1173:(Upper Mesopotamia) and the Kufan garrison along the way. Basra's governor, Ibn Artat, arrested many of Ibn al-Muhallab's brothers and cousins before his arrival to the city. He advanced against Yazid when the latter approached the city, but was unable to stop Yazid's entry. With support from his Yamani tribal allies in the Basra, Yazid besieged Ibn Artat in the city's citadel. Yazid then seized the citadel, captured the governor, and established control over Basra. The Mudari soldiers, despite their rivalry with the Yaman and ill disposition toward Yazid, did not actively or effectively oppose him. Tribal factionalism was not a decisive factor in Yazid's recruitment: though many of the Azd backed him, several opposed his bid and he gained no support from the Yaman in Syria, while many Mudari soldiers in Basra and elsewhere in Iraq joined him.
1072:, both Caspian-adjacent regions northwest of Tabaristan, in later confrontations that year. After having beaten the defenders in the plains, Yazid's troops came under assault by the defenders as they ascended the mountains. While they did not inflict heavy casualties on the Arabs, many of the latter died falling into ravines during the chaotic retreat. Spurred on by Farrukhan's victory, the people of Jurjan revolted against the small Arab garrison left there and Yazid's army came close to becoming surrounded and annihilated. In Kennedy's words, "Only some clever diplomacy allowed him to make a peace deal, which could be portrayed as a success". In return for a tributary arrangement with Farrukhan, Yazid withdrew Muslim troops from the region. Tabaristan remained independent of Arab rule until 760, when it was conquered by the
970:
961:, who was killed; the torture was administered by Yazid's brother Abd al-Malik. He installed his loyalists throughout the East: out of the seventeen appointments made by him, fourteen were to Yamanis and one to the Yamani-allied Rabi'a. His deference to and promotion of the Azd may have stemmed from his and the Muhallabids' desire to secure themselves as leaders of the tribe in spite of their "fairly obscure origin", according to Hawting. Yazid's time in office represented the peak of Muhallabid power. He appointed his brothers Habib, Marwan, Mudrik and Ziyad as the respective subgovernors of Sind, Basra, Sijistan, and Oman, while his son Mukhallad governed Khurasan in Yazid's absence.
1271:
supporters confronted the
Syrians and was slain, along with two of his brothers and al-Sumayda. Roughly two hundred prisoners-of-war were captured from Yazid's camp and were executed on the caliph's orders. Yazid's son Mu'awiya retaliated with the execution of Ibn Artat and his thirty supporters incarcerated in Wasit. Numerous fugitives from Yazid's army fled in different directions, with the Muhallabids and some of the Kufan noblemen escaping first to Basra and from there taking boats to Kerman and ultimately to
1305:, by the caliph signaled a triumph for the Mudar faction in the province and its eastern dependencies. According to Wellhausen, "the proscription of the whole of the prominent and powerful family, a measure hitherto unheard of in the history of the Umaiyids , came like a declaration of war against the Yemen in general, and the corollary was that the government was degenerating into a Qaisite party-rule". The Yamani tribes of Khurasan viewed the events as a humiliation and during the
675:
1129:
1301:), and Ibn al-Ash'ath, divisions among the Iraqis under Yazid had enabled the Umayyads and their elite Syrian troops to defeat them and impose their rule in Iraq. The suppression of his revolt marked the last of the great anti-Umayyad uprisings in Iraq. The defeat of the Muhallabids and the successive appointments to the governorship of Iraq of the pro-Qaysi Maslama and shortly after Maslama's lieutenant, the Qaysi stalwart
3473:
1166:), had acceded, Yazid escaped from prison. He feared punishment by the new caliph for his role in the torture and deaths of members of al-Hajjaj's family, the caliph's in-laws. The caliph had long held suspicions, nurtured by al-Hajjaj, of Yazid's and the Muhallabid family's influence and ambitions in Iraq and the eastern Caliphate.
