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whisper the names of shirkers to their block leaders so that they could persuade them to do their duty. On one occasion, a civil servant was prosecuted for failure to donate, and his argument that it was voluntary was dismissed on the grounds it was an extreme view of liberty to neglect all duties that were not actually prescribed by law and therefore an abuse of liberty. It was not unheard of for workers to lose their jobs for not donating to
Winterhilfe or not giving enough. For instance, when a worker was fired for not donating to Winterhilfe, the firing was upheld by a labour court on the grounds that it was "conduct hostile to the community of the people to be most strongly condemned".
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523:(including Hitler himself). They were made from a variety of materials. Each individual miniature book, badge, badge set or toy set was only available for two or three days of a particular collection drive. The populace would be encouraged to donate the following week and thereby collect the latest in the series. There could also be consequences such as nagging by the appropriate official if your local
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only for that particular campaign. One time they may be an artificial flower; next time a miniature dagger, and so forth. The Winter-Help campaign series reaches its climax shortly before
Christmas in the so-called Day of National Solidarity. On that notable occasion the Big Guns of the Nazi Party sally forth with their collection-boxes to do their bit.
580:'Germanicus' produced figures comparing the Winterhilfswerk of 1933 with the pre-existing Reich Winter Help of 1931. The figures showed that the Winterhilfswerk provided slightly more coal and potatoes to the needy, but dramatically less bread and meat. They also pointed out that the Reich Winter Help was supplemented by the relief efforts of the
591:, who visited Nazi Germany in 1939, described visits to a Winterhilfswerk facility where he was shown winter clothing and other items meant for distribution. Others describe the charitable aims of the Winterhilfswerk and details on the collection of money and goods, but little about what was done with either.
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Once a fortnight, every city, town, and village in the Reich seethes with brown-shirted Storm
Troopers carrying red-painted canisters. These are the Winter-Help collection-boxes. The Brown-Shirts go everywhere. You cannot sit in a restaurant or beer-hall but what, sooner or later, a pair of them will
556:
During these periodic money-raising campaigns, all sorts of dodges are employed. On busy street-corners comedians, singers, musicians, sailors, gather a crowd by some amusing skit, at the close of which the Brown-Shirts collect. People buy tiny badges to show they have contributed—badges good
598:
pointed out that no account was ever made of where the huge amounts raised by
Winterhilfswerk were spent. His contention was not only that the program was a sham and that all the proceeds were used to produce armaments, but that the entire German population knew this to be the case. Similarly, the
369:
Hitler ordered the establishment of the
Winterhilfswerk in 1933 and personally opened the first drive, giving out the directive "no one shall be hungry, no one shall freeze". The initial donation drive in winter 1933/1934 took place against a backdrop of acute distress in large parts of the German
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Donors were often given small souvenir gratitude gifts of negligible value, somewhat similar to the way modern charities mail out address labels and holiday cards. A typical such gift was a very small propaganda booklet, reminiscent of
Victorian-era miniature books; about 0.8" wide x 1.5" tall.
433:
The Can
Rattlers, as they became known, were relentless in their pursuit of making sure every good German citizen gave their share to the WHW. In fact, those who forgot to give had their names put in the paper to remind them of their neglect. Neighbors and even family members were encouraged to
357:
leaders: In 1932 the party informed the association's leadership that it had initiated legal proceedings because of "misuse of the word 'national socialist'". In 1933, the party changed its position; Hitler designated the NSV a party organ on 3 May 1933. It went on to grow rapidly, counting 3.7
323:) to help finance charitable work. Initially an emergency measure to support people during the Great Depression, it went on to become a major source of funding for the activities of the NSV and a major component of Germany's welfare state. Donations to the WHW, which were voluntary in name but
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More generous donors would receive concomitantly better gifts, such as lapel pins on a wide variety of themes. Some depicting occupational types or geographic areas of the Reich, others animals, birds and insects, nursery rhyme and fairy tale characters, or notable persons from German history
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or two. The highly collectible items were made of many different materials, such as wood, glass, paper, terra cotta, metal and plastic. Over 8,000 different pieces had been produced by the end of the war, and some of the rarer ones sell for quite a lot of money today.
