Yiddish - Knowledge

11125: 11135: 8538: 798:: Eastern and Western. Eastern Yiddish is far more common today. It includes Southeastern (Ukrainian–Romanian), Mideastern (Polish–Galician–Eastern Hungarian) and Northeastern (Lithuanian–Belarusian) dialects. Eastern Yiddish differs from Western both by its far greater size and by the extensive inclusion of words of Slavic origin. Western Yiddish is divided into Southwestern (Swiss–Alsatian–Southern German), Midwestern (Central German), and Northwestern (Netherlandic–Northern German) dialects. Yiddish is used in a number of Haredi Jewish communities worldwide; it is the first language of the home, school, and in many social settings among many Haredi Jews, and is used in most 8511: 7246: 8495: 7562: 2663: 2425: 7285:

right to a Jewish education and as a result the Yiddish education system was established. After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 even more Yiddish schools were established. These schools thrived with government, specifically Bolshevik, and Jewish support. They were established as part of the effort to revitalize the Soviet Jewish Community. Specifically, the Bolsheviks wanted to encourage Jewish assimilation. While these schools were taught in Yiddish, the content was Soviet. They were created to attract Jews in to getting a Soviet education under the guise of a Jewish institution.

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resurrected – it has receded into the world of the enchanting past, where it should remain. Any artificial culture, a culture without replenishment, is meaningless. ... Everything that happens with Yiddish culture is transformed into a kind of cabaret—epistolary genre, nice, cute to the ear and the eye, but having nothing to do with high art, because there is no natural, national soil. In Russia, it is the memory of the departed, sometimes sweet memories. But it's the memories of what will never be again. Perhaps that's why these memories are always so sharp.

6805:, however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life were largely destroyed. Around five million of those killed – 85 percent of the Jews murdered in the Holocaust – were speakers of Yiddish. Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war (including nearly all Yiddish speakers in the Americas), further assimilation in countries such as the United States and the 7019:. The debate in Zionist circles over the use of Yiddish in Israel and in the diaspora in preference to Hebrew also reflected the tensions between religious and secular Jewish lifestyles. Many secular Zionists wanted Hebrew as the sole language of Jews, to contribute to a national cohesive identity. Traditionally religious Jews, on the other hand, preferred use of Yiddish, viewing Hebrew as a respected holy language reserved for prayer and religious study. In the early 20th century, Zionist activists in the 2986:

literature, who were still living in Slavic-speaking countries—revised the printed editions of their oeuvres to eliminate obsolete and 'unnecessary' Slavisms." The vocabulary used in Israel absorbed many Modern Hebrew words, and there was a similar but smaller increase in the English component of Yiddish in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. This has resulted in some difficulty in communication between Yiddish speakers from Israel and those from other countries.

7526: 14602: 7242:, the Jewish Socialist Group, both heavily encouraged the use of Yiddish. During the Bolshevik Era these political groups worked alongside the government to encourage the widespread Jewish use of Yiddish. Both the Evsketsii and the Bund supported the Jewish movement towards assimilation and saw Yiddish as a way to encourage it. They saw the use of Yiddish as a step away from the religious aspects of Judaism, instead favoring the cultural aspects of Judaism. 7171: 7470: 2923: 2903: 844: 487: 8090: 7289:

overall Yiddish culture. The two were inherently linked and with the downfall of one, so did the other. General Soviet denationalization programs and secularization policies also led to a further lack of enrollment and funding; the last schools to be closed existed until 1951. It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus).

9001:". University of Manchester. humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Matres explains that with the emigration of Jews eastward into Slavic-speaking areas of Central Europe, from around the twelfth century onward, Yiddish "took on an independent development path", adding: "It was only in this context that Jews began to refer to their language as 'Yiddish' (= 'Jewish'), while earlier, it had been referred to as 'Yiddish-Taitsh' (='Judeo-German')." 14616: 6993: 8557: 8245: 534: 507: 2413: 6770: 7622:) was one of seven Yiddish daily newspapers in New York City, and other Yiddish newspapers served as a forum for Jews of all European backgrounds. In 1915, the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. 2374:, and the means and location of this fusion. Some theorists argue that the fusion occurred with a Bavarian dialect base. The two main candidates for the germinal matrix of Yiddish, the Rhineland and Bavaria, are not necessarily incompatible. There may have been parallel developments in the two regions, seeding the Western and Eastern dialects of Modern Yiddish. 7431:, titled, "Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage", examined the current status of the city and suggested that, even though the Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia's far east is now barely 1% Jewish, officials hope to woo back people who left after Soviet collapse and to revive the Yiddish language in this region. 7389: 8260:

There has been a resurgence in Yiddish learning in recent times among many from around the world with Jewish ancestry. The language which had lost many of its native speakers during the Holocaust has been making something of a comeback. In Poland, which traditionally had Yiddish speaking communities,

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While schools with curriculums taught in Yiddish existed in some areas until the 1950s, there was a general decline in enrollment due to preference for Russian-speaking institutions and the declining reputation of Yiddish schools among Yiddish speaking Soviets. As the Yiddish schools declined, so did

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developed this model further in the mid-1950s. In Weinreich's view, this Old Yiddish substrate later bifurcated into two distinct versions of the language, Western and Eastern Yiddish. They retained the Semitic vocabulary and constructions needed for religious purposes and created a Judeo-German form

7404:, with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper 6923:

There has been frequent debate about the extent of the linguistic independence of Yiddish from the languages that it absorbed. There has been periodic assertion that Yiddish is a dialect of German, or even "just broken German, more of a linguistic mishmash than a true language". Even when recognized

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pieces in Hebrew and German, began to appear. These were collected in the late 15th century by Menahem ben Naphtali Oldendorf. During the same period, a tradition seems to have emerged of the Jewish community's adapting its own versions of German secular literature. The earliest Yiddish epic poem of

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After the war Yiddish theater enjoyed great popularity in Sweden and all the great stars performed there. Since the recognition of Yiddish as an official minority language, Swedish schoolchildren have the right to study Yiddish at school as a mother tongue, and there are public radio broadcasts and

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In the Hasidic communities of Israel, boys speak more Yiddish amongst themselves, while girls use Hebrew more often. This is probably due to the tendency of girls to learn more secular subjects, thus increasing their contact with the Hebrew language, while boys are usually taught religious subjects

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In a study in the 1st half of 2024, the German media association Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH) found that the number of Yiddish media is increasing again, due to an increase in the Yiddish-speaking population, especially in the USA. According to IMH estimates, the number of speakers worldwide is

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The first Jews were permitted to reside in Sweden during the late 18th century. The Jewish population in Sweden is estimated at 20,000. According to various reports and surveys, between 2,000 and 6,000 Swedish Jews have at least some knowledge of Yiddish. In 2009, the number of native speakers was

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to stop Jewish children from taking too many spots in regular Russian schools. Imperial government feared that the Jewish children were both taking spots from non-Jews as well as spreading revolutionary ideas to their non-Jewish peers. As a result, in 1914 laws were passed that guaranteed Jews the

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won a parliamentary fight to have Yiddish reclassified as a European language, thereby permitting the immigration of Yiddish-speakers to South Africa. While there used to be a large Yiddish press in South Africa now Yiddish has largely died out in South Africa being replaced with other languages.

791:("Jewish German"), did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature until the 18th century. In the late 19th and into the 20th century, the language was more commonly called "Jewish", especially in non-Jewish contexts, but "Yiddish" is again the most common designation today. 8560: 6757:

whereas Yiddish uses letters to represent all vowels. Several Yiddish letters consist of another letter combined with a niqqud mark resembling a Hebrew letter–niqqud pair, but each of those combinations is an inseparable unit representing a vowel alone, not a consonant–vowel sequence. The niqqud

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writes, "As increasing numbers of Yiddish speakers moved from the Slavic-speaking East to Western Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they were so quick to jettison Slavic vocabulary that the most prominent Yiddish writers of the time—the founders of modern Yiddish

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dialects of the modern period would emerge. Jewish communities of the high medieval period would have been speaking their own versions of these German dialects, mixed with linguistic elements that they themselves brought into the region, including many Hebrew and Aramaic words, but there is also

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From my point of view, Yiddish culture today isn't just fading away, but disappearing. It is stored as memories, as fragments of phrases, as books that have long gone unread. ... Yiddish culture is dying and this should be treated with utmost calm. There is no need to pity that which cannot be

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The Swedish government has published documents in Yiddish detailing the national action plan for human rights. An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies. On September 6, 2007, it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the

8564: 8563: 8558: 8274:(Vilnius Yiddish Institute) was the first Yiddish center of higher learning to be established in post-Holocaust Eastern Europe. Vilnius Yiddish Institute is an integral part of the four-century-old Vilnius University. Published Yiddish scholar and researcher Dovid Katz is among the Faculty. 8908:"Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]" 8565: 6722:

can vary slightly depending on the dialect. The main article focuses on standard form of Yiddish grammar while also acknowledging some dialectal differences. Yiddish grammar has similarities to the German grammar system, as well as grammatical elements from Hebrew and Slavic languages.

8173:, with the notable exception of many Hasidic communities. However, many Haredim who use Modern Hebrew also understand Yiddish. There are some who send their children to schools in which the primary language of instruction is Yiddish. Members of anti-Zionist Haredi groups such as the 7500:

Additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, the Swedish National Language Council, whose goal is to "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages." These languages include Yiddish.

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Its chief virtue lay in its internal subtlety, particularly in its characterization of human types and emotions. It was the language of street wisdom, of the clever underdog, of pathos, resignation and suffering, all of which it palliated by humor, intense irony and superstition.

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origin, and hence did not speak Yiddish. It was not until the mid-to-late 19th century, as first German Jews, then Central and Eastern European Jews, arrived in the nation, that Yiddish became dominant within the immigrant community. This helped to bond Jews from many countries.

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have included Yiddish in the list of their recognized minority languages: the Netherlands (1996), Sweden (2000), Romania (2008), Poland (2009), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010). In 2005, Ukraine did not mention Yiddish as such, but "the language(s) of the Jewish ethnic minority".

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announced the launch of the new daily version of its newspaper's website, which has been active since 1999 as an online weekly, supplied with radio and video programs, a literary section for fiction writers and a special blog written in local contemporary Hasidic dialects.

8169:. Yiddish is also spoken in many Haredi communities throughout Israel. Among most Ashkenazi Haredim, Hebrew is generally reserved for prayer, while Yiddish is used for religious studies, as well as a home and business language. In Israel, however, Haredim commonly speak 8566: 4585:

distinctions of German do not exist in the Northeastern (Lithuanian) varieties of Yiddish, which form the phonetic basis for Standard Yiddish. In those varieties, the vowel qualities in most long/short vowel pairs diverged and so the phonemic distinction has remained.

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that Yiddish was his first and sole spoken language, and remained so for about two years after he emigrated to the United States as a small child. By contrast, Asimov's younger siblings, born in the United States, never developed any degree of fluency in Yiddish.

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proposes that Yiddish emerged from contact between speakers of High German and Aramaic-speaking Jews from the Middle East. The lines of development proposed by the different theories do not necessarily rule out the others (at least not entirely); an article in

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offers classes in Yiddish Language Instruction and workshops on Yiddish Songs. The museum has taken steps to revive the culture through concerts and events held on site. There are various universities worldwide which now offer Yiddish programs based on the

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movement, led to a decline in the use of Eastern Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Haredi (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. Although used in various countries, Yiddish has attained official recognition as a

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Yiddish was a rich, living language, the chattering tongue of an urban population. It had the limitations of its origins. There were few Yiddish words for animals and birds. It had virtually no military vocabulary. Such voids were filled by borrowing from

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by High German. In more recent work, Wexler has argued that Eastern Yiddish is unrelated genetically to Western Yiddish. Wexler's model has been met with little academic support, and strong critical challenges, especially among historical linguists.

7064:. Zuckermann believes that "Israeli does include numerous Hebrew elements resulting from a conscious revival but also numerous pervasive linguistic features deriving from a subconscious survival of the revivalists’ mother tongues, e.g. Yiddish." 7911:

reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S. to 152,515. In 2011, the number of persons in the United States above the age of five speaking Yiddish at home was 160,968. 88% of them were living in four

2737:), with square Hebrew letters (shown in the third column) being reserved for text in that language and Aramaic. This distinction was retained in general typographic practice through to the early 19th century, with Yiddish books being set in 2495:

This brief rhyme is decoratively embedded in an otherwise purely Hebrew text. Nonetheless, it indicates that the Yiddish of that day was a more or less regular Middle High German written in the Hebrew alphabet into which Hebrew words –

7060:, the members of this group in particular, and the Hebrew revival in general, did not succeed in uprooting Yiddish patterns (as well as the patterns of other European languages Jewish immigrants spoke) within what he calls "Israeli", i.e. 7422:) includes a Yiddish section. In modern Russia, the cultural significance of the language is still recognized and bolstered. The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007. 2803:, for example, wrote that "the language of the Jews ... degenerat into a ridiculous jargon, a mixture of German, Polish, and Talmudical elements, an unpleasant stammering, rendered still more repulsive by forced attempts at wit." 2628:

Women in the Ashkenazi community were traditionally not literate in Hebrew but did read and write Yiddish. A body of literature therefore developed for which women were a primary audience. This included secular works, such as the

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Later linguistic research has refined the Weinreich model or provided alternative approaches to the language's origins, with points of contention being the characterization of its Germanic base, the source of its Hebrew/Aramaic

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abroad today only 3,100 of the remaining jews speak Yiddish as their first language. The Southeast dialect of Yiddish has many Ukrainian loanwords due to the long contact between Yiddish speakers and Ukrainian speakers.

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and their descendants would account for nearly half the Jewish population. While all were at least familiar with Hebrew as a liturgical language, essentially none had any contact with or affinity for Yiddish (some, of

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had, and to some extent still has, one of the most thriving Yiddish communities in North America. Yiddish was Montreal's third language (after French and English) for the entire first half of the twentieth century.

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generally use only Yiddish to converse with their followers and to deliver their various Torah talks, classes, and lectures. The linguistic style and vocabulary of Yiddish have influenced the manner in which many

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appears as though it might have been added by a second scribe, in which case it may need to be dated separately and may not be indicative of the pronunciation of the rhyme at the time of its initial annotation.

11413: 8281:, finding opportunities for practical use of Yiddish is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus many students have trouble learning to speak the language. One solution has been the establishment of a farm in 2249:, and from these groups the Ashkenazi community took shape. Exactly what German substrate underlies the earliest form of Yiddish is disputed. The Jewish community in the Rhineland would have encountered the 9848:

audiences heard on the stage a continuum of hybrid language-levels between Yiddish and German that was sometimes combined with the traditional use of Mauscheldeutsch (surviving forms of Western Yiddish).

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estimates, based on publications through 1991, that there were at that time 1.5 million speakers of Eastern Yiddish, of which 40% lived in Ukraine, 15% in Israel, and 10% in the United States. The

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According to a study by the German media association Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH), more than 40 printed Yiddish newspapers and magazines were published worldwide in 2024, and the trend is rising.

7162:. Isaac Berliner's Yiddishism was a way for the Ashkenazi Jews in Mexico to build a secular culture in a Mexico skeptical of religion. Yiddish became a marker of Ashkenazi ethnic identity in Mexico. 6875:

lists 1,946 Yiddish speakers in Mandatory Palestine (9 in the Southern District, 1,401 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 4 in Samaria, and 532 in the Northern District), including 1,759 in municipal areas (999 in

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There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language. The largest group of Yiddish speakers in Britain reside in the

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Nothing is known with certainty about the vernacular of the earliest Jews in Germany, but several theories have been put forward. As noted above, the first language of the Ashkenazim may have been

7967:. The Yiddish readership in the UK is mainly reliant upon imported material from the United States and Israel for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. However, the London-based weekly 2821:

Yiddish grates on our ears and distorts. This jargon is incapable in fact of expressing sublime thoughts. It is our obligation to cast off these old rags, a heritage of the dark Middle Ages.

2766:, from the name of the most renowned early author, whose commentary is usually printed using this script. (Rashi is also the typeface normally used when the Sephardic counterpart to Yiddish, 2762:

An additional distinctive semicursive typeface was, and still is, used for rabbinical commentary on religious texts when Hebrew and Yiddish appear on the same page. This is commonly termed

8930:[In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, stidy and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.] 2816:) would write about and promote acclimatization to the outside world. Jewish children began attending secular schools where the primary language spoken and taught was German, not Yiddish. 8228:, the Hasidim have mixed some Yiddish into their Hebrew, and are also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish. For example, the tales about the 2214:

trading population of the Roman provinces, including those in Europe, would have reinforced the use of Aramaic among Jews engaged in trade. In Roman times, many of the Jews living in

3893: 7746:). (The romanized titles cited in this paragraph are in the form given on the masthead of each publication and may be at some variance both with the literal Yiddish title and the 17547: 12625:

Code of Yiddish spelling ratified in 1992 by the programmes in Yiddish language and literature at Bar Ilan University, Oxford University, Tel Aviv University, Vilnius University

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considered Yiddish their native language; however, native Yiddish speakers tended not to pass the language on to their children, who assimilated and spoke English. For example,

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A public educational system entirely based on the Yiddish language was established and comprised kindergartens, schools, and higher educational institutions (technical schools,

2241:, Jews speaking distinct languages learned new co-territorial vernaculars, which they then Judaized. In the case of Yiddish, this scenario sees it as emerging when speakers of 8616:יעדער מענטש װערט געבױרן פֿרײַ און גלײַך אין כּבֿוד און רעכט. יעדער װערט באַשאָנקן מיט פֿאַרשטאַנד און געװיסן; יעדער זאָל זיך פֿירן מיט אַ צװײטן אין אַ געמיט פֿון ברודערשאַפֿט. 11625: 10049: 8648:

Jeder Mensch wird geboren, frei und gleich in Ehre und Recht. Jeder wird beschenkt, mit Verstand und Gewissen; Jeder soll sich führen, miteinander im Gemüt von Bruderschaft.

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kol benei ha'adam noldu benei khorin veshavim be'erkam uvizkhuyoteihem. Kulam khonenu bitevuna uvematspun, lefikhakh chova 'aleihem linhog ish bere'ehu beruakh shel akhava.

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There is a growing revival of interest in Yiddish culture among secular Israelis, with the flourishing of new proactive cultural organizations like YUNG YiDiSH, as well as

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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developed towards the end of the high medieval period. It is first recorded in 1272, with the oldest surviving literary document in Yiddish, a blessing found in the Worms

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Die verkümmerten und verdrückten Jargons, deren wir uns jetzt bedienen, diese Ghettosprachen werden wir uns abgewöhnen. Es waren die verstohlenen Sprachen von Gefangenen.

7114:), who continue to teach, speak and use Yiddish, making it a language used regularly by hundreds of thousands of Haredi Jews today. The largest of these centers are in 2609:(often referred to as "Widuwilt" by Germanizing scholars), presumably also dates from the 15th century, although the manuscripts are from the 16th. It is also known as 8878:

Wien: Czernin Verlag, 2004, p. 74: "Chaja Raismann, Nit in Golus un nit in der Heem, Amsterdam 1931, ein in lateinischen Buchstaben geschriebenes jiddisches Büchlein."

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yeder mentsh vert geboyrn fray un glaykh in koved un rekht. yeder vert bashonkn mit farshtand un gevisn; yeder zol zikh firn mit a tsveytn in a gemit fun brudershaft.

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proposed a model in 1991 that took Yiddish, by which he means primarily eastern Yiddish, not to be genetically grounded in a Germanic language at all, but rather as "

17567: 17552: 11095: 3008:. The description that follows is of a modern Standard Yiddish that was devised during the early 20th century and is frequently encountered in pedagogical contexts. 8662:

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.

7056:", that is, "Hebrew , speak Hebrew!", used to tear down signs written in "foreign" languages and disturb Yiddish theatre gatherings. However, according to linguist 9279:" as "one of the most Yiddish tunes ever written", despite the fact that "Cole Porter's genetic background was completely alien to any Jewishness". Oscar Levant, 8270:

Yiddish standard. Many of these programs are held during the summer and are attended by Yiddish enthusiasts from around the world. One such school located within

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Over eleven thousand Yiddish texts, estimated as between a sixth and a quarter of all the published works in Yiddish, are now online, based on the work of the

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were written largely in Yiddish. The Torah Talks of the late Chabad leaders are published in their original form, Yiddish. In addition, some prayers, such as "

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In most varieties of Yiddish, however, words borrowed from Hebrew are written in their native forms without application of Yiddish orthographical conventions.

