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vomiting, and abdominal pains in pregnancy. They check diarrhea, and are poulticed on wounds. Mixed with oil, they are rubbed on rheumatic areas. The leaves are applied as poultices and are helpful in liver troubles, asthma and fever and, together with catechu, are administered when an astringent is needed, as on wounds. The bitter, astringent bark decoction is taken to halt diarrhea and dysentery and relieve gingivitis. The bark paste is applied on sores. The root is purgative. A root decoction is given as a febrifuge, taenicide and emmenagogue, and the powdered root is dusted on wounds. Juice of the root bark is said to alleviate gout and rheumatism. Strong doses of the bark or root may be toxic. An infusion of the flowers serves as an eye lotion.
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fruit is entirely red, soft, juicy with wrinkled skin and has a pleasant aroma. The ripe fruit is sweet and sour in taste. Both flesh texture and taste are reminiscent of apples. When under ripe the flesh is white and crispy, acid to subacid to sweet in taste. Fully ripe fruits are less crisp and somewhat mealy; overripe fruits are wrinkled, the flesh buff-coloured, soft, spongy and musky. At first the aroma is apple like and pleasant but it becomes peculiarly musky when overripe. There is a single, hard, oval or oblate, rough central stone which contains 2 elliptic, brown seeds, 1/4 in (6mm) long.
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flower to flower by honeybees. The flowers are pollinated by ants and other insects, and in the wild state the trees do not set fruits by self-pollination. Best propagates by seeds, seedlings, direct sowing, root suckers as well as by cuttings. Ber seeds are spread by birds, native animals, stock, feral pigs and humans who eat the fruit and expel the seeds. Seeds may remain viable for 2½ years but the rate of germination declines with age. Cross-incompatibility occurs, and
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about 600 m. It also grows well on laterite, medium black soils with good drainage, or sandy, gravelly, alluvial soil of dry river-beds where it is vigorously spontaneous. In
Australia, this species grows on a wide variety of soil types, including cracking clays, solodic soils and deep alluvials, in the tropics and sub-tropics where the average annual rainfall is in the range 470-1200mm. In the drier parts of this range, it grows best in
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deep green hue with an oily surface, while the lower side (abaxial) covered with micro-fibers surface. The fiber diameter of matted abaxial leaf surface ranges, ~5.6 to 7.1 micrometers. Recently, Mahesh
Chandra Dubey, reported that the micro-fibrous surface morphology of the abaxial leaf surface exhibits superhydrophobicity and contributes to the "cool roof" characteristics of the leaves.
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formed soon after. In
February–March the fruits are mature and in some places a second crop is produced in the fall. Pickings are done by hand from ladders and about 110 lbs (50 kg)is harvested per day. The fruits remaining on the tree are shaken down. Only fully mature fruits are picked directly from the tree. They are transported in open bags to avoid fermentation.
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In India, the minimum shade temperature for survival is 7–13° and the maximum temperature is 50 °C. Studies report that this species flourishes in alkaline soils with a pH as high as 9.2. However, deep sandy loam to loamy soils with neutral or slightly alkaline pH are considered optimum for growth. In India, the tree grows best on sandy loam, neutral or slightly alkaline.
804:. Germination time can also be shortened to 7 days by carefully cracking the endocarp. Ber seedlings do not tolerate transplanting, therefore the best alternatives are to sow the seeds directly in the field or to use polythene tubes placed in the nursery bed. Seedlings are ready for budding in 3 to 4 months. In addition, seedlings from the wild
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wood makes good charcoal with a heat content of almost 4,900 kcal per kg. In addition, this species is used as firewood in many areas. In tropical Africa, the flexible branches are wrapped as retaining bands around conical thatched roofs of huts, and are twined together to form thorny corral walls to retain livestock.
