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In 1900, Wilbur Wright wrote, "...my observations of the flight of birds convince me that birds use more positive and energetic methods of regaining equilibrium than that of shifting the center of gravity...they regain their lateral balance...by a torsion of the tips of the wings. If the rear edge of
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used the wing warping control systems of the original aircraft – with mixed results. The wing warping of the Avro
Triplane proved surprisingly successful, whereas on the reproduction Antoinette, with its very flexible wing, wing warping offered little effective lateral control. Since the original
274:
Many major companies and scientists are working on developing morphing wings. NASA is working to develop a morphing wing made of cells that will twist to mimic birds. The cells NASA is using to construct the wing are small black modules consisting of carbon fiber. Currently, NASA is focusing on
59:
the right wing tip is twisted upward and the left downward the bird becomes an animated windmill and instantly begins to turn, a line from its head to its tail being the axis." After Wilbur demonstrated the method, Orville noted, "From this it was apparent that the wings of a machine of the
63:
double-deck type, with the fore-and-aft trussing removed, could be warped in like manner, so that in flying the wings on the right and left sides could be warped so as to present their surfaces to the air at different angles of incidence and thus secure unequal lifts on the two sides."
290:...) to achieve variations of their shape – and hence of their aerodynamic properties – morphing wings attain these geometrical variations with continuous deformations of their outer surface. The absence of discrete curvature changes and of gaps has the potential of reducing the
86:
Lateral (roll) control in early aircraft was problematic at best. An overly flexible, involuntarily twisting wing can cause involuntary rolling, but even worse, it can convert attempts at correction, either from wing warping or ailerons, into a counteracting
294:
associated to the wing, thus increasing their aerodynamic efficiency. This characteristic makes adaptive wings well-suited to operate at various different operational conditions, as they can optimally adapt their shape and thus minimize the resulting drag.
67:
Birds visibly use wing warping to achieve control. This was a significant influence on early aircraft designers. The Wright brothers were the first group to use warping wings. Their first plane mimicked the bird's flight patterns and wing form.
46:, consisted of a system of pulleys and cables to twist the trailing edges of the wings in opposite directions. In many respects, this approach is similar to that used to trim the performance of a
91:" effect. Once this was fully understood, wing structures were made progressively more rigid, precluding wing warping altogether – and aircraft became far more controllable in the lateral plane.
263:
Wing morphing is a modern-day extension of wing warping in which the aerodynamic shape of the wing is modified under computer control. Research into this field is mainly conducted by
278:
The appeal of shape-changing wings lies in the gapless and smooth nature of the resulting geometries. In contrast to conventional wings, relying on discrete, moveable parts (
260:
Antoinette-style ailerons would have probably been even less effective, unobtrusive "modern" ailerons were inserted – even with these, lateral control remained very poor.
83:
wings of the period were much more flexible, and proved more amenable to wing warping – but even for monoplane designs, ailerons became the norm after 1915.
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In practice, since most wing warping designs involved flexing of structural members, they were difficult to control and liable to cause structural failure.
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Flight demo of Owl's Head
Transportation Museum's Etrich Taube reproduction, demonstrating warping wingtips and stabilizer
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was an early system for lateral (roll) control of a fixed-wing aircraft or kite. The technique, used and patented by the
75:
had begun to replace wing warping as the most common means of achieving lateral control as early as 1911, especially in
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Park Ranger demonstrates wing warping on a reproduction of the 1902 Flyer at the Wright
Brothers National Memorial
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Current technology has allowed scientists to revisit the concept of wing warping (also known as morphing wings).
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238:(1919), whose wing warping and unbraced sprung steel spars contributed to its notoriety.
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192:(1913), the first fighter aircraft, and the first to shoot down another aircraft.
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475:– illustration of Wilbur Wright invention of wing warping using a cardboard box
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The Wright brothers' first powered aircraft, which utilized warping wings.