717:. Al-Muhallab died in 702 and al-Hajjaj appointed Yazid in his place. Neither al-Muhallab, nor Yazid effected any significant conquests during their tenures in Khurasan. After two years of struggle, al-Muhallab settled for a tributary agreement with Kish and withdrew to Merv, while Yazid is credited by the 8th-century historian
1052:
with Yazid, involving significant tribute, after a six-month siege. Once the Turks were defeated, Yazid proceeded to subdue Jurjan, which fell with little resistance, partly because some of the
Iranian population were receptive to Arab protection from the Turks. He secured control of Jurjan by founding a city there (modern
467:, who restricted Yazid's lavish expenditures. The following year, Yazid's remit was extended to Khurasan, making him practical viceroy of the eastern half of the Caliphate. He adopted a partisan approach, persecuting al-Hajjaj's relatives and appointees and almost exclusively distributing power among the
933:
Bosworth comments that in
Khurasan, distant from the caliphal center of power and with the solid backing of the Azdi soldiers, Yazid "could discriminate against the Tamim and other North Arab tribes and could engage in financial malpractices". The troops of Khurasan were largely drawn from the Basra
915:
Seeking to avoid Salih's financial constraints, Yazid persuaded the caliph to relocate to
Khurasan in mid-716. While freeing himself of Salih's oversight was the motive ascribed to Yazid by the traditional sources, modern scholars consider the potential for greater profits in Khurasan and stronger
1270:
Hostilities commenced on 24 August when
Maslama crossed the bridge over the Euphrates towards Yazid's camp and burned the bridge behind him. Beginning with the Tamim of Kufa, the Iraqis abandoned the field. Dismissing advice from his counsel to withdraw to Wasit and regroup, Yazid and some of his
1051:
sued for peace, obtaining amnesty from Yazid for him, his family and livestock. Yazid entered his territory, taking thousands of captives, including some 14,000 Turks whom he executed. In another version, the leader of
Dihistan had retired to a small fortified island in the Caspian and made terms
542:
family was hunted down, with many of their members killed. The near-elimination of the
Muhallabids and the subsequent domination by the QaysâMudar in Iraq and the east was a humiliation for the Yaman and revenge for the Muhallabids became a rallying cry amongst the Yamanis of Khurasan during the
1084:
In a letter, Yazid congratulated
Sulayman on the conquests of Tabaristan and Jurjan, which had eluded previous caliphs until "God made this conquest on behalf" of Sulayman. He reported substantial spoils from the campaigns, declaring the customary fifth of the booty owed to the caliph to be six
1206:, though not Khurasan, where Mudari troops counterbalanced the pro-Muhallabid Yamani faction in the province's garrisons. Yazid then advanced toward Kufa, where he attracted support across the tribal spectrum and among many of its noble Arab households, including from the families of
1180:(jihad) against the caliph and the Syrian troops who historically enforced Umayyad rule in Iraq. Through this appeal, he gained support among the religious opponents of Umayyad rule, including from some Kharijites. Among the latter was al-Sumayda al-Kindi. Most of the pious
924:
for nine months. He had been chosen by the troops of
Khurasan to lead them after their mutiny against Qutayba, who was killed attempting to revolt against Sulayman shortly after his accession. To justify replacing him, Yazid persuaded Sulayman that Waki was a rough
769:
family's prestige and their power base among the Azd tribesmen, who were a major component of the troops in Basra and
Khurasan. After the suppression of Ibn al-Ash'ath, the Muhallabids were "the last Iraqi family of major importance", according to the historian
912:, a career tax official, to head the provincial treasury, leaving Yazid to head military and religious affairs. Salih answered directly to Sulayman and had his own Syrian guard. He consistently declined Yazid's exorbitant requests of the treasury.
929:
lacking in administrative ability. In addition to Khurasan, Yazid retained the governorship of Iraq and thus became the practical viceroy of the East. In the words of the historian Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban, he became "Sulayman's own al-Hajjaj".
1059:
Next, Yazid moved on Tabaristan, whose defenders had historically driven back attempts by Arab Muslim armies to enter the narrow passes of the mountains protecting their homeland. There, Yazid's initial success was reversed by Tabaristan's ruler,
908:. Yazid was wary of inviting the Iraqis' ire by emulating the stringent taxation policy of al-Hajjaj but also of falling short in revenue if he relaxed collections. Upon his request, the caliph divested him of fiscal authority and appointed
841:
with their fellow Azd, who were a considerable component of the Arab tribal soldiery in the district, under the nobles Wuhayb ibn Abd al-Rahman and Sufyan ibn Sulaym. Both were retainers of the Umayyad prince and governor of Palestine,
1117:
144:
1024:, these regions had remained largely independent of Muslim rule, despite repeated attempts to subdue them. The campaign lasted for four months and involved a 100,000-strong army assembled from the garrisons of Kufa, Basra,
744:
reinforcements, who were the military mainstay of the Umayyad caliphs, Yazid intercepted rebels who had escaped into Khurasan from Iraq. Taking a partisan approach to the rebels, he released those affiliated with the
1258:
Abu Rabu, became a liability as they insisted Yazid first allow the Syrians to repent on the basis of the Quran and the Sunna, instead of mounting an assault against them. Their actions was reminiscent of Caliph
1197:
Umar II had likely withdrawn most of the Syrians from Wasit, their main Iraqi garrison, and Yazid captured the city with relative ease. In the summer, he gained the support of Basra's dependencies, namely Ahwaz,
887:
notes that Sulayman "came completely under his influence and let himself be still more prejudiced by him against HajjĂąj", who backed al-Walid's unsuccessful efforts to replace Sulayman with his own son,
235:
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In the words of Kennedy, Yazid "was perhaps the only indigenous Iraqi leader to have survived al-Hajjaj's rule" and was "the last of the old-style Iraqi champions". As before under Caliph Ali (
953:
Yazid persecuted the relatives and subordinates of Qutayba in Khurasan. In Iraq, he had directed Salih to oversee the arrest and torture of al-Hajjaj's relatives, including the conqueror of
873:
1267:
against the Syrians in 657. Having lost confidence in his troops as a result of this, Yazid supposedly despaired of his dependence on the numerous Iraqis rather than the Azd of Khurasan.
950:, Yazid's period in office is associated with "the emergence of Mudari and Yemeni factionalism in the east", i.e. in Iraq and Khurasan. Yazid dismissed all of al-Hajjaj's appointees.
806:
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Despite demonstrating loyalty, Yazid was dismissed by al-Hajjaj in 704, helping the latter firm up his authority over Khurasan. Al-Hajjaj was wary of Yazid due to his and his
879:
For the length of time Yazid stayed with Sulayman in Palestine, al-Tabari provides the contradictory "nine months" and until al-Hajjaj died in July 714, while the version of
921:
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and a letter from Sulayman requesting he respect the asylum he provided to Yazid. Al-Walid affirmed and instructed al-Hajjaj to end his pursuits against the Muhallabids.
