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532:. The design most commonly used by X-ray astronomers is the Type I since it has the simplest mechanical configuration. In addition, the Type I design offers the possibility of nesting several telescopes inside one another, thereby increasing the useful reflecting area. The Wolter Type II is useful only as a narrow-field imager or as the optic for a dispersive spectrometer. The Wolter Type III has never been employed for X-ray astronomy.
36:
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255:, which was the only source in the sky bright enough in X-rays for those early telescopes to detect. Because the Sun is so bright in X-rays, early X-ray telescopes could use a small focusing element and the X-rays would be detected with photographic film. The first X-ray picture of the Sun from a rocket-borne telescope was taken by John V. Lindsay of the NASA
1042:
detectors, similar to those in visible-light cameras. In visible-light, a single photon can produce a single electron of charge in a pixel, and an image is built up by accumulating many such charges from many photons during the exposure time. When an X-ray photon hits a CCD, it produces enough charge
757:
at least for distances of a few meters, the Earth's atmosphere is thick enough that virtually none are able to penetrate from outer space all the way to the Earth's surface. X-rays in the 0.5 to 5 keV (80 to 800 aJ) range, where most celestial sources give off the bulk of their energy, can be stopped
1065:
are the next step in microcalorimetry. In essence they are super-conducting metals kept as close as possible to their transition temperature. This is the temperature at which these metals become super-conductors and their resistance drops to zero. These transition temperatures are usually just a few
947:
is the process of varying one waveform in relation to another waveform. With a 'modulation collimator' the amplitude (intensity) of the incoming X-rays is reduced by the presence of two or more 'diffraction gratings' of parallel wires that block or greatly reduce that portion of the signal incident
296:
was launched by NASA in 1999 and is operated for more than 25 years in a high elliptical orbit, returning thousands 0.5 arc-second images and high-resolution spectra of all kinds of astronomical objects in the energy range from 0.5 to 8.0 keV. Chandra's resolution is about 50 times superior to that
623:
While earlier X-ray telescopes were using simple collimating techniques (e.g. rotating collimators, wire collimators), the technology most used in the present day employs coded aperture masks. This technique uses a flat aperture patterned grille in front of the detector. This design gives results
675:
X-rays has a huge span in wavelength (~8 nm - 8 pm), frequency (~50 PHz - 50 EHz) and energy (~0.12 - 120 keV). In terms of temperature, 1 eV = 11,604 K. Thus X-rays (0.12 to 120 keV) correspond to 1.39 × 10 to 1.39 × 10 K. From 10 to 0.1 nanometers (nm) (about 0.12 to 12
729:(gamma rays). So older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10 m, defined as gamma rays. However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum "X-ray" sources such as
819:
Monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system. A device that displays or sends a signal for displaying X-ray output from an X-ray generating source so as to be aware of the state of the source is referred to as an X-ray monitor in space applications. On
961:, President of Tokyo University of Information Sciences, invented the modulation collimator, first used to identify the counterpart of Sco X-1 in 1966, which led to the most accurate positions for X-ray sources available, prior to the launch of X-ray imaging telescopes.
1029:
was designed to study both solar flares and cosmic gamma-ray bursts over the energy range 5-228 keV. The experiment consisted of 2 cylindrical X-ray detectors: a Xenon filled proportional counter covering 5-14 keV, and a NaI(Tl) scintillator covering 12-1250 keV.
733:
and longer wavelength "gamma ray" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the
356:
spacecraft carries on board a Solar X-ray Imager to monitor the Sun's X-rays for the early detection of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other phenomena that impact the geospace environment. It was launched into orbit on June 27, 2009, at 22:51 GMT from
197:
Many X-ray telescopes on satellites are compounded of multiple small detector-telescope systems whose capabilities add up or complement each other, and additional fixed or removable elements (filters, spectrometers) that add functionalities to the instrument.
281:, launched in 1978, was the first imaging X-ray observatory. It obtained high-resolution X-ray images in the energy range from 0.1 to 4 keV of stars of all types, supernova remnants, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. Another large project was
527:
showed in 1952 that the reflection off a combination of two elements, a paraboloid followed by a hyperboloid, would work far better for X-ray astronomy applications. Wolter described three different imaging configurations, the
877:. Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, such as an X-ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit the absorbed energy in the form of a small flash of light, typically in the visible range.
978:
instruments that could localize bright sources in the 6 to 180 keV range to within 0.5° using a
Rotation Modulation Collimator. Taken together, the instruments' three fields of view covered approximately 75% of the sky.
828:, for example, an X-ray monitor was used to follow the possible variation in solar X-ray intensity and spectral shape while mapping the lunar surface with respect to its chemical composition due to the production of
523:, the founders of extrasolar X-ray astronomy. This type of mirror is often used as the primary reflector in an optical telescope. However, images of off-axis objects would be severely blurred. The German physicist
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and can be employed at higher energies, where grazing incidence optics become ineffective. Also the imaging is not direct, but the image is rather reconstructed by post-processing of the signal.
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796:. All X-ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell. Often this cell is subdivided into a number of low- and high-electric field regions by some arrangement of electrodes.