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In India, some types ripen as early as
October, others from mid-February to mid-March, others in March, or mid-March, to the end of April. In the Assiut Governorate, there are 2 crops a year, the main in early spring, the second in the fall. In India the trees flower in July to October and fruits are
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Ber timber is hard, strong, fine-grained, fine-textured, tough, durable, and reddish in colour. It has been used to line wells, to make legs for bedsteads, boat ribs, agricultural implements, tool handles, and other lathe-turned items. The branches are used as framework in house construction and the
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is a hardy tree that copes with extreme temperatures and thrives under rather dry conditions with an annual rainfall of 6 to 88.5 in (15–225 cm). In Fiji, sometimes naturalised Ber trees grow along roadsides and in agricultural land, usually near sea level but occasionally up to an elevation of
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The leaves are of different size with ovate or elliptic shape with rounded apex, with 3 depressed longitudinal veins at the base. The size (length x width) of the leaves from the tender to senescent states ranges, ~4.7 cm x 2.5 cm - 9.6 cm x 7.3 cm. The upper side (adaxial) of the leaves displays a
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Seedling trees bear 5,000 to 10,000 small fruits per year in India. Superior grafted trees may yield as many as 30,000 fruits. The best cultivar in India, with fruits normally averaging 30 to the lb (66 to the kg), yields 175 lbs (77 kg) annually. Special cultural treatment increases both
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Plants are capable of seed production once they reach a height of about 1 metre. Wild-growing plants in northern
Australia may take 8 years to reach this size. In Australia, plants growing under natural conditions are capable of producing seeds once they reach a height of about 1m. Plants between 1
735:
Some cultivars attain anthesis early in the morning, others do so later in the day. The flowers are protandrous. Hence, fruit set depends on cross-pollination by insects attracted by the fragrance and nectar. Pollen of the Indian jujube is thick and heavy. It is not airborne but is transferred from
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The tree has a high tolerance to both water-logging and drought and can grow where annual rainfall ranges from 125 to 2,225 mm, but is more widespread in areas with an annual rainfall of 300 to 500 mm. In China and India, wild trees are found up to an elevation of 5,400 ft (1,650 m).
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the fruit size may reach up to 6.25 cm long and 4.5 cm wide. The form may be oval, obovate, round or oblong; the skin smooth or rough, glossy, thin but tough. The fruit ripen at different times even on a single tree. Fruits are first green, turning yellow as they ripen. The fully mature
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are much more susceptible than others, the flies preferring the largest, sweetest fruits. 100% of those may be attacked, while on a neighbouring tree bearing a smaller, less-sweet type, only 2% of the crop may be damaged. The larvae pupate in the soil and it has been found that treatment of the
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Lamarck described
Ziziphus mauritiana in 1789 during a period when European exploration was expanding rapidly across the globe, and many plants and animals were being documented by botanists. The name “mauritiana” likely references the island of Mauritius, a prominent stopover for explorers and
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Propagation is most commonly from seed, where pretreatment is beneficial. Storage of the seed for 4 months to let it after-ripen improves germination. The hard stone restricts germination and cracking the shell or extraction of seeds hastens germination. Without pretreatment the seeds normally
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The fruits are applied on cuts and ulcers; are employed in pulmonary ailments and fevers; and, mixed with salt and chili peppers, are given in indigestion and biliousness. The dried ripe fruit is a mild laxative. The seeds are sedative and are taken, sometimes with buttermilk, to halt nausea,
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and much higher than citrus or apples. In India, the ripe fruits are mostly consumed raw, but are sometimes stewed. Slightly underripe fruits are candied by a process of pricking, immersing in a salt solution. Ripe fruits are preserved by sun-drying and a powder is prepared for out-of-season
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botanists in the Indian Ocean. Although the species is native to South Asia, particularly India, the connection to
Mauritius could have been due to trade routes or the movement of plant specimens through the region, as Mauritius was an important colonial hub during the 18th century.
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is a medium-sized tree that grows vigorously and has a rapidly developing taproot, a necessary adaptation to drought conditions. The species varies widely in height, from a bushy shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall, to a tree 10 to 12 m tall with a trunk diameter of about 30 cm.
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requirements in the USA (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and
European Union (EN 14214). The average oil yield is 4.95 kg oil/tree or 1371 kg oil/hectare, and arid or semi-arid regions may be utilised due to its drought resistance.
1422:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
820:. Different types of budding techniques have been utilised with ring-budding and shield-budding being the most successful. Wild varieties of ber are usually used as the root-stock. The most common being Z. rotundifolia in India and Z. spina-christi in Africa.
289:, oblong or round, and can be 1-2.5 in (2.5-6.25 cm) long, depending on the variety. The flesh is white and crisp. When slightly underipe, this fruit is a bit juicy and has a pleasant aroma. The fruit's skin is smooth, glossy, thin but tight.
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by top-working and grafting. Nurseries are used for large scale seedling multiplication and graft production. The seedlings should also be given full light. The seedlings may need as long as 15 months in the nursery before planting in the field.
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The flowers are tiny, yellow, 5-petalled and are usually in twos and threes in the leaf axils. Flowers are white or greenish white and the fruits are orange to brown, 2–3 cm long, with edible white pulp surrounding a 2-locular pyrene.
332:, reflects a historical practice in taxonomy where newly described species were often associated with the nearest or most significant landmasses known at the time of discovery, rather than the exact location where the species was found.