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communities all over the world. In some of the more closely knit such communities, Yiddish is spoken as a home and schooling language, especially in Hasidic,

7129:(usually with simultaneous translation to Hebrew and Russian) and young people are taking university courses in Yiddish, some achieving considerable fluency. 8013:, by Romanian-born Morris Myer, who was succeeded on his death in 1943 by his son Harry. There were also from time to time Yiddish newspapers in Manchester, 12933: 11790: 11786: 9712: 7904:(1,055). The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower. 16002: 7218: 11671: 10426: 7457: 7393: 7383: 2911: 3981:(−1=short, −2=long, −3=short but lengthened early in the history of Yiddish, −4=diphthong, −5=special length occurring only in Proto-Yiddish vowel 25). 11804: 11726: 10187: 11821: 7513:

estimated by linguist Mikael Parkvall to be 750–1,500. He says that most native speakers of Yiddish in Sweden today are adults, many of them elderly.

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In the early years of the 20th century Yiddish was classified as a 'Semitic Language'. After much campaigning, in 1906 the South African legislator

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may be understood by considering their common origins in the Proto-Yiddish sound system. Yiddish linguistic scholarship uses a system developed by

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in the 16th century enabled the large-scale production of works, at a cheaper cost, some of which have survived. One particularly popular work was

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argues that "in the end, a new 'standard theory' of Yiddish's origins will probably be based on the work of Weinreich and his challengers alike."

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led to an increase in formal Yiddish-language education, more uniform orthography, and to the 1925 founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute,

17878: 12869: 12231: 10634:...there has been a regular, significant increase in enrollment in Columbia's Yiddish language and literature classes over the past few years. 10365: 7425:

As of 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were 97 speakers of Yiddish in the JAO. A November 2017 article in

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This conflict also reflected the opposing views among secular Jews worldwide, one side seeing Hebrew (and Zionism) and the other Yiddish (and

17635: 17412: 13179: 12628: 8928:В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области. 6953: 6868:

approaching two million. In 2024, more than 40 print media were published worldwide in the German dialect Yiddish - and the trend is rising.

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Bechtel, Delphine (2010). "Yiddish Theatre and Its Impact on the German and Austrian Stage". In Malkin, Jeanette R.; Rokem, Freddie (eds.).

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passed a law founding the "National Authority for Yiddish Culture", with the aim of supporting and promoting contemporary Yiddish art and

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We shall get rid of the stunted and squashed jargons which we use now, these ghetto languages. They were the furtive tongues of prisoners.

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to have had an ethnic population of 50,000 in 2000, and an undated speaking population of 5,400, mostly in Germany. A 1996 report by the

1981: 494: 10609: 4450:, but in Yiddish, they have not merged. Although Standard Yiddish does not distinguish between those two diphthongs and renders both as 742:

was that there were 250,000 American speakers, 250,000 Israeli speakers, and 100,000 in the rest of the world (for a total of 600,000).

14654: 12974: 12937: 11963: 11130:[Statistical Bulletin "National structure and language skills, citizenship population Jewish Autonomous Region"] (in Russian). 8699: 3638: 1926: 9345:. Similarly when Rashi writes: "But in Ashkenaz I saw " he no doubt meant the communities of Mainz and Worms in which he had dwelt." 8799: 7659:

newspaper which is also published weekly and appears online. The widest-circulation Yiddish newspapers are probably the weekly issues

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The use of Yiddish as the primary spoken language by Jews was heavily encouraged by multiple Jewish political groups at the time. The

10455: 7360:, former Minister of Culture of Russia and himself of Jewish origin, Yiddish culture in Russia is gone, and its revival is unlikely. 7042: 10482: 3984:

Vowels 23, 33, 43 and 53 have the same reflexes as 22, 32, 42 and 52 in all Yiddish dialects, but they developed distinct values in

13003: 11622: 11131: 10693:"The Yiddish press and the making of South African Jewry in the British world: exclusion, libel, and Jewish nationalism, 1890–1914" 10261: 9409: 2107: 1971: 11299: 9797: 3966:

Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier, and its reflexes use it as a subscript, for example Southeastern

3537:

appear only in Slavic loanwords. The phonemic status of these palatalised consonants, as well as any other affricates, is unclear.

17908: 17868: 14502: 12011: 7798: 2234:). Hebrew, on the other hand, was regarded as a holy language reserved for ritual and spiritual purposes and not for common use. 11103: 8672:כל בני האדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחווה 17888: 14829: 13602: 13056: 10057: 8940: 7250: 7214: 2946:

in Russia, Yiddish was emerging as a major Eastern European language. Its rich literature was more widely published than ever,

12892: 2187:

for the Jews settling in this area. Ashkenaz bordered on the area inhabited by another distinctive Jewish cultural group, the

17668: 14804: 13597: 12693: 12655: 12549: 12351: 12311: 11449: 11230: 11200: 10953: 10915: 10852: 9874: 9834: 9623: 9596: 9534: 9455: 9365: 9059: 8583: 7494: 6924:

as an autonomous language, it has sometimes been referred to as Judeo-German, along the lines of other Jewish languages like

5229: 3761: 10731: 8066:, remains the only permanent Yiddish theatre in North America. The theatre group also tours Canada, US, Israel, and Europe. 6773:

Map of the Yiddish dialects between the 15th and the 19th centuries (Western dialects in orange / Eastern dialects in green)

17833: 15992: 2854:

In eastern Europe, the response to these forces took the opposite direction, with Yiddish becoming the cohesive force in a

13506: 808:

The term "Yiddish" is also used in the adjectival sense, synonymously with "Ashkenazi Jewish", to designate attributes of

17828: 14819: 14814: 13617: 13612: 13036: 12829: 11491: 11272: 5297: 3481: 551: 16904: 10816: 8180:

Hundreds of thousands of young children around the globe have been, and are still, taught to translate the texts of the

708:, there were 11–13 million speakers. Eighty-five percent of the approximately six million Jews who were murdered in the 14429: 13306: 8574:

The following is a short example of the Yiddish language written in both the Hebrew and Latin scripts with English and

8465:

used by Jews with loanwords from Hebrew and Yiddish. And Yiddish had an influence on Hungarian with extra influence on

8058:

was the center of Yiddish theater from 1896 until the construction of the Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts (now the

7228: 6860:

information about the recent status of what is treated as an Eastern–Western dialect continuum is provided in the YIVO

5625: 3770: 3493: 2959: 11003:"Информационные материалы всероссийской переписи населения 2010 г. Население Российской Федерации по владению языками" 9516:, "noble"). Western Yiddish includes additional words of ultimate Latin derivation (but still very few): for example, 4372:

In vocabulary of Germanic origin, the differences between Standard German and Yiddish pronunciation are mainly in the

17628: 17405: 15365: 13457: 13311: 12797: 12774: 12712: 12674: 12636: 12610: 12587: 12568: 11708: 11524: 11127:Статистический бюллетень "Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство населения Еврейской автономной области" 10669: 10219: 10097: 10033: 9745: 9696: 9418: 9315: 9290: 9029: 1044: 2662: 15448: 13366: 13274: 10050:"Hebrew or Yiddish? – The Interwar Period – The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna" 9108: 8953:"Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення" 8059: 3791: 3346: 3246: 17: 11771: 7023:

tried to eradicate the use of Yiddish among Jews in preference to Hebrew, and make its use socially unacceptable.

4402:

Diphthongs have also undergone divergent developments in German and Yiddish. Where Standard German has merged the

17557: 15219: 14879: 14531: 13725: 12124: 9716: 9281: 7356:, 1,683 people spoke Yiddish in Russia, approximately 1% of all the Jews of the Russian Federation. According to 5104: 4594: 3325: 1650: 17530: 11682: 10372:, Council of Europe Committee on Culture and Education Doc. 7489, February 12, 1996. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 8998: 8081:. Besides Yiddish-speaking activists, it remains today the native everyday language of 15,000 Montreal Hasidim. 7927:

communities in the United States in which Yiddish remains the majority language including concentrations in the

7629:

still appears weekly and is also available in an online edition. It remains in wide distribution, together with

3687:; unlike many such languages, voiced stops are not devoiced in final position. Moreover, Yiddish has regressive 3623:, puts it in the "palatalized" column. This can mean that it is either palatalized alveolar or alveolo-palatal 2545:, which survives in the famous Cambridge Codex T.-S.10.K.22. This 14th-century manuscript was discovered in the 2293:) extending over parts of Germany and France. There, they encountered and were influenced by Jewish speakers of 17883: 17843: 17818: 17587: 14647: 13407: 12967: 12918: 11364: 8694: 8470: 8320: 8158: 8063: 7444: 7440: 7084:). Thus, Hebrew emerged as the dominant linguistic common denominator between the different population groups. 5032: 4906: 3784: 2862:). Notable Yiddish writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are Sholem Yankev Abramovitch, writing as 11865: 11843: 8504:, Town of Ramapo, New York, entirely in Yiddish. The candidates' names are transliterated into Hebrew letters. 4615:, but this pronunciation is also quasi-standard throughout northern and central Germany); /pf/ surfaces as an 17903: 17893: 17863: 17572: 17271: 15404: 14508: 13829: 11892: 11394: 11300:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148

8474: 8142: 7856:, 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home. Of these speakers, 113,515 lived in 7784: 7493:

In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's

7159: 5175: 3402: 3291: 2014: 1921: 1873: 1699: 1689: 391: 12257: 11801: 11730: 11068: 10977: 10879: 10002: 9993:

Rabinovich, O.A. (1861). "Russia – Our Native Land: Just as We Breathe Its Air We Must Speak Its Language".

8570:

Example video of native Yiddish speaker talking in the Yiddish language (with English-translated subtitles).

8394:

Inc. released its smartphones with keyboard access for the Yiddish language in its foreign language option.

7707:'the newspaper'). Several additional newspapers and magazines are in regular production, such as the weekly 7010:"You shall have love for the stranger, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt." (Deuteronomy 10:19) 2851:, Western Yiddish survived only as a language of "intimate family circles or of closely knit trade groups". 409: 17898: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17621: 17398: 17301: 16471: 16433: 16418: 15234: 14824: 14809: 14571: 14439: 14434: 13622: 13607: 13371: 13326: 13071: 12080: 11822:"Yiddish making a comeback, as theater group shows | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California" 9089: 7223: 5551: 4974: 4782: 4709: 3626: 3380: 3332: 3232: 2437: 2254: 2100: 1959: 15745: 12873: 11919: 8485:. These ethnolects are shown in various pieces of media across various mediums both digital and physical. 8323:, and still maintains daily Yiddish instruction today, and includes student theater and music in Yiddish. 6702: 6693: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6587: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6548: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6471: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6430: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6391: 6381: 6376: 6357: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6268: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6188: 6184: 6136: 6126: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6075: 6065: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6002: 5992: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5942: 5932: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5874: 5864: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5814: 5804: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5746: 5736: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5674: 5664: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5600: 5590: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5523: 5513: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5449: 5439: 5398: 5388: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5326: 5316: 5278: 5268: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5204: 5194: 5153: 5143: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5076: 5066: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5003: 4993: 4955: 4945: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4877: 4867: 4850: 4831: 4821: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4758: 4748: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4601: 4597: 4451: 4439: 4419: 4415: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4342: 4323: 4315: 4298: 4283: 4275: 4229: 4210: 4202: 4187: 4179: 4164: 4152: 4110: 4091: 4079: 4060: 4052: 4037: 4025: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3906: 3902: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3840: 3834: 3826: 3709: 3700: 3649: 3632: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3516: 3508: 3429: 17873: 17281: 17141: 16491: 16450: 16440: 15441: 15398: 14919: 14536: 14521: 13402: 13262: 11650: 11633: 9936: 7747: 7530: 7027: 6845: 5474: 5354: 4616: 4367: 3988:; Katz (1987) argues that they should be collapsed with the −2 series, leaving only 13 in the −3 series. 3798: 3364: 2019: 1747: 963: 813: 360: 11006: 1655: 738:", whose population was estimated at the time to be between 500,000 and 1 million. A 2021 estimate from 17519: 15657: 14884: 14789: 14490: 14384: 14035: 13929: 13637: 13570: 13131: 13021: 8856:

Also cp. the following works, where certain works in Yiddish language with Latin script are mentioned:

7239: 6789: 3812: 3691: 3611: 3459: 3394: 3357: 3339: 3298: 3284: 3253: 3239: 3149: 3142: 3106: 3068: 1630: 1026: 988: 958: 8137:

in New York (over 88% of the population of Kiryas Joel is reported to speak Yiddish at home.) Also in

1895: 17823: 17451: 16998: 14783: 14778: 14640: 14606: 14546: 14444: 14424: 14294: 14219: 14079: 13946: 13632: 13592: 12960: 9647: 9276: 8839:

Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax: Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages.

7908: 7853: 7825:. He was fluent in Yiddish, and translated several Yiddish poems and stories into English, including 7822: 7561: 7245: 5700: 5623: 5549: 5472: 5420: 5418: 5352: 5295: 5227: 5173: 5102: 5030: 4972: 4904: 4780: 4707: 3636: 3624: 3609: 3387: 3277: 2712:

were used for each. The name commonly given to the semicursive form used exclusively for Yiddish was

2055: 2009: 1130: 983: 973: 12941: 2352:, its greatest practitioner, pointed out that it is the only language never spoken by men in power. 17838: 17582: 17461: 17276: 17230: 17225: 17149: 16759: 16743: 16622: 16481: 16372: 16367: 15097: 15065: 14526: 14357: 13656: 13531: 10362: 10236: 8174: 7751: 7375: 7213:

language and its use was generally discouraged. Yiddish was one of the recognized languages of the

6872: 6174:

in Ashkenazi Hebrew. Also, Hebrew features no reduction of unstressed vowels and so the given name

5702: 1353: 929: 475: 275: 14857: 12906: 10569: 10552: 9909: 9182: 7810:, much of which is in Yiddish, was released. It was later chosen to be on the Library of Congress 17215: 17159: 17154: 17074: 16747: 16697: 15997: 15815: 15571: 15499: 15487: 15211: 15112: 14960: 14765: 14479: 14468: 14062: 13983: 13688: 13587: 13526: 13412: 13385: 9613: 8735: 8312: 8122: 7944: 7928: 4640:). Additionally, final voiced stops appear in Standard Yiddish but not Northern Standard German. 3413: 3194: 3187: 3162: 2621:. Another significant writer is Avroham ben Schemuel Pikartei, who published a paraphrase on the 2203: 2093: 2080: 1878: 1228: 936: 924: 654: 163: 153: 17337: 17057: 16455: 9888:

in 1787, over 10 percent of the Prague population was Jewish which spoke German and, probably,

9665: 8319:

teaches Yiddish as a second language to all its students. The school was founded in 1975 by the

8248:

A road sign in Yiddish (except for the word "sidewalk") at an official construction site in the

7947:, in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home. 17220: 16702: 16668: 16286: 16102: 15962: 15802: 15697: 14515: 14485: 13548: 12473: 12447: 12421: 10006: 9404: 8907: 8439: 8177:, who view the commonplace use of Hebrew as a form of Zionism, use Yiddish almost exclusively. 8118: 8114: 7936: 7932: 7811: 6823: 3684: 3034: 2388: 2060: 1954: 1790: 1694: 1587: 1413: 1140: 1002: 722:(immigration to Israel) further decreased the use of Yiddish among survivors after adapting to 308: 12667:

Outwitting History: How a Young Man Rescued a Million Books and Saved a Vanishing Civilisation

12327: 11247: 11220: 10383: 9586: 9445: 7750:

otherwise applied in this article.) Thriving Yiddish theater, especially in the New York City

17761: 17728: 17723: 17592: 17577: 17378: 17342: 16610: 16603: 16555: 16325: 16296: 16265: 16228: 16153: 15910: 15823: 15684: 15646: 15408: 15394: 14941: 14894: 14874: 14867: 14852: 14847: 14839: 14671: 14541: 14462: 14244: 13951: 13834: 13575: 13565: 13558: 13543: 13429: 12542:

Camden House History of German Literature, Volume 4: Early Modern German Literature 1350–1700

11439: 10621: 10181: 10089: 10083: 9356: 9049: 8706: 8262: 8217:

who attend yeshivas speak English. This usage is distinctive enough that it has been dubbed "

8130: 7940: 7826: 7780: 7546: 7353: 7081: 7057: 6785: 6205: 3973:

is the vowel /o/, descended from Proto-Yiddish */a/. The first digit indicates Proto-Yiddish

3520: 3438: 3099: 3092: 2915: 2863: 2424: 2371: 2358: 2349: 2294: 2195:. Ashkenazi culture later spread into Eastern Europe with large-scale population migrations. 1398: 1031: 1021: 1014: 173: 16843: 15718: 12847: 12769:(in Yiddish and English) (6th rev. ed.). New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. 11134:. October 30, 2013. In document "5. ВЛАДЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКАМИ НАСЕЛЕНИЕМ ОБЛАСТИ.pdf". Archived from 10844:

A century of ambivalence : the Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the present

10781:

Ben-Eliezer, Moshe (1980). "Hebrew and the Survival of Jewish Culture in the Soviet Union".

9075: 8069:

Even though Yiddish has receded, it is the immediate ancestral language of Montrealers like

7541: 1704: 1672: 17777: 17347: 17327: 17296: 17169: 17029: 16775: 16593: 16185: 16012: 15974: 15969: 15843: 15790: 15548: 15355: 15306: 15138: 14576: 14566: 14069: 13041: 12205: 11393:. RAPPLING 1. Rapporter från Institutionen för lingvistik vid Stockholms universitet. 2009 10237:"Isaac Bashevis Singer's banquet speech upon receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature 1978" 9967:

was overtly assimilationist, expressed in his correspondence both a great fondness for his

8501: 8134: 7806: 7554: 7413: 7227:

in Yiddish. Yiddish was also an official language in several agricultural districts of the

6987: 3844: 3207: 2790: 2686:), a Yiddish–Hebrew–Latin–German dictionary and thesaurus, published by Elia Levita in 1542 2618: 2396: 1785: 1714: 1709: 1640: 1308: 1298: 17003: 12304:

Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect

7783:, often used by Jews and non-Jews alike, unaware of the linguistic origin of the phrases. 2799:

led to a view of Yiddish as a corrupt dialect. The 19th century Prussian-Jewish historian

2656: 1635: 8: 17644: 17421: 17286: 16522: 16476: 16410: 16163: 15810: 15723: 15521: 15345: 14899: 14889: 14224: 14192: 14118: 14027: 13973: 13580: 13380: 13114: 13079: 11753: 11441:

Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust

11216: 10617: 10486: 8482: 8346: 8154: 8150: 7969: 7829:'s "Gimpel the Fool". In 1978, Singer, a writer in the Yiddish language, who was born in 7793: 7771: 7301: 7293: 7194: 7174: 7020: 6732: 4418:, Yiddish has maintained the distinction between them; and likewise, the Standard German 4381: 3680: 3668: 3312: 3217: 2886: 2859: 2585:), composed around 1507–08 and printed several times, beginning in 1541 (under the title 2444: 2433: 2143: 1665: 1620: 1423: 1348: 1036: 713: 245: 16833: 16678: 15925: 12498: 12179: 12102: 943: 17456: 17332: 17256: 17184: 17174: 17129: 16891: 16818: 16715: 16560: 16535: 16530: 16423: 16251: 16136: 15957: 15735: 15730: 15709: 15670: 15474: 15464: 15280: 15272: 15200: 15132: 15007: 14969: 14935: 14862: 14556: 14551: 14362: 14084: 13961: 13956: 13941: 13911: 13864: 13787: 13693: 13553: 13126: 13031: 12998: 12767:

College Yiddish: An Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture

11582: 10798: 10692: 10208: 10169: 8271: 7644: 7096: 4403: 3985: 3676: 3512: 3118: 3029: 2943: 2931: 2535: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2130:

By the 10th century, a distinctive Jewish culture had formed in Central Europe. By the

1916: 1843: 1645: 1592: 1328: 1268: 1238: 1170: 1125: 1088: 1078: 1009: 766: 739: 207: 158: 16486: 15172: 13839: 13715: 12015: 11985: 8970: 7814:

for being considered a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" film.