2193:
896:
carried a CsI crystal scintillator. The central crystal was 0.635 cm thick, had a sensitive area of 70 cm, and was viewed from behind by a pair of photomultiplier tubes.
986:(RHESSI), Explorer 81, images solar flares from soft X-rays to gamma rays (~3 keV to ~20 MeV). Its imaging capability is based on a Fourier-transform technique using a set of 9
376:
691:(ISO-DIS-21348) describes the ultraviolet as ranging from ~10 nm to ~400 nm. That portion closest to X-rays is often referred to as the "extreme ultraviolet" (
573:
This technology is limited in energy range by the inverse relation between critical angle for total reflection and radiation energy. The limit in the early 2000s with
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that are less sensitive than focusing optics; also the imaging quality and identification of source position is much poorer. Though this design offers a larger
372:
was launched on June 15, 2017 to observe black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei and other phenomena based on their X-ray and gamma-ray emissions.
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by a few sheets of paper; 90% of the photons in a beam of 3 keV (480 aJ) X-rays are absorbed by traveling through just 10 cm of air.
3332:
3913:
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194:, on which the radiation is collected and measured. A variety of different designs and technologies have been used for these elements.
1043:(hundreds to thousands of electrons, proportional to its energy) that the individual X-rays have their energies measured on read-out.
3424:
3377:
2721:
2251:
17:
1550:
Henke BL; et al. (1977). "0.1–10-keV X-ray induced electron emissions from solids—Models and secondary electron measurements".
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1933:
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is a device that filters a stream of X-rays so that only those traveling parallel to a specified direction are allowed through.
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consisted of a single thin NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal plus phototube assembly enclosed in a CsI(Tl) anti-coincidence shield.
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Adler I; Gerard J; Trombka J; Schmadebeck R; Lowman P; Bodgett H (1972). "The Apollo 15 x-ray fluorescence experiment".
1018:, making an effective area of 2,400 cm at 10 keV and 800 cm at 100 keV. The time resolution was 200
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79:
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imaging technology of ultra-large field of view imaging to search for dark matter signals in the x-ray energy range.
119:
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X-rays start at ~0.008 nm and extend across the electromagnetic spectrum to ~8 nm, over which Earth's atmosphere is
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observatory launched on 22 June 2024 is directed towards studying the explosions of massive stars and analysis of
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680:) they are classified as soft X-rays, and from 0.1 nm to 0.01 nm (about 12 to 120 keV) as hard X-rays.
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285:(active from 1990 to 1999), which was a heavy X-ray space observatory with focusing X-ray optics, and European
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covered the energy range 3 to 100 keV, FOV 2° × 2°. The instrument consisted of four detectors based on
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2168:
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Conner JP; Evans WD; Belian RD (1969). "The Recent
Appearance of a New X-Ray Source in the Southern Sky".
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had two independent detectors, each detector consisted of a bismuth germinate (BGO) crystal 78 mm in
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telescope pushed this up to 79 keV light. To reflect at this level, glass layers were multi-coated with
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Richard
Willingale (July 2021). "Lobster Eye Optics". In Sternberg, Amiel; Burrows, David N (eds.).
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in the early 1970s and recorded more than 35,000 full-disk images of the Sun over a 9-month period.
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1352:
The WSPC Handbook of
Astronomical Instrumentation: Volume 4: X-Ray Astronomical Instrumentation
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1971:
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instrument consisted of seven detectors distributed around the spacecraft that responded to
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1996:
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LC37B on May 24, 2006. However, there have been no GOES 13 SXI images since
December 2006.
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230:
1001:
had on board a
Graphite Crystal X-ray Spectrometer, with energy range of 2-8 keV, FOV 3°.
8:
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4285:
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4000:
3545:
3392:
3174:
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2083:
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carried modulation collimators (2-11 keV) and Slat and Tube collimators (1 up to 60keV).
700:
692:
446:
1850:
1808:
1750:
1563:
1525:
1360:
1270:"Launch of the world's first soft X-ray satellite with 'Lobster-Eye' imaging technology"
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1991:
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1643:
1599:
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has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by
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1966:
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Exploring the X-ray
Universe – Cambridge Books Online – Cambridge University Press
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can only detect X-rays one photon at a time (but can measure the energy of each).
411:
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2418:
2360:
2078:
2042:
1961:
1529:
1355:. Vol. 4. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. pp. 33–47, 85–106.
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238:
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919:(Tl) scintillator crystals 200 mm in diameter by 50 mm thick behind a
463:
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2850:
1670:
1639:
789:
726:
707:, much like what happens when X-rays or electron beams are absorbed by matter.
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191:
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589:(keV) light. Using new multi-layered coated mirrors, the X-ray mirror for the
132:
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3182:
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2449:
2136:
1484:
1421:
1171:
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Scintillation crystal surrounded by various scintillation detector assemblies
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2073:
1986:
1976:
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a high telescope sensitivity: since radiation is focused on a small area,
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2017:
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and collaborators in 1963. The first orbiting X-ray telescope flew on
3785:
3198:
2898:
2713:
1794:
1595:
1571:
1008:
975:
920:
847:. The monitor consisted of 2 collimated argon proportional counters.
