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230:. Perkins lived his entire life under Elizabeth I, dying one year before the Queen's death in 1603. Perkins's relationship with Elizabeth was ambiguous: on the one hand, she was Good Queen Bess, the monarch under whom England finally and firmly became a Protestant nation; on the other hand, Perkins and the other members of the Puritan movement were frustrated that the
870:
M. Perkins, his
Exhortation to repentance, out of Zephaniah: preached in 2. sermons in Sturbridge Faire. Together with two treatises of the duties and dignitie of the ministrie: deliuered publiquely in the Vniuersitie of Cambridge. With a preface præfixed touching the publishing of all such workes of
685:
A Treatise
Tending Vnto a Declaration Whether a Man be in the Estate of Damnation or in the Estate of Grace: And If he be in the First, How he may in Time Come out of it: if in the second, how he maie discerne it, and perseuere in the same to the end. The points that are handled are set downe in the
436:
Some object that his doctrine, referring all to an absolute decree, hamstrings all industry, and cuts off the sinews of men's endeavours towards salvation. For, ascribing all to the wind of God's Spirit, (which bloweth where it listeth,) he leaveth nothing to the oars of man's diligence, either to
769:
A reformed
Catholike, or, A declaration shewing how neere we may come to the present Church of Rome in sundrie points of religion, and wherein we must for euer depart from them: with an advertisement to all fauourers of the Romane religion, shewing that the said religion is against the Catholike
411:
Perkins married
Timothye Cradocke of Grantchester on 2 July 1595. (He had previously resigned his fellowship at Christ's College, since only unmarried men could be fellows.) They became the parents of seven children, three of whom died in youth from various causes, and one of whom was born after
178:
Perkins was a prolific author who penned over forty works, many of which were published posthumously. In addition to writing, he also served as a fellow at Christ's
College and as a lecturer at St. Andrew's Church in Cambridge. He was a firm proponent of Reformed theology, particularly the
756:
A salve for a sicke man, or, A treatise containing the nature, differences, and kindes of death: as also the right manner of dying well. And it may serue for spirituall instruction to 1. Mariners when they goe to sea. 2. Souldiers when they goe to battell. 3. Women when they trauell of
955:
Deaths knell: or, The sicke mans passing-bell: summoning all sicke consciences to prpare themselues for the coming of the grea day of doome, lest mercies gate be shut against them: fit for all those that desire to arriue at the heauenly
Ierusalem. Whereunto are added prayers fit for
428:, which is central to Reformed soteriology and double predestination, to be a doctrine of great consoling value. He was responsible for the publication in English of Beza's famous chart about double predestination. Writing less than a century after Perkins's death, his biographer
815:
The works of that famous and worthie minister of Christ, in the
Universitie of Cambridge, M.W. Perkins : gathered into one volume, and newly corrected according to his owne copies. With distinct chapters, and contents of euery book, and a generall table of the whole
273:
with such an emphasis, as left a doleful echo in his auditors' ears a good while after... . But in his older age he altered his voice and remitted much of his former rigidness; often professing that to preach mercy was that proper office of the ministers of the
469:
Although relatively unknown to modern
Christians, Perkins has had an influence that is felt by Christians all around the world. and was highly regarded in the Elizabethan Church. In addition, Perkins's views on double predestination made him a major target of
237:
Little is known of
Perkins' childhood and upbringing. Sometime in his early life he was rendered lame which forced him to write with his left hand. His family was evidently of some means, since in June 1577, at age 19, Perkins was enrolled as a pensioner of
313:
Following his ordination, Perkins also preached his first sermons to the prisoners of the
Cambridge jail. On one celebrated occasion, Perkins encountered a young man who was going to be executed for his crimes and who feared he was shortly going to be in
265:'s biographical profile of Perkins portrayed him as "very wild in his youth," skilled in mathematics, possessed of "a rare felicity in speedy reading of books," and preaching, early in his ministry, with a sternness that he mitigated in later years:
461:. This principle advocates that the unclear portions of scripture ought to be interpreted by the clear portions rather than by tradition or speculation. He did, however, leave room for figurative or analogical language when context demands.