734:

stated that "most people who speak Yiddish in their daily lives are Hasidim and other

466: 459: 17514: 17509: 17306: 17105: 17021: 17014: 16969: 16913: 16673: 16663: 16646: 16641: 16545: 16428: 16307: 16107: 16068: 16048: 15886: 15778: 15760: 15612: 15375: 15361: 15327: 15186: 14340: 14271: 14153: 14138: 13921: 13792: 13757: 13046: 12793: 12770: 12708: 12689: 12670: 12651: 12632: 12606: 12583: 12564: 12545: 12347: 12307: 12277: 12269: 11599:

Note: an updated version of the article appears on Professor Volokh's UCLA web page,

11520: 11445: 11226: 11196: 10959: 10949: 10921: 10911: 10858: 10848: 10790: 10712: 10651: 10515: 10215: 10173: 10161: 10093: 10029: 10022: 9870: 9830: 9741: 9692: 9619: 9592: 9530: 9451: 9414: 9361: 9347: 9311: 9286: 9055: 9025: 8941:

What languages does the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages apply to?

8335: 8078: 8055: 7913: 7550: 6853: 6815: 6750: 6601: 3596:, puts it in the "velar" column, but consistently uses a symbol denoting a voiceless 3552: 3472: 3444: 3373: 3268: 3180: 3055: 3039: 2995: 2955: 2024: 1853: 1731: 1625: 1609: 1487: 1368: 1165: 953: 690: 17686: 12855:, by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; 10708: 9341:"Thus in Rashi's (1040–1105) commentary on the Talmud, German expressions appear as 8338:. Hebrew-alphabet keyboards are available, and right-to-left writing is recognized. 7761:

Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of

6848:

agrees with fewer than 200,000 in the United States. Western Yiddish is reported by

17813: 17676: 17658: 17604: 17489: 17261: 17052: 16986: 16942: 16937: 16897: 16886: 16878: 16683: 16651: 16598: 16587: 16500: 16209: 16148: 15938: 15920: 15755: 15516: 15508: 15335: 15292: 15287: 15276: 15255: 15244: 15193: 15017: 14982: 14945: 14796: 14773: 14726: 14663: 14406: 14374: 14335: 14306: 14289: 14239: 14040: 13849: 13782: 13735: 13683: 13651: 13642: 13627: 13501: 13476: 13452: 13336: 13267: 13184: 13051: 12744: 12528: 12367: 11574: 10704: 10240: 10151: 9976: 9162: 8462: 8414: 8350: 8331: 8282: 8261:

a museum has begun to revive Yiddish education and culture. Located in Kraków, the

8253: 8249: 8214: 8126: 8070: 8010: 8001: 7857: 7401: 7357: 7341: 7138: 6154: 3952: 3937: 3830: 3664: 3660: 3422: 3049: 3024: 3005: 2918:

with wheat – Let nothing go to waste". Colour lithograph, 1917. Digitally restored.

2341: 2337: 2317: 2298: 2238: 2131: 2050: 1964: 1911: 1660: 1477: 1318: 1187: 1095: 993: 978: 919: 879: 856: 795: 745:

The earliest surviving references date from the 12th century and call the language

686: 602: 96: 17711: 17691: 17098: 12868:, periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; 10648:

Collected Seminar Papers – Institute of Commonwealth Studies. University of London

9798:"They still exist: Yiddish-language newspapers and magazines throughout the world" 9382: 8888:

Edited by Manfred Treml and Josef Kirmeier with assistance by Evamaria Brockhoff:

8861:

Poetische Selbstbilder: Deutsch-jüdische und Jiddische Lyrikanthologien 1900–1938.

8770: 8062:), inaugurated on September 24, 1967, where the established resident theater, the 2832:"Russia – Our Native Land: Just as We Breathe Its Air, We Must Speak Its Language" 17718: 17499: 17494: 17484: 17435: 17291: 17251: 17084: 16991: 16974: 16959: 16954: 16947: 16656: 16565: 16550: 16505: 16357: 16320: 16312: 16291: 16278: 16258: 16244: 16007: 15984: 15915: 15905: 15897: 15677: 15351: 15341: 15331: 15118: 15036: 14997: 14751: 14746: 14731: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14680: 14316: 14311: 14123: 14050: 13883: 13854: 13777: 13767: 13730: 13705: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13496: 13491: 13481: 13466: 13257: 13174: 13141: 13099: 13089: 12762: 12395: 12260:[Lexicological notes on interferences between Yidish and modern French]. 11808: 11636:

Language Map Data Center, based on U.S. Census data. Retrieved December 25, 2006.

11629: 11495: 11400: 11351: 11190: 11186: 10646:

Hirson, Baruch (1993). "Friend to Olive Schreiner: The Story of Ruth Schechter".

10409: 10369: 9980: 9864: 9860: 9829:. Studies in theatre history and culture. University of Iowa Press. p. 304. 9824: 9441: 9219: 8952: 8723: 8575: 8430: 8426: 8196:) – 'translating'. Many Ashkenazi yeshivas' highest level lectures in Talmud and 8106: 8051: 7959:

district of North London, but there are sizable communities in northwest London,

7924: 7202: 7126: 7111: 7100: 6746: 6738: 6719: 6714: 6150: 4455: 4293: 4174: 4047: 3672: 3652:

can be either alveolar or uvular, either a trill or, more commonly, a flap/tap .

3544: 3086: 3044: 2947: 2935: 2867: 2827: 2800: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2274: 2192: 2165: 1976: 1906: 1848: 1800: 1679: 1582: 1445: 1233: 1160: 1105: 1100: 968: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 884: 867: 799: 783: 727: 694: 678: 674: 541: 241: 202: 145: 116: 12153: 12058: 8869:

4. 10 Ein radikaler Schritt:eine jiddische Anthologie in lateinischen Buchstaben

7844:

argue that Yiddish is "supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot".

7103:

and publication of Yiddish classics, both in Yiddish and in Hebrew translation.

6856:

estimates a worldwide Yiddish-speaking population of about two million. Further

2534:

Over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, songs and poems in Yiddish, and

712:

were Yiddish speakers, leading to a massive decline in the use of the language.

17504: 17372: 17266: 17246: 17198: 17090: 16964: 16634: 16401: 16340: 16119: 16076: 16033: 15950: 15945: 15834: 15784: 15635: 15586: 15541: 15534: 15424: 15155: 15145: 15106: 15041: 14741: 14736: 14620: 14595: 14416: 14323: 14281: 14261: 14249: 14229: 14143: 14133: 14101: 14094: 14074: 14045: 14017: 14012: 13978: 13888: 13812: 13802: 13740: 13538: 13486: 13397: 13392: 13154: 13149: 13084: 13013: 10460: 10337: 9960: 9211: 8729: 8451: 8447: 8376: 8233: 8205: 8102: 7281: 7170: 7107: 6999:און איר זאלט ליב האבן דעם פרעמדען, ווארום פרעמדע זייט איר געווען אין לאנד מצרים 6976: 4310: 4197: 4074: 3778: 3129: 2978:, there was debate over which language should take primacy, Hebrew or Yiddish. 2951: 2767: 2733: 2566: 2511: 2467:גוּט טַק אִים בְּטַגְֿא שְ וַיר דִּיש מַחֲזוֹר אִין בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ טְרַגְֿא 2400: 2245:(Judeo-French) and other Judeo-Romance languages began to acquire varieties of 2223: 2219: 2147: 2075: 1998: 1532: 1263: 1223: 1066: 1056: 889: 835: 827: 735: 662: 658: 251: 234: 126: 12281: 12037: 11488: 11332:

A National Action Plan for Human Rights 2006–2009. Retrieved December 4, 2006.

10315: 10282: 10156: 9784:]. Vol. 1. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. p. 280. 9360:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 569–571. 8852:

Die Gesetze der Schriftgeschichte: Konfession und Schrift im Leben der Völker.

8642:

German with wording and word order as close to the Yiddish version as possible

2549:

in 1896, and also contains a collection of narrative poems on themes from the

17807: 17738: 17322: 17164: 16920: 16871: 16688: 16627: 16540: 16445: 16383: 16330: 16214: 16141: 15386: 15302: 15249: 15239: 15229: 15125: 15055: 15028: 14930: 14925: 14710: 14389: 14234: 14161: 13968: 13902: 13875: 13824: 13772: 13745: 13720: 13710: 13471: 13417: 13351: 13331: 13321: 13316: 13289: 13235: 13164: 13109: 12273: 12258:"Notes lexicologiques sur des interférences entre yidich et français moderne" 11601: 11031: 10963: 10925: 10862: 10794: 10716: 10655: 10165: 9964: 9773: 9547: 9330: 9090:"A Tale of Two Hypotheses: Genetics and the Ethnogenesis of Ashkenazi Jewry". 8516: 8410: 8384: 8339: 8278: 8229: 8225: 8170: 8074: 8041: 7956: 7885: 7872:(5.00%). The remaining states with speaker populations larger than 1,000 are 7841: 7837: 7600: 7077: 7061: 7016: 6970: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6802: 3956: 3743: 3318: 3223: 3135: 2848: 2392: 2262: 2188: 1795: 1552: 1482: 1278: 1273: 1253: 1248: 1150: 1135: 874: 723: 168: 12923: 12843: 12786: 12540:

Dunphy, Graeme (2007). "The New Jewish Vernacular". In Reinhart, Max (ed.).

12232:"I took Duolingo's new Yiddish course for a test drive. Here's what I found" 9146: 8302:

Some American Jewish days schools and high schools offer Yiddish education.

7154:, Yiddish was spoken among the Ashkenazi Jewish population and Yiddish poet 7005:

Un ir zolt lib hobn dem fremden, varum fremde zayt ir geven in land mitsraym

2489:

May a good day come to him who carries this prayer book into the synagogue.

787:, "holy tongue"), meaning Hebrew and Aramaic. The term "Yiddish", short for 17191: 16615: 16579: 16512: 16335: 16158: 16131: 16114: 16058: 16017: 15599: 15578: 15179: 14369: 14166: 14128: 14089: 13678: 13422: 13361: 13341: 13301: 13284: 13252: 13240: 13201: 13119: 13094: 11789:; "The emergence of Yiddish theater in Montreal", "Examiner", May 14, 2012 9351: 9268: 8994: 8201: 8022: 7984:. From the 1910s to the 1950s, London had a daily Yiddish newspaper called 7873: 7766: 7762: 7427: 7088: 7072: 6933: 6857: 6806: 6798: 4582: 3910: 3860: 3170: 2891: 2763: 2720: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2282: 1863: 1858: 1774: 1288: 1213: 1155: 948: 705: 17706: 17701: 17681: 16838: 12881:, pub. Maison de la Culture Yiddish, Paris, since 1994, also available in 10943: 10905: 10842: 9244: 8157:, and elsewhere. Yiddish is also widely spoken in the Jewish community in 7525: 442: 435: 426: 17782: 17733: 17008: 16981: 16799: 16707: 16389: 16350: 15933: 15628: 15592: 15527: 15371: 15165: 15047: 14379: 13894: 13819: 13797: 13700: 13294: 13223: 13218: 13206: 13196: 12928: 12748: 12235: 11602:"Judge Alex Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, "Lawsuit, Shmawsuit" <*>" 11472: 10509: 10079: 9554:. Yale University Press/ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. p. 336. 9272: 8446:

was not an arbitrary pastiche of major European languages but a Latinate

7897: 7818: 7696: 7618: 7379: 7210: 7198: 6827: 6742: 4270: 4258: 4147: 4135: 4020: 4008: 3755: 3738: 3729: 2982: 2967: 2927: 2907: 2640: 2622: 2570: 2381: 2333: 2286: 2270: 2226:-speakers, and this is reflected in some Ashkenazi personal names (e.g., 2207: 1757: 1512: 1313: 1293: 809: 670: 547: 324: 17696: 16853: 12737:

Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939

11941: 10802: 9121: 7833:

and lived in the United States, received the Nobel Prize in Literature.

7280:

and other university departments). These were initially created in the

6114: 6053: 5980: 5920: 5852: 5792: 5724: 5652: 5578: 5501: 5427: 5376: 5304: 5256: 5182: 5131: 5054: 4981: 4933: 4855: 4809: 4736: 4539: 4495: 16848: 16828: 16193: 15863: 15564: 15298: 14473: 14180: 13762: 13356: 13104: 13026: 12882: 12620: 11512: 11354:

National Minorities and Minority Languages. Retrieved December 4, 2006.

10650:. Collected Seminar Papers. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 45: 43. 10427:"War on Hebrew For Some ultra-Orthodox, There Can Be Only One Language" 10320: 10287: 8775: 8732: – Language derived from Medieval Spanish spoken by Sephardic Jews 8520: 8380: 8162: 8138: 8054:), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper, appeared from 1907 to 1988. The 7869: 7865: 7788: 7469: 7297: 7235: 7197:(NEP) in the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish 7030:) as the means of defining Jewish nationalism. In the 1920s and 1930s, 6839: 6199: 4648: 4337: 4263: 4224: 4140: 4105: 4013: 3960: 3806: 3748: 2922: 2855: 2428:

The South-West Yiddish account of the life of Seligmann Brunschwig von

2375: 2266: 1832: 1752: 1547: 1522: 1323: 1303: 1203: 666: 17613: 17390: 12808: 11586: 11162:"Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage" 8429:

in England and to some degree the city dialects of Vienna and Berlin.

8379:

maintains a hub of Yiddish-language resources, including a searchable

7443:(1917–1921). But due to the holocaust, assimilation, and migration of 7388: 7110:, particularly the Hasidic Jews and the Lithuanian yeshiva world (see 6837:

Reports of the number of current Yiddish speakers vary significantly.

4589:

There are consonantal differences between German and Yiddish. Yiddish

2902: 843: 480:

52-ACB-g = 52-ACB-ga (West) + 52-ACB-gb (East); totalling 11 varieties

17787: 17034: 16782: 16345: 16126: 16081: 16053: 15879: 15433: 15224: 15073: 15022: 15002: 14394: 13859: 13750: 13661: 13279: 13213: 12580:

Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters

11869: 10570:

Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns

10553:

Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns

9972: 9215: 8443: 8422: 8365: 8356:

There are many websites on the Internet in Yiddish. In January 2013,

8316: 8218: 8089: 8014: 7964: 7676: 7292:

In the former Soviet states, recently active Yiddish authors include

7206: 7119: 7115: 6888: 6876: 4377: 3852: 3688: 3001: 2910:-era poster in Yiddish. Translated caption: "Food will win the war – 2575: 2429: 2183: 2135: 1467: 1208: 1120: 709: 452: 419: 401: 383: 16858: 13230: 11368: 11315:

Regeringens proposition 1998/99:143 Nationella minoriteter i Sverige

6936:. A widely cited summary of attitudes in the 1930s was published by 2589:). Levita, the earliest named Yiddish author, may also have written 2164:, and later of various areas of Eastern Europe and Anatolia. In the 726:

in Israel. However, the number of Yiddish-speakers is increasing in

486: 16823: 16171: 15078: 14632: 14113: 14055: 14000: 13995: 13666: 12952: 12860: 12856: 11890: 11578: 9470:

Traces remain in the contemporary Yiddish vocabulary: for example,

8714: 8418: 8398: 8391: 8166: 8110: 8094: 8033: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7625:

The typical circulation in the 21st century is a few thousand. The

6904: 6896: 6175: 4590: 4454:, the distinction becomes apparent when the two diphthongs undergo 3899: 2795: 2709: 2690:

The segmentation of the Yiddish readership, between women who read

2554: 2332:

and from anything with which it intersected. On the other hand, it

2156: 1742: 1577: 1537: 1507: 1462: 1393: 1083: 14915: 11896: 11791:

www.examiner.com/article/the-emergence-of-yiddish-theater-montreal

10756: 9914:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 641 7779:

Many "Yiddishisms", like "Italianisms" and "Spanishisms", entered

6992: 3932:

and appear as syllable nuclei as well, but only as allophones of

2954:

were booming, and for a time it achieved the status of one of the

2302:

of speech, sometimes not accepted as a fully autonomous language.

519: 17792: 17479: 16864: 16460: 15150: 15083: 15012: 14328: 14212: 14207: 14197: 14185: 14005: 13990: 13934: 13869: 13807: 13671: 13346: 13245: 13169: 13061: 12987: 12757:] (in Yiddish). New York: Yidisher Ṿisenshafṭlekher Insṭiṭuṭ. 11179: 10610:"Yiddish Studies Thrives at Columbia After More than Fifty Years" 8883:

Humor und Toleranz. Ostjüdische Anekdoten als historische Quelle.

8523:, 1932. The inscription includes text in Hebrew (לשנה טובה תכתבו— 8369: 8368:

influenced by Yiddish are available via online resources such as

8197: 8146: 8018: 7901: 7861: 7755: 7662: 7178: 7092: 6819: 6810: 4430:, which in Yiddish have merged with their unrounded counterparts 2975: 2708:, and men who read both, was significant enough that distinctive 2505: 2449: 2329: 2278: 2211: 2199: 2161: 1815: 1805: 1557: 1542: 1492: 1428: 1373: 1343: 1243: 1145: 1115: 1073: 1061: 817: 802: 682: 523: 506: 344: 334: 314: 302: 297: 12896: 11414:"Why a Yiddish Renaissance Is Underway in Sweden, of All Places" 11032:"журнал "Лехаим" М. Е. Швыдкой. Расставание с прошлым неизбежно" 10847:(2nd expanded ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 10530: 10381: 9795: 8717: – Words from the Yiddish Language used in everyday English 6996:

An example of graffiti in Yiddish, Tel Aviv, Washington Avenue (

16167: 14399: 14266: 14202: 8454:. This model is generally unsupported by mainstream linguists. 8101:

Major exceptions to the decline of spoken Yiddish are found in

7830: 7656: 7305: 7277: 7151: 6892: 6831: 6754: 6159: 3892:

The last two diphthongs may be realized as and , respectively.

2963: 2835: 2808: 2651: 2601: 2527: 2321: 2151: 1810: 1684: 1572: 1567: 1502: 1497: 1472: 1452: 1433: 1418: 1383: 1378: 1358: 1338: 1333: 1258: 1218: 1110: 718: 533: 510:

The opening page of the 1828 Yiddish-written Jewish holiday of

349: 339: 329: 319: 271: 12705:

Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture

11467: 10697:

Jewish Historical Studies: A Journal of English-Speaking Jewry

9738:

Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period

9618:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 339. 8244: 7545:

Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting

2962:. Educational autonomy for Jews in several countries (notably 2432:

describes, among other things, the anti-Semitic events of the

16085: 14987: 14350: 14345: 14299: 14254: 14175: 14170: 13434: 13189: 13159: 11565:

Volokh, Eugene; Kozinski, Alex (1993). "Lawsuit, Shmawsuit".

10085:

Born to Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods

9308:

Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation

8433: 8209: 8181: 7960: 7536:

Learn to speak, read and write the language of your children.

7533:

advertising free English classes for Yiddish speakers, 1930s:

7272:

The same slogan is written in Belarusian, Russian and Polish.

7067:

After the founding of the State of Israel, a massive wave of

6908: 6900: 6884: 6880: 6779:

Ghosts love Yiddish and as far as I know, they all speak it.

6671: 6444: 6327: 6321: 6166: 4373: 3721: 2930:

of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Revers. Three languages:

2881: 2605:). Another Yiddish retelling of a chivalric romance, װידװילט 2479:

gut tak im betage se vaer dis makhazor in beis hakneses trage

2281:, or both, migrated through Southern Europe to settle in the 2169: 2139: 1943: 1562: 1517: 1457: 1403: 1388: 1283: 511: 11072: 10511:

Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage

6749:. In Hebrew, many vowels are represented only optionally by 3655:

The glottal stop appears only as an intervocalic separator.