821:
711:
442:
430:
342:
222:
187:
172:
152:
1434:
1350:
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carried the HEXE, or High Energy X-ray
Experiment, which employed a
163:, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by
35:
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Closer to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum is the
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3448:
3440:
3142:
3110:
2146:
1737:
Hoff HA (1983). "Exosat - the new extrasolar X-ray observatory".
1693:
1420:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1170:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
924:
793:
788:
and measures their energy. It works on the same principle as the
652:
598:
563:
551:
434:
353:
274:
in 1970. It detected 339 X-ray sources in its 2.5-year lifetime.
164:
1911:
1292:"Einstein Probe lifts off on a mission to monitor the X-ray sky"
27:
Telescope designed to observe remote objects by detecting X-rays
4399:
4136:
3992:
3705:
3649:
3609:
3532:
3512:
3102:
3079:
2978:
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2793:
2620:
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2457:
1981:
1067:
1026:
1005:
971:
912:
800:
742:
656:
590:
438:
346:
286:
260:
179:
839:, designated NRL-608 or XMON, was a collaboration between the
648:
391:
was launched on 27 July 2022 as a technology demonstrator for
251:
X-ray telescopes were first used for astronomy to observe the
4369:
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4167:
4104:
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3951:
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3941:
3936:
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3190:
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1956:
1942:
998:
964:
893:
889:
836:
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coated with a thin layer of a reflective material (typically
515:
A simple parabolic mirror was originally proposed in 1960 by
468:
334:
282:
156:
869:
A scintillator is a material which exhibits the property of
4409:
4359:
4317:
4290:
4210:
3801:
3206:
2890:
1775:
1662:
1099:"Chandra :: About Chandra :: Science Instruments"
1015:
825:
636:
566:). Mirrors based on this construction work on the basis of
559:
380:
338:
330:
326:
314:
271:
139:, launched by NASA in 1999, is still operational as of 2024
4507:
1836:
1633:
1188:"X-Ray Observatories - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
535:
With respect to collimated optics, focusing optics allow:
1309:
746:
677:
668:
383:
making it is the first in-orbit telescope to utilize the
252:
395:, launched on January 9, 2024, dedicated to time-domain
1824:
Techniques for
Nuclear and particle Physics Experiments
915:
of 10 keV to 8 MeV energy. They consisted of
300:
4484:
1510:"ISO 21348 Process for Determining Solar Irradiances"
1871:
984:
1302:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1623:(44th ed.). Chemical Rubber Co. p. 2850.
1348:
1245:"China launches X-ray telescope via Long March 4B"
1066:degrees above absolute zero (usually less than 10
631:
155:that is designed to observe remote objects in the
1475:Seward, Frederick D.; Charles, Philip A. (2010).
475:The most common methods used in X-ray optics are
4556:
1694:Grupen C; Cowan G; Eidelman SD; Stroh T (2005).
1587:
1618:
667:spectrum is similar to that of X-rays from the
1507:
1242:
1144:
1142:
880:The scintillation X-ray detector were used on
687:. The draft ISO standard on determining solar
229:, taken by the first imaging X-ray telescope,
201:
2403:
1927:
1899:"The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)"
1474:
487:of X-rays to produce X-ray images are known:
546:is much higher for this kind of instruments.
178:The basic elements of the telescope are the
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1656:
1427:
1139:
449:and began collecting data in October 2019.
2410:
2396:
1934:
1920:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1262:
1182:
1180:
1057:
1712:
850:
695:or XUV). When an EUV photon is absorbed,
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1865:
1757:
1583:
1581:
1549:
1501:
1323:
934:
860:
761:
647:
635:
511:Focusing X-rays with glancing reflection
506:
462:
414:solar imaging telescope is on board the
216:
205:
131:
1736:
1634:Feynman R; Leighton R; Sands M (1963).
1627:
1612:
1445:
1222:
1177:
313:(low to mid energy X-rays 0.1-15 keV),
14:
4557:
1830:
1821:
1687:
1435:"Sciences and Exploration Directorate"
2391:
1915:
1891:
1788:
1621:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1578:
1543:
1400:"X-ray Telescopes - More Information"
1150:"A Brief History of X-ray Telescopes"
993:
931:of sodium iodide and caesium iodide.
612:
247:List of space telescopes § X-ray
159:spectrum. X-rays are absorbed by the
2417:
1730:
1342:
1046:
741:Although the more energetic X-rays,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1815:
1236:
1038:Most existing X-ray telescopes use
807:mission (July 1975), and on French
799:Proportional counters were used on
710:The distinction between X-rays and
502:
418:weather satellite launched using a
301:Active X-ray observatory satellites
266:First specialised X-ray satellite,
24:
1666:Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis
1663:L'Annunziata M; Baradei M (2003).
1329:
25:
4591:
4441:List of proposed space telescopes
3127:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1941:
1458:"NuStar: Instrumentation: Optics"
988:Rotational Modulation Collimators
483:. Only three geometries that use
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4469:
4468:
1591:Physics for Diagnostic Radiology
1415:
1165:
814:
389:Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy
379:was launched on 25 July 2020 by
363:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
305:Satellites in use today include
190:entering the telescope, and the
34:
3348:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1636:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
1514:36th Cospar Scientific Assembly
1508:Tobiska, W; Nusinov, A (2006).