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1089:. This huge sum was a boastful exaggeration. Since Yazid's campaign in Tabaristan was abortive, most of the booty must have come from Jurjan, according to the historian
3535:
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Hodge, Malek (2017). "Tabaristan during the 'Abbasid Period: The Overlapping Coinage of the Governors and other Officials (144â178H)". In Faghfoury, Mostafa (ed.).
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in Sind. The Umayyad authorities pursued and killed many of the Muhallabids, including nine to fourteen boys who were sent to Yazid II and executed by his order.
1214:. Nonetheless, Kufan support was not unanimous, and the governor of the city took up position at Nukhayla, on Kufa's southern outskirts, to block Yazid's advance.
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The History of al-áčŹabarÄ«, Volume XXIII: The Zenith of the MarwÄnid House: The Last Years of ÊżAbd al-Malik and the Caliphate of al-WalÄ«d, A.D. 700â715/A.H. 81â95
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weaver or sailor who had been embraced by the Azd for his military prowess. Yazid's mother was a daughter of an Azdite, Sa'id (or Yazid) ibn Qabisa ibn Sarraq.
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garrison and were made up mainly of five tribal groups increasingly split into two factions: the Tamim and Qays of the 'northern' Mudar faction and the rival
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in 90 AH (708 or 709 CE). The Muhallabids managed to escape and reached a place near Basra, whereupon they headed toward Syria. They gained refuge in
1104:). When Yazid did not forward to the caliph his fifth of the spoils from the Caspian campaigns, Umar recalled him from Khurasan and imprisoned him in
904:. He initially took up office in Wasit, and "speedily aroused opposition ... because of his exactions and arbitrary rule", according to the historian
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Sulayman acceded upon al-Walid's death in 715 and appointed Yazid governor of Iraq, in place of the interim governor, the al-Hajjaj loyalist
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The History of al-áčŹabarÄ«, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of SulaymÄn, ÊżUmar, and YazÄ«d, A.D. 715â724/A.H. 96â105
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583:. Al-Muhallab's actual lineage from the Azd is disputed in the traditional sources, and his father, Abu Sufra, was most likely a
3530:
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655:, who governed Iraq from Basra. During this period, al-Muhallab was the leading general in the Basran war efforts against the
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Qutayba had won renown for leading the troops of Khurasan to great conquests in Transoxiana, the massive region beyond the
1043:. There, Yazid blockaded the region's defenders, consisting mainly of Chöl Turks. According to one version of events, the
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The History of al-áčŹabarÄ«, Volume XXII: The MarwÄnid Restoration: The Caliphate of ÊżAbd al-Malik, A.D. 693â701/A.H. 74â81
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and Syria. It marked the first deployment of Syrian troops, the elite military faction of the Caliphate, to Khurasan.
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coast, which had eluded previous Arab armies. His initial success was reversed by an Iranian military alliance under
460:
373:
94:
1093:. The letter did not reach the caliph, who died in September 717, and was instead received by Sulayman's successor,
697:, the Caliphate's eastern frontier province, by the Umayyad viceroy of Iraq and the eastern caliphate ('the East'),
3510:
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3418:
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868:(safe conduct). According to the general narrative in the sources, Yazid was sent in chains to al-Walid's court in
425:
in the early 8th century. In 720, he led the last of a series of wide scale Iraqi rebellions against the Umayyads.
335:
139:
860:
Sulayman paid the large fine Yazid owed to al-Hajjaj and interceded on his behalf with the caliph, who gave Yazid
705:, who had been in charge of Khurasan's fiscal affairs, Yazid was sent by his father to the provincial capital of
368:
127:
3022:
2928:
2462:
789:). Yazid reported to al-Hajjaj's summons in April or May 704; his initial replacement by al-Hajjaj, his brother
3272:
3257:
1170:
3327:
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534:) elements of the population. The rebellion was easily defeated by the Syrian army of the Umayyad general
3067:
1309:
which toppled the Umayyads in 750 they adopted as one of their slogans "revenge for the Banu Muhallab ".
1190:(non-Arab Muslim converts) of Basra supported Yazid's cause, with the exception of the prominent scholar
790:
522:
troops on which their power rested. He gained a wide following in Basra and Iraq's other chief garrison,
87:
3010:
2916:
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1302:
1132:
Map of medieval Basra, showing the division of the city into fifths along Arab tribal factional lines:
916:
tribal support there as additional motives. At the time, Khurasan had effectively been governed by the
802:
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in Iran. Yazid began his military career fighting under his father during these campaigns. In 691 the
463:. His authority was limited to military and religious affairs, with the provincial treasury headed by
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and reward them with abundant booty". In early 716, Yazid attempted to conquer the principalities of
1004:, "there is no doubt that Yazīd wanted to emulate him and show that he could lead armies against the
843:
737:
591:
556:
448:
432:, as governor of Khurasan, in 702. In 704, Yazid was dismissed and imprisoned by the Umayyad viceroy
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The End of the JihĂąd State: The Reign of HishÄm ibn Ê»Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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502:. Upon the latter's death in 720, Yazid escaped prison to avoid maltreatment by the next caliph,
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149:
55:
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SÄ«stÄn under the Arabs: From the Islamic Conquest to the Rise of the áčąaffÄrids (30â250, 651â864)
1254:. According to Hawting, at this point, the pious supporters of Yazid, led by al-Sumayda and the
1169:
Yazid made for his family and tribal stronghold of Basra, evading pursuers from the Qays in the
3436:
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403:
292:
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1076:, the successors of the Umayyads, but remained a restive province dominated by local dynasts.