2789:, i. e. "Moses German"—declined in the 18th century, as the 2633:, and religious writing specifically for women, such as the 697:; however, there are variations, including the standardized 14449: 12983: 12602: 12341: 11727:"Data center results] Modern Language Association]" 11541:"2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates" 9116: 8267: 8252:

hamlet, a community with thousands of Yiddish speakers, in

7877: 2971: 2785:

The Western Yiddish dialect—sometimes pejoratively labeled

2215: 2210:. The widespread use of Aramaic among the large non-Jewish 1438: 1408: 1363: 1198: 731: 698: 367: 12627:. Oxford: Oksforder Yiddish Press in cooperation with the 11811:, Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 10306:, Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 9285:, Pocket Books 1969 (reprint of G.P. Putnam 1968), p. 32. 8841:

Oxford University Press: New York & Oxford, 1995, p. 7

6769: 3604:⟩ to transcribe it. It is thus safe to assume that 2942:

In the early 20th century, especially after the Socialist

2412: 12103:"Yiddish Book Center's Spielberg Digital Yiddish Library" 11646: 11330:אַ נאַציאָנאַלער האַנדלונגס־פּלאַן פאַר די מענטשלעכע רעכט 9529:. Beider, Alexander (2015). Origins of Yiddish Dialects. 8299:, Jewish boys' schools, and some Hasidic girls' schools. 7506: 6940:, quoting a remark by an auditor of one of his lectures: 3977:(1-=*, 2-=*, 3-=*, 4-=*, 5-=*), and the second refers to 1527: 12924:

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research: Yiddish Dictionaries

12582:(in Yiddish and English). The Hague: Mouton Publishers. 8824:

Routledge: London & New York, 1994, p. 388 (chapter

8161:, and in Haredi communities such as the ones in London, 6809:, in addition to the strictly monolingual stance of the 2914:, now you must help to preserve it – We must supply the 12947: 12249: 11891:

Neosymmetria (www.neosymmetria.com) (October 1, 2009).

10732:"Mexican Yiddish and Secular Jewish Identity in Mexico" 10382:

Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH) (September 19, 2024).

10028:. Middle Village, New York: Jonathan David Publishers. 9892:, a local Jewish-German dialect distinct from Yiddish ( 9796:

Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH) (September 22, 2024).

8719:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

7400:

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the

2981:

Yiddish changed significantly during the 20th century.

12601:. Tübingen: Max-Niemeyer-Verlag in collaboration with 11766:

CHRISTOPHER DEWOLF, "A peek inside Yiddish Montreal",

9222:, often mentioned his fondness for what he called his 2884:

the Dairyman") inspired the Broadway musical and film

2297:

and several other German dialects. Both Weinreich and

665:, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a 12535:(2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 12329:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History,

10456:"Scholars Debate Roots of Yiddish, Migration of Jews" 8543:

Examples of Yiddish usage in Birobidzhan public space

8288:

Yiddish is the medium of instruction in many Hasidic

3837:

may vary freely between a higher and lower allophone.

12891:, pub. Le Cercle Bernard Lazare, Paris, since 1996, 12332:

Cambridge University Press, 2014 pp.157,180ff. p.183

11964:"Naftali Ejdelman and Yisroel Bass: Yiddish Farmers" 11942:"In Academia, Yiddish Is Seen, But Not Heard –" 11564: 11437: 10384:"Trendumkehr: Immer mehr Menschen sprechen Jiddisch" 9447:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

9158: 9156: 9048:

Baumgarten, Jean; Frakes, Jerold C. (June 1, 2005).

8999:

Archive of Endangered and Smaller Languages: Yiddish

8890:

Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Bayern: Aufsätze.

7219:

Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

6943:אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמיי און פֿלאָט 6157:

but not identical. The most prominent difference is

11057:. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 75. 8957:

Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine

8820:Edited by Ekkehard König and Johan van der Auwera: 8025:opened in Glasgow in 2021 but closed down in 2023. 7458:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

7384:

History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

2320:. Yiddish was particularly good at borrowing: from 693:. Yiddish has traditionally been written using the 27:

High German-derived language used by Ashkenazi Jews

12785: 12599:The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry 12390: 12388: 11573:(2). The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc.: 463–467. 10910:. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. 10589:. The National Authority for Yiddish Culture. 1996 10309: 10207: 10021: 8334:includes Yiddish as one of its languages, as does 8093:A typical poster-hung wall in a Jewish section of 8021:and Leeds. The bilingual Yiddish and English café 7847: 2613:, an adaptation of the Middle High German romance 493:Yiddish is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO 12929:The Israeli National Authority of Yiddish Culture 10144:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10142:Kleine, Ane (December 2003). "Standard Yiddish". 9569:. Linguistic Circle of New York. pp. 63–101. 9153: 8865:Jüdische Religion, Geschichte und Kultur. Band 29 7907:In the six years since the 2000 census, the 2006 7860:(63.43% of American Yiddish speakers); 18,220 in 7599:In the United States, at first most Jews were of 7308:). Publication of an earlier Yiddish periodical ( 769:. Colloquially, the language is sometimes called 17805: 12828:, pub. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NYC, 11787:www.examiner.com/article/jewish-theater-montreal 11345:נאַציאַנאַלע מינאָריטעטן און מינאָריטעט־שפּראַכן 9346: 9047: 8309:promotes Yiddish-language education in schools. 6801:, there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers. 6149:The pronunciation of vowels in Yiddish words of 2731:, shown in the heading and fourth column in the 2655:. One of the best-known early woman authors was 777:, lit. "mother tongue"), distinguishing it from 685:. Most varieties of Yiddish include elements of 12597:Herzog, Marvin; et al., eds. (1992–2000). 12385: 10942:Lindemann, Albert S.; Levy, Richard S. (2010). 10865:– via Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. 10234: 9859: 8404: 8224:While Hebrew remains the exclusive language of 6862:Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry 2457:A Yiddish phrase transliterated and translated 12648:Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish 12563:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 12439: 11802:MLA Data Center Results: Kiryas Joel, New York 11222:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 10449: 10447: 10186:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 9234:at that time and place) in his correspondence. 9102: 9100: 9098: 8500:A 2008 election poster in front of a store in 7916:– New York City and another metropolitan area 7260:״פראָלעטאריער פון אלע לענדער, פאראייניקט זיך!״ 7177:-era Soviet Yiddish poster "Come to us at the 3943:The syllabic sonorants are always unstressed. 115:Europe, Israel, North America, South America, 17629: 17406: 15449: 14648: 12968: 12629:Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies 12268:(321–322). Strasbourg: SARL ELiPhi: 139–155. 11026: 11024: 10941: 10338:"Did you know Western Yiddish is threatened?" 9762:Volume 78, Issue 01, January 2003, pp 210–212 9584: 9517: 9503: 9489: 9471: 9169:(4., erg. Aufl., Hamburg: Buske, 1984), p. 3. 9043: 9041: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8704: 8632: 8614: 8294: 8289: 8236:", were composed and are recited in Yiddish. 8191: 8185: 8038: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7974: 7738: 7732: 7723: 7717: 7708: 7702: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7660: 7650: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7611: 7605: 7480: 7474: 7411: 7405: 7331: 7325: 7315: 7309: 7264: 7258: 7183: 7003: 6997: 6954:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 6947: 6941: 6697: 6688: 6657: 6623: 6582: 6543: 6500: 6466: 6425: 6386: 6352: 6302: 6263: 6178: 6164:in closed syllables being pronounced same as 6131: 6070: 5997: 5937: 5869: 5809: 5741: 5669: 5595: 5518: 5444: 5393: 5321: 5273: 5199: 5148: 5071: 4998: 4950: 4872: 4826: 4753: 4632: 4623: 4610: 4605: 4570: 4554: 4526: 4510: 3704: 3695: 2871: 2847:Owing to both assimilation to German and the 2751: 2742: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2645: 2634: 2590: 2580: 2521: 2477: 2465: 2101: 701:orthography that employs the Latin alphabet. 623: 581: 572: 563: 72: 63: 54: 45: 12905:, new literary magazine, Paris, since 2008; 12842:, pub. League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; 12739:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 12707:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 12342:Joshua Klagsbrun Lebenswerd, Patric (2015). 12320: 12125:"Yiddish Forverts Seeks New Audience Online" 11781:Carol Roach, "Yiddish Theater in Montreal", 11317:, June 10, 1999. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 11225:. University of Toronto Press. p. 537. 10235:Bashevis Singer, Isaac (December 10, 1978). 9869:. University of Chicago Press. p. 310. 9826:Jews and the making of modern German theatre 9580: 9578: 9576: 9301: 9299: 8790: 8788: 8738: – Jewish variants of Iranian languages 8660: 8646: 7257:in Yiddish (lower left part of the ribbon): 7080:origin, spoke Judeo-Spanish, others various 7051: 7046: 7036: 7031: 6974: 6121: 6060: 5987: 5927: 5859: 5799: 5731: 5659: 5585: 5508: 5434: 5383: 5311: 5263: 5189: 5138: 5061: 4988: 4940: 4862: 4816: 4743: 4562: 4546: 4518: 4502: 4438:, respectively. Lastly, the Standard German 2515: 2503: 2497: 2237:The established view is that, as with other 2177: 2134:, their area of settlement, centered on the 14457:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 12724:Prokim fun der Yidisher Literatur-Geshikhte 12596: 10780: 10444: 10201: 10199: 10197: 9715:. Milon.co.il. May 14, 2007. Archived from 9482: 9450:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. 9095: 8971:"World Atlas of Languages: Eastern Yiddish" 8902: 8900: 8277:Despite this growing popularity among many 8239: 7817:In 1976, the Canadian-born American author 7565:Yiddish distribution in the United States. 7489:), published in Stockholm, January 12, 1917 7369: 6949:a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot 6758:marks have no phonetic value on their own. 4380:. All varieties of Yiddish lack the German 2671: 636: 607: 17636: 17622: 17413: 17399: 15456: 15442: 14655: 14641: 12975: 12961: 12038:"Google Translate from Yiddish to English" 11021: 10424: 10304:Most spoken languages in the United States 10276: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10129: 9992: 9907: 9645: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9038: 9004: 8700:List of Yiddish newspapers and periodicals 7758:music provided another bonding mechanism. 7266:Proletarier fun ale lender, fareynikt zikh 7193:In the Soviet Union during the era of the 7106:In religious circles, it is the Ashkenazi 2108: 2094: 485: 12934:Comparison of Eastern and Western Yiddish 12761: 12012:"Oy! Google Translate now speaks Yiddish" 12009: 11966:. Yiddishbookcenter.org. January 10, 2013 11209: 11185: 10607: 10155: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 9772: 9573: 9564: 9546: 9480:, "to bless"), ultimately from the Latin 9305: 9296: 9082: 8785: 7456:Several countries that ratified the 1992 7043:Battalion for the Defence of the Language 6144: 4361: 3993:Genetic sources of Yiddish dialect vowels 13004:Index of Jewish history-related articles 11920:"A Lasting Language – Los Angeles Times" 11132:Russian Federal State Statistics Service 11052: 10903: 10880:"YIVO | Soviet Yiddish-Language Schools" 10840: 10425:Rabinowitz, Aaron (September 23, 2017). 10194: 9410:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 8897: 8555: 8243: 8088: 8084: 7560: 7540: 7524: 7468: 7439:Yiddish was an official language of the 7387: 7244: 7169: 6991: 6768: 4341: 4228: 4109: 3530:contrast has collapsed in some speakers. 2921: 2901: 2661: 2423: 2411: 505: 495:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 17643: 17420: 14503:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 13140: 12848:sample article אונדזער פרץ – Our Peretz 12650:(2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 12295: 11868:. Galicia Jewish Museum. Archived from 11751: 11674:Language Use in the United States: 2011 11215: 10948:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 10690: 10608:Hollander, Jason (September 15, 2003). 10453: 10019: 9822: 9758:Speculum, A Journal of Medieval Studies 9611: 9585:Aptroot, Marion; Hansen, Björn (2014). 9440: 9427: 9402: 9149:. Center for Applied Linguistics. 2012. 9054:. Oxford University Press. p. 72. 8726: – Symbols of Yiddishist movements 8077:, as well as former interim city mayor 8009:), founded, and edited from offices in 7799:list of English words of Yiddish origin 7754:, kept the language vital. Interest in 6918: 2273:who were literate in either liturgical 552:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 17806: 15463: 12948:In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies 12301: 12229: 12148: 12146: 11917: 11754:"Yiddish once again speaks for itself" 11511: 11391:Sveriges språk. Vem talar vad och var? 11159: 11093: 10645: 10262:"Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?" 10141: 10106: 9937:"History & Development of Yiddish" 9908:Graetz, Heinrich; Löwy, Bella (1891). 9896:= Moischele-Deutsch = 'Moses German'). 9686: 9380: 9106: 9076:"Development of Yiddish over the ages" 9051:Introduction to Old Yiddish literature 9019: 8918:from the original on February 21, 2015 8912:Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации 7973:has a small section in Yiddish called 7497:(entering into effect in April 2000). 7238:, the Jewish Communist Group, and The 7215:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7165: 7087:Despite a past of marginalization and 6764: 4442:corresponds to both the MHG diphthong 4422:corresponds to both the MHG diphthong 3963:of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels. 3946: 2866:; Sholem Rabinovitsh, widely known as 2416:The calligraphic segment in the Worms 689:and the vocabulary contains traces of 17617: 17394: 17127: 16741: 15485: 15437: 14636: 12956: 12810:Mumme Loohshen: An Anatomy of Yiddish 12730:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv: Peretz. 12686:Basic Yiddish: A Grammar and Workbook 12255: 11295: 11293: 10937: 10935: 10874: 10872: 10691:Pimlott, William (January 11, 2024). 10507: 9931: 9929: 9786:with explanation of symbol on p. xiv. 9310:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9177: 9175: 8584:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8450:of Yiddish, a native language of its 8315:, a secular Jewish primary school in 8184:into Yiddish. This process is called 8141:, Yiddish is widely spoken mostly in 8000: 7069:Jewish immigrants from Arab countries 6959: 6170:in Yiddish but the same as any other 3635:may actually also be alveolo-palatal 3021: 601: 117:other regions with Jewish populations 95: 14662: 12982: 12728:Chapters of Yiddish Literary History 11706: 11245: 11160:Walker, Shaun (September 27, 2017). 10729: 10531:"Jewish Language Path to Extinction" 10528: 10454:Johnson, George (October 29, 1996). 10205: 8798:. Rutgers University. Archived from 8551: 8436:has some words coming from Yiddish. 8109:, or Yeshivish communities, such as 7557:teach other women how to vote, 1936. 7451: 2659:, whose memoirs are still in print. 673:fused with many elements taken from 107:Central, Eastern, and Western Europe 16018:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 12291:– via ETH-Bibliothek Zuerich. 12143: 12059:"Digital Library & Collections" 12010:Lowensohn, Josh (August 31, 2009). 11895:. Judaicvilnius.com. Archived from 11055:Language Policy in the Soviet Union 10078: 9691:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9518: 9512:, good name) and Yentl (Old French 9504: 9490: 9472: 9396: 8615: 8469:, a dialect of Hungarian spoken by 8290: 8186: 7986: 7975: 7733: 7718: 7709: 7703: 7683: 7669: 7631: 7606: 7475: 7473:Banner from the first issue of the 7406: 7326: 7310: 7259: 7184: 7047: 7032: 7015:The national language of Israel is 6998: 6942: 6698: 6689: 6679:, are unpredictably split between A 6658: 6624: 6583: 6544: 6501: 6467: 6426: 6387: 6353: 6303: 6264: 6179: 6132: 6071: 5998: 5938: 5870: 5810: 5742: 5670: 5596: 5519: 5445: 5394: 5322: 5274: 5200: 5149: 5072: 4999: 4951: 4873: 4827: 4754: 4633: 4624: 4606: 4571: 4555: 4527: 4511: 3959:in 1960 to indicate the descendent 3705: 3696: 2872: 2752: 2743: 2714: 2701: 2692: 2646: 2635: 2591: 2581: 2516: 2498: 2466: 2407: 2178: 812:("Ashkenazi culture"; for example, 24: 17377:Languages between parentheses are 16742: 14450:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 14430:American Jewish Historical Society 12874:new volume, contents and downloads 12819: 12561:The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture 12256:Nahon, Peter (January–June 2017). 12203: 12177: 11824:. Jewishsf.com. September 18, 1998 11290: 10932: 10869: 10783:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 10761:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 9926: 9866:Music and German national identity 9648:"The Origins of Yiddish: Part Fir" 9591:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 108. 9498:, "to read"), from the Old French 9172: 9022:Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction 8764: 7229:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic 3724:phonemes of Standard Yiddish are: 2960:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic 2520:, 'synagogue' (read in Yiddish as 25: 17920: 12912: 12755:Thesaurus of the Yiddish language 12471: 12445: 12419: 12081:"David Mazower, White Goat Press" 11844:"Poland's Jews alive and kicking" 11707:Basu, Tanya (September 9, 2014). 11192:Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation 11069:"Birobidzhaner Shtern in Yiddish" 9778:געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך 9092:University of Pennsylvania. 2013. 8473:. Yiddish had influence on other 8145:, but also in smaller towns with 7950: 6726: 3811: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3769: 3760: 3492: 3480: 3458: 3401: 3386: 3379: 3363: 3356: 3345: 3331: 3324: 3290: 3276: 3245: 3231: 3206: 3193: 3186: 3169: 3161: 3148: 3141: 3117: 3098: 3091: 2780: 2759:—the construction is uncertain). 14614: 14601: 14600: 12813:. London: Philip Israel Witriol. 12669:. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books. 12578:Fishman, Joshua A., ed. (1981). 12533:Yiddish – A Survey and a Grammar 12491: 12465: 12413: 12360: 12335: 12230:Kutzik, Jordan (April 5, 2021). 12223: 12197: 12171: 12117: 12095: 12073: 12051: 12030: 12003: 11978: 11956: 11934: 11911: 11884: 11858: 11836: 11814: 11795: 11775: 11760: 11745: 11719: 11700: 11664: 11639: 11616: 11593: 11558: 11533: 11505: 11479: 11458: 11431: 11406: 11175:– via www.theguardian.com. 11096:"Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan" 11094:Rettig, Haviv (April 17, 2007). 10264:. Rijksoverheid.nl. July 2, 2010 9863:; Potter, Pamela Maxine (2001). 9740:by Zinberg, Israel. KTAV, 1975. 9167:Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache 8536: 8509: 8493: 8204:as well as ethical talks of the 8200:are delivered in Yiddish by the 8060:Segal Centre for Performing Arts 7570: More than 100,000 speakers 7520: 3936:, after bilabial consonants and 3833:respectively, but the height of 2774:, is printed in Hebrew script.) 2526:) – had been included. The 2202:, the vernacular of the Jews in 2176:becomes a term for Germany, and 842: 657:language historically spoken by 532: 516:Esther, oder die belohnte Tugend 12750:Oytser fun der Yidisher Shprakh 12520: 12499:"UDHR in Afroasiatic languages" 12014:. News.cnet.com. Archived from 11752:Shamash, Jack (March 6, 2004). 11709:"Oy Vey: Yiddish Has a Problem" 11383: 11357: 11335: 11320: 11305: 11265: 11239: 11153: 11118: 11087: 11061: 11046: 10995: 10970: 10897: 10834: 10809: 10774: 10749: 10723: 10709:10.14324/111.444.jhs.2024v55.02 10684: 10662: 10639: 10601: 10579: 10562: 10545: 10522: 10501: 10475: 10418: 10402: 10375: 10355: 10330: 10297: 10254: 10228: 10210:Grammar of the Yiddish Language 10072: 10042: 10024:A History of Yiddish Literature 10013: 9986: 9954: 9901: 9853: 9816: 9789: 9782:History of the Yiddish language 9766: 9751: 9731: 9705: 9680: 9658: 9639: 9605: 9558: 9552:History of the Yiddish Language 9540: 9464: 9374: 9335: 9324: 9282:The Unimportance of Being Oscar 9262: 9237: 9204: 9139: 9068: 8988: 8749: 7848:Present U.S. speaker population 7787:were documented extensively by 7594: Fewer than 1,000 speakers 7576: More than 10,000 speakers 7132: 7091:government policy, in 1996 the 7071:arrived. In short order, these 4595:voiceless labiodental affricate 3663:with which Yiddish was long in 3565:, and it can only be syllabic . 2897: 2206:and ancient and early medieval 1869:List of Jews in the visual arts 661:. It originated in 9th century 554: instead of Hebrew letters. 17909:Languages of the United States 17869:Languages of Georgia (country) 17381:of the language on their left. 14522:Relations with other religions 12936:based on a stable vocabulary. 12792:. New York: Ballantine Books. 11302:, Status as of: April 29, 2019 11071:. Gazetaeao.ru. Archived from 10757:"The Ashkenazi Jews of Mexico" 10088:. St. Martin's Press. p. 9975:, of course) a preference for 9565:Weinreich, Uriel, ed. (1954). 9024:. Cambridge University Press. 8963: 8945: 8934: 8844: 8831: 8814: 8695:List of Yiddish-language poets 8401:added Yiddish to its courses. 8064:Dora Wasserman Yiddish Theatre 7939:neighborhoods of Brooklyn. In 7923:There are a few predominantly 7588: More than 1,000 speakers 7582: More than 5,000 speakers 7517:television shows in Yiddish. 4458:, such as in forming plurals: 1982:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur 13: 1: 17889:Endangered diaspora languages 17879:Subject–verb–object languages 17669:Recognized minority languages 17272:Germanic substrate hypothesis 17128: 15405:Algerian Jewish Sign Language 14509:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11944:. Forward.com. March 24, 2006 11918:Rourke, Mary (May 22, 2000). 11438:Robert Moses Shapiro (2003). 11365:"IDG: Jiddischdomänen är här" 11277:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 10945:Antisemitism : a history 10907:The Jews in Poland and Russia 10821:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 9689:Early Yiddish Texts 1100–1750 9550:(2008). Glasser, Paul (ed.). 8742: 8421:students (sometimes known as 7785:Yiddish words used in English 7716:and the monthly publications 7099:, as well as preservation of 6675:in open syllable, as well as 3712:('foreword') is pronounced . 3011: 2912:You came here seeking freedom 2420:. The Yiddish text is in red. 2265:'s model, Jewish speakers of 1874:List of Jewish film directors 753:, "language of Ashkenaz") or 17302:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 15993:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 14440:Leo Baeck Institute New York 14435:American Sephardi Federation 12344:Handbook of Jewish Languages 12262:Revue de Linguistique Romane 11986:"Yiddish in the Day Schools" 11053:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003). 10568:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), 10551:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), 10160:(inactive August 27, 2024). 9941:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9646:Philologos (July 27, 2014). 8867:). 2019, p. 223 (in chapter 8457:Yiddish had an influence on 8405:Influence on other languages 8342:accepts queries in Yiddish. 8125:, and in the communities of 7769:states in his autobiography 7324:), was resumed in 2004 with 7255:Workers of the world, unite! 7224:Workers of the world, unite! 4677:South-Eastern ("Ukrainish") 4322: 4314: 4305: 4297: 4282: 4274: 4209: 4201: 4186: 4178: 4163: 4151: 4090: 4078: 4059: 4051: 4036: 4024: 3979:quantity or diphthongization 3882: 3877: 3872: 3804: 3776: 3753: 3703:('says') is pronounced and 3581:The phonetic realization of 3004:variation among the various 2989: 2438:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 2363:A History of the Jews (1988) 2160:, originally a term used of 765:, the contemporary name for 446: – Western Yiddish 439: – Eastern Yiddish 7: 17834:Jews and Judaism in Germany 17282:High German consonant shift 13263:Constantinopolitan Karaites 12346:. Brill. pp. 618–619. 12180:"Yiddish Dictionary Lookup" 11893:"Vilnius Yiddish Institute" 11651:United States Census Bureau 11628:September 19, 2015, at the 11399:September 20, 2014, at the 11350:September 26, 2007, at the 10574:Journal of Language Contact 10557:Journal of Language Contact 9911:History of the Jews, vol. 6 9588:Yiddish Language Structures 9354:, eds. (2007). "Ashkenaz". 9183:"Basic Facts about Yiddish" 8688: 8633: 8527:) and Yiddish (מאנטעווידעא— 8326: 8295: 8192: 8039: 7992: 7980: 7739: 7724: 7695: 7689: 7675: 7661: 7651: 7643: 7637: 7612: 7495:official minority languages 7481: 7441:Ukrainian People's Republic 7412: 7332: 7316: 7265: 7253:(1927–1937) with the motto 7185:קום צו אונדז אין קאָלווירט! 7052: 7037: 7004: 6948: 6846:Modern Language Association 6745:differs significantly from 4622:medially or finally (as in 4611: 4368:High German consonant shift 3643:, rather than just palatal. 2812:(one who takes part in the 2560: 2522: 2504: 2478: 2436:. In the collection of the 2289:(later known in Yiddish as 716:following World War II and 10: 17925: 17829:Jews and Judaism in France 15820:Westlauwers–Terschellings 15473:According to contemporary 14790:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 14491:National Library of Israel 13132:Zionism, race and genetics 12788:Yiddish: A Nation of Words 12784:Weinstein, Miriam (2001). 12703:Shandler, Jeffrey (2006). 12684:Margolis, Rebecca (2011). 12559:Fishman, David E. (2005). 11846:. CNN.com. October 6, 2008 11623:Language by State: Yiddish 10670:"South African Jews - BJE" 9525:(to pray), cf. Old French 8425:), Yiddish has influenced 8417:, especially as spoken by 8321:Bund movement in Australia 7920:, Miami, and Los Angeles. 7505:national top-level domain 7434: 7373: 6985: 6790:Nobel Prize for Literature 6737:Yiddish is written in the 6730: 6712: 6708: 4391:, having merged them with 4365: 3535:/nʲ,tsʲ,dzʲ,tʃʲ,dʒʲ,sʲ,zʲ/ 2993: 2125: 2120: 1972:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame 17770: 17754: 17667: 17651: 17601: 17540: 17472: 17444: 17428: 17364: 17315: 17239: 17208: 17140: 17136: 17123: 17072: 17045: 16999:Southern Schleswig Danish 16930: 16811: 16767: 16758: 16754: 16737: 16578: 16521: 16409: 16400: 16305: 16277: 16236: 16227: 16202: 16184: 16095: 16067: 16041: 16032: 15983: 15896: 15871: 15862: 15801: 15696: 15645: 15620: 15611: 15507: 15498: 15494: 15481: 15471: 15418: 15385: 15320: 15265: 15235:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi 15210: 15096: 15064: 14977: 14968: 14959: 14908: 14838: 14764: 14719: 14688: 14679: 14670: 14589: 14445:Yeshiva University Museum 14425:Center for Jewish History 14415: 14280: 14152: 14026: 13920: 13451: 13070: 13012: 12994: 12893:יידישע העפטן sample cover 12735:Shternshis, Anna (2006). 11807:October 16, 2015, at the 10904:Polonsky, Antony (2010). 10841:Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2001). 10157:10.1017/S0025100303001385 9687:Frakes, Jerold C (2004). 9508:Bunim (related to French 9502:; and the personal names 9277:My Heart Belongs to Daddy 8677:Hebrew (transliteration) 8654: 8640: 8623: 8607: 8597: 8592: 8589: 8028: 7909:American Community Survey 7854:2000 United States Census 7823:Nobel Prize in Literature 7464: 7407:דער ביראָבידזשאַנער שטערן 7347: 7145: 6612: 6455: 6341: 6221:Northeastern ("Litvish") 6209: 6204: 6196: 6020: 5891: 5763: 5636: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5332: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5210: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5082: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4893:, all in closed syllable 4883: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4775: 4671:Northeastern ("Litvish") 4656: 4653: 4645: 4466: 4463: 3715: 3533:The palatalized coronals 3488: 3455: 3437: 3428: 3421: 3311: 3216: 3201: 3156: 3128: 3111: 3085: 3054: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 2828:Osip Aronovich Rabinovich 2485: 2473: 2461: 1045:Jewish diaspora languages 778: 770: 754: 746: 625: 624: 583: 582: 574: 573: 565: 564: 484: 474: 450: 417: 399: 381: 376: 359: 285: 264:Official language in 262: 257: 231: 216: 195: 142: 132: 122: 111: 103: 91: 74: 73: 65: 64: 56: 55: 47: 46: 44: 39: 34: 17277:West Germanic gemination 17231:Ancient Belgian language 17226:Germanic parent language 17170:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 16292:Austrian Standard German 15486: 13037:Ancient Israel and Judah 12903:Gilgulim, naye shafungen 12807:Witriol, Joseph (1974). 11494:January 6, 2011, at the 11489:דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל 11367:. Idg.se. Archived from 11246:Congress, World Jewish. 11126: 10576:, Varia 2: 40–67, p. 46. 10559:, Varia 2: 40–67, p. 48. 10411:Palestine Census ( 1922) 9413:(2 ed.). Elsevier. 9306:Kriwaczek, Paul (2005). 9020:Jacobs, Neil G. (2005). 8613: 8525:LeShoyno Toyvo Tikoseyvu 8240:Modern Yiddish education 7752:Yiddish Theatre District 7632:דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל 7414:Der Birobidzhaner Shtern 7394:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7376:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7370:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7158:wrote about the life of 6873:1922 census of Palestine 6187:in Ashkenazi Hebrew but 3694:, so that, for example, 3683:stops have little to no 2453:(a Hebrew prayer book). 2253:dialects from which the 276:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 15366:Portuguese-based Creole 13413:North African Sephardim 13386:Jewish tribes of Arabia 12907:גילגולים, נייע שאפונגען 12722:Shmeruk, Chone (1988). 11866:"Galicia Jewish Museum" 11248:"World Jewish Congress" 10508:Herzl, Theodor (1896). 10368:March 30, 2012, at the 10326:(subscription required) 10293:(subscription required) 10001:: 220. As cited on the 9226:(it was not yet called 8822:The Germanic Languages. 8781:(subscription required) 8736:Judeo-Iranian languages 8656:Official German version 8313:Sholem Aleichem College 8307:Yiddishkayt (יידישקייט) 8305:An organization called 7945:Orange County, New York 6115: 6054: 5981: 5921: 5853: 5793: 5725: 5653: 5579: 5502: 5428: 5377: 5305: 5257: 5183: 5132: 5055: 4982: 4934: 4856: 4810: 4737: 4593:the Middle High German 4540: 4496: 3951:Stressed vowels in the 3608:is phonetically uvular 2830:, in an article titled 2434:revolutionary year 1848 2154:), came to be known as 2081:Category:Jewish culture 1879:Jews in American cinema 17338:Preterite-present verb 17221:Proto-Germanic grammar 17175:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 16287:German Standard German 15963:East Frisian Low Saxon 14516:Holocaust Encyclopedia 14486:Jewish Virtual Library 12942:University of Tübingen 12866:Yerusholaymer Almanakh 12665:Lansky, Aaron (2004). 