1366:
475:. However, according to Gernot Wilhelm Nubadig was not associated with Zababa, while according to Alfonso Archi the logographic writing of Aštabi's name was NIN.URTA, not ZA.BA.BA. Zababa is nonetheless equated with "Aštabinu", presumably corresponding to Aštabi, in a Babylonian god list. Another war god whose name could be written logographically as ZA.BA.BA in Hittite sources was
1352:
425:
to the weapons of Zababa. In sources from the Early
Dynastic period, these names instead belonged to the sons of Ningirsu (Ninurta) and Bau, at the time regarded as his wife. A reference to Zababa as "Nergal of Kish" is known too, though this title also could designate a different deity worshiped in
426:
the same city, Luhusha ("angry man"). Despite the associations between them, no full equation of
Ninurta, Nergal and Zababa occurred, and the same texts, for example hymns and laments, could refer to all three of them as distinct from each other.
416:
Zababa and
Ninurta shared many epithets, and references to the former using weapons normally associated with the latter or fighting his mythical enemies can be found in various texts. Late lexical texts sometimes apply the names
389:, whose name means "she said 'it is fine!'," and Hussinni, "Remember me!" Pairs of these so-called "divine daughters" are also known from other temples of northern Mesopotamia, such as Emeslam in
339:
she was entirely replaced in this role by Bau, though she continued to be worshiped independently from Zababa as well. An early reference to Bau as Zababa's spouse can already be found in
150:
Zababa's main temple was Edubba, located in Kish. Emeteursag, commonly referenced in texts, was a cella dedicated to him rather than a separate temple. A text from the reign of
307:
times. It has been argued that similar names from other cities can be assumed to indicate emigration of the inhabitants of Kish to other parts to
Mesopotamia, similar to
345:. Divine couples consisting of healing goddesses and young warrior gods were common in Mesopotamian religion, with the most frequently referenced example being
95:
periods, with the Old
Babylonian kings being particularly devoted to him. Starting with the Old Babylonian period, he was regarded as married to the goddess
232:
credits the king with rebuilding the walls of Kish with the help of Zababa and Ishtar, and states that these two deities helped him defeat his enemies.
479:, whose origin was Hattian and who was described as having the appearance of a young man. However, he could also be represented by the logogram
204:
A number of texts praising
Hammurabi mention Zababa. In a hymn, he is one of the deities enumerated as responsible for his success, following
370:). Frans Wiggermann notes that it would be plausible for Papsukkal to be Zababa's son, but also that various texts refer to him as son of
331:
instead. Initially his wife was Ishtar of Kish, regarded as a distinct goddess from Ishtar of Uruk according to Julia M. Asher-Greve and
236:
notes that these sources are significant as evidence proving "there is no hint of any supremacy of Marduk within the pantheon" in the
1220:"Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East"
945:
1337:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1311:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1298:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1231:
1167:
1138:
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and Bau. His two primary roles were these of a war god and a tutelary deity of Kish. He was already worshiped there in the
124:
88:
362:(attendant deity), though he only achieved a degree of notability in the 1st millennium BCE, and due to conflation with
947:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1324:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1124:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1082:
1009:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
385:
Two minor goddesses associated with Zababa's temple Edubba, collectively known as "Daughters of Edubba," were
413:
that they were imagined as maidservants in the household of the major deity or deities of a given temple.
142:
Zababa's symbol was an eagle, and he was depicted in symbolic form as a standard with this bird on top.
1394:
228:. In another hymn, Zababa is referred to as the king's helper. A text from the reign of his successor
332:
341:
970:"The Role of Aštabi in the Song of Ullikummi and the Eastern Mediterranean "Failed God" Stories"
1399:
1409:
336:
237:
253:
mentions Zababa in a sequence of gods, alongside Anu, Enlil, Marduk, Nabu, Ishtar, Ninurta,
1379:
8:
1041:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
1278:
1206:
1069:
445:
used Zababa's name to logographically represent the names of various war gods, such as
393:(Tadmushtum and Belet-ili), Eibbi-Anum in Dilbat (Ipte-bita and Belet-eanni), Ezida in
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from the third millennium BCE. His status was particularly high during the reign of
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1017:
Wisdom, Gods and
Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert
127:, and references to him as the "king" of that city can be found in texts from
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139:, who should be understood as the primary warrior god in the state pantheon.
96:
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181:. He was also among the gods said to "arrive" in Babylon during the city's
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68:
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A first millennium BCE god list identifies Zababa as "Marduk of the war."
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1083:"On Ninazu, As Seen in the Economic Texts of the Early Dynastic Lagaš"
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names pointing at origin of the families of persons bearing them in
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king of
Babylon deposed after a single year on the throne by the
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84:
1014:
George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple
Rituals from Babylon".
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in Babylon (Katunna and Sillush-tab). It has been proposed by
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Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Zababa (god)
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Zababa's father was Enlil, though Neo-Assyrian ruler
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Mesopotamian kings named in honor of Zababa include
44:
38:
1251:"Reading Sumerian Names, I: Ensuhkešdanna And Baba"
944:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
890:
878:
866:
842:
504:
29:
318:
115:etymologies, similar to these of deities such as
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1217:
824:
342:Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur
154:mentions the existence of a temple meant for an
1333:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1320:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1307:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1294:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1120:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1062:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
1005:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1159:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology
915:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"
158:festival connected to Zababa in Kish as well.
967:
917:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.).
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161:Outside Kish, Zababa temples are attested in
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674:
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554:
542:
1315:
737:
1115:
1098:
1080:
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1224:Les représentations des dieux des autres
1058:"On Foreigners in Old Babylonian Sippar"
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1128:
919:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman
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638:
626:
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299:In Kish, Zababa was a popular deity in
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812:
764:
749:
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79:. While he was regarded as similar to
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1133:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
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848:
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1038:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
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13:
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777:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
726:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
714:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
702:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1364:
1350:
1316:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998).