793:, was dismissed after Yazid entered al-Hajjaj's custody and replaced with al-Hajjaj's protege
2818:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2794:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2660:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1222:
958:
798:
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Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ÊżAbbÄsid State: Incubation of a Revolt
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Crone, Patricia (1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?".
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2863:. The Max Schloessinger Memorial Series. Jerusalem and Leiden: The Magnes Press and Brill.
901:
778:, but al-Hajjaj was able, after much persuasion, to obtain the dismissal order from Caliph
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tribal-political faction to which his Azd tribe belonged, while sending those of the rival
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in the mid to late 7th century; the other main garrison center and capital of Iraq was
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363:
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for allegedly pilfering these spoils. The viceroyalty of the East was broken up, with
797:. Concurrent with Yazid's dismissal and imprisonment, al-Hajjaj dismissed his brother
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In the meantime, Yazid II dispatched his brother and nephew, the veteran commanders
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and kept al-Muhallab in his role against the Azariqa until he defeated them in 698.
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E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913â1936, Volume VII áčŹÄÊŸif â ZĆ«rkhÄna
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2607:
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1226:
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484:
444:
394:
346:
526:, with support across the tribal spectrum and among the religious and non-Arab (
506:, a relative of al-Hajjaj. He established himself in his family's stronghold of
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gained recognition there and al-Muhallab served under Ibn al-Zubayr's brother,
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
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The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
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Yazid continued to serve under his father when he was appointed governor of
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to join his revolt against al-Hajjaj and Umayyad rule in 700â701. When the
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Upon hearing that Umar was severely ill or that his designated successor,
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and encamped near Yazid's position, which was situated at a place called
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district bordering Basra, where he was overseeing a campaign against the
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308:
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2997:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
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The caliph pardoned Yazid, but he maintained his opposition, declaring
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faction. In 716, he led months-long military campaigns to conquer the
3221:
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2612:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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3029:(Reprint ed.). Leiden, New York and Köln: Brill. p. 1163.
2679:. Lancaster and London: Classical Numismatic Group. pp. 71â78.
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Arabs in the Early Islamic Empire: Exploring al-Azd Tribal Identity
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Al-Muhallab and Yazid had refused entreaties by the Iraqi nobleman
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to tend to affairs, while his father was besieging the fortress of
621:
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503:
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The first target of the campaign were the isolated settlements of
498:
When Sulayman died, Yazid was imprisoned by his successor, Caliph
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2022:
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1094:
926:
722:
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625:
499:
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1225:, to suppress the revolt with the Syrian army. They crossed the
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over Basra and a member of Caliph Umar's family over Kufa named
774:. Yazid had refused several summons by al-Hajjaj to his seat at
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clarifies that he remained until al-Hajjaj died. The historian
812:
610:
456:
413:; 672/673â24 August 720) was a commander and statesman for the
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Iranian Numismatic Studies: A Volume in Honor of Stephen Album
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2019:
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946:, and the 'southern' (Yamani) Azd. According to the historian
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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661â750
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1997:
1995:
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Sprengling, Martin (April 1939). "From Persian to Arabic".
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1908:
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3013:(1993) . "Yazīd b. al-Muhallab b. Abī Sufra al-Azdī". In
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The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
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The Umayyad Caliphate, 65â86/684â705: (A Political Study)
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2214:
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2007:
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1980:
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1814:
1721:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1573:
1515:
1513:
1474:
1260:
1149:
639:). After Umayyad rule collapsed in Iraq in 684, amid the
560:
472:
2344:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2132:
2130:
2128:
1799:
1777:
1775:
1641:
1639:
973:
Watershed map of the Iranian regions along the southern
567:
but whose members established a significant presence in
204:
Daughter of Sa'id or Yazid ibn Qabisa ibn Sarraq al-Azdi
1968:
1944:
1898:
1896:
1878:
1854:
1464:
1462:
1411:
1020:. Ruled by local Iranian dynasties and shielded by the
2286:
2166:
1920:
1842:
1811:
1762:
1760:
1663:
1549:
1510:
1118:
Abd al-Hamid ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn al-Khattab
243:
145:
Abd al-Hamid ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn al-Khattab
2397:
Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
2190:
2125:
2070:
1787:
1772:
1745:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1636:
1597:
1525:
1498:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
964:
857:). The Azd facilitated Yazid's asylum with Sulayman.
1932:
1893:
1733:
1561:
1459:
1435:
1423:
1230:
1079:
1044:
861:
825:
Yazid and his brothers were brought by al-Hajjaj to
810:
527:
408:
2636:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
1757:
1609:
1447:
1694:
1369:
1585:
1123:
846:, the brother and successor-in-waiting to Caliph
3536:Prisoners and detainees of the Umayyad Caliphate
3487:
2886:(2). The University of Chicago Press: 175â224.
428:He succeeded his father, the prominent general
3126:
760:
495:and he settled for a tributary arrangement.
229:
3140:
3009:
2334:
2013:
1405:
1235:
3133:
3119:
2987:
2946:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2877:
2580:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2484:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2438:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2319:
2268:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2184:
2160:
2148:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2064:
2049:
2001:
1986:
1872:
1727:
1688:
1630:
1543:
1263:'s pious supporters' demand of him at the
1016:, located along the southern coast of the
555:Yazid was born in 672 or 673. His father,
475:, belonged, to the detriment of the rival
236:
222:
2973:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2954:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 811â813.