11922:. Articles.latimes.com 10514:. Leipzig and Vienna: 10007:Jewish Virtual Library 9983:as a culture language. 9668:. Yivoencyclopedia.org 9612:Johnson, Paul (1987). 9483: 9383:"Judaism: Ashkenazism" 9218:and a Litvak Jew from 8876:Erinnerung der Herzen. 8705: 8661: 8647: 8571: 8349:, volunteers, and the 8257: 8098: 7998:Yiddish pronunciation: 7868:(5.11%); and 8,950 in 7812:National Film Registry 7638:der algemeyner zhurnal 7596: 7558: 7538: 7490: 7487:Yiddish People's Voice 7397: 7367: 7273: 7190: 7082:Judeo-Arabic varieties 7012: 6984: 6975: 6824:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6781: 6774: 6354:גֵּט, חֶבְֿרָה, אֱמֶת‎ 6145:Comparison with Hebrew 6122: 6061: 5988: 5928: 5860: 5800: 5732: 5690:in open syllable, and 5660: 5586: 5539:in open syllable, and 5509: 5435: 5408:in open syllable, and 5384: 5342:in open syllable, and 5312: 5264: 5190: 5163:in open syllable, and 5139: 5092:in open syllable, and 5062: 4989: 4941: 4863: 4817: 4744: 4563: 4547: 4519: 4503: 4362:Comparison with German 3679:), but unlike German, 2939: 2919: 2870:, whose stories about 2823: 2687: 2441: 2421: 2354: 1955:List of Jews in sports 816:and "Yiddish music" – 730:communities. In 2014, 540:This article contains 527: 470: Western Yiddish 463: Eastern Yiddish 309:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17884:Verb-second languages 17844:High German languages 17819:Ashkenazi Jews topics 17762:Swedish Sign Language 17343:Grammatischer Wechsel 16326:Namibian Black German 16297:Swiss Standard German 16266:Early New High German 15824:Mainland West Frisian 15685:Harlingerland Frisian 15409:village sign language 15395:Israeli Sign Language 14463:Encyclopaedia Judaica 14245:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 13430:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 13180:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 12879:Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam 12306:. De Gruyter Mouton. 12302:Wexler, Paul (2002). 12083:. Yiddish Book Center 12061:. Yiddish Book Center 11733:on September 23, 2006 11676:, Issued August 2013" 11647:"U.S. Census website" 11252:World Jewish Congress 10214:. London: Duckworth. 10020:Liptzin, Sol (1972). 9615:A History of the Jews 9357:Encyclopaedia Judaica 8707:The Yiddish King Lear 8569: 8502:Village of New Square 8263:Galicia Jewish Museum 8247: 8092: 8085:Religious communities 7827:Isaac Bashevis Singer 7781:New York City English 7748:transliteration rules 7564: 7547:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7544: 7528: 7472: 7391: 7362: 7248: 7173: 6995: 6963: 6786:Isaac Bashevis Singer 6777: 6772: 6206:Tiberian vocalization 6191:in Standard Yiddish. 6153:origin is similar to 3000:There is significant 2925: 2905: 2864:Mendele Mocher Sforim 2819: 2665: 2427: 2415: 2350:Isaac Bashevis Singer 2305: 2295:High German languages 681:) and to some extent 509: 138:≤ 600,000 (2021) 17904:Languages of Germany 17894:Vulnerable languages 17864:Languages of Ukraine 17348:Indo-European ablaut 17328:Germanic strong verb 17297:Germanic spirant law 16434:Southeast Limburgish 15930:Gelders-Overijssels 15559:Irish Middle English 15549:Early Modern English 15245:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani 14885:Judaeo-Tripolitanian 13042:Second Temple period 12646:Katz, Dovid (2007). 11872:on November 27, 2020 11770:, February 23, 2008. 11444:. KTAV. p. 18. 11217:Magocsi, Paul Robert 10982:yivoencyclopedia.org 10884:yivoencyclopedia.org 10730:Grossman, Rachelle. 10361:Emanuelis Zingeris, 10342:Endangered Languages 10206:Katz, Dovid (1987). 9567:The Field of Yiddish 8802:on February 15, 2021 7555:American Labor Party 7482:Jidische Folkschtime 7420:The Birobidzhan Star 7249:State emblem of the 7201:. At the same time, 7045:", whose motto was " 7021:Mandate of Palestine 6988:War of the Languages 6919:Status as a language 6331:in closed syllable; 6224:Central ("Poylish") 4674:Central ("Poylish") 4382:front rounded vowels 2791:Age of Enlightenment 2619:Wirnt von Grafenberg 2510:(prayerbook for the 2397:West Slavic language 2285:in an area known as 2222:appear to have been 2132:high medieval period 1960:Association football 1299:Crossing the Red Sea 631:, historically also 17899:Languages of France 17859:Languages of Russia 17854:Languages of Poland 17849:Languages of Israel 17645:Languages of Sweden 17422:Languages of Israel 17316:Synchronic features 17287:Germanic a-mutation 17240:Diachronic features 16590:in the broad sense 16523:East Central German 16477:Lorraine Franconian 16451:Transylvanian Saxon 16411:West Central German 16186:East Low Franconian 16096:West Low Franconian 14480:Jewish Encyclopedia 14225:Hekhalot literature 14036:Religious movements 13571:Judeo-Tripolitanian 12919:Yiddish Book Center 12105:. Internet Archives 11899:on October 22, 2006 11688:on February 5, 2016 11545:Library of Congress 11371:on February 7, 2009 10624:on October 11, 2017 10618:Columbia University 9381:Schoenberg, Shira. 9214:, the initiator of 8586: 8375:Computer scientist 8347:Yiddish Book Center 8285:, for Yiddishists. 7864:(10.18%); 9,145 in 7794:The Joys of Yiddish 7772:In Memory Yet Green 7302:Olexander Beyderman 7221:included the motto 7195:New Economic Policy 7166:Former Soviet Union 7038:gdud maginéi hasafá 6788:upon receiving the 6765:Numbers of speakers 6733:Yiddish orthography 6605:in closed syllable 6525:in closed syllable 6448:in closed syllable 6245:in closed syllable 5616:in closed syllable 5465:in closed syllable 5288:in closed syllable 5220:in closed syllable 4965:in closed syllable 4700:in closed syllable 4662:Middle High German 4446:and the long vowel 4426:and the long vowel 4252: 4129: 4002: 3995: 3947:Dialectal variation 3855: 3732: 3568:is an allophone of 3557:is an allophone of 3018: 3017:Yiddish consonants 2958:of the short-lived 2887:Fiddler on the Roof 2878:Tevye der milkhiker 2860:Yiddishist movement 2458: 2445:Yiddish orthography 1349:Gathering of Israel 1027:Judeo-Tripolitanian 794:Modern Yiddish has 287:Recognised minority 246:Yiddish orthography 17874:Diaspora languages 17333:Germanic weak verb 17142:Language subgroups 16492:Pennsylvania Dutch 16441:Moselle Franconian 16419:Central Franconian 16252:Middle High German 16003:Central Pomeranian 15958:Northern Low Saxon 15671:Wangerooge Frisian 15465:Germanic languages 15273:Jewish Koine Greek 15133:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14880:Judaeo-Palestinian 14720:Reading traditions 14621:Judaism portal 14557:Jews and Halloween 14552:Jews and Christmas 13942:Rabbinic authority 13694:Judaeo-Piedmontese 13127:Xueta Christianity 13032:Origins of Judaism 12999:Outline of Judaism 12621:Katz, Hirshe-Dovid 12544:. pp. 74–79. 12368:"Jewish Hungarian" 12131:. January 25, 2013 11500:Algemeiner Journal 11100:The Jerusalem Post 11009:on October 6, 2021 10978:"YIVO | Documents" 10489:on October 3, 2005 9348:Berenbaum, Michael 9147:"Yiddish Language" 8581: 8572: 8397:On April 5, 2021, 8272:Vilnius University 8258: 8099: 8048:The Canadian Eagle 7914:metropolitan areas 7804:In 1975, the film 7645:Algemeyner Journal 7597: 7559: 7539: 7491: 7398: 7274: 7217:. Until 1938, the 7191: 7058:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 7013: 6960:Israel and Zionism 6775: 6358:/gɛt,ˈχɛvrɜ,ˈɛmɜs/ 4404:Middle High German 4250: 4127: 4000: 3991: 3986:Middle High German 3851: 3727: 3600:fricative ⟨ 3016: 2956:official languages 2944:October Revolution 2940: 2920: 2873:טבֿיה דער מילכיקער 2688: 2565:The advent of the 2517:בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ 2456: 2442: 2422: 2251:Middle High German 2247:Middle High German 2191:, who ranged into 1917:Biblical cosmology 1844:Ancient Jewish art 1593:Valley of the ants 1329:Conquest of Canaan 1269:Sodom and Gomorrah 767:Middle High German 740:Rutgers University 603:[ˈ(j)ɪdɪʃ] 528: 208:Middle High German 97:[ˈ(j)ɪdɪʃ] 17801: 17800: 17652:Official language 17611: 17610: 17388: 17387: 17373:extinct languages 17360: 17359: 17356: 17355: 17307:Great Vowel Shift 17119: 17118: 17115: 17114: 17068: 17067: 16914:Greenlandic Norse 16733: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16725: 16724: 16664:Southern Bavarian 16647:Northern Bavarian 16623:Highest Alemannic 16574: 16573: 16308:standard variants 16223: 16222: 16069:Standard variants 16028: 16027: 15887:Middle Low German 15858: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15658:Saterland Frisian 15431: 15430: 15425:extinct languages 15362:Judaeo-Papiamento 15316: 15315: 15256:Judaeo-Golpaygani 15187:Judaeo-Portuguese 15092: 15091: 14955: 14954: 14760: 14759: 14630: 14629: 14596:extinct languages 14497:YIVO Encyclopedia 14272:Hebrew literature 14240:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 14080:Reconstructionist 13758:Judaeo-Portuguese 13447: 13446: 13403:Eastern Sephardim 13047:Synagogal Judaism 12897:subscription info 12883:electronic format 12870:ירושלימער אלמאנאך 12745:Stutchkoff, Nahum 12695:978-0-415-55522-7 12657:978-0-465-03730-8 12551:978-1-57113-247-5 12529:Birnbaum, Solomon 12353:978-90-04-21733-1 12313:978-3-11-089873-6 12204:Finkel, Raphael. 12178:Finkel, Raphael. 12018:on March 11, 2012 11451:978-0-88125-775-5 11389:Mikael Parkvall, 11232:978-1-4426-4085-6 11202:978-0-19-530546-3 11075:on April 14, 2016 10955:978-0-19-102931-8 10917:978-1-874774-64-8 10854:978-0-253-01373-6 10529:Rozovsky, Lorne. 10516:Project Gutenberg 10324:(18th ed., 2015) 10291:(18th ed., 2015) 10054:www.yadvashem.org 9876:978-0-226-02131-7 9836:978-1-58729-868-4 9625:978-0-06-091533-9 9598:978-3-11-033952-9 9535:978-0-19-873931-9 9457:978-1-139-91714-8 9367:978-0-02-866097-4 9127:on March 22, 2012 9061:978-0-19-927633-2 8975:en.wal.unesco.org 8881:Desanka Schwara: 8859:Carmen Reichert: 8850:Matthias Mieses: 8779:(18th ed., 2015) 8711: – 1892 play 8686: 8685: 8628:(transliteration) 8582:Article 1 of the 8567: 8552:Language examples 8143:Lakewood Township 8079:Michael Applebaum 8056:Monument-National 8002:[dɪtsaɪt] 7963:, Manchester and 7551:Herbert H. Lehman 7476:יודישע פאלקסשטימע 7452:Council of Europe 7352:According to the 7327:דער נײַער פֿרײַנד 7205:was considered a 7053:ivri, dabér ivrít 6854:Council of Europe 6816:minority language 6751:diacritical marks 6694:/kaˈdɔχɜs,ˈnaχɜs/ 6668: 6667: 6644:in open syllable 6642:kubutz and shuruk 6602:kubutz and shuruk 6564:in open syllable 6487:in open syllable 6407:in open syllable 6373:in open syllable 6284:in open syllable 6227:Standard Yiddish 6142: 6141: 5023:in open syllable 4847:in open syllable 4686:Standard Yiddish 4604:initially (as in 4579: 4578: 4487:Standard Yiddish 4481:Standard Yiddish 4359: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4246: 4245: 4123: 4122: 3938:dorsal consonants 3898:In addition, the 3889: 3888: 3823: 3822: 3505: 3504: 2996:Yiddish phonology 2892:Isaac Leib Peretz 2849:revival of Hebrew 2657:Glückel of Hameln 2592:פּאַריז און װיענע 2539:this sort is the 2493: 2492: 2346: 2118: 2117: 2010:Ancient Israelite 1854:Judeo-Tat theatre 1369:David and Goliath 691:Romance languages 548:rendering support 504: 503: 432:Individual codes: 361:Regulated by 16:(Redirected from 17916: 17824:Jewish languages 17638: 17631: 17624: 17615: 17614: 17605:Jewish languages 17588:Levantine Arabic 17415: 17408: 17401: 17392: 17391: 17165:Elbe (Irminonic) 17138: 17137: 17125: 17124: 17053:Mainland Gutnish 16943:Swedish dialects 16905:Middle Icelandic 16879:Middle Norwegian 16768:Historical forms 16765: 16764: 16756: 16755: 16739: 16738: 16698:South Franconian 16684:Hutterite German 16652:Central Bavarian 16472:Rhine Franconian 16407: 16406: 16237:Historical forms 16234: 16233: 16149:Surinamese Dutch 16042:Historical forms 16039: 16038: 15872:Historical forms 15869: 15868: 15621:Historical forms 15618: 15617: 15505: 15504: 15496: 15495: 15483: 15482: 15458: 15451: 15444: 15435: 15434: 15342:Judaeo-Malayalam 15194:Judaeo-Aragonese 15173:Judaeo-Provençal 15119:Judaeo-Livornese 14975: 14974: 14966: 14965: 14686: 14685: 14677: 14676: 14664:Jewish languages 14657: 14650: 14643: 14634: 14633: 14619: 14618: 14617: 14604: 14603: 13736:Judeo-Golpaygani 13337:Palestinian Jews 13312:Alexandrian Jews 13268:Crimean Karaites 13185:Unterlander Jews 13138: 13137: 13052:Rabbinic Judaism 12977: 12970: 12963: 12954: 12953: 12814: 12803: 12791: 12780: 12763:Weinreich, Uriel 12758: 12740: 12731: 12718: 12699: 12680: 12661: 12642: 12616: 12593: 12574: 12555: 12536: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12503:www.omniglot.com 12495: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12469: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12400:Jewish Languages 12396:"Jewish Russian" 12392: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12372:Jewish Languages 12364: 12358: 12357: 12339: 12333: 12326:Bernard Spolsky, 12324: 12318: 12317: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12253: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12158:Jewish Languages 12150: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12121: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12034: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11888: 11882: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11862: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11818: 11812: 11799: 11793: 11779: 11773: 11768:Spacing Montreal 11764: 11758: 11757: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11729:. Archived from 11723: 11717: 11716: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11687: 11681:. Archived from 11680: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11643: 11637: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11567:Yale Law Journal 11562: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11509: 11503: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11410: 11404: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11361: 11355: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11187:Yekelchyk, Serhy 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11140: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11102:. Archived from 11091: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11028: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11005:. Archived from 10999: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10939: 10930: 10929: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10876: 10867: 10866: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10672:. March 30, 2020 10666: 10660: 10659: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10629: 10620:. Archived from 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10583: 10577: 10566: 10560: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10485:. Archived from 10483:"Army Navy Full" 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10451: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10379: 10373: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10241:Nobel Foundation 10232: 10226: 10225: 10213: 10203: 10192: 10191: 10185: 10177: 10159: 10139: 10104: 10103: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10060:on April 3, 2019 10056:. Archived from 10046: 10040: 10039: 10027: 10017: 10011: 10010: 9990: 9984: 9971:and (apart from 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9933: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9885: 9883: 9861:Applegate, Celia 9857: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9843: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9793: 9787: 9785: 9770: 9764: 9755: 9749: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9719:on July 15, 2012 9709: 9703: 9702: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9582: 9571: 9570: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9544: 9538: 9521: 9520: 9507: 9506: 9493: 9492: 9486: 9475: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9442:Spolsky, Bernard 9438: 9425: 9424: 9403:Yiddish (2005). 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9339: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9303: 9294: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9249:Jewish Languages 9241: 9235: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9187: 9179: 9170: 9163:Solomon Birnbaum 9160: 9151: 9150: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9126: 9120:. Archived from 9113: 9104: 9093: 9088:Aram Yardumian, 9086: 9080: 9079: 9078:. jewishgen.org. 9072: 9066: 9065: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9017: 9002: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8949: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8925: 8923: 8904: 8895: 8848: 8842: 8835: 8829: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8768: 8756: 8753: 8720: 8710: 8664: 8650: 8636: 8618: 8617: 8587: 8580: 8578:for comparison. 8568: 8540: 8513: 8497: 8477:ethnolects like 8467:Jewish Hungarian 8415:New York English 8351:Internet Archive 8332:Google Translate 8298: 8293: 8292: 8283:Goshen, New York 8195: 8189: 8188: 8071:Mordecai Richler 8045: 8011:Whitechapel Road 8004: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7977: 7918:just north of it 7742: 7736: 7735: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7654: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7531:City of New York 7484: 7478: 7477: 7417: 7409: 7408: 7402:Russian Far East 7358:Mikhail Shvydkoy 7342:Saint Petersburg 7335: 7333:der nayer fraynd 7329: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7251:Byelorussian SSR 7187: 7186: 7139:Morris Alexander 7055: 7050: 7049: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7028:Internationalism 7007: 7001: 7000: 6982: 6980: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6793: 6704: 6703:/ˈχɔlɜm,ˈχasɜnɜ/ 6701: 6700: 6699:חֲלוֹם, חֲתֻנָּה 6695: 6692: 6691: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6649: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6497: 6492: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6383: 6378: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265:אַלְמָן, כְּתָבֿ 6260: 6255: 6250: 6218:Western Yiddish 6194: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6155:Ashkenazi Hebrew 6138: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4683:Standard German 4668:Western Yiddish 4665:Standard German 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4484:Standard German 4478:Standard German 4461: 4460: 4453: 4441: 4421: 4417: 4399:, respectively. 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4348: 4332: 4320: 4300: 4285: 4280: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4216: 4207: 4192: 4181: 4166: 4161: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4097: 4085: 4066: 4054: 4039: 4034: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3953:Yiddish dialects 3940:, respectively. 3935: 3927: 3920: 3909:can function as 3908: 3904: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3865:Central nucleus 3856: 3850: 3843:appears only in 3842: 3836: 3828: 3815: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3773: 3764: 3733: 3726: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3661:Slavic languages 3651: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3529: 3518: 3510: 3496: 3484: 3475: 3462: 3447: 3431: 3405: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3367: 3360: 3349: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3294: 3280: 3271: 3249: 3235: 3226: 3210: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3173: 3165: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3121: 3102: 3095: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3019: 3015: 3006:Yiddish dialects 2875: 2874: 2843: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2666:A page from the 2649: 2648: 2638: 2637: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2481: 2469: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2408:Written evidence 2399:) that had been 2365: 2345: 2299:Solomon Birnbaum 2239:Jewish languages 2181: 2180: 2110: 2103: 2096: 1319:Ten Commandments 846: 823: 822: 780: 772: 761:), a variant of 756: 748: 687:Slavic languages 652: 649: 644: 641: 638: 630: 629: 627: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 605: 600: 588: 587: 585: 579: 578: 576: 570: 569: 567: 536: 498: 489: 469: 462: 445: 438: 430:– inclusive code 429: 422: 413: 412: 404: 395: 394: 386: 365:No formal bodies 311: 289:language in 237: 148: 99: 79: 78: 76: 70: 69: 67: 61: 60: 58: 52: 51: 49: 32: 31: 21: 18:Yiddish-language 17924: 17923: 17919: 17918: 17917: 17915: 17914: 17913: 17839:German dialects 17804: 17803: 17802: 17797: 17771:Other languages 17766: 17750: 17739:Balkan dialects 17663: 17647: 17642: 17612: 17607: 17597: 17536: 17468: 17440: 17424: 17419: 17389: 17384: 17352: 17311: 17292:Germanic umlaut 17257:Holtzmann's law 17235: 17204: 17132: 17111: 17064: 17041: 16975:South Jutlandic 16960:Danish dialects 16926: 16807: 16750: 16721: 16703:East Franconian 16657:Viennese German 16570: 16551:Silesian German 16517: 16506:Central Hessian 16396: 16321:Namibian German 16310: 16301: 16279:Standard German 16273: 16259:New High German 16245:Old High German 16219: 16198: 16180: 16091: 16063: 16024: 16008:East Pomeranian 15998:Brandenburgisch 15985:East Low German 15979: 15906:Dutch Low Saxon 15898:West Low German 15892: 15850: 15816:Schiermonnikoog 15797: 15692: 15678:Wursten Frisian 15641: 15607: 15490: 15477: 15467: 15462: 15432: 15427: 15414: 15381: 15352:Judaeo-Georgian 15312: 15261: 15206: 15088: 15060: 15042:Judaeo-Alsatian 14951: 14904: 14895:Judaeo-Tunisian 14875:Judaeo-Moroccan 14868:Judaeo-Baghdadi 14853:Judaeo-Egyptian 14848:Judaeo-Algerian 14834: 14825:Lishanid Noshan 14756: 14715: 14666: 14661: 14631: 14626: 14615: 14613: 14585: 14411: 14276: 14148: 14022: 13916: 13731:Judeo-Borujerdi 13706:Judeo-Malayalam 13652:Judeo-Aragonese 13623:Lishanid Noshan 13455: 13443: 13175:Oberlander Jews 13136: 13066: 13008: 12990: 12981: 12915: 12822: 12820:Further reading 12817: 12806: 12800: 12783: 12777: 12743: 12734: 12721: 12715: 12702: 12696: 12683: 12677: 12664: 12658: 12645: 12639: 12619: 12613: 12590: 12577: 12571: 12558: 12552: 12539: 12527: 12523: 12518: 12517: 12507: 12505: 12497: 12496: 12492: 12482: 12480: 12470: 12466: 12456: 12454: 12448:"OHCHR Yiddish" 12444: 12440: 12430: 12428: 12422:"OHCHR English" 12418: 12414: 12404: 12402: 12394: 12393: 12386: 12376: 12374: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12340: 12336: 12325: 12321: 12314: 12300: 12296: 12286: 12284: 12254: 12250: 12240: 12238: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12212: 12202: 12198: 12188: 12186: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12154:"Jewish French" 12152: 12151: 12144: 12134: 12132: 12123: 12122: 12118: 12108: 12106: 12101: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12074: 12064: 12062: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12042: 12040: 12036: 12035: 12031: 12021: 12019: 12008: 12004: 11994: 11992: 11984: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11962: 11961: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11940: 11939: 11935: 11925: 11923: 11916: 11912: 11902: 11900: 11889: 11885: 11875: 11873: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11849: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11809:Wayback Machine 11800: 11796: 11785:, May 14, 2012. 11780: 11776: 11765: 11761: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11734: 11725: 11724: 11720: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11672:"Camille Ryan: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11655: 11653: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11630:Wayback Machine 11621: 11617: 11607: 11605: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11563: 11559: 11549: 11547: 11539: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11517:Joys of Yiddish 11510: 11506: 11496:Wayback Machine 11485: 11484: 11480: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11452: 11436: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11401:Wayback Machine 11388: 11384: 11374: 11372: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11352:Wayback Machine 11341: 11340: 11336: 11326: 11325: 11321: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11254: 11244: 11240: 11233: 11214: 11210: 11203: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11158: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11106:on July 8, 2012 11092: 11088: 11078: 11076: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11051: 11047: 11037: 11035: 11030: 11029: 11022: 11012: 11010: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10956: 10940: 10933: 10918: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10878: 10877: 10870: 10855: 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10779: 10775: 10765: 10763: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10728: 10724: 10689: 10685: 10675: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10644: 10640: 10627: 10625: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10580: 10567: 10563: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10534: 10527: 10523: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10464: 10452: 10445: 10435: 10433: 10423: 10419: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10393: 10391: 10380: 10376: 10370:Wayback Machine 10363:Yiddish culture 10360: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10316:Western Yiddish 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10283:Eastern Yiddish 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10243: 10233: 10229: 10222: 10204: 10195: 10179: 10178: 10140: 10107: 10100: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10018: 10014: 9991: 9987: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9935: 9934: 9927: 9917: 9915: 9906: 9902: 9894:Mauscheldeutsch 9890:Mauscheldeutsch 9881: 9879: 9877: 9858: 9854: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9821: 9817: 9807: 9805: 9794: 9790: 9771: 9767: 9756: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9644: 9640: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9583: 9574: 9563: 9559: 9545: 9541: 9469: 9465: 9458: 9439: 9428: 9421: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9343:leshon Ashkenaz 9340: 9336: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9304: 9297: 9267: 9263: 9253: 9251: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9220:Congress Poland 9210:In particular, 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9173: 9161: 9154: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9111: 9105: 9096: 9087: 9083: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9018: 9005: 8993: 8989: 8979: 8977: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8959:. June 7, 2024. 