1468:
1392:
1243:Rui C. Barbosa (14 June 2017).
745:with an energy greater than 30
632:Detection and imaging of X-rays
570:of light at grazing incidence.
437:telescope array as well as the
370:Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope
45:needs additional citations for
1872:Cominsky L; Inoue H; Clark G.
1284:
1272:. copernical.com. 26 July 2020
1115:
1091:
1025:The X-ray spectrometer aboard
888:; the X-ray telescope onboard
845:Los Alamos National Laboratory
722:than the radiation emitted by
441:telescope. It was launched by
401:Space Variable Objects Monitor
13:
1:
4451:List of heliophysics missions
1619:Charles Hodgman, ed. (1961).
1332:"Chronology - Quarter 2 2006"
1085:
792:, but uses a lower operating
663:of Saturn (right). Saturn's
485:grazing incidence reflection
7:
4431:Great Observatories program
1588:Dendy PP; Heaton B (1999).
1073:
803:, on the US portion of the
778:gaseous ionization detector
550:The mirrors can be made of
377:Lobster-Eye X-ray Satellite
257:Goddard Space Flight Center
202:History of X-ray telescopes
10:
4596:
3922:Orbiting Solar Observatory
2206:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
2094:Anomalous X-ray scattering
1874:"Minoru Oda (1923 - 2001)"
1552:Journal of Applied Physics
907:by 120 mm thick. The
854:
765:
616:
456:
243:History of X-ray astronomy
236:
4474:Category:Space telescopes
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2119:
2112:
2051:
2010:
1949:
1826:(2nd ed.). Springer.
1698:. Springer. p. 109.
1230:"GOES Solar X-ray Imager"
841:Naval Research Laboratory
539:a high resolution imaging
477:grazing incidence mirrors
452:
294:Chandra X-Ray Observatory
137:Chandra X-ray Observatory
18:X-ray astronomy satellite
4436:List of space telescopes
2033:Synchrotron light source
1485:10.1017/cbo9780511781513
1009:ART-S X-ray spectrometer
397:high-energy astrophysics
359:Space Launch Complex 37B
2052:Interaction with matter
2011:Sources and instruments
1739:J. Br. Interplanet. Soc
1080:List of telescope types
1063:Transition-edge sensors
1058:Transition edge sensors
1033:
493:Kirkpatrick-Baez system
3762:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
2184:Diffraction tomography
1210:Cite journal requires
974:Observatory were four
866:
851:Scintillation detector
753:J), can penetrate the
672:
645:
512:
472:
467:One of the mirrors of
311:XMM-Newton observatory
234:
214:
140:
4580:Scientific techniques
3383:Space Solar Telescope
2295:X-ray crystallography
2164:Soft x-ray microscopy
2132:Panoramic radiography
1972:Synchrotron radiation
1724:imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
1696:Astroparticle Physics
1439:science.gsfc.nasa.gov
1404:imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
1338:on September 2, 2003.
1154:imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
935:Modulation collimator
864:
835:The X-ray monitor of
790:Geiger-Müller counter
762:Proportional counters
651:
639:
544:Signal-to-noise ratio
510:
466:
445:on 13 July 2019 from
220:
209:
186:), that collects the
135:
4456:List of planetariums
3358:NRO donation to NASA
2064:Photoelectric effect
1997:Characteristic X-ray
1464:on November 1, 2010.
774:proportional counter
768:Proportional counter
661:Hubble optical image
530:Types I, II, and III
481:collimated apertures
279:Einstein Observatory
231:Einstein Observatory
54:improve this article
4152:(Mission completed)
2434:Radio and Microwave
2084:Photodisintegration
2059:Rayleigh scattering
2038:Free-electron laser
1851:1969ApJ...157L.157C
1809:1972LPSC....3.2157A
1797:Proc Lunar Sci Conf
1751:1983JBIS...36..363H
1564:1977JAP....48.1852H
1526:2006cosp...36.2621T
1361:2021hai4.book.....B
1249:NASASpaceFlight.com
824:in orbit above the
731:linear accelerators
701:secondary electrons
429:The Russian-German
4089:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
3914:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
3898:Mikhailo Lomonosov
3746:Hinotori (Astro-A)
3353:New Worlds Mission
2325:X-ray reflectivity
2104:X-ray fluorescence
2069:Compton scattering
2002:High-energy X-rays
994:X-ray spectrometer
875:ionizing radiation
867:
786:ionizing radiation
755:Earth's atmosphere
673:
646:
613:Collimating optics
585:was about 15 kilo-
513:
497:lobster-eye optics
473:
270:, was launched by
235:
215:
161:Earth's atmosphere
141:
4482:
4481:
4380:SIM & SIMlite
3754:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
3714:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
3273:Astro-1 Telescope
3091:
3090:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2373:X-ray lithography
2305:Backscatter X-ray
2300:X-ray diffraction
2127:X-ray radiography
2099:X-ray diffraction
1992:Siegbahn notation
1705:978-3-540-25312-9
1680:978-0-12-436603-9
1649:978-0-201-02116-5
1605:978-0-7503-0591-4
1378:978-981-4644-38-9
1369:10.1142/9446-vol4
1052:Microcalorimeters
1047:Microcalorimeters
923:entrance window.