353:, when local groups were formed to provide aid to party members in distress. The Berlin association "Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt e.V." is considered the primary institutional ancestor of the NSV. Initially, the Berlin organisation was met with contempt by
642:"die lebendigen, gesunden Kräfte des deutschen Volkes zu entfalten und zu fördern". Störmer, Hellmuth: Das rechtliche Verhältnis der NS-Volkswohlfahrt und des Winterhilfswerkes zu den Betreuten im Vergleiche zur öffentlichen Wohlfahrtspflege, 1940, p. 52f.
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Collection drives were a mainstay of the Winter Relief and those who did not give, or gave little (such as one pair of boots to a clothing drive), were sometimes the victims of mob violence and needed to be protected by the police, known in French as the
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populace; its initiation was partly a result of the party's desire to prevent social unrest. The "Law on the
Winterhilfswerk of the German People", passed on 1 December 1936, formally established the WHW as a registered association, to be led by the
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work through the place, rattling their canisters ostentatiously in the faces of customers. And I never saw a German formally refuse to drop in his mite, even though the contribution might have been less than the equivalent of one
American cent.
614:"It has repeatedly become necessary for the FĂĽhrer to use WHW funds for other purposes." In 1941, after complaining that large amounts of WHW and NSV funds were being siphoned off without his agreement, Schwarz was told by the
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meal at one of several price points. Households were reminded of the occasion, although it has been noted that the authorities did not investigate whether the one-pot meal was actually served.
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required of German citizens, supplanted tax-funded welfare institutions and freed up money for rearmament. Furthermore, it had the propagandistic role of publicly staging the solidarity of the
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organisation whose declared purpose was "to develop and promote the living, healthy forces of the German people". The NSV's origins can be traced to Nazi party welfare activities during the
1453:
Schoen, Paul (1986). "Geschichte, Selbstanspruch und
Stellenwert der Nationalsozialistischen Volkswohlfahrt e.V. (NSV) 1933-1939". In Otto, Hans-Uwe; SĂĽnker, Heinz (eds.).
478:(monthly placard) was issued to place on one's door or in one's window to show others that one had given and also to keep the roaming bands of charity workers at bay.
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450:), reducing all the food to one course and the money thus saved was to be donated. During autumn and winter months from 1933 onward, the
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The yearly donation drives by the Winterhilfswerk constituted the most visible part of the NSV's work. As part of the centralisation of
406:(boys' and girls' associations, respectively) were extremely active in collecting for this charity. As part of the effort to place
651:"gegen den Mißbrauch des Wortes 'nationalsozialistisch' durch die Vereinsführung die nötigen rechtlichen Maßnahmen eingeleitet".
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The 1933–1945 collection drives issued a large number of themed ceramic medallions and other badges given to donators.
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The Winterhilfswerk Donation recognition display pictured is a tin plate about 3" in diameter mounted on oak
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454:(One-Pot Sunday or Stew Sunday) was officially scheduled by the WHW. Restaurants were required to offer an
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reported persistent rumours that Winterhilfswerk funds were used for Nazi party and military purposes.
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million members in 1934 and becoming the second largest mass organisation in Nazi Germany, behind the
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over the individual, totals were not reported for any individuals, only what the branch raised.
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569:
A 1938 Nazi propaganda leaflet claimed that the Winterhilfswerk had collected nearly a billion
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de Witt, Thomas (September 1978). "The Economics and Politics of Welfare in the Third Reich".
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associations, each with their own special Abzeichen, or badges, to pass out in exchange for a
276:
84:
8:
1546:
Vorländer, Herwart (1986). "NS-Volkswohlfahrt und Winterhilfswerk des deutschen Volkes".
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saw that you were not wearing the current, appropriate pin by about Tuesday of the week.
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from 1933 to 1937 as well as half a billion in goods and two million kilograms of coal.
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Large donations were also a means to establish oneself as a loyal supporter of the
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Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic
1139:"Seconde Guerre mondiale: Les archives du Secours d'Hiver ouvertes Ă la recherche"
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Die NSV: Darstellung und Dokumentation einer nationalsozialistischen Organisation
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However, in 1937 a group of exiled German economists writing under the
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A greatly encouraged practice was once a month to have a one-pot meal (
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1141:[Second World War: Winter Relief archives open for research].