8951: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8935: 8921: 8919: 8906: 8905: 8898: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8836: 8832: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8724:Yiddish symbols 8718: 8691: 8619: 8576:standard German 8556: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8532: 8519:greeting card, 8514: 8505: 8498: 8475:European Jewish 8409:In addition to 8407: 8329: 8242: 8087: 8052:Hirsch Wolofsky 8031: 7997: 7981:Yidishe Tribune 7953: 7850: 7836:Legal scholars 7797:; see also the 7714:Yiddish Tribune 7710:אידישער טריביון 7595: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7534: 7523: 7467: 7454: 7437: 7386: 7374:Main articles: 7372: 7350: 7300:1912–2009) and 7168: 7148: 7135: 7127:Yiddish theatre 7112:Lithuanian Jews 7101:Yiddish culture 7048:עברי, דבר עברית 7033:גדוד מגיני השפה 6990: 6983: 6969: 6962: 6921: 6795: 6783: 6767: 6739:Hebrew alphabet 6735: 6729: 6720:Yiddish grammar 6717: 6715:Yiddish grammar 6711: 6690:קַדַּחַת, נַחַת 6686: 6682: 6638: 6597: 6558: 6515: 6481: 6440: 6401: 6367: 6317: 6278: 6235: 6197:M. Weinreich's 6147: 6085: 6012: 5952: 5933:/aʊ̯x,ˈkaʊ̯fən/ 5884: 5824: 5756: 5684: 5610: 5533: 5459: 5336: 5214: 5086: 5013: 4887: 4868:/ˈfaːtɐ,zaːɡən/ 4841: 4768: 4694: 4646:M. Weinreich's 4456:Germanic umlaut 4410:and long vowel 4370: 4364: 4351: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4303: 4288: 4279: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4219: 4214: 4206: 4191: 4184: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4119: 4114: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4042: 4033: 4029: 3971: 3949: 3911:syllable nuclei 3718: 3619:In the case of 3592:In the case of 3471: 3443: 3372: 3317: 3267: 3222: 3179: 3134: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3014: 2998: 2992: 2948:Yiddish theatre 2900: 2868:Sholem Aleichem 2856:secular culture 2845: 2825: 2801:Heinrich Graetz 2787:Mauscheldeutsch 2783: 2728: 2683: 2681:Names of Things 2680: 2677: 2674: 2611:Kinig Artus Hof 2563: 2474:Transliterated 2410: 2367: 2356: 2204:Roman-era Judea 2193:southern France 2166:medieval Hebrew 2128: 2123: 2114: 2085: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2004: 2003: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1977:Maccabiah Games 1949: 1948: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1901: 1900: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1849:Yiddish theatre 1838: 1837: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1780: 1779: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1737: 1736: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1705:Medieval Hebrew 1615: 1614: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1446:Jewish folklore 1234:Forbidden Fruit 1193: 1192: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1161:Judeo-Malayalam 969:Lishanid Noshan 862: 861: 814:Yiddish cooking 796:two major forms 695:Hebrew alphabet 650: 645: 642: 639: 619: 616: 613: 610: 598: 557: 556: 555: 546:Without proper 537: 522:(by Nürnberg), 500: 499: 492: 465: 464: 458: 441: 440: 434: 433: 431: 425: 418: 408: 407: 400: 390: 389: 382: 366: 355: 354: 307: 290: 288: 281: 265: 258:Official status 249: 242:Hebrew alphabet 238: 233: 225:Western Yiddish 222:Eastern Yiddish 212: 203:Old High German 198: 191: 149: 146:Language family 144: 135: 134:Native speakers 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17922: 17912: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17799: 17798: 17796: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17774: 17772: 17768: 17767: 17765: 17764: 17758: 17756: 17755:Sign languages 17752: 17751: 17749: 17748: 17743: 17742: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17684: 17679: 17673: 17671: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17661: 17655: 17653: 17649: 17648: 17641: 17640: 17633: 17626: 17618: 17609: 17608: 17602: 17599: 17598: 17596: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17544: 17542: 17541:Sign languages 17538: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17476: 17474: 17470: 17469: 17467: 17466: 17465: 17464: 17459: 17448: 17446: 17445:Special status 17442: 17441: 17439: 17438: 17432: 17430: 17426: 17425: 17418: 17417: 17410: 17403: 17395: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17382: 17375: 17365: 17362: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17354: 17353: 17351: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17319: 17317: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17243: 17241: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17216:Proto-Germanic 17212: 17210: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17202: 17195: 17188: 17180: 17179: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17157: 17152: 17146: 17144: 17134: 17133: 17121: 17120: 17117: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17091:Crimean Gothic 17080: 17078: 17070: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17055: 17046: 17043: 17042: 17040: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17027: 17026: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16995: 16994: 16989: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16967: 16965:Insular Danish 16962: 16952: 16951: 16950: 16948:Rinkebysvenska 16945: 16934: 16932: 16928: 16927: 16925: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16909: 16908: 16901: 16889: 16884: 16883: 16882: 16875: 16868: 16862: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16815: 16813: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16803: 16796: 16794:Old East Norse 16791: 16789:Old West Norse 16779: 16771: 16769: 16762: 16752: 16751: 16735: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16700: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16669:South Tyrolean 16661: 16660: 16659: 16649: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16611:High Alemannic 16608: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16584: 16582: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16571: 16569: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16527: 16525: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16515: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16489: 16479: 16469: 16468: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16463: 16453: 16448: 16438: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16415: 16413: 16404: 16402:Central German 16398: 16397: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16387: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16360: 16355: 16354: 16353: 16343: 16341:Barossa German 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16317: 16315: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16283: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16255: 16248: 16240: 16238: 16231: 16225: 16224: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16212: 16206: 16204: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16196: 16190: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16123: 16122: 16120:French Flemish 16112: 16111: 16110: 16099: 16097: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16079: 16073: 16071: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16045: 16043: 16036: 16034:Low Franconian 16030: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16021: 16020: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15989: 15987: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15966: 15965: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15942: 15941: 15936: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15902: 15900: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15890: 15883: 15875: 15873: 15866: 15860: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15847: 15846: 15841: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15835:Westereendersk 15829: 15818: 15813: 15807: 15805: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15795: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15781: 15776: 15775: 15774: 15769: 15766: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15740: 15739: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15713: 15702: 15700: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15651: 15649: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15639: 15636:Middle Frisian 15632: 15624: 15622: 15615: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15596: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15575: 15568: 15556: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15542:Modern English 15538: 15535:Middle English 15531: 15524: 15513: 15511: 15502: 15492: 15491: 15479: 15478: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15461: 15460: 15453: 15446: 15438: 15429: 15428: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15402: 15391: 15389: 15387:Sign languages 15383: 15382: 15380: 15379: 15369: 15359: 15349: 15339: 15324: 15322: 15318: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15303:Judaeo-Marathi 15296: 15284: 15269: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15259: 15252: 15250:Judaeo-Kashani 15247: 15242: 15240:Judaeo-Shirazi 15237: 15232: 15230:Judaeo-Persian 15227: 15222: 15216: 15214: 15212:Judaeo-Iranian 15208: 15207: 15205: 15204: 15197: 15190: 15183: 15176: 15169: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15159: 15158: 15146:Judaeo-Spanish 15143: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15129: 15126:Judaeo-Mantuan 15122: 15113:Judaeo-Italian 15110: 15107:Judaeo-Catalan 15102: 15100: 15098:Judaeo-Romance 15094: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15070: 15068: 15066:Jewish English 15062: 15061: 15059: 15058: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15044: 15034: 15033: 15032: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 14994: 14992: 14972: 14963: 14957: 14956: 14953: 14952: 14950: 14949: 14939: 14923: 14912: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14903: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14844: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14770: 14768: 14766:Judaeo-Aramaic 14762: 14761: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14714: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14692: 14690: 14683: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14660: 14659: 14652: 14645: 14637: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14624: 14610: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14563:non-Christian 14561: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14519: 14512: 14505: 14500: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14459: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14421: 14419: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14403: 14402: 14397: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14338: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14321: 14320: 14319: 14309: 14304: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14286: 14284: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14262:Shulchan Aruch 14259: 14258: 14257: 14252: 14250:Sefer Yetzirah 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14230:Pardes Rimonim 14227: 14220:Kabbalah texts 14217: 14216: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14190: 14189: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14164: 14158: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14053: 14032: 14030: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14015: 14013:Land of Israel 14010: 14009: 14008: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13926: 13924: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13908: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13891: 13889:Judeo-Alsatian 13881: 13880: 13879: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13810: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13741:Judeo-Hamedani 13738: 13733: 13728: 13718: 13716:Judaeo-Occitan 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13675: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13657:Jewish English 13654: 13649: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13588:Judaeo-Aramaic 13585: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13576:Judeo-Tunisian 13573: 13568: 13566:Judeo-Moroccan 13563: 13562: 13561: 13559:Judeo-Baghdadi 13546: 13541: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13463: 13461: 13449: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13427: 13426: 13425: 13415: 13410: 13408:Livornese Jews 13405: 13395: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13255: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13221: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13194: 13193: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13155:Afrikaner-Jode 13146: 13144: 13135: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13076: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13018: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12980: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12945: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12914: 12913:External links 12911: 12910: 12909: 12900: 12886: 12876: 12863: 12850: 12837: 12830:initial series 12821: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12804: 12798: 12781: 12775: 12759: 12741: 12732: 12719: 12713: 12700: 12694: 12681: 12675: 12662: 12656: 12643: 12637: 12617: 12611: 12594: 12588: 12575: 12569: 12556: 12550: 12537: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12490: 12474:"OHCHR German" 12464: 12438: 12412: 12384: 12359: 12352: 12334: 12319: 12312: 12294: 12248: 12222: 12196: 12170: 12142: 12116: 12094: 12072: 12050: 12029: 12002: 11977: 11955: 11933: 11910: 11883: 11857: 11835: 11813: 11794: 11774: 11759: 11744: 11718: 11699: 11663: 11638: 11615: 11604:. Law.ucla.edu 11592: 11579:10.2307/797101 11557: 11532: 11525: 11504: 11478: 11457: 11450: 11430: 11405: 11382: 11356: 11334: 11319: 11304: 11289: 11264: 11238: 11231: 11208: 11201: 11178: 11152: 11141:on May 2, 2014 11117: 11086: 11060: 11045: 11020: 10994: 10969: 10954: 10931: 10916: 10896: 10868: 10853: 10833: 10808: 10789:(3): 248–253. 10773: 10748: 10722: 10683: 10661: 10638: 10600: 10578: 10561: 10544: 10521: 10500: 10474: 10461:New York Times 10443: 10417: 10401: 10374: 10354: 10329: 10308: 10296: 10275: 10253: 10227: 10220: 10193: 10150:(2): 261–265. 10105: 10098: 10071: 10041: 10034: 10012: 9985: 9953: 9925: 9900: 9875: 9852: 9835: 9815: 9788: 9774:Weinreich, Max 9765: 9750: 9730: 9704: 9697: 9679: 9657: 9638: 9624: 9604: 9597: 9572: 9557: 9548:Weinreich, Max 9539: 9537:, pp. 382–402. 9463: 9456: 9426: 9419: 9395: 9373: 9366: 9334: 9323: 9316: 9295: 9261: 9236: 9203: 9171: 9152: 9138: 9094: 9081: 9067: 9060: 9037: 9030: 9003: 8987: 8962: 8944: 8933: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8874:Illa Meisels: 8872: 8843: 8830: 8813: 8796:"Yiddish FAQs" 8784: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8730:Judaeo-Spanish 8727: 8721: 8712: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8621: 8620: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8535: 8533: 8515: 8508: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8479:Jewish Russian 8471:Hungarian Jews 8459:Jewish Swedish 8448:relexification 8442:proposed that 8406: 8403: 8390:In late 2016, 8377:Raphael Finkel 8328: 8325: 8241: 8238: 8234:God of Abraham 8206:Musar movement 8175:Satmar Hasidim 8086: 8083: 8030: 8027: 8005:; in English, 7976:אידישע טריבונע 7970:Jewish Tribune 7952: 7951:United Kingdom 7949: 7849: 7846: 7655:= general), a 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7529:Poster by the 7522: 7519: 7466: 7463: 7453: 7450: 7445:Ukrainian jews 7436: 7433: 7371: 7368: 7349: 7346: 7338:The New Friend 7282:Russian Empire 7167: 7164: 7156:Isaac Berliner 7147: 7144: 7134: 7131: 6977:Der Judenstaat 6967: 6961: 6958: 6920: 6917: 6797:On the eve of 6776: 6766: 6763: 6747:that of Hebrew 6731:Main article: 6728: 6727:Writing system 6725: 6713:Main article: 6710: 6707: 6684: 6680: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6545:חָכְמָה, עוֹף‎ 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6210:Pronunciation 6208: 6203: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6129: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5867: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5694: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5543: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5432: 5425: 5412: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5346: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5302: 5289: 5282: 5281: 5271: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5187: 5180: 5167: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5096: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5024: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4986: 4979: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4956:/ˈbɛkɜr,mɛntʃ/ 4948: 4942:Bäcker, Mensch 4938: 4935:becker, mensch 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4874:פֿאָטער, זאָגן 4870: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4654:Pronunciation 4652: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4500: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 3969: 3948: 3945: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3829:are typically 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3717: 3714: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3617: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3566: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3175: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3013: 3010: 2994:Main article: 2991: 2988: 2952:Yiddish cinema 2899: 2896: 2818: 2782: 2781:Secularization 2779: 2768:Judaeo-Spanish 2734:Shemot Devarim 2668:Shemot Devarim 2596:Pariz un Viene 2567:printing press 2562: 2559: 2512:High Holy Days 2491: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2409: 2406: 2395:" (a proposed 2304: 2255:Rhenish German 2220:Southern Italy 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2076:Portal:Judaism 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1922:Mathematicians 1919: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264:Tower of Babel 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1224:Garden of Eden 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1022:Judeo-Moroccan 1019: 1018: 1017: 1015:Judeo-Baghdadi 999: 998: 997: 996: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 933: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 864: 863: 860: 859: 853: 852: 851: 848: 847: 839: 838: 836:Jewish culture 832: 831: 663:Central Europe 659:Ashkenazi Jews 550:, you may see 538: 531: 530: 529: 502: 501: 491: 490: 482: 481: 478: 472: 471: 456: 448: 447: 423: 415: 414: 405: 397: 396: 387: 379: 378: 377:Language codes 374: 373: 363: 357: 356: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 305: 300: 294: 293: 291: 286: 283: 282: 280: 279: 268: 266: 263: 260: 259: 255: 254: 252:Latin alphabet 239: 235:Writing system 232: 229: 228: 227: 226: 223: 218: 214: 213: 211: 210: 201: 199: 196: 193: 192: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181: 152: 150: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 127:Ashkenazi Jews 124: 120: 119: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104:Native to 101: 100: 93: 89: 88: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17921: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17775: 17773: 17769: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17753: 17747: 17744: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17734:Vlax dialects 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17720: 17717: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17674: 17672: 17670: 17666: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17639: 17634: 17632: 17627: 17625: 17620: 17619: 17616: 17606: 17600: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17543: 17539: 17533: 17532: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17477: 17475: 17471: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17454: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17443: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17416: 17411: 17409: 17404: 17402: 17397: 17396: 17393: 17380: 17376: 17374: 17370: 17367: 17366: 17363: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17323:Germanic verb 17321: 17320: 17318: 17314: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17262:Sievers's law 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17238: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17209:Reconstructed 17207: 17201: 17200: 17196: 17194: 17193: 17189: 17187: 17186: 17182: 17181: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17143: 17139: 17135: 17131: 17126: 17122: 17108: 17107: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17087: 17086: 17082: 17081: 17079: 17077: 17076: 17071: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17050: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17031: 17028: 17024: 17023: 17022:Middle Danish 17019: 17017: 17016: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16984: 16983: 16980: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16953: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16940: 16939: 16936: 16935: 16933: 16929: 16923: 16922: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16906: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16898:Old Icelandic 16895: 16894: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16881: 16880: 16876: 16874: 16873: 16872:Old Norwegian 16869: 16866: 16863: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16802: 16801: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16780: 16778: 16777: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16740: 16736: 16718: 16717: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16690: 16689:Gottscheerish 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16629: 16628:Walser German 16626: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16609: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16594:Low Alemannic 16592: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16581: 16577: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16556:High Prussian 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16541:Erzgebirgisch 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16514: 16511: 16507: 16504: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16474: 16473: 16470: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16446:Luxembourgish 16444: 16443: 16442: 16439: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16426: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16420: 16417: 16416: 16414: 16412: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16385: 16384:Klezmer-loshn 16381: 16379: 16378:Scots Yiddish 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16276: 16268: 16267: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16260: 16256: 16254: 16253: 16249: 16247: 16246: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16226: 16216: 16215:Meuse-Rhenish 16213: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16201: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16187: 16183: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16143: 16142:Kleverlandish 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16104: 16103:Central Dutch 16101: 16100: 16098: 16094: 16087: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16066: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16019: 16016: 16015: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15911:Stellingwarfs 15909: 15908: 15907: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15899: 15895: 15889: 15888: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15861: 15845: 15842: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15831:Wood Frisian 15830: 15827: 15826: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15773: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15749: 15748: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15711: 15707: 15706: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15698:North Frisian 15695: 15687: 15686: 15682: 15680: 15679: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15668: 15667: 15666: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15648: 15644: 15638: 15637: 15633: 15631: 15630: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15602: 15601: 15597: 15595: 15594: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15580: 15576: 15574: 15573: 15569: 15567: 15566: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15557: 15551: 15550: 15546: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15539: 15537: 15536: 15532: 15530: 15529: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15510: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15500:Anglo-Frisian 15497: 15493: 15489: 15484: 15480: 15476: 15470: 15466: 15459: 15454: 15452: 15447: 15445: 15440: 15439: 15436: 15426: 15422: 15417: 15410: 15406: 15403: 15400: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15367: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15353: 15350: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15319: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15297: 15294: 15290: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15213: 15209: 15203: 15202: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15191: 15189: 15188: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15180:Judaeo-Gascon 15177: 15175: 15174: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15163: 15157: 15154: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15130: 15128: 15127: 15123: 15121: 15120: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15108: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15095: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15063: 15057: 15056:Scots-Yiddish 15054: 15050: 15049: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15039: 15038: 15035: 15031: 15030: 15029:Klezmer-loshn 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14961:Indo-European 14958: 14947: 14943: 14942:Judaeo-Berber 14940: 14937: 14933: 14932: 14927: 14924: 14921: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14900:Judaeo-Yemeni 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14890:Judaeo-Syrian 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14843: 14841: 14840:Judaeo-Arabic 14837: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14799: 14798: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14658: 14653: 14651: 14646: 14644: 14639: 14638: 14635: 14623: 14622: 14611: 14609: 14608: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14588: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14547:Protestantism 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14517: 14513: 14511: 14510: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14498: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14481: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14464: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14408: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14235:Sefer HaBahir 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14194: 14191: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14162:Sifrei Kodesh 14160: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14018:Who is a Jew? 14016: 14014: 14011: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13947:Chosen people 13945: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13913: 13910: 13904: 13903:Scots-Yiddish 13901: 13897: 13896: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13877: 13876:Klezmer-loshn 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13746:Judeo-Shirazi 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13721:Judeo-Persian 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13711:Judeo-Marathi 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13689:Judeo-Italian 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13586: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13544:Judeo-Amazigh 13542: 13540: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13367:Hadhrami Jews 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13332:Mountain Jews 13330: 13328: 13327:Egyptian Jews 13325: 13323: 13322:Bukharan Jews 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13300: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13110:Lists of Jews 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12978: 12973: 12971: 12966: 12964: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12949: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12889:Yidishe Heftn 12887: 12884: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12861:current issue 12858: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12812: 12811: 12805: 12801: 12799:0-345-44730-1 12795: 12790: 12789: 12782: 12778: 12776:0-914512-26-9 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12720: 12716: 12714:0-520-24416-8 12710: 12706: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688:. Routledge. 