720:
A case of conscience : the greatest that euer was; how a man may know whether he be the child of God or no. Resolued by the word of God. Whereunto is added a briefe discourse, taken out of Hier. Zanchius
706:
The foundation of Christian religion: gathered into sixe principles. And it is to bee learned of ignorant people, that they may be fit to hear sermons with profit, and to receiue the Lords Supper with comfort
1622:
700:
A golden chaine, or the description of theologie: containing the order of the causes of saluation and damnation, according to Gods woord. A view of the order wherof, is to be seene in the table annexed
847:
The first part of The cases of conscience: Wherein specially, three maine questions concerning man, simply considered in himselfe, are propounded and resolued, according to the word of God
171:
during the Elizabethan era. Although not entirely accepting of the Church of England's ecclesiastical practices, Perkins conformed to many of the policies and procedures imposed by the
840:
Gvilielmi Perkinsi Problema de Romanæ fidei ementito Catholicismo.: Estq Antidotum contra Thesaurum Catholicum Iodoci Coccij. Et iuventutis in lectione omnium patrum
1802:
1797:
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clergyman who opposed the doctrine of predestination. He also was influential in the theological development of the American puritan philosopher and theologian
453:
which "serve as the twin foundation stones for what Perkins conceived as biblical preaching." He was also a major proponent of literal interpretation using the
1807:
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mother say to her child, "Hold your tongue, or I will give you to drunken Perkins yonder." Whether or not the story is true, it is clear that Perkins had a
1002:
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who refused to conform to the Church of England. He also opposed the Elizabethan regime's program of imposing uniformity on the church. For example, when
278:
Perkins's sermons, wrote Fuller, "were not so plain but that the piously learned did admire them, nor so learned but that the plain did understand them."
1752:
281:
Perkins thus began a lifelong association with the "moderate-puritan" wing of the Church of England which held views similar to those of the continental
1787:
1782:
750:
An exposition of the Symbole or Creed of the Apostles: according to the tenour of the Scriptures, and the consent of orthodoxe Fathers of the Church
1747:
1518:
827:
A commentarie or exposition, vpon the fiue first chapters of the Epistle to the Galatians: penned by the godly, learned, and iudiciall diuine
1686:
1513:
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his as are to be expected: with a catalogue of all the perticulers of them, diligently perused and published, by a preacher of the word
1847:
1842:
1832:
996:
1792:
499:, Puritan theologian whose "Marrow of Theology" was the most popular systematic theology of the time became professor of theology at
163:
theologian, receiving a B.A. and M.A. from the university in 1581 and 1584 respectively, and also one of the foremost leaders of the
925:
A discourse of the damned art of witchcraft: so farre forth as it is revealed in the Scriptures and manifest by true experience ...
576:
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Armilla aurea, id est, Miranda series causarum et salutis & damnationis iuxta verbum Dei: Eius synopsin continet annexa tabula
404:
402:
as a result. During the final set of trials against Puritan ministers in 1590–1591, Perkins confirmed that he had discussed the
1827:
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1434:
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Christian oeconomie: or, A short survey of the right manner of erecting and ordering a familie: according to the scriptures
821:
The reformation of couetousnesse: Written vpon the 6. chapter of Mathew, from the 19. verse to the ende of the said chapter
492:
From his position at Cambridge, Perkins was able to influence a whole generation of English churchmen. His pupils include:
489:'s. When he died, his writings were selling more copies than those of many of the most famous of the Reformers combined.
175:. He did remain, however, sympathetic to the non-conformist puritans and even faced disciplinary action for his support.
919:
A treatise of mans imaginations: Shewing his naturall euill thoughts: His want of good thoughts: The way to reforme them
1822:
424:" and was a major player in introducing the thought of Theodore Beza to England. He viewed the Reformed concept of the
1812:
913:
A cloud of faithfull witnesses, leading to the heauenly Canaan, or, A commentarie vpon the 11 chapter to the Hebrewes
399:
384:, Perkins defended Johnson. This was not an isolated incident, and he appeared before the commission more than once.
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ed. Joel R. Beeke and Derek W. H. Thomas, 10 vols. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Reformation Heritage Books, 2014–2020).
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De praedestinationis modo et ordine : et de amplitudine gratiae diuinae Christiana & perspicua disceptatio
546:
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593:, Puritan preacher of Gray's Inn and Master at Catherine's Hall known for his eloquence and comforting sermons
1762:
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The arte of prophecying, or, A treatise concerning the sacred and onely true manner and methode of preaching
792:
A warning against the idolatrie of the last times: And an instruction touching religious, or diuine worship
1468:
Herbert, James (March 1982), "William Perkins's "A Reformed Catholic": A Psycho-Cultural Interpretation",
485:
In his lifetime, Perkins attained enormous popularity, with sales of his works eventually surpassing even
1356:
Concerning the Order and Mode of Predestination and the Amplitude of Divine Grace by Rev. William Perkins
647:
my servant is dead’. He was buried in St. Andrew's, the church which he had pastored for eighteen years.