2914:
2839:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2588:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821â822.
2492:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 358â360.
2400:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1417:
701:, in 698. After the death of his brother
3541:Rebellions against the Umayyad Caliphate
2774:
2738:
2358:
1962:
1950:
1902:
1887:
1836:
1676:
1127:
968:
673:
550:
2717:
2693:
2626:
2556:
2310:, pp. 80, 84, 96â98, 101â102, 108.
2307:
2295:
2172:
2136:
1926:
1914:
1848:
1824:
1781:
1751:
1715:
1519:
669:
3488:
2966:
2853:
2832:
2808:
2787:
2744:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
2460:
2280:
2256:
2196:
2076:
2028:
1974:
1860:
1793:
1739:
1703:
1645:
1603:
1579:
1504:
1468:
1441:
1429:
1341:The governorship of Iraq consisted of
895:
820:
3114:
2674:
2650:
2535:
2506:
2414:
2390:
1938:
1805:
1766:
1657:
1615:
1567:
1555:
1531:
1492:
1480:
1453:
1382:
1064:, and his coalition from neighboring
725:area south of Merv from the Buddhist
217:
16:Umayyad provincial governor (672â720)
2703:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
2446:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 357.
977:coast in the 8th century, including
2602:
1591:
547:which toppled the Umayyads in 750.
510:, one of Iraq's chief capitals and
398:
202:Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra (father)
13:
1349:and their dependencies, Khurasan,
965:Campaigns in Jurjan and Tabaristan
14:
3552:
1329:was a sub-province of Iraq under
1080:Second dismissal and imprisonment
664:Umayyads regained control of Iraq
3471:
2609:A History of Palestine, 634â1099
1110:al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
721:for capturing a fortress in the
590:Al-Muhallab participated in the
559:, belonged to the Arab tribe of
471:faction to which his tribe, the
326:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
140:Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
3516:Medieval Arabs killed in battle
2724:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press.
2328:
1296:
1285:
1161:
1099:
852:
784:
634:
615:
604:
487:principalities of the southern
128:Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki
60:
3298:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
3283:Second siege of Constantinople
3273:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3258:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
3096:Governorship of Iraq abolished
2788:Powers, David S., ed. (1989).
2781:Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online)
1335:
1319:
1124:Rebellion against the Umayyads
283:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
1:
3531:Umayyad governors of Khurasan
3248:First siege of Constantinople
2994:The Arab Kingdom and its Fall
2536:Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer (1971).
1363:
1000:. According to the historian
892:, in the line of succession.
757:to al-Hajjaj for punishment.
598:during the reigns of caliphs
518:against the Umayyads and the
437:
410:Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdī
391:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi
374:Kharijite Rebellion (866â896)
3328:Umayyad rule in North Africa
3268:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1294:ruler Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr (
1278:
801:from the subgovernorship of
729:prince Nizak in 703 or 704.
682:in the 8th century, showing
7:
3068:al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab
2775:Madelung, Wilferd (2011) .
2559:"SulaymÄn b. ÊżAbd al-Malik"
1231:
1045:
862:
811:
791:al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab
528:
459:in 715, he appointed Yazid
455:. When Sulayman acceded as
443:and gained asylum with the
409:
88:Al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab
10:
3557:
3303:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
3278:Umayyad campaigns in India
2758:Cambridge University Press
2417:"Al-Muhallab b. AbÄ« áčąufra"
1303:Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari
761:Dismissal and imprisonment
703:al-Mughira ibn al-Muhallab
538:. Yazid was slain and his
288:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
3526:Umayyad governors of Iraq
3469:
3459:Painting of the Six Kings
3417:
3336:
3230:
3149:
3091:
3082:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3050:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
3046:
2336:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1112:appointed over Khurasan,
942:, both grouped under the
844:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
557:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
449:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
430:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
253:
208:
198:
186:
173:
165:
160:
156:
133:
121:
111:
100:
93:
81:
76:Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
69:
51:
40:
32:
28:
21:
3442:Great Mosque of Damascus
3288:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
3263:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
3103:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
2915:Strenziok, Gert (1960).
2521:10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1
2163:, pp. 316â317, 319.
1660:, p. 163, note 540.
1312:
1250:), close to the site of
1219:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
1091:Khalid Yahya Blankinship
890:Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid
563:, historically based in
536:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
514:, whereupon he declared
336:QaysâYaman war (793â796)
273:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
95:Umayyad governor of Iraq
3511:8th-century Arab people
3506:7th-century Arab people
2031:, p. 80, note 287.
1114:Adi ibn Artat al-Fazari
910:Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman
649:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
641:Second Muslim Civil War
571:, one of the two chief
465:Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman
150:Adi ibn Artat al-Fazari
3437:Great Mosque of Aleppo
3293:Second ArabâKhazar War
2967:Ulrich, Brian (2019).
2836:The Abbasid Revolution
2833:Shaban, M. A. (1970).
2718:Kennedy, Hugh (2007).
1152:
993:
690:
647:-based counter-caliph
592:early Muslim conquests
3407:ArabâSasanian coinage
3308:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
1495:, pp. 13, 26â27.
1223:al-Abbas ibn al-Walid
1131:
1039:, north of the river
972:
959:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
809:, as the head of his
805:and another brother,
740:by al-Hajjaj and his
738:revolt was suppressed
678:Watershed map of the
677:
551:Early life and career
293:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
23:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
3427:Umayyad architecture
3078:Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha
2760:. pp. 198â249.