12687: 12682: 12678: 12676:1-56512-429-4 12672: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12644: 12640: 12638:1-897744-01-3 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12612:3-484-73013-7 12608: 12604: 12600: 12595: 12591: 12589:90-279-7978-2 12585: 12581: 12576: 12572: 12570:0-8229-4272-0 12566: 12562: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12543: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12525: 12504: 12500: 12494: 12479: 12478:www.ohchr.org 12475: 12468: 12453: 12452:www.ohchr.org 12449: 12442: 12427: 12426:www.ohchr.org 12423: 12416: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12389: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12355: 12349: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12330: 12323: 12315: 12309: 12305: 12298: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12264:(in French). 12263: 12259: 12252: 12237: 12233: 12226: 12211: 12207: 12200: 12185: 12181: 12174: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12147: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12104: 12098: 12082: 12076: 12060: 12054: 12039: 12033: 12017: 12013: 12006: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11965: 11959: 11943: 11937: 11921: 11914: 11898: 11894: 11887: 11871: 11867: 11861: 11845: 11839: 11823: 11817: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11778: 11772: 11769: 11763: 11755: 11748: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11714: 11710: 11703: 11684: 11677: 11675: 11667: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11624: 11619: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11561: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11528: 11526:0-7434-0651-6 11522: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11482: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11461: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11434: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11402: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11386: 11370: 11366: 11360: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11338: 11331: 11323: 11316: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11294: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11090: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11056: 11049: 11033: 11027: 11025: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10951: 10947: 10946: 10938: 10936: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10900: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10873: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10837: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10777: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10687: 10671: 10665: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10614:Columbia News 10611: 10604: 10588: 10582: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10532: 10525: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10504: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10450: 10448: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10412: 10405: 10394:September 22, 10389: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10358: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10263: 10257: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10223: 10221:0-7156-2162-9 10217: 10212: 10211: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10189: 10183: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10101: 10099:0-312-30741-1 10095: 10091: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10037: 10035:0-8246-0124-6 10031: 10026: 10025: 10016: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9913: 9912: 9904: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9856: 9849: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9827: 9819: 9808:September 22, 9803: 9799: 9792: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9746:0-87068-465-5 9743: 9739: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9700: 9698:0-19-926614-X 9694: 9690: 9683: 9667: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9608: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9589: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9568: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9515: 9511: 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9479: 9467: 9459: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9422: 9420:0-08-044299-4 9416: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9399: 9384: 9377: 9369: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9352:Skolnik, Fred 9349: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9327: 9319: 9317:0-297-82941-6 9313: 9309: 9302: 9300: 9292: 9291:0-671-77104-3 9288: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9159: 9157: 9148: 9142: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9110: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9091: 9085: 9077: 9071: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9052: 9044: 9042: 9033: 9031:0-521-77215-X 9027: 9023: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8995:Matras, Yaron 8991: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8937: 8929: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8854:1919, p. 323. 8853: 8847: 8840: 8837:Sten Vikner: 8834: 8827: 8823: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8789: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8752: 8748: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8585: 8579: 8577: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8517:Rosh Hashanah 8512: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8484: 8483:Jewish French 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8461:a dialect of 8460: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8411:Modern Hebrew 8402: 8400: 8395: 8393: 8388: 8386: 8385:spell checker 8382: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8359: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8341: 8340:Google Search 8337: 8333: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8279:American Jews 8275: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8230:Baal Shem Tov 8227: 8226:Jewish prayer 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215:Orthodox Jews 8211: 8207: 8203: 8202:rosh yeshivas 8199: 8194: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8171:modern Hebrew 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8123:Crown Heights 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8096: 8091: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8075:Leonard Cohen 8072: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8050:, founded by 8049: 8044: 8043: 8042:Keneder Adler 8035: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8003: 7994: 7982: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7957:Stamford Hill 7948: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7929:Crown Heights 7926: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7903: 7900:(1,710), and 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7886:Massachusetts 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7842:Alex Kozinski 7839: 7838:Eugene Volokh 7834: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7821:received the 7820: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7807:Hester Street 7802: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7730: 7726: 7715: 7699: 7698: 7693:'paper') and 7691: 7679: 7678: 7665: 7664: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7639: 7628: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7614: 7602: 7563: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521:United States 7518: 7514: 7510: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7483: 7471: 7462: 7459: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7403: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7323: 7318: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7062:Modern Hebrew 7059: 7054: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017:Modern Hebrew 7011: 7006: 6994: 6989: 6979: 6978: 6972: 6971:Theodor Herzl 6966: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6939: 6938:Max Weinreich 6935: 6931: 6930:Judeo-Spanish 6927: 6926:Judeo-Persian 6916: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6803:The Holocaust 6800: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6724: 6721: 6716: 6706: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6622: 6617: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6465: 6460: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6269:/ˈalmɜn,ksav/ 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6081: 6080: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6015: 6008: 6007: 5996: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5514:/kɔpf,ˈzɔlən/ 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5331: 5320: 5317:/ˈbʁʏkə,fʏnf/ 5314: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5081: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4882: 4878:/ˈfɔtɜr,zɔɡn/ 4871: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4752: 4749:/ˈmaxən,ɡlat/ 4746: 4745:machen, glatt 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4618: 4613: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004: 4001:Netherlandic 3998: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3957:Max Weinreich 3954: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3871: 3868:Back nucleus 3867: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3713: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3628: 3618: 3613: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3580: 3574:/b,d,ɡ,v,z,ʒ/ 3567: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3514: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2842:(dawn), 1861. 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2741:(also termed 2740: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2706:loshn-koydesh 2698: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2597: 2588: 2587:Bovo d'Antona 2578: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2523:beis hakneses 2513: 2508: 2507: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:Judeo-Sorbian 2390: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Max Weinreich 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189:Sephardi Jews 2186: 2185: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2041:Other aspects 2040: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:Modern Hebrew 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673:Jewish poetry 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1279:Cain and Abel 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1254:Gog and Magog 1252: 1250: 1249:Promised Land 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1151:Judeo-Marathi 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 938: 937:Judeo-Aramaic 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 871: 870: 869: 858: 855: 854: 850: 849: 845: 841: 840: 837: 834: 833: 829: 825: 824: 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 801: 797: 792: 790: 789:Yidish Taitsh 786: 785: 784:loshn koydesh 776: 768: 764: 760: 752: 751:loshn-ashknaz 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:West Germanic 648: 634: 633:Yidish-Taytsh 604: 596: 592: 561: 553: 549: 545: 543: 535: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 496: 488: 483: 479: 477: 473: 468: 461: 457: 455: 454: 449: 444: 437: 428: 424: 421: 416: 411: 406: 403: 398: 393: 388: 385: 380: 375: 372: 369: 364: 362: 358: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 310: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 292: 284: 277: 273: 270: 269: 267: 261: 256: 253: 250:occasionally 247: 243: 240: 236: 230: 224: 221: 220: 219: 215: 209: 206: 205: 204: 200: 194: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169:Elbe Germanic 167: 166: 165: 164:West Germanic 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154:Indo-European 151: 147: 141: 137: 131: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 92:Pronunciation 90: 87: 83: 43: 40:Judaeo-German 38: 33: 30: 19: 17745: 17729:Scandoromani 17724:Finnish Kalo 17529: 17524: 17473:Non-official 17368: 17252:Verner's law 17197: 17192:Gotho-Nordic 17190: 17183: 17104: 17097: 17089: 17083: 17073: 17058:Fårö Gutnish 17020: 17013: 16919: 16912: 16903: 16896: 16877: 16870: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16714: 16616:Swiss German 16580:Upper German 16513:Amana German 16487:Volga German 16456:Hunsrückisch 16382: 16362: 16336:Unserdeutsch 16331:Berlinerisch 16264: 16257: 16250: 16243: 16203:Cover groups 16159:Mohawk Dutch 16154:Jersey Dutch 16132:East Flemish 16115:West Flemish 16059:Middle Dutch 16013:Low Prussian 15885: 15878: 15844:Terschelling 15828:Clay Frisian 15803:West Frisian 15791:Wiedingharde 15783: 15771: 15731:Heligolandic 15708: 15683: 15676: 15669: 15664: 15647:East Frisian 15634: 15627: 15600:Middle Scots 15598: 15591: 15577: 15570: 15563: 15558: 15547: 15540: 15533: 15526: 15420: 15372:Judaeo-Malay 15286: 15254: 15199: 15192: 15185: 15178: 15171: 15166:Judaeo-Latin 15164: 15139:Judaeo-Roman 15131: 15124: 15117: 15105: 15046: 15027: 14986: 14978: 14929: 14920:Ethiosemitic 14863:Judaeo-Iraqi 14858:Judaeo-Fessi 14820:Lishán Didán 14815:Lishana Deni 14795: 14788: 14612: 14605: 14591: 14514: 14507: 14495: 14478: 14461: 14295:perspectives 14129:Samaritanism 14090:Neo-Hasidism 14070:Conservative 13984:Names of God 13893: 13874: 13844: 13684:Judaeo-Greek 13679:Judeo-Gascon 13618:Lishán Didán 13613:Lishana Deni 13581:Judeo-Yemeni 13549:Judeo-Arabic 13423:Meshuchrarim 13342:Persian Jews 13275:Kurdish Jews 13253:Kaifeng Jews 13202:Beta Abraham 13165:Galitzianers 13120:Antisemitism 13095:Israeli Jews 13080:Assimilation 12902: 12888: 12878: 12865: 12852: 12839: 12825: 12809: 12787: 12766: 12754: 12749: 12736: 12727: 12723: 12704: 12685: 12666: 12647: 12624: 12598: 12579: 12560: 12541: 12532: 12521:Bibliography 12508:December 18, 12506:. Retrieved 12502: 12493: 12481:. Retrieved 12477: 12467: 12455:. Retrieved 12451: 12441: 12429:. Retrieved 12425: 12415: 12405:December 18, 12403:. Retrieved 12399: 12377:December 18, 12375:. Retrieved 12371: 12362: 12343: 12337: 12328: 12322: 12303: 12297: 12285:. Retrieved 12265: 12261: 12251: 12239:. Retrieved 12225: 12213:. Retrieved 12209: 12206:"spellcheck" 12199: 12187:. Retrieved 12183: 12173: 12163:December 18, 12161:. Retrieved 12157: 12133:. Retrieved 12128: 12119: 12107:. Retrieved 12097: 12085:. Retrieved 12075: 12063:. Retrieved 12053: 12043:December 22, 12041:. Retrieved 12032: 12022:December 22, 12020:. Retrieved 12016:the original 12005: 11995:December 18, 11993:. Retrieved 11989: 11980: 11968:. Retrieved 11958: 11946:. Retrieved 11936: 11924:. Retrieved 11913: 11901:. Retrieved 11897:the original 11886: 11876:December 22, 11874:. Retrieved 11870:the original 11860: 11848:. Retrieved 11838: 11826:. Retrieved 11816: 11797: 11782: 11777: 11767: 11762: 11747: 11735:. 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OUP USA. 11110:October 18, 11038:December 8, 11013:December 8, 10766:February 4, 10741:February 4, 10587:"חוק הרשות" 10537:December 8, 10390:(in German) 10347:February 4, 10246:February 1, 9969:mama-loshen 9946:February 7, 9918:December 3, 9882:October 28, 9842:October 28, 9804:(in German) 9652:The Forward 9631:February 1, 9405:Keith Brown 9273:Cole Porter 9224:mama-loshen 8885:2001, p. 42 8806:February 9, 8440:Paul Wexler 8358:The Forward 8256:, New York. 8131:Kiryas Joel 7941:Kiryas Joel 7898:Connecticut 7819:Saul Bellow 7697:Di Tzeitung 7619:The Forward 7607:פֿאָרווערטס 7380:Birobidzhan 7354:2010 census 7311:דער פֿרײַנד 7294:Yoysef Burg 7211:reactionary 7199:proletariat 7108:Haredi Jews 6907:, and 4 in 6858:demographic 6828:Netherlands 6743:orthography 6677:hataf patah 6549:/ˈχɔχmɜ,ɔf/ 6333:hataf segol 6185:/jɔɪˈχɛvɛd/ 5943:/ɔɪχ,kɔɪfn/ 5922:ouh, koufen 5601:/hɔɪχ,ʃɔɪn/ 5591:/hoːx,ʃoːn/ 5587:hoch, schon 5327:/brɪk,fɪnf/ 5323:בריק, פֿינף 5306:brück, vünf 4759:/maχn,ɡlat/ 4302:22/24/42/44 4251:Lithuanian 3961:diaphonemes 3648:The rhotic 3521:labiodental 3439:Approximant 2983:Michael Wex 2968:World War I 2928:karbovanets 2908:World War I 2724:, 'women's 2641:Tseno Ureno 2636:צאנה וראינה 2623:Book of Job 2571:Elia Levita 2486:Translated 2389:Paul Wexler 2382:The Forward 2334:contributed 2287:Lotharingia 2271:Old Italian 2208:Mesopotamia 2172:(d. 1105), 1513:Baal Berith 1314:Golden calf 1309:Mount Sinai 1294:Ten Plagues 1171:Koiné Greek 1089:Piedmontese 989:Palestinian 930:Palestinian 810:Yiddishkeit 671:High German 542:Hebrew text 325:Netherlands 174:High German 17808:Categories 17603:See also: 17583:Kafr Qasem 17099:Burgundian 17015:Old Danish 17004:Gøtudanskt 16987:Bornholmsk 16849:Vestlandsk 16829:Kebabnorsk 16566:Halcnovian 16531:Thuringian 16194:Limburgish 16164:Stadsfries 16137:Brabantian 15864:Low German 15710:Eiderstedt 15565:Fingallian 15356:Kartvelian 15307:Indo-Aryan 15225:Judaeo-Tat 14532:Anabaptism 14474:Jew (word) 14341:Leadership 14154:Literature 14139:Secularism 14085:Humanistic 13952:Conversion 13922:Philosophy 13763:Judeo-Urdu 13527:Babylonian 13372:Saada Jews 13357:Adeni Jews 13150:Ashkenazim 13105:Samaritans 13072:Population 13027:Israelites 12834:new series 12282:1114334924 12210:cs.uky.edu 12184:cs.uky.edu 11519:. Pocket. 11139:(RAR, PDF) 10493:October 2, 10321:Ethnologue 10288:Ethnologue 9484:benedicere 9271:described 8914:. Garant. 8826:12 Yiddish 8776:Ethnologue 8743:References 8529:Montevideo 8521:Montevideo 8381:dictionary 8366:ethnolects 8208:. Hasidic 8163:Manchester 8149:, such as 8139:New Jersey 8135:New Square 8097:, New York 7870:California 7866:New Jersey 7789:Leo Rosten 7725:Der Shtern 7704:די צייטונג 7652:algemeyner 7553:, and the 7322:The Friend 7317:der fraynd 7304:(b. 1949, 7298:Chernivtsi 7097:literature 6986:See also: 6850:Ethnologue 6840:Ethnologue 6741:, but its 6200:diaphoneme 6066:/ˈfʁɔʏ̯də/ 5939:אױך, קױפֿן 5524:/kɔp,zɔln/ 4900:and short 4832:/ˈzɔɪ̯mn̩/ 4649:diaphoneme 4567:/ˈbɔʏ̯çə/ 4523:/ˈbɔʏ̯mə/ 4406:diphthong 4378:diphthongs 4366:See also: 3853:Diphthongs 3847:syllables. 3845:unstressed 3831:near-close 3710:/hakˈdɔmɜ/ 3685:aspiration 3669:Belarusian 3667:(Russian, 3659:As in the 3547:, whereas 3515:, whereas 3012:Consonants 2926:1917. 100 2697:mame-loshn 2693:מאַמע־לשון 2600:Paris and 2401:relexified 2376:Dovid Katz 2267:Old French 2144:Palatinate 2142:) and the 1927:Scientists 1753:Maimonides 1732:Philosophy 1690:Al-Andalus 1610:Literature 1523:Bar Juchne 1324:Tabernacle 1304:The Exodus 1274:Noah's Ark 1239:Patriarchs 1131:Golpaygani 925:Babylonian 775:mame-loshn 771:מאַמע־לשון 667:vernacular 599:pronounced 197:Early form 17788:Elfdalian 17682:Meänkieli 17573:Ghardaian 17568:Ein Mahel 17558:Al-Sayyid 17553:Al-Atrash 17379:varieties 17371:indicate 17185:Northwest 17130:Philology 17035:Elfdalian 16970:Jutlandic 16892:Icelandic 16867:(written) 16861:(written) 16839:Trøndersk 16819:Norwegian 16783:Old Norse 16604:Coloniero 16588:Alemannic 16561:Wymysorys 16429:Colognian 16424:Ripuarian 16346:Rotwelsch 16176:Midslands 16127:Zeelandic 16108:Hollandic 16082:Afrikaans 16054:Old Dutch 15880:Old Saxon 15779:Karrharde 15761:Goesharde 15742:Mainland 15475:philology 15423:indicate 15346:Dravidian 15201:Zarphatic 15074:Yeshivish 15023:Udmurtish 15018:Ukrainish 15003:Galitzish 14727:Ashkenazi 14594:indicate 14542:Mormonism 14527:Christian 14407:Symbolism 14395:Synagogue 14375:Mythology 14336:Education 14307:Astronomy 14290:Astrology 14107:relations 13912:Zarphatic 13860:Galitzish 13662:Yeshivish 13539:Catalanic 13502:Samaritan 13477:Ashkenazi 13458:Diasporic 13453:Languages 13398:Sephardim 13393:Romaniote 13280:Krymchaks 13214:Desi Jews 13090:Buddhists 12940:Project, 12840:Afn Shvel 12531:(2016) . 12274:0035-1458 11273:"Yiddish" 11079:August 7, 10964:869736200 10926:149092612 10863:606432500 10817:"Yiddish" 10795:0014-164X 10717:2397-1290 10656:0076-0773 10174:232346563 10166:1475-3502 9973:Esperanto 9723:August 7, 9672:August 7, 9245:"Yiddish" 9216:Esperanto 9109:"Yiddish" 8980:April 23, 8590:Language 8444:Esperanto 8423:Yeshivish 8336:Knowledge 8317:Melbourne 8296:khadoorim 8219:Yeshivish 8015:Liverpool 7965:Gateshead 7896:(3,510), 7892:(2,125), 7888:(2,380), 7884:(1,945), 7880:(1,925), 7876:(5,445), 7719:דער שטערן 7684:דער בלאַט 7677:Der Blatt 7601:Sephardic 7396:in Russia 7236:Evsketsii 7207:bourgeois 7120:Jerusalem 7116:Bnei Brak 7078:Sephardic 6883:, 332 in 6879:, 356 in 6877:Jerusalem 6588:/ˈsɔɪχɜr/ 6506:/mɜˈdɪnɜ/ 6431:/ˈsɛɪdɜr/ 6213:Examples 6189:/ˈjɔχvɜd/ 6183:would be 6180:יוֹכֶבֶֿד 6127:/dɔʏ̯t͡ʃ/ 5564:/eɪ~u~ui/ 5004:/ˈtɛχtɜr/ 4822:/ˈzaːmən/ 4657:Examples 4617:unshifted 4575:/baɪχɜr/ 4531:/bɛɪmɜr/ 4464:Singular 4294:Close-mid 4175:Close-mid 4048:Close-mid 3928:'evening' 3900:sonorants 3681:voiceless 3677:Ukrainian 3543:and are 3319:voiceless 3313:Fricative 3224:voiceless 3218:Affricate 3136:voiceless 2990:Phonology 2932:Ukrainian 2906:American 2858:(see the 2710:typefaces 2631:Bovo-Bukh 2625:in 1557. 2576:Bovo-Bukh 2536:macaronic 2430:Dürmenach 2258:Romance. 2243:Zarphatic 2228:Kalonymos 2184:Ashkenazi 2146:(notably 2136:Rhineland 2051:Symbolism 2025:Ashkenazi 1912:Astronomy 1801:Sephardic 1791:Religious 1715:Holocaust 1641:Judeo-Tat 1468:Leviathan 1188:Mythology 1126:Zarphatic 1079:Catalanic 920:Samaritan 880:Ashkenazi 857:Languages 781:‎ ( 779:לשון־קודש 773:‎ ( 757:‎ ( 749:‎ ( 710:Holocaust 704:Prior to 677:(notably 669:based on 453:Glottolog 420:ISO 639-3 402:ISO 639-2 384:ISO 639-1 123:Ethnicity 17712:Northern 17692:Southern 17515:Romanian 17429:Official 17106:Vandalic 17049:Gutnish 16854:Vikværsk 16834:Sognamål 16824:Bergensk 16674:Cimbrian 16642:Bavarian 16599:Alsatian 16546:Lusatian 16482:Palatine 16172:Amelands 16049:Frankish 15939:Sallaans 15921:Gronings 15772:Southern 15765:Northern 15756:Halligen 15705:Insular 15522:dialects 15328:Krymchak 15281:Hellenic 15079:Yinglish 14983:dialects 14970:Germanic 14936:Cushitic 14830:Betanure 14797:Galilean 14784:Talmudic 14774:Biblical 14752:Tiberian 14747:Yemenite 14732:Sephardi 14706:Medieval 14701:Mishnaic 14696:Biblical 14607:Category 14577:Hinduism 14567:Buddhism 14469:Genetics 14385:Politics 14358:Marriage 14317:Holidays 14312:Calendar 14193:Rabbinic 14169:/Hebrew 14114:Haymanot 14041:Orthodox 14028:Branches 14001:Kabbalah 13996:Haskalah 13974:Holiness 13850:dialects 13830:Shassagh 13793:Krymchak 13773:Kayliñña 13667:Yinglish 13643:Galilean 13633:Talmudic 13628:Biblical 13603:Betanure 13522:Biblical 13517:Mishnaic 13512:Medieval 13497:Tiberian 13492:Yemenite 13482:Sephardi 13418:Paradesi 13362:Ḥabbanim 13352:Teimanim 13317:Baghdadi 13290:Maghrebi 13258:Karaites 13236:Gruzínim 13224:Kochinim 13142:Diaspora 13100:Karaites 13085:Atheists 13022:Timeline 12938:EVOLAEMP 12765:(1999). 12747:(1950). 12623:(1992). 12483:April 3, 12457:April 3, 12431:April 3, 12241:April 6, 11805:Archived 11783:Examiner 11737:April 3, 11626:Archived 11550:April 3, 11515:(2000). 11492:Archived 11423:March 6, 11397:Archived 11348:Archived 11219:(2010). 11189:(2007). 11171:April 3, 10889:July 29, 10826:July 29, 10803:42575482 10628:April 4, 10593:July 11, 10467:April 4, 10436:April 3, 10366:Archived 10082:(2005). 10064:April 3, 9963:, whose 9961:Zamenhof 9776:(1973). 9500:lei(e)re 9444:(2014). 9212:Zamenhof 8922:June 16, 8916:Archived 8715:Yinglish 8689:See also 8419:yeshivah 8399:Duolingo 8392:Motorola 8327:Internet 8167:Montreal 8147:yeshivas 8111:Brooklyn 8095:Brooklyn 8034:Montreal 8007:The Time 7993:Di Tsayt 7894:Illinois 7890:Maryland 7882:Michigan 7858:New York 7744:The View 7740:Der Blik 7734:דער בליק 7729:The Star 7613:Forverts 6968:— 6905:Tiberias 6903:, 33 in 6897:Nazareth 6818:only in 6502:מְדִינָה 6472:/ˈdɪbɜk/ 6468:דִּבּוּק 6392:/ˈgɛfɜn/ 6308:/ˈpɔnɜm/ 6304:פָּנִים‎ 6176:Jochebed 5805:/flaɪ̯ʃ/ 5597:הױך, שױן 5389:/ˈliːbə/ 5067:/ˈkɛːzə/ 4994:/ˈtœçtɐ/ 4551:/baʊ̯x/ 4536:abdomen 4507:/baʊ̯m/ 4472:English 4326:12/13/41 4311:Open-mid 4198:Open-mid 4075:Open-mid 3926:/ˈɔvn̩t/ 3921:'donkey' 3919:/ˈɛɪzl̩/ 3779:Open-mid 3728:Yiddish 3553:palatal. 3513:bilabial 3030:Alveolar 2966:) after 2838:journal 2814:Haskalah 2796:Haskalah 2793:and the 2702:לשון־קדש 2699:but not 2644:and the 2615:Wigalois 2561:Printing 2555:Haggadah 2553:and the 2506:makhazor 2499:מַחֲזוֹר 2462:Yiddish 2372:adstrata 2342:American 2174:Ashkenaz 2157:Ashkenaz 2056:Clothing 2015:Sephardi 1965:Baseball 1907:Medicine 1743:Haskalah 1695:Yemenite 1685:Piyyutim 1680:Biblical 1666:Rabbinic 1656:Yemenite 1631:American 1621:Biblical 1578:Rephaite 1538:Mazzikin 1463:Behemoth 1394:Mordecai 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