539:, Puritan preacher and successor to Perkins as lecturer at the church of St Andrew the Great in Cambridge
949:
A resolution to the countryman prooving it utterly unlawfull to buy or use our yeerely prognostications
421:
373:
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Tvvo treatises: I. Of the nature and practise of repentance. II. Of the combat of the flesh and spirit
614:
247:
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The combat betweene Christ and the diuell displayed, or A commentarie upon the temptations of Christ
533:, Congregationalist minister and Puritan theologian who was a vital part of the Westminster Assembly
253:
According to an unverifiable story, Perkins was convicted of the error of his ways after he heard a
1757:
1597:
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A graine of musterd-seede: or, the least measure of grace that is or can be effectuall to saluation
883:
Of the calling of the ministerie two treatises, describing the duties and dignities of that calling
600:
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482:. In addition, some consider the hermeneutics of Perkins to be a model that ought to be emulated.
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help or hinder to the attaining of happiness, but rather opens a wide door to licentious security.
1687:"The Trinitarian Theology of Jonathan Edwards: An Investigation of Charges Against its Orthodoxy"
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A C and e treatise of the manner and order of predestination: and of the largenes of Gods grace
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Foure Great Lyers, Striuing Who Shall Win the Siluer Whetstone: Also, A Resolution to the Count
618:
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In addition to adopting a Reformed soteriology, Perkins also strongly held to the doctrines of
231:
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Lectures vpon the three first chapters of the Reuelation: preached in Cambridge anno Dom. 1595
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How to liue, and that well: in all estates and times, specially when helps and comforts faile
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On 13 January 1587, Perkins preached a sermon denouncing the practice of kneeling to receive
219:
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Schaefer, Paul (2004), "The Arte of Prophesying", in Kapic, Kelly; Gleason, Randall (eds.),
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Satans sophistrie ansuuered by our Sauiour Christ: and in diuers sermons further manifested
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being trained in the tradition of the Reformed scholastic framework. He would receive his
8:
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An exposition of the Lords prayer: in the way of catechising seruing for ignorant people
342:
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with Puritan ministers, but claimed that he could not remember whom he had talked to.
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1163:. Cornell University Library. London: Printed for T. Tegg. Book II, Ch. X, pp. 80–83.
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617:, Colonial American Puritan minister and theologian known for his leadership in the
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recounted an objection that Perkins's views on double predestination often prompted:
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von Rohr, John (June 1965), "Covenant and Assurance in Early English Puritanism",
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Perkins was born to Thomas and Anna Perkins at Marston Jabbett in the parish of
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The vvhole treatise of the cases of conscience: distinguished into three bookes
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of Christ's College, a post he held until 1594. In 1585, he became a
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Specimen digesti, sive Harmoniæ bibliorum Veteris et Novi Testamneti
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The true gaine : more in worth then all the goods in the world
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A direction for the government of the tongue according to Gods word
500:
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A godlie and learned exposition vpon the whole epistle of Ivde...
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Prophetica, sive, De sacra et vnica ratione concionandi tractatus
337:
In 1584, after receiving his MA degree, Perkins was elected as a
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with a particular emphasis on solus Christus and sola Scriptura.
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Fuller, Thomas; Nichols, James; White, Andrew Dickson (1841).
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sometime between 1581 and 1584 during his time at Cambridge.
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A declaration of the true manner of knowing Christ crucified
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had not gone far enough and pushed for further Reformation.