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The tree is subject to shrouding by a parasitic vine. Powdery mildew causes defoliation and fruit-drop, but it can be adequately controlled. Lesser diseases are sooty mould, brown rot and leaf-spot. Leafspot results from infestation by
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In India, there are 90 or more cultivars, varying in the habit of the tree; leaf shape; fruit form, size, color, flavor and keeping quality; and fruiting season. Among the important cultivars, eleven are described in the encyclopaedic
1791:
Prakash, Om; Usmani, Shazia; Singh, Ruchi; Singh, Namrata; Gupta, Amresh; Ved, Akash (January 2021). "A panoramic view on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic attributes of
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.: A comprehensive review".
793:: 'Banarasi (or Banarsi) Pewandi', 'Dandan', 'Kaithli' ('Patham'), 'Muria Mahrara', 'Narikelee', 'Nazuk', 'Sanauri 1', 'Sanauri 5', 'Thornless' and 'Umran' ('Umri'). The skin of most is smooth and greenish-yellow to yellow.
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Dubey, Mahesh C.; Mohanta, Dambarudhar (January 2024). "Coexisting superhydrophobicity and superadhesion features of Ziziphus mauritiana abaxial leaf surface with possibility of biomimicking using electrospun microfibers".
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is a spiny, evergreen shrub or small tree up to 15 m high, with trunk 40 cm or more in diameter; spreading crown; stipular spines and many drooping branches. The fruit is of variable shape and size. It can be oval,
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and Australia, and has become a serious environmental weed in Northern Australia. It is a fast-growing tree with a medium lifespan, that can quickly reach up to 10–40 ft (3 to 12 m) tall.
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purposes. It contains 20 to 30% sugar, up to 2.5% protein and 12.8% carbohydrates. Fruits are also eaten in other forms, such as dried, candied, pickled, as juice, or as ber butter. In
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Mohibbeazam, M; Waris, A; Nahar, N (October 2005). "Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India".
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Scientists in India have standardised propagation techniques for Ber establishment. Budding is the easiest method of vegetative propagation used for improved
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Innovative forestry: a synthesis of smallscale forest management practice from Nepal: A field worker's guidebook for supporting community forest management
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may be erect or wide-spreading, with gracefully drooping thorny branches, zigzag branchlets, thornless or set with short, sharp straight or hooked spines.
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zones. Commercial cultivation usually extends up to 1000 m. Beyond this elevation trees do not perform well, and cultivation becomes less economical.
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and 2m high produce, on average, less than five fruits per season. Large plants (>5m high) can produce 5000 or more fruits in a single season.
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872:. Trees in northern India yield 80 to 200 kg of fresh fruit/tree/year when the trees are in their prime bearing age of 10–20 years.
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Seedlings to be used as rootstock can be raised from seed. Several studies indicate that germination can be improved by soaking seeds in
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Heuzé V., Tran G., Boval M., Lebas F., 2017. Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
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1429:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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The major production regions for Indian jujube are the arid and semi arid regions of India. From 1984 to 1995 with improved
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form scale-like galls on twigs, retarding growth and reducing the fruit crop. Lesser pests include the small caterpillar of
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ground beneath the tree helps reduce the problem. Control is possible with regular and effective spraying of insecticide.
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Ye, J.; Qin, h.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019).
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Branney, Peter; Malla, Yam B.; Bhattarai, Basundhara; Tamrakar, Prayag R.; Neupane, Hari R.; Kathmandu, Nepal (2001).
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tropics from Southern Africa through the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent and China, Indomalaya, and into
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2015:
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Tel-Zur, Noemi; Schneider, Bert (June 2009). "Floral biology of Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)".
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have to be matched for good fruit set; some cultivars produce good crops parthenocarpically.
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The fruit is eaten raw, pickled or used in beverages. It is quite nutritious and rich in
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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The leaves are readily eaten by camels, cattle and goats and are considered nutritious.
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the production was 0.9 million tonnes on a land of 88,000 ha. The crop is also grown in
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2010:
1989:
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1577:"Ziziphus mauritiana – A Valuable Tree for Arid and Semi-arid Lands (FACT Sheet 98-03)"
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Orwa, Caleb; Mutua, Anthony; Kindt, Roeland; Jamnadass, Ramni; Simons, Anthony (2009),
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Ziziphus mauritiana | The AgroforesTree Database: a tree reference and selection guide
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1737:"Phytochemistry of Ziziphus Mauritiana; its Nutritional and Pharmaceutical Potential"
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germinate within six weeks whereas extracted seeds only need one week to germinate.
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1105:. It proved to be transmitted by grafting or budding diseased scions onto healthy
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region of South and South-East Asia. It is now widely naturalised throughout the
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A leaf-eating caterpillar and the green slug caterpillar attack the foliage.
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