703:are generated by
517:Riccardo Giacconi
471:made of 203 foils
337:telescope, while
333:has launched the
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"X-ray telescope"
16:(Redirected from
4587:
4575:Solar telescopes
4565:X-ray telescopes
4547:
4546:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4472:
4471:
4271:
4267:Hitomi (Astro-H)
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4172:
4164:
4153:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3001:or unclassified)
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2746:Hinode (Solar-B)
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2637:Hinode (Solar-B)
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2552:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2430:
2429:
2419:Space telescopes
2412:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2211:X-ray holography
2117:
2116:
2089:Radiation damage
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:. Archived from
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1876:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1642:. pp. 2–5.
1631:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1572:10.1063/1.323938
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1528:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1498:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1460:. Archived from
1454:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:. Archived from
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1095:
953:X-ray collimator
948:upon the wires.
873:when excited by
830:secondary X-rays
568:total reflection
503:Focusing mirrors
405:gamma-ray bursts
325:observatory and
169:sounding rockets
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4460:
4446:X-ray telescope
4419:
4301:Constellation-X
4274:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4139:
4137:Yokoh (Solar-A)
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4105:Tenma (Astro-B)
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3866:LISA Pathfinder
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3722:HALCA (MUSES-B)
3716:
3708:
3700:
3698:Ginga (Astro-C)
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3417:Akari (Astro-F)
3411:
3397:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3000:
2999:Other (particle
2994:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2550:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2421:
2416:
2386:
2377:
2361:X-ray astronomy
2349:
2281:
2230:
2216:X-ray telescope
2108:
2079:Photoionization
2047:
2043:X-ray nanoprobe
2006:
1962:Absorption edge
1950:Characteristics
1945:
1940:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1835:
1831:
1822:Leo WR (1994).
1820:
1816:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1735:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1638:. Vol. 1.
1632:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1586:
1579:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1060:
1049:
1036:
996:
937:
859:
853:
817:
770:
764:
671:. 14 April 2003
634:
621:
615:
607:silicon carbide
505:
461:
455:
303:
249:
239:X-ray astronomy
213:X-ray satellite
204:
145:X-ray telescope
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3578:Compton (CGRO)
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3510:
3505:ASCA (Astro-D)
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Hypertelescope
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Fresnel Imager
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2923:Max Valier Sat
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2859:HXMT (Insight)
2856:
2851:Einstein Probe
2848:
2840:
2835:Chandra (AXAF)
2832:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2566:constellation
2561:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1905:on 2001-04-17.
1890:
1864:
1859:10.1086/180409
1829:
1814:
1787:
1756:
1729:
1711:
1704:
1686:
1679:
1673:. p. 58.
1671:Academic Press
1655:
1648:
1640:Addison-Wesley
1626:
1611:
1604:
1598:. p. 12.
1577:
1542:
1500:
1493:
1467:
1444:
1426:
1391:
1377:
1341:
1322:
1301:
1283:
1261:
1235:
1221:
1212:|journal=
1176:
1138:
1114:
1103:chandra.si.edu
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1059:
1056:
1048:
1045:
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697:photoelectrons
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617:Main article:
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3183:Solar-C EUVST
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2137:Tomosynthesis
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1967:Moseley's law
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1948:
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1943:X-ray science
1937:
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1894:
1880:on 2009-06-05
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1532:on 2018-10-01
1531:
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1494:9780511781513
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1471:
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1436:
1430:
1423:
1422:public domain
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1189:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:public domain
1155:
1151:
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1128:
1124:
1123:"Instruments"
1118:
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1055:
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1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:spectroscopic
1010:
1007:
1002:
1000:
991:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
970:On board the
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884:and its twin
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827:
823:
815:X-ray monitor
812:
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797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:is a type of
775:
769:
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739:
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721:
718:had a longer
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629:
627:
626:field of view
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584:
583:observatories
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541:
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494:
490:
489:Wolter system
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366:
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341:has launched
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321:observatory,
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182:(focusing or
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150:
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138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4549:Solar System
4445:
4322:
4305:
4149:Hibernating
3901:(2016–2019?)