2557:Eisener, R. (1997).
2122:, pp. 313, 316.
1483:, pp. 177, 181.
902:Yazid ibn Abi Muslim
872:with Sulayman's son
670:Governor of Khurasan
247:the early Caliphates
33:Umayyad governor of
3389:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
2461:Crone, P. (1993b).
2322:, pp. 319â320.
2283:, pp. 144â146.
2271:, pp. 318â319.
2259:, pp. 140â141.
2235:, pp. 317â318.
2211:, pp. 316â317.
2151:, pp. 315â316.
2110:, pp. 314â315.
1965:, pp. 200â206.
1917:, pp. 193â194.
1839:, pp. 198â199.
1808:, pp. 141â143.
1691:, pp. 199â200.
1633:, pp. 257â258.
1582:, pp. 137â138.
1546:, pp. 250â251.
1331:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1062:Farrukhan the Great
896:Viceroy of the East
821:Asylum in Palestine
699:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
573:Arab garrison towns
493:Farrukhan the Great
434:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
278:Revolt of al-Ashdaq
3379:QaysâYaman rivalry
3323:Abbasid Revolution
3099:Title next held by
3023:Lévi-Provençal, E.
3017:; A. J. Wensinck;
3011:Zetterstéen, K. V.
2989:Wellhausen, Julius
2929:Lévi-Provençal, E.
2810:Rowson, Everett K.
2628:Hawting, Gerald R.
2415:Crone, P. (1993).
1307:Abbasid Revolution
1153:
994:
795:Qutayba ibn Muslim
691:
545:Abbasid Revolution
364:Anarchy at Samarra
359:Bashmurian revolts
321:Abbasid Revolution
3483:
3482:
3142:Umayyad Caliphate
3109:
3108:
3065:Succeeded by
3021:; Heffening, W.;
2980:978-1-4744-3682-3
2825:978-0-88706-975-8
2801:978-0-7914-0072-2
2731:978-0-306-81585-0
2710:978-0-582-40525-7
2686:978-0-9837-6522-6
2667:978-0-88706-721-1
2595:978-90-04-10422-8
2542:. London: Luzac.
2499:978-90-04-09419-2
2453:978-90-04-09419-2
2351:978-0-7914-1827-7
1977:, pp. 58â59.
1863:, pp. 42â43.
1558:, pp. 86â88.
1192:al-Hasan al-Basri
885:Julius Wellhausen
817:(select troops).
415:Umayyad Caliphate
407:
387:
386:
212:
211:
3548:
3475:
3447:Dome of the Rock
3393:Umayyad coinage
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3085:Governor of Iraq
3075:Preceded by
3047:Preceded by
3044:
3043:
3040:
3006:
2984:
2963:
2911:
2874:
2850:
2829:
2805:
2784:
2771:
2748:Frye, Richard N.
2735:
2714:
2690:
2671:
2647:
2623:
2599:
2571:Heinrichs, W. P.
2553:
2532:
2503:
2475:Heinrichs, W. P.
2457:
2429:Heinrichs, W. P.
2411:
2387:
2355:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2014:Blankinship 1994
2011:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:Zetterstéen 1993
1403:
1386:
1380:
1357:
1339:
1333:
1323:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1265:Battle of Siffin
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1184:readers and the
1165:
1163:
1103:
1101:
1050:
1022:Alborz Mountains
922:Waki ibn Abi Sud
867:
856:
854:
816:
788:
786:
638:
636:
619:
617:
608:
606:
533:
461:governor of Iraq
442:
439:
436:. He escaped in
412:
402:
400:
331:Battle of Fakhkh
248:
238:
231:
224:
215:
214:
161:Personal details
136:
124:
105:
84:
72:
64:
62:
45:
19:
18:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3465:
3413:
3349:Umayyad dynasty
3332:
3226:
3145:
3139:
3100:
3097:
3088:
3080:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3037:
3015:Houtsma, M. Th.
2981:
2871:
2847:
2826:
2802:
2768:
2732:
2711:
2687:
2668:
2644:
2620:
2596:
2563:Bosworth, C. E.
2550:
2500:
2467:Bosworth, C. E.
2454:
2421:Bosworth, C. E.
2408:
2392:Crone, Patricia
2376:
2360:Bosworth, C. E.
2352:
2331:
2326:
2320:Wellhausen 1927
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2269:Wellhausen 1927
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2245:Wellhausen 1927
2243:
2239:
2233:Wellhausen 1927
2231:
2227:
2221:Wellhausen 1927
2219:
2215:
2209:Wellhausen 1927
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2185:Wellhausen 1927
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2161:Wellhausen 1927
2159:
2155:
2149:Wellhausen 1927
2147:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2120:Wellhausen 1927
2118:
2114:
2108:Wellhausen 1927
2106:
2102:
2096:Wellhausen 1927
2094:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2065:Wellhausen 1927
2063:
2056:
2050:Wellhausen 1927
2048:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2002:Wellhausen 1927
2000:
1993:
1987:Wellhausen 1927
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1873:Wellhausen 1927
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1728:Wellhausen 1927
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1689:Sprengling 1939
1687:
1683:
1675:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1631:Wellhausen 1927
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1544:Wellhausen 1927
1542:
1538:
1534:, p. xiii.
1530:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:, pp. 3â4.
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:, p. 1163.