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185:(1912) used wing warping, while the "C" variant and later used ailerons.
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such as with the
Mission Adaptive Wing (MAW) trialed from 1985 on the
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Wing warping was a common feature of early aircraft, including:
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462:– interactive diagram of wing warping used on the Wright Flyer
315:
231:(1916), one of the last operational fighters with wing warping.
384:
Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret of the Wright
Brothers
1208:
810:
662:
408:"The Wright Brothers | Getting Acquainted with Aeronautics"
264:
163:(1911) racing and sport monoplane used for the first loop.
170:(1912), whose structural failures (along with those of a
16:
Early system for lateral control of a fixed-wing aircraft
386:. Englewood: TernStyle Press, Ltd. pp. 68–71, 79.
253:
Several of the reproduction planes built for the film
525:
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439:"The 100-Year-Old Idea That Could Change Flight"
426:Building Aeroplanes for "Those Magnificent Men."
50:by curling the paper at the back of its wings.
256:Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines
511:
312:, the British inventor (1868) of the aileron
269:General Dynamics–Boeing AFTI/F-111A Aardvark
217:(1915), a French biplane with twin engines.
518:
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224:(1915), the first German fighter aircraft.
326:'s earliest designs and more recently on
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361:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 281.
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174:) led to a ban on monoplanes with the
131:(1908), a wing-warping variant of the
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13:
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1428:In-flight entertainment system
1125:Horizontal situation indicator
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350:
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1:
481:– Origins of Control Surfaces
343:
199:(1914), a World War I French
1408:Environmental control system
428:. London: G.T. Foulis, 1965.
183:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2
124:(1907), the first homebuilt.
7:
298:
10:
1490:
1085:Course deviation indicator
776:Electro-hydraulic actuator
246:
203:derived from the previous
181:The early versions of the
25:Wright brothers' 1899 kite
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1316:Conventional landing gear
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1183:
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884:
721:
537:
168:Bristol Coanda Monoplanes
1100:Flight management system
359:A Dictionary of Aviation
357:Wragg, David W. (1973).
122:Santos-Dumont Demoiselle
1403:Emergency oxygen system
1165:Turn and slip indicator
960:Leading-edge droop flap
930:Drag-reducing aerospike
905:Adaptive compliant wing
900:Active Aeroelastic Wing
249:Adaptive compliant wing
1443:Passenger service unit
1244:Self-sealing fuel tank
1140:Multi-function display
487:– What's Wing Warping?
36:
28:
1423:Ice protection system
1341:Tricycle landing gear
1331:Landing gear extender
548:Aft pressure bulkhead
382:Combs, Harry (1979).
172:Deperdussin monoplane
156:functionality as well
34:
22:
1474:Aircraft wing design
1388:Auxiliary power unit
796:Flight control modes
473:Centennial of flight
243:Modern re-assessment
1367:Escape crew capsule
1274:War emergency power
1145:Pitot–static system
990:Variable-sweep wing
698:Vertical stabilizer
445:. 22 February 2017.
1075:Attitude indicator
1055:Airspeed indicator
1050:Aircraft periscope
424:Wheeler, Allen H.
412:airandspace.si.edu
176:Royal Flying Corps
37:
29:
1456:
1455:
1383:Aircraft lavatory
1120:Heading indicator
1065:Annunciator panel
1045:Air data computer
955:Leading-edge cuff
322:/aileron used on
275:unmanned drones.