3444:(1962, 1964)
3343:Nano-JASMINE
3167:NEO Surveyor
3083:(since 2006)
3075:(since 2020)
3067:(since 1995)
3059:(since 2019)
3051:(since 2017)
3043:(since 2008)
3035:(since 2015)
3027:(since 2015)
3019:(since 2011)
3011:(since 1997)
2990:(since 1999)
2982:(since 2024)
2974:(since 2023)
2966:(since 2022)
2958:(since 2012)
2950:(since 2017)
2942:(since 2018)
2934:(since 2009)
2926:(since 2017)
2918:(since 2004)
2910:(since 2024)
2902:(since 2019)
2894:(since 2021)
2886:(since 2020)
2878:(since 2008)
2870:(since 2002)
2862:(since 2017)
2854:(since 2024)
2846:(since 2015)
2838:(since 1999)
2830:(since 2015)
2805:(since 2004)
2797:(since 2006)
2789:(since 2020)
2781:(since 2008)
2773:(since 1995)
2765:(since 2010)
2757:(since 2013)
2749:(since 2006)
2741:(since 2021)
2733:(since 2015)
2725:(since 2022)
2717:(since 2023)
2696:(since 2018)
2688:(since 2004)
2680:(since 2008)
2672:(since 1995)
2664:(since 2010)
2656:(since 2001)
2648:(since 2013)
2640:(since 2006)
2632:(since 1990)
2624:(since 2005)
2616:(since 2013)
2608:(since 2021)
2600:(since 2023)
2592:(since 2015)
2584:(since 2019)
2576:(since 2021)
2568:(since 2013)
2559:(since 2015)
2551:(since 2018)
2530:(since 2009)
2522:(since 2008)
2514:(since 2001)
2506:(since 2022)
2485:(since 2024)
2477:(since 1994)
2469:(since 2018)
2461:(since 2006)
2453:(since 2020)
2445:(since 2018)
2235:Spectroscopy
2215:
2179:Ptychography
2113:Applications
2074:Auger effect
1977:Water window
1903:the original
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1867:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1742:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1665:
1658:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1590:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1517:
1513:
1503:
1476:
1470:
1462:the original
1438:
1429:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1351:
1344:
1336:the original
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1238:
1224:
1203:cite journal
1191:. Retrieved
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1061:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1020:microseconds
1003:
997:
981:
969:
963:
957:
950:
938:
898:
879:
871:luminescence
868:
857:Scintillator
834:
818:
811:instrument.
805:Apollo–Soyuz
798:
780:that counts
771:
740:
709:
682:
674:
655:'s image of
622:
587:electronvolt
572:
549:
534:
514:
474:
459:X-ray optics
433:carries the
428:
409:
374:
368:The Chinese
367:
351:
304:
291:
276:
265:
250:
227:Cassiopeia A
196:
177:
148:
144:
142:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4570:Radiography
4537:Outer space
4525:Spaceflight
4262:(2014–2015)
4214:(2012–2013)
4180:Lost/Failed
4171:(1998–2010)
4163:(1998–2005)
4140:(1991–2001)
4132:(2001–2010)
4116:(1970–1973)
4108:(1983–1985)
4100:(1975–1980)
4092:(2005–2015)
4084:(2003–2020)
4076:(2011–2019)
4068:(1979–1985)
4060:(1975–1979)
4052:(1972–1973)
4044:(1992–2004)
4036:(1995–2012)
4028:(1990–1999)
4020:(2002–2018)
4012:(1983–1984)
4004:(2009–2013)
3988:(2006–2016)
3917:(1972–1981)
3909:(1968–1973)
3893:(1996–1997)
3885:(2003–2019)
3877:(2015–2017)
3869:(2015–2017)
3861:(1997–2002)
3853:(1990–2001)
3845:(2009–2018)
3837:(1996–2004)
3829:(1978–1996)
3821:(1996–1998)
3813:(1995–1996)
3789:(1989–1993)
3781:(2000–2008)
3773:(1979–1981)
3765:(1978–1982)
3757:(2013–2023)
3749:(1981–1991)
3741:(2009–2013)
3733:(1977–1979)
3725:(1997–2005)
3717:(1979–1985)
3709:(1989–1998)
3701:(1987–1991)
3693:(1990–1992)
3685:(2003–2013)
3677:(1987–2001)
3669:(1999–2007)
3661:(1992–2001)
3653:(1983–1986)
3642:Explorer 11
3613:(2017–2019)
3605:(1989–1993)
3597:(1975–1982)
3589:(2006–2013)
3581:(1991–2000)
3573:(2003–2008)
3565:(1996–2003)
3557:(1974–1976)
3549:(1983–1991)
3508:(1993–2000)
3500:(1973–1974)
3492:(2017–2019)
3484:(1979–1982)
3476:(1974–1980)
3468:(1971–1972)
3460:(1967–1969)
3436:(1962–1972)
3428:(1993–2005)
3420:(2006–2011)
3412:(2007–2024)
2706:Ultraviolet
2028:Synchrotron
1839:Astrophys J
1558:(5): 1852.
1296:www.esa.int
1127:sci.esa.int
941:electronics
724:radioactive
716:X-ray tubes
689:irradiances
685:ultraviolet
659:(left) and
525:Hans Wolter
521:Bruno Rossi
385:lobster-eye
329:telescope.
184:collimating
4559:Categories
4121:Vanguard 3
3433:Alouette 1
3278:AstroSat-2
2987:XMM-Newton
2503:James Webb
2287:Scattering
2152:Helical CT
2018:X-ray tube
1884:2024-01-07
1781:2007-12-05
1536:2024-01-07
1315:14 January
1132:2016-02-19
1108:2016-02-19
1086:References
959:Minoru Oda
945:modulation
720:wavelength
712:gamma rays
705:ionization
579:XMM-Newton
556:metal foil
412:soft X-ray
297:of ROSAT.