1404:
1389:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1227:Euphrates River
1212:Malik al-Ashtar
1160:
1126:
1098:
1082:
1002:Hugh N. Kennedy
967:
898:
851:
823:
783:
763:
672:
633:
614:
603:
553:
440:
388:
383:
249:
246:
244:
242:
203:
193:
191:
178:
148:
143:
134:
122:
106:
101:
82:
70:
59:
46:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Desert castles
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3089:715–718
3081:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3062:702–704
3053:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3019:Gibb, H. A. R.
3007:
2985:
2979:
2964:
2925:Kramers, J. H.
2921:Gibb, H. A. R.
2912:
2892:10.1086/370538
2875:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2830:
2824:
2812:, ed. (1989).
2806:
2800:
2785:
2772:
2766:
2736:
2730:
2715:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2672:
2666:
2654:, ed. (1990).
2648:
2642:
2624:
2618:
2600:
2594:
2567:van Donzel, E.
2554:
2549:978-0718901493
2548:
2533:
2504:
2498:
2471:van Donzel, E.
2458:
2452:
2425:van Donzel, E.
2412:
2406:
2388:
2374:
2356:
2350:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2298:, p. 108.
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 318.
2237:
2225:
2223:, p. 317.
2213:
2201:
2199:, p. 127.
2189:
2187:, p. 316.
2177:
2175:, p. 107.
2165:
2153:
2141:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2098:, p. 314.
2081:
2079:, p. 112.
2069:
2067:, p. 322.
2054:
2052:, p. 313.
2033:
2018:
2006:
2004:, p. 269.
1991:
1989:, p. 448.
1979:
1967:
1955:
1953:, p. 200.
1943:
1941:, p. 105.
1931:
1929:, p. 194.
1919:
1907:
1892:
1890:, p. 198.
1877:
1875:, p. 446.
1865:
1853:
1851:, p. 821.
1841:
1829:
1827:, p. 193.
1810:
1798:
1796:, p. 140.
1786:
1771:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1730:, p. 466.
1720:
1708:
1693:
1681:
1662:
1650:
1648:, p. 139.
1635:
1620:
1608:
1606:, p. 138.
1596:
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 129.
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1522:, p. 103.
1509:
1507:, p. 171.
1497:
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 359.
1458:
1456:, p. 357.
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 117.
1422:
1420:, p. 812.
1418:Strenziok 1960
1410:
1387:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1299: 685â691
1288: 656â661
1280:
1277:
1164: 720â724
1125:
1122:
1102: 717â720
1081:
1078:
1054:Gonbad-e Kavus
966:
963:
948:Gerald Hawting
906:C. E. Bosworth
897:
894:
855: 705â715
822:
819:
787: 685â705
762:
759:
734:Ibn al-Ash'ath
671:
668:
637: 661â680
618: 644â656
607: 634â644
552:
549:
441: 708â709
399:ÙŰČÙŰŻ ŰšÙ Ű§ÙÙ
ÙÙŰš
385:
384:
382:
381:
379:Zanj Rebellion
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
350:
349:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
317:
316:
306:
304:Yahya ibn Zayd
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
251:
250:
245:Civil wars of
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
142:(in Khurasan)
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
98:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
63: 685â705
53:
49:
48:
38:
37:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3553:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Berber Revolt
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3036:90-04-09794-5
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2870:965-223-501-6
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:Sharon, Moshe
2852:
2848:
2846:0-521-29534-3
2842:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2767:0-521-20093-8
2763:
2759:
2756:. Cambridge:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:Kennedy, Hugh
2692:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2652:Hinds, Martin
2649:
2645:
2643:0-415-24072-7
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2619:0-521-59984-9
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:"Muhallabids"
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2407:0-521-52940-9
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:9788863231243
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2139:, p. 76.
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2016:, p. 66.
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1963:Madelung 1975
1959:
1952:
1951:Madelung 1975
1947:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1903:Madelung 2011
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:Madelung 1975
1884:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1837:Madelung 1975
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1784:, p. 74.
1783:
1778:
1776:
1769:, p. 18.
1768:
1763:
1761:
1754:, p. 73.
1753:
1748:
1742:, p. 57.
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1718:, p. 75.
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1679:, p. 66.
1678:
1677:Bosworth 1968
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1618:, p. xv.
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1594:, p. 82.
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1385:, p. 26.
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1356:
1353:(Sistan) and
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1325:At the time,
1322:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1293:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
962:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
928:
923:
920:tribal chief
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
893:
891:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
866:
865:
858:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
815:
814:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
781:
777:
773:
768:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
685:
681:
676:
667:
665:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
631:
627:
623:
612:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
546:
541:
537:
532:
531:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
405:
396:
392:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
348:
344:
343:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
301:
299:
298:Berber Revolt
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
216:
207:
201:
197:
189:
185:
182:
177:24 August 720
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
146:
141:
138:
132:
129:
126:
120:
117:
114:
110:
104:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
74:
68:
57:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
31:
27:
20:
3297:
3253:Second Fitna
3177:Abd al-Malik
3101:
3092:
3083:
3056:Governor of
3055:
3026:
2993:
2969:
2951:
2944:
2883:
2879:
2859:
2835:
2814:
2790:
2780:
2752:
2740:Madelung, W.