197:Morane-Saulnier N
190:Morane-Saulnier L
1481:
1438:Navigation light
1418:Hydraulic system
1393:Bleed air system
1321:Drogue parachute
995:Vortex generator
613:Interplane strut
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318:– a combination
310:M. P. W. Boulton
236:Christmas Bullet
222:Fokker Eindecker
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1448:Ram air turbine
1413:Flight recorder
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1264:Thrust reversal
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1150:Radar altimeter
1115:Head-up display
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910:Anti-shock body
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741:Artificial feel
723:Flight controls
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583:Fabric covering
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529:components and
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143:English Channel
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44:Wright brothers
23:Diagram of the
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454:External links
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247:Main article:
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48:paper airplane
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133:Antoinette IV
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1469:Aerodynamics
1398:Deicing boot
1326:Landing gear
1269:Townend ring
1259:Thrust lever
1234:NACA cowling
1199:Autothrottle
1191:fuel systems
1189:devices and
980:Stall strips
950:Krueger flap
920:Channel wing
866:Wing warping
865:
856:Stick shaker
851:Stick pusher
771:Dual control
756:Centre stick
623:Leading edge
593:Flying wires
553:Cabane strut
479:Aerospaceweb
442:
433:
425:
420:
411:
402:
383:
377:
358:
352:
277:
273:
262:
254:
252:
229:Fokker D.III
150:Etrich Taube
129:Antoinette V
115:Wright Flyer
101:
98:Applications
93:
85:
70:
66:
57:
40:Wing warping
39:
38:
1346:Tundra tire
1229:Intake ramp
1160:Transponder
945:Gurney flap
886:Aerodynamic
801:Fly-by-wire
683:Triple tail
443:www.pbs.org
328:flying wing
215:Caudron G.4
161:Nieuport IV
54:Description
1463:Categories
1336:Oleo strut
1224:Inlet cone
1219:Gascolator
1185:Propulsion
1175:Yaw string
1170:Variometer
1026:instrument
1005:Wing fence
940:Gouge flap
915:Blown flap
871:Yaw damper
846:Stabilator
831:Side-stick
766:Dive brake
653:Stabilizer
628:Lift strut
618:Jury strut
393:0940053020
344:References
338:Sport kite
332:delta wing
292:shape drag
139:Blériot XI
1311:Autobrake
1239:NACA duct
1214:Fuel tank
1204:Drop tank
1187:controls,
1070:Astrodome
1060:Altimeter
925:Dog-tooth
890:high-lift
841:Spoileron
826:Servo tab
806:Gust lock
761:Deceleron
746:Autopilot
703:Wing root
688:Twin tail
673:Tailplane
608:Hardpoint
578:Empennage
541:structure
334:aircraft.
108:Albatross
89:servo tab
81:Monoplane
79:designs.
1279:Wet wing
1254:Throttle
1000:Vortilon
861:Trim tab
791:Flaperon
781:Elevator
736:Airbrake
708:Wing tip
633:Longeron
603:Fuselage
539:Airframe
527:Aircraft
320:elevator
299:See also
280:ailerons
154:elevator
73:Ailerons
1289:Landing
1080:Compass
1028:systems
1020:Avionic
1010:Winglet
893:devices
836:Spoiler
731:Aileron
713:Wingbox
638:Nacelle
588:Fairing
531:systems
324:Bleriot
305:Aileron
77:biplane
61:Chanute
1024:flight
985:Strake
816:Rudder
786:Elevon
751:Canard
693:V-tail
668:T-tail
598:Former
558:Canopy
390:
365:
316:Elevon
117:(1903)
110:(1868)
1209:FADEC
1095:EICAS
970:Slats
811:HOTAS
663:Strut
288:slats
284:flaps
201:scout
1291:and
1155:TCAS
1135:ISIS
1090:EFIS
1035:ACAS
1022:and
975:Slot
935:Flap
888:and
876:Yoke
648:Spar
573:Dope
460:NASA
388:ISBN
363:ISBN
330:and
265:NASA
234:The
227:The
220:The
213:The
207:and
195:The
188:The
166:The
159:The
148:The
137:The
127:The
120:The
113:The
106:The
1130:INS
1110:GPS
965:LEX
643:Rib
485:PBS
1465::
441:.
410:.
286:,
282:,
271:.
519:e
512:t
505:v
414:.
396:.
371:.
209:H
205:G
178:.
145:.
87:"
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