton
1232:, and
1071:regent
994:, the
923:Pieter
754:Willem
720:, and
588:, and
569:, and
553:, and
374:Mother
364:Father
303:
283:Spouse
268:Burial
76:, and
9093:Edgar
8992:Giric
8932:Uurad
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8270:Giric
8136:Louis
8043:Sweyn
7218:1689
7090:with
7003:Died:
6996:Born:
6849:[
5753:S2CID
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4077:Notes
2812:Buren
2796:Moers
2792:Sable
2765:Gules
2759:(for
2747:Azure
2391:Death
2181:Namur
2122:Junto
2114:Danby
2095:Whigs
1492:Ghent
1488:Ypres
1403:Condé
1354:Grave
1313:Spain
889:Delft
710:Dutch
519:Dutch
353:House
335:Dutch
323:Names
311:)
299:(
295:
223:[
182:Reign
147:Reign
91:Reign
9249:and
9232:Anne
9197:Mary
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8927:Uuen
8600:Anne
8563:Anne
8556:and
8412:John
8221:and
8213:Jane
8130:John
8054:Cnut
7441:and
7193:and
7141:and
7103:Anne
6874:ISBN
6855:ISBN
6832:ISBN
6811:ISBN
6789:ISBN
6770:ISBN
6753:OCLC
6722:ISBN
6692:ISBN
6673:ISBN
6639:ISBN
6626:2018
6600:ISBN
6581:ISBN
6559:ISBN
6528:ISBN
6505:ISBN
6485:OCLC
6468:OCLC
6398:ISBN
6373:ISBN
6349:ISBN
6324:ISBN
6291:2011
6257:2018
6229:ISBN
6166:2016
6141:2008
6091:2019
6053:2008
6012:2008
5813:link
5745:ISSN
5528:2009
5507:2009
5461:2009
5440:2009
5290:ISBN
5161:2008
4957:2018
4798:ISBN
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4157:cf.
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3244:13.
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1531:Mary
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1497:The
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218:Born
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