2720:
2699:
2676:
2656:
2632:
2608:
2585:
2578:
2538:
2512:
2508:
2489:
2482:
2443:
2436:
2396:
2364:
2340:
2329:Bibliography
2315:
2308:Kennedy 2004
2303:
2296:Kennedy 2004
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2173:Kennedy 2004
2168:
2156:
2144:
2137:Hawting 2000
2115:
2103:
2072:
2009:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1927:Kennedy 2007
1922:
1915:Kennedy 2007
1910:
1868:
1856:
1849:Eisener 1997
1844:
1832:
1825:Kennedy 2007
1801:
1789:
1782:Hawting 2000
1752:Hawting 2000
1747:
1735:
1723:
1716:Hawting 2000
1711:
1684:
1653:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1520:Kennedy 2004
1500:
1488:
1476:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1337:
1321:
1282:
1269:
1216:
1196:
1185:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1142:Ahl al-Aliya
1083:
1058:
1034:
995:
952:
932:
914:
899:
878:
859:
824:
807:Abd al-Malik
780:Abd al-Malik
772:Martin Hinds
764:
731:
692:
589:
554:
497:
427:
390:
389:
347:Abu'l-Saraya
341:Fourth Fitna
314:Ibadi revolt
282:
268:Second Fitna
135:Succeeded by
102:
83:Succeeded by
56:Abd al-Malik
42:
3521:Muhallabids
3454:Umayyad art
3318:Third Fitna
3243:First Fitna
3207:Al-Walid II
3167:Mu'awiya II
2941:Pellat, Ch.
2933:Schacht, J.
2575:Lecomte, G.
2488:Volume VII:
2479:Pellat, Ch.
2442:Volume VII:
2433:Pellat, Ch.
2281:Powers 1989
2257:Powers 1989
2197:Powers 1989
2077:Powers 1989
2029:Powers 1989
1975:Powers 1989
1861:Powers 1989
1794:Ulrich 2019
1740:Sharon 1983
1704:Shaban 1970
1646:Ulrich 2019
1604:Ulrich 2019
1580:Ulrich 2019
1505:Ulrich 2019
1469:Crone 1993b
1442:Rowson 1989
1430:Ulrich 2019
1134:Abd al-Qays
1018:Caspian Sea
1006:unbelievers
940:Abd al-Qays
719:al-Mada'ini
715:Transoxiana
688:Transoxiana
369:Fifth Fitna
354:East Africa
309:Third Fitna
263:First Fitna
123:Preceded by
71:Preceded by
3501:720 deaths
3496:672 births
3490:Categories
3397:Gold dinar
3337:Government
3182:Al-Walid I
3157:Mu'awiya I
2777:"Dabuyids"
2604:Gil, Moshe
2584:Volume IX:
1939:Hodge 2017
1806:Crone 1980
1767:Crone 1994
1658:Hinds 1990
1616:Hinds 1990
1568:Hinds 1990
1556:Hinds 1990
1532:Hinds 1990
1493:Hinds 1990
1481:Dixon 1971
1454:Crone 1993
1383:Crone 1994
1364:References
1245:the Castle
1208:al-Ash'ath
1014:Tabaristan
998:Oxus River
979:Tabaristan
881:Ibn Kathir
848:al-Walid I
827:Rustuqabad
767:Muhallabid
727:Hephtalite
680:Oxus River
660:Kharijites
630:Mu'awiya I
624:under the
540:Muhallabid
345:Revolt of
302:Revolt of
258:Ridda Wars
192:Mukhallad
179:Aqr, near
169:672 or 673
152:(in Basra)
147:(in Kufa)
3354:Governors
3222:Marwan II
3212:Yazid III
3003:752790641
2960:495469456
2950:Volume I:
2937:Lewis, B.
2908:170486943
2606:(1997) .
2529:154370527
2509:Der Islam
2384:956878036
1279:Aftermath
1256:Murji'ite
839:Palestine
620:) and in
512:garrisons
453:Palestine
404:romanized
199:Parent(s)
103:In office
43:In office
3374:al-Haras
3197:Yazid II
3187:Sulayman
3172:Marwan I
3058:Khurasan
3025:(eds.).
2991:(1927).
2943:(eds.).
2857:(1983).
2742:(1975).
2697:(2004).
2630:(2000).
2577:(eds.).
2515:: 1â57.
2481:(eds.).
2435:(eds.).
2394:(1980).
2362:(1968).
2338:(1994).
1592:Gil 1997
1351:Sijistan
1327:Khurasan
1292:Zubayrid
1273:Qandabil
1178:holy war
1157:Yazid II
1144:(Qays),
1085:million
1074:Abbasids
1037:Dihistan
870:Damascus
695:Khurasan
684:Khurasan
622:Sijistan
516:holy war
504:Yazid II
423:Khurasan
194:Mu'awiya
187:Children
116:Sulayman
35:Khurasan
3419:Culture
3231:History
3217:Ibrahim
3192:Umar II
3162:Yazid I
3150:Caliphs
2750:(ed.).
2586:SanâSze
2490:MifâNaz
2444:MifâNaz
1355:Bahrayn
1290:), the
1252:Babylon
1239:
1095:Umar II
1087:dirhams
975:Caspian
927:Bedouin
829:in the
723:Badghis
657:Azariqa
628:caliph
626:Umayyad
585:Persian
500:Umar II
489:Caspian
485:Iranian
447:prince
445:Umayyad
406::
190:Khalid
181:Babylon
112:Monarch
107:715â717
52:Monarch
47:702â704
3402:Dirham
3384:Mawali
3369:Shurta
3344:Caliph
3238:Uthman
3202:Hisham
3144:topics
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1171:Jazira
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