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An exposition of the Lords praier: in the way of catechisme
599:, Colonial American Puritan minister and theologian of the
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1629:(Online ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
608:, Colonial American Puritan minister and founder of the
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As a "moderate Puritan", Perkins was firmly opposed to
569:, Puritan preacher and Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge
1560:
1212:
864:: or, a treatise of Christian equitie and moderation
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877:Works newly corrected according to his owne copies
659:A Hungarian translation of a work by Perkins, 1648
159:(1558–1602) was an influential English cleric and
673:A Warning against the Idolatrie of the Last Times
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1549:, vol. 1, New York: Harper & Brothers,
639:preached his funeral sermon, taking as his text
1803:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
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1691:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
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1381:, Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Books,
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1006:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1402:Brook, Benjamin (1994), "William Perkins",
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297:. Perkins's circle at Cambridge included
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1429:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
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1514:"The Hermeneutics of the Puritans"
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1426:Eros and Magic in the Renaissance
545:, Puritan preacher and master of
1793:16th-century English theologians
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629:In 1602, Perkins suffered from "
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547:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
1596:Storms, Sam (8 November 2006),
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1027:UK public library membership
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420:Perkins was a proponent of "
269:He would pronounce the word
69:1602 (aged 43–44)
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1729:(public domain audiobooks)
1512:Lea, Thomas D (June 1996),
967:The Work of William Perkins
376:for Johnson's support of a
240:Christ's College, Cambridge
78:Christ's College, Cambridge
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1353:Arminius, Jacobus (1602),
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412:Perkins himself had died.
1823:16th-century male writers
1602:, Enjoying God Ministries
1561:A Puritan's Mind (2012),
1404:The Lives of the Puritans
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994:Jinkins, M. (2004).
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1623:"William Perkins"
1436:978-0-226-12316-5
1379:Meet the Puritans
1375:"William Perkins"
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1526:(2): 271–284,
1509:
1470:Church History
1465:
1460:
1447:
1435:
1417:
1412:
1399:
1387:
1367:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1166:
1144:
1142:, p. viii
1132:
1121:
1093:
1074:
1059:
1047:
1032:
985:
984:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
970:
960:
959:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
867:
856:
850:
844:
836:
830:
824:
818:
810:Posthumously:
808:
807:
801:
795:
789:
781:
773:
766:
760:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
709:
703:
697:
689:
686:page following
682:
676:
670:
652:
649:
626:
623:
622:
621:
615:Thomas Shepard
612:
603:
594:
591:Richard Sibbes
588:
579:
570:
564:
558:
549:
540:
534:
531:Thomas Goodwin
528:
507:
476:Dutch Reformed
466:
463:
450:sola Scriptura
417:
414:
354:
351:
310:
307:
218:succeeded her
196:
193:
181:supralapsarian
152:
151:
148:
147:
145:Law and Gospel
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
55:Marston Jabbet
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Demonologists
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
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1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
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1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1591:
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1581:
1576:
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1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:Culianu, Ioan
1418:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:Schaefer 2004
1317:
1311:, p. 303
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1287:Arminius 1602
1283:
1277:, p. 281
1276:
1271:
1265:, p. 279
1264:
1259:
1257:
1250:, p. 280
1249:
1244:
1237:
1236:Schaefer 2004
1232:
1225:
1224:von Rohr 1965
1220:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1189:Schaefer 2004
1185:
1179:, p. vii
1178:
1177:Ferguson 1996
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:Ferguson 1996
1136:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1091:, p. 275
1090:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1072:, p. 213
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:Schaefer 2004
1051:
1045:, p. 129
1044:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
990:
986:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
963:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
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917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
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884:
881:
878:
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872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
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841:
837:
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831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
813:
812:
811:
805:
802:
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796:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
662:
657:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:James Montagu
634:
632:
620:
616:
613:
611:
607:
606:Thomas Hooker
604:
602:
598:
595:
592:
589:
587:
583:
582:James Montagu
580:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:Thomas Taylor
565:
562:
559:
557:
553:
550:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:John Robinson
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
462:
460:
459:Rule of Faith
456:
452:
451:
446:
445:
438:
433:
431:
430:Thomas Fuller
427:
423:
413:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
389:
385:
383:
382:church polity
379:
375:
371:
370:John Whitgift
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Theodore Beza
284:
279:
275:
272:
266:
264:
263:Thomas Fuller
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
185:Theodore Beza
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
149:
146:
143:
141:Notable ideas
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
86:
84:Occupation(s)
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
1706:, retrieved
1694:
1690:
1646:
1642:
1631:, retrieved
1626:
1604:, retrieved
1598:
1579:
1568:, retrieved
1563:
1546:
1535:, retrieved
1523:
1517:
1473:
1469:
1451:
1440:, retrieved
1425:
1403:
1392:, retrieved
1378:
1360:, retrieved
1355:
1338:, p. 63
1336:Culianu 1987
1323:, p. 41
1316:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1270:
1243:
1238:, p. 42
1231:
1219:
1208:
1201:Herbert 1982
1196:
1184:
1159:
1135:
1124:
1057:, p. 40
1050:
1015:. Retrieved
1001:
989:
972:
966:
961:
956:housholders.