237:See also:
173:satellites
80:newspapers
4501:Astronomy
4324:Eddington
4279:Cancelled
3786:Hipparcos
3199:Spektr-UV
3056:Mini-EUSO
3048:ISS-CREAM
2899:Spektr-RG
2819:Gamma-ray
2714:Aditya-L1
2605:Hayabusa2
2482:Queqiao 2
2426:Operating
1720:"Science"
1596:CRC Press
1409:7 January
1384:1 January
1276:23 August
1254:23 August
1193:7 January
1159:7 January
822:Apollo 15
809:TOURNESOL
782:particles
443:Roscosmos
431:Spektr-RG
343:Aditya-L1
223:supernova
221:Photo of
188:radiation
153:telescope
4375:Sentinel
4073:Spektr-R
4009:RELIKT-1
3850:Kristall
3738:Herschel
3562:BeppoSAX
3323:JEM-EUSO
3318:iWF-MAXI
3260:Proposed
3223:LiteBIRD
3215:Spektr-M
2939:MinXSS-2
2867:INTEGRAL
2730:Astrosat
2556:Astrosat
2495:Infrared
2023:Betatron
1845:: L157.
1803:: 2157.
1772:"Granat"
1520:: 2621.
1330:Wade M.
1074:See also
929:phoswich
905:diameter
603:platinum
601:(Si) or
595:tungsten
447:Baikonur
420:Delta IV
225:remnant
192:detector
165:balloons
4487:Portals
4424:Related
4335:FINESSE
4313:Destiny
4296:Astro-G
4259:Tsubame
4251:Astro-E
4227:ABRIXAS
4081:Spitzer
4065:Solwind
4017:R/HESSI
3977:Orion 2
3969:Orion 1
3674:Kvant-1
3570:CHIPSat
3533:Astro-2
3513:Astro-1
3489:ASTERIA
3481:Ariel 6
3473:Ariel 5
3465:Ariel 4
3457:Ariel 3
3449:Ariel 2
3441:Ariel 1
3402:Retired
3393:THESEUS
3378:Solar-D
3373:PhoENiX
3218:(2030+)
3175:JASMINE
3143:Xuntian
3111:SPHEREx
3096:Planned
2645:NEOSSat
2540:Optical
2466:Queqiao
2366:History
2120:Imaging
1847:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1747:Bibcode
1745:: 363.
1560:Bibcode
1522:Bibcode
1357:Bibcode
925:Kvant-1
913:photons
909:KONUS-B
886:Vela 5B
882:Vela 5A
837:Solwind
794:voltage
749:(4,800
743:photons
736:nucleus
653:Chandra
609:(SiC).
599:silicon
575:Chandra
564:iridium
552:ceramic
435:eROSITA
416:GOES-13
361:at the
354:GOES 14
323:Chandra
151:) is a
94:scholar
4400:TAUVEX
4307:Darwin
4286:Aelita
4270:(2016)
4254:(2000)
4246:(1999)
4238:(1996)
4235:HETE-1
4230:(1999)
4222:(1965)
4206:(1976)
4198:(1970)
4190:(1966)
4124:(1959)
4041:SAMPEX
4001:Planck
3996:(2018)
3993:PicSat
3985:PAMELA
3980:(1973)
3972:(1971)
3874:MinXSS
3842:Kepler
3805:(1983)
3797:(2024)
3778:HETE-2
3770:HEAO-3
3730:HEAO-1
3706:Granat
3650:EXOSAT
3645:(1961)
3637:(2010)
3629:(2008)
3621:(1993)
3610:CXBN-2
3546:Astron
3541:(1995)
3516:(1990)
3452:(1964)
3425:ALEXIS
3333:LUVOIR
3283:EXCEDE
3250:(2035)
3242:(2035)
3239:Athena
3234:(2033)
3226:(2032)
3210:(2030)
3202:(2030)
3194:(2029)
3186:(2028)
3178:(2028)
3170:(2027)
3162:(2027)
3154:(2027)
3146:(2026)
3138:(2026)
3130:(2026)
3122:(2026)
3119:K-EUSO
3114:(2025)
3106:(2025)
3103:PETREL
3080:STEREO
3016:AMS-02
2979:XPoSat
2955:NuSTAR
2794:STEREO
2738:Hibari
2629:Hubble
2621:HiRISE
2597:Euclid
2589:DSCOVR
2581:CHEOPS
2458:STEREO
2354:Others
2315:GISAXS
1987:L-edge
1982:K-edge
1702:
1677:
1646:
1602:
1491:
1375:
1310:"Svom"
1027:ISEE-3
1006:Granat
972:Granat
901:PHEBUS
801:EXOSAT
727:nuclei
657:Saturn
642:opaque
591:NuSTAR
581:X-ray
495:, and
453:Optics
439:ART-XC
399:. The
347:XPoSat
287:EXOSAT
261:Skylab
245:, and
180:optics
171:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4513:Stars
4395:SPOrt