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Spendenbelege des WHW und KWHW 1933-1945: Gausammlungen Gau 11-Gau 20
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and private organisations, but this help had ceased under the Nazis.
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1145:(in French). Archives de l'État en Belgique (ABE). 14 September 2015
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Spendenbelege des WHW und KWHW 1933-1945: Gausammlungen Gau 1-Gau 10
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Spendenbelege des WHW, Band IV: Gausammlungen 1933-1945 Gaue 21-30
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Spendenbelege des WHW, Band V: Gausammlungen 1933-1945 Gaue 31-40
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The rise and fall of the Third Reich: A history of Nazi Germany
165:
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The 12-year Reich: A social history of Nazi Germany, 1933-1945
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1943 Winterhilfswerk note - GG issue with antisemitic clause.
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1256:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
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509:) of winter 1942–1943 as they were themed with individual
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1457:(1st ed.). Bielefeld: KT-Verlag. pp. 199–220.
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Spendenbelege des WHW und KWHW 1933-1945: Ăśberregionale
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Certain weekends were assigned to all of the different
1311:(1st ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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1100:
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669:"Gesetz ĂĽber das Winterhilfswerk des Deutschen Volkes"
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When he visited Germany in 1939 as a reporter for the
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Ceramic medallion issued in the WHW collection drive (
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Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
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American diplomat William Russell's eyewitness book
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WHW Abzeichen der Reichsstrassen-Sammlung 1933-1944
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1418:They thought they were free: The Germans, 1933-45
776:
1661:
986:
336:
1365:. Vol. 7 (1st ed.). Berghahn Books.
1363:Poverty and Welfare in Modern German History
1361:Kramer, Nicole (2017). Raphael, Lutz (ed.).
660:"keiner soll hungern, keiner soll frieren".
1488:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum
1390:Dark continent: Europe's twentieth century
1306:
1302:. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin.
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626:alone controlled and allocated the money.
494:, a collection of Hitler photographs, and
296:), commonly known by its abbreviated form
1647:Newspaper clippings about Winterhilfswerk
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1545:
1533:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Project Gutenberg
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429:A collection tin from the Winterhilfswerk
341:The Winterhilfswerk was organised by the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1421:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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606:Further, in 1936, Nazi Party treasurer
498:and other decorated heroes of the war.
366:, it had more than 10 million members.
306:), was an annual donation drive by the
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441:without the commitment of joining it.
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321:Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
1548:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
1480:Scriba, Arnulf (16 September 2015).
285:Winterhilfswerk des Deutschen Volkes
231:Food, clothing and fuel distribution
130:Winterhilfswerk des Deutschen Volkes
49:adding citations to reliable sources
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1338:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
1273:The Third Reich in power, 1933-1939
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992:
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343:National Socialist People's Welfare
308:National Socialist People's Welfare
252:National Socialist People's Welfare
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1504:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1448:. New York: EP Dutton and Company.
1178:"Winterhilfswerk Booklet for 1938"
1159:"Winterhilfswerk Booklet for 1933"
645:
636:
390:in aid of the 1943 Winterhilfswerk
294:Winter Relief of the German People
124:Winter Relief of the German People
14:
1696:
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1500:Shirer, William Lawrence (1990).
540:North American Newspaper Alliance
697:WHW Abzeichen Strassensammlungen
25:
1233:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1998c).
1214:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1998b).
1195:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1999b).
1176:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1999a).
1157:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1998a).
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36:needs additional citations for
1579:. Boppard am Rhein: H. Boldt.
1237:. German Propaganda Archives.
1218:. German Propaganda Archives.
1199:. German Propaganda Archives.
1180:. German Propaganda Archives.
1161:. German Propaganda Archives.
1073:, XIV. Behind the winter-help.
616:Chief of the Party Chancellery
1:
1455:Soziale Arbeit und Faschismus
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1307:Grunberger, Richard (1971).
1300:Germany, The Last Four Years
1252:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004).
377:
337:Background and early history
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1651:20th Century Press Archives
1575:Vorländer, Herwart (1988).
1482:"Das Winterhilfswerk (WHW)"
1298:Germanicus (pseud) (1937).
1275:. New York: Penguin Press.