1218:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012).
25:
1001:Brinkman, John Anthony (2017).
974:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
905:
327:referred to Zababa as a son of
319:Associations with other deities
107:Zababa's name has no plausible
1:
1303:Sallaberger, Walther (2017).
1335:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1322:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1309:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1296:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1255:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1222:. In Bonnet, Corinne (ed.).
1129:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1122:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1007:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
968:Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2014).
498:
102:
7:
1226:. Caltanissetta: Sciascia.
1116:Krebernik, Manfred (2019).
1081:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1992).
953:. Academic Press Fribourg.
921:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
486:
10:
1426:
185:alongside deities such as
173:), in Tabira, a town near
145:
1177:McEwan, G. J. P. (1983).
1156:Leick, Gwendolyn (1991).
1131:Babylonian creation myths
55:(Sumerian: 𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷 za-ba
1329:Wilhelm, Gernot (1987).
1100:10.5356/orient1960.28.75
333:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
284:, a twelfth century BCE
1290:Rudik, Nadezda (2014).
1249:Rubio, Gonzalo (2010).
1056:Harris, Rivkah (1976).
913:Archi, Alfonso (2013).
378:and as a descendant of
356:Papsukkal was Zababa's
1179:"Late Babylonian Kish"
1035:Haas, Volkert (2015).
825:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
452:; Hittite and Luwian
337:Old Babylonian period
238:Old Babylonian period
125:Early Dynastic period
1003:"Zababa-šuma-iddina"
18:Mesopotamian war god
1267:10.1086/JCS41103869
791:, pp. 286–287.
677:, pp. 166–167.
653:, pp. 501–502.
641:, pp. 271–272.
629:, pp. 257–258.
460:, and Zappana; and
433:Outside Mesopotamia
1331:"Lupatik, Nupatik"
861:Ayali-Darshan 2014
366:(and by extension
282:Zababa-shuma-iddin
243:A boundary stone (
234:Wilfred G. Lambert
1395:Mesopotamian gods
1233:978-88-8241-388-0
1169:978-0-415-00762-7
1140:978-1-57506-861-9
1048:978-90-04-29394-6
1027:978-1-57506-004-0
960:978-3-7278-1738-0
928:978-1-937040-11-6
803:, pp. 77–78.
528:, pp. 38–39.
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301:theophoric names
294:Shutruk-Nahhunte
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493:Qurdi-Nergal
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340:
335:. After the
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152:Artaxerxes I
149:
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21:
20:
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1372:Asia portal
1318:"Nin-šubur"
1305:"Zababa A."
1292:"Ur-Zababa"
813:George 2000
765:George 2000
750:George 2000
687:Harris 1976
603:McEwan 1983
230:Samsu-Iluna
75:. He was a
73:Mesopotamia
71:in ancient
1389:Categories
1093:: 75–105.
849:Archi 2013
651:Rudik 2014
526:Rubio 2010
514:Leick 1991
477:Šulinkatte
450:Wurunkatte
387:Iqbi-damiq
380:Enmesharra
305:Achaemenid
303:well into
257:, Nergal,
165:(built by
93:Achaemenid
63:) was the
1275:0022-0256
1261:: 29–43.
1242:850438175
1203:0021-0889
1149:861537250
1109:1884-1392
994:0022-2968
937:882106763
897:Haas 2015
885:Haas 2015
873:Haas 2015
499:Citations
483:instead.
419:Shulshaga
399:Kanisurra
364:Ninshubur
274:Ur-Zababa
259:Papsukkal
201:and Las.
177:, and in
167:Warad-Sin
133:Hammurabi
103:Character
1405:War gods
1283:41103869
1074:23282311
487:See also
454:Ḫašamili
443:Hittites
395:Borsippa
351:Pabilsag
347:Ninisina
325:Sanherib
267:Ishtaran
199:Mammitum
109:Sumerian
1211:4200186
473:Nubadig
462:Hurrian
447:Hattian
403:Gazbaba
368:Ilabrat
309:Lagamal
290:Elamite
286:Kassite
246:kudurru
214:Shamash
175:Babylon
146:Worship
137:Ninurta
113:Semitic
91:to the
81:Ninurta
77:war god
1281:
1273:
1240:
1230:
1209:
1201:
1166:
1147:
1137:
1107:
1087:Orient
1072:
1045:
1024:
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925:
471:, and
465:Aštabi
458:Iyarri
441:, the
423:Igalim
407:Esagil
405:) and
359:sukkal
313:Dilbat
278:Sargon
263:Ishara
226:Inanna
222:Marduk
195:Nergal
183:akitu,
121:Bunene
85:Nergal
22:Zababa
1279:JSTOR
1207:JSTOR
1070:JSTOR
951:(PDF)
481:U.GUR
469:Hešui
391:Kutha
329:Ashur
292:king
249:) of
210:Enlil
179:Assur
171:Larsa
156:akitu
117:Alala
1271:ISSN
1238:OCLC
1228:ISBN
1199:ISSN
1183:Iraq
1164:ISBN
1145:OCLC
1135:ISBN
1105:ISSN
1043:ISBN
1022:ISBN
990:ISSN
955:ISBN
933:OCLC
923:ISBN
421:and
401:and
255:Gula
220:and
218:Adad
187:Nabu
129:Ebla
83:and
69:Kish
1263:doi
1191:doi
1095:doi
982:doi
376:Sin
374:or
372:Anu
269:).
206:Anu
191:Bau
169:of
111:or
97:Bau
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163:Ur
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