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
869:
863:
852:
846:
832:
826:
820:
814:
809:
803:
797:
791:
768:
762:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
705:
699:
684:
678:
672:
635:
628:
573:James Ussher
561:Thomas Draxe
497:William Ames
491:
484:
468:
455:regula fidei
454:
448:
444:solo Christo
442:
440:
435:
419:
410:
403:
393:
378:presbyterian
356:
336:
312:
285:theologians
280:
277:
270:
268:
252:
236:
205:Warwickshire
198:
183:theology of
177:
156:
155:
110:
93:Notable work
59:Warwickshire
26:The Reverend
18:
1773:1602 deaths
1768:1558 births
1708:18 February
1633:18 February
1606:18 February
1570:18 February
1537:18 February
1442:18 February
1394:18 February
1371:Beeke, Joel
1362:18 February
1298:Storms 2006
1203:, p. 8
597:John Cotton
543:Samuel Ward
537:Paul Baynes
505:Netherlands
372:imprisoned
363:separatists
216:Elizabeth I
1742:Categories
1615:Venn, John
1589:0830827943
1461:0851516890
1413:1877611794
1388:1601780001
1309:Weber 2001
1043:Brook 1994
1029:required.)
980:References
860:Hepieíkeia
361:and other
213:Protestant
201:Bulkington
195:Early life
189:five solae
131:Puritanism
1703:0360-8808
1679:162295453
1663:0009-6407
1555:600071622
1532:0360-8808
1506:154818667
1490:0009-6407
1070:Neal 1843
631:the stone
465:Influence
396:Communion
332:execution
283:Calvinist
255:Cambridge
250:in 1584.
161:Cambridge
135:Calvinism
1727:LibriVox
1621:(1953),
1275:Lea 1996
1263:Lea 1996
1248:Lea 1996
1089:Lea 1996
501:Franeker
380:form of
343:Lecturer
220:Catholic
1671:3162903
1498:2165150
1347:Sources
274:Gospel.
222:sister
209:England
165:Puritan
1701:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1586:
1553:
1530:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1458:
1433:
1410:
1385:
1023:
1017:21 May
951:(1618)
945:(1611)
939:(1609)
933:(1608)
927:(1608)
921:(1607)
915:(1607)
909:(1607)
903:(1606)
897:(1606)
891:(1606)
885:(1605)
879:(1605)
873:(1605)
866:(1604)
855:(1604)
849:(1604)
843:(1604)
835:(1604)
829:(1604)
823:(1603)
816:(1603)
806:(1601)
800:(1601)
794:(1601)
788:(1598)
780:(1598)
772:(1597)
765:(1596)
759:(1595)
752:(1595)
746:(1593)
740:(1593)
734:(1593)
728:(1592)
722:(1592)
716:(1592)
708:(1591)
702:(1591)
696:(1590)
688:(1590)
681:(1585)
675:(1584)
669:(1584)
643:1.2, ‘
641:Joshua
522:pastor
518:Leiden
487:Calvin
474:, the
339:fellow
320:Christ
293:, and
102:Spouse
1675:S2CID
1667:JSTOR
1502:S2CID
1494:JSTOR
757:child
645:Moses
625:Death
457:, or
1710:2014
1699:ISSN
1659:ISSN
1635:2014
1608:2014
1584:ISBN
1572:2014
1551:OCLC
1539:2014
1528:ISSN
1486:ISSN
1456:ISBN
1444:2014
1431:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1396:2014
1383:ISBN
1364:2014
1019:2023
556:poet
554:, a
520:and
447:and
328:sins
316:hell
301:and
271:damn
224:Mary
66:Died
51:1558
48:Born
1725:at
1651:doi
1478:doi
1008:doi
516:in
345:of
324:God
226:as
117:Era
1744::
1695:44
1693:,
1689:,
1673:,
1665:,
1657:,
1647:34
1645:,
1617:;
1524:39
1522:,
1516:,
1500:,
1492:,
1484:,
1474:51
1472:,
1377:,
1328:^
1255:^
1169:^
1147:^
1096:^
1077:^
1062:^
1035:^
1000:.
575:,
503:,
322:,
305:.
289:,
248:MA
244:BA
207:,
203:,
133:,
57:,
1653::
1480::
1021:.
1010::
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