610:commented to Deputy FĂĽhrer
149:; 91 years ago
10:
1701:
1527:Stoddard, Lothrop (1940).
1271:Evans, Richard J. (2005).
587:American racialist author
1616:10.1017/S0008938900018719
1444:Russell, William (1941).
1235:"We Owe It to the FĂĽhrer"
1216:"Hitler in the Mountains"
709:Holger Rosenberg (1987).
702:Holger Rosenberg (1983).
695:Gerhard Janaczek (1982).
690:Spenden-Abzeichen des WHW
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1675:Nazi Party organizations
1670:Social welfare charities
1604:Central European History
1392:. New York: A.A. Knopf.
730:Reinhard Tieste (1993).
723:Reinhard Tieste (1993).
716:Reinhard Tieste (1990).
688:Harry Rosenberg (1974).
629:
492:The FĂĽhrer Makes History
1680:Economy of Nazi Germany
1334:Koonz, Claudia (2003).
681:Rainer Baumann (1973).
16:Nazi-era German charity
1685:Berlin in World War II
1415:Mayer, Milton (1995).
1371:10.2307/j.ctvss40nq.10
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362:. At the onset of the
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404:Bund Deutscher Mädel
261:Public contributions
193:Welfare organization
45:improve this article
1336:The Nazi conscience
821:, pp. 345–346.
608:Franz Xaver Schwarz
360:German Labour Front
277:Biberach an der RiĂź
247:Parent organization
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490:Booklets included
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273:Braith-Mali-Museum
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1530:Into the Darkness
1464:978-3-925515-01-9
1428:978-0-226-52583-9
1380:978-1-78920-515-2
1239:Calvin University
1220:Calvin University
1201:Calvin University
1197:"Gerhard Koeppen"
1182:Calvin University
1163:Calvin University
983:, pp. 79–80.
884:, pp. 45–46.
476:MonatstĂĽrplakette
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1200:
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1181:
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1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1131:Bibliography
1122:de Witt 1978
1107:Russell 1941
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969:Bytwerk 2004
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396:Nazi Germany
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206:Nazi Germany
136:Abbreviation
107:
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1537:9 September
1143:www.arch.be
971:, p. .
947:, p. .
945:Shirer 1990
908:, p. .
858:Schoen 1986
807:Schoen 1986
783:Scriba 2015
759:Kramer 2017
612:Rudolf Hess
571:Reichsmarks
525:Blockleiter
512:Reichsgauen
507:Gausammlung
1664:Categories
1492:2021-02-10
1486:www.dhm.de
1244:2023-03-12
1225:2021-02-10
1206:2021-02-10
1187:2021-02-10
1168:2021-02-10
1149:2021-02-10
957:Mayer 1995
906:Koonz 2003
771:Evans 2005
744:References
517:Wartheland
439:Nazi Party
355:Nazi Party
182:1945-05-09
162:Founded at
101:April 2014
71:newspapers
1632:154446465
1560:0042-5702
1473:220599671
1437:980231546
578:pseudonym
378:Operation
351:Kampfzeit
313:‹See Tfd›
172:Dissolved
144:Formation
1595:18128757
1568:30195299
1520:22888118
1408:38580276
1354:52216250
1291:61451667
993:ABE 2015
474:A paper
325:de facto
228:Services
198:Location
1653:of the
1649:in the
1624:4545836
622:, that
601:Gestapo
546:wrote:
456:eintopf
447:eintopf
419:pfennig
290:English
258:Funding
222:Germany
180: (
152: (
85:scholar
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236:Leader
166:Berlin
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1628:S2CID
1620:JSTOR
1564:JSTOR
630:Notes
92:JSTOR
78:books
1591:OCLC
1581:ISBN
1556:ISSN
1539:2015
1516:OCLC
1506:ISBN
1469:OCLC
1459:ISBN
1433:OCLC
1423:ISBN
1404:OCLC
1394:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1350:OCLC
1340:ISBN
1323:OCLC
1313:ISBN
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1277:ISBN
1258:ISBN
415:Nazi
402:and
345:, a
282:The
190:Type
154:1933
147:1933
64:news
1655:ZBW
1612:doi
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304:WHW
275:in
139:WHW
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