4390:SPICA
4370:OSO K
4365:OSO J
4219:OSO C
4203:CORSA
4195:OAO-B
4187:OAO-1
4168:TRACE
4113:Uhuru
4057:SAS-C
4049:SAS-B
4025:ROSAT
3962:OSO 8
3957:OSO 7
3952:OSO 6
3947:OSO 5
3942:OSO 4
3937:OSO 3
3932:OSO B
3927:OSO 1
3906:OAO-2
3858:LEGRI
3794:ILO-X
3690:Gamma
3682:GALEX
3634:EPOXI
3626:EPOCh
3594:Cos-B
3586:CoRoT
3521:BBXRT
3409:AGILE
3388:THEIA
3363:ORBIS
3313:ILO-1
3298:HabEx
3293:FOCAL
3268:Arcus
3231:Taiji
3191:ARIEL
3135:PLATO
3032:DAMPE
3024:CALET
2971:XRISM
2947:NICER
2915:Swift
2883:GECAM
2875:Fermi
2843:DAMPE
2827:CALET
2815:X-ray
2802:Swift
2778:SOLAR
2722:ASO-S
2685:Swift
2677:SOLAR
2573:CHASE
2564:BRITE
2519:SOLAR
2345:EDXRD
2267:XANES
2262:EXAFS
2252:ARPES
2199:3DXRD
1957:X-ray
1016:MWPCs
999:OSO 8
976:WATCH
965:SAS 3
894:OSO 5
890:OSO 4
665:X-ray
605:(Pt)/
469:XRISM
422:from
335:XRISM
319:Swift
283:ROSAT
268:Uhuru
211:Uhuru
157:X-ray
101:JSTOR
87:books
4415:XIPE
4410:XEUS
4385:SNAP
4360:LOFT
4355:JDEM
4340:GEMS
4330:FAME
4318:EChO
4291:AOSO
4243:WIRE
4211:CXBN
4160:SWAS
4129:WMAP
4033:RXTE
3882:MOST
3834:IXAE
3810:IRTS
3802:IRAS
3666:FUSE
3658:EUVE
3602:COBE
3338:Lynx
3328:LUCI
3247:LISA
3207:UVEX
3159:LORD
3151:COSI
3064:SOHO
3040:IBEX
2963:LEIA
2931:MAXI
2907:SVOM
2891:IXPE
2817:and
2770:SOHO
2754:IRIS
2693:TESS
2669:SOHO
2653:Odin
2613:Gaia
2527:WISE
2511:Odin
2474:Wind
2442:NCLE
2330:RIXS
2320:WAXS
2310:SAXS
2221:DFXM
2189:XDCT
2174:STXM
2169:XPCI
2157:XACT
1776:NASA
1700:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1411:2024
1386:2024
1373:ISBN
1317:2024
1278:2020
1256:2020
1216:help
1195:2024
1161:2024
1034:CCDs
1004:The
982:The
899:The
843:and
826:Moon
699:and
597:(W)/
577:and
560:gold
519:and
479:and
381:CNSA
375:The
352:The
345:and
339:ISRO
331:JAXA
327:IXPE
315:NASA
292:The
277:The
272:NASA
73:news
4405:TPF
4350:IXO
4345:HOP
3890:MSX
3826:IUE
3818:ISO
3618:DXS
3554:ANS
3537:HUT
3526:HUT
3497:ATM
3368:OST
3303:HWO
3008:ACE
2762:SDO
2661:SDO
2548:Aoi
2335:XRS
2277:XFH
2272:EDS
2257:AES
2247:XPS
2242:XAS
2226:DXA
2194:DCT
2142:CDI
1855:doi
1843:157
1568:doi
1481:doi
1365:doi
1070:).
1040:CCD
951:An
939:In
917:NaI
784:of
747:keV
693:EUV
678:keV
669:Sun
562:or
554:or
317:'s
309:'s
307:ESA
253:Sun
149:XRT
143:An
56:by
4561::
3539:)
2340:XS
2147:CT
1853:.
1841:.
1799:.
1774:.
1759:^
1743:36
1741:.
1722:.
1669:.
1594:.
1580:^
1566:.
1556:48
1554:.
1518:36
1516:.
1512:.
1487:.
1479:.
1447:^
1437:.
1402:.
1371:.
1363:.
1294:.
1247:.
1207::
1205:}}
1201:{{
1179:^
1152:.
1141:^
1125:.
1101:.
1022:.
990:.
943:,
921:Be
832:.
772:A
738:.
499:.
491:,
410:A
407:.
365:.
349:.
289:.
241:,
175:.
167:,
4489::
3535:(
2411:e
2404:t
2397:v
1935:e
1928:t
1921:v
1887:.
1861:.
1857::
1849::
1811:.
1807::
1801:2
1784:.
1753:.
1749::
1726:.
1708:.
1683:.
1652:.
1608:.
1574:.
1570::
1562::
1539:.
1524::
1497:.
1483::
1441:.
1424:.
1413:.
1388:.
1367::
1359::
1319:.
1298:.
1280:.
1258:.
1232:.
1218:)
1214:(
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1174:.
1163:.
1135:.
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1068:K
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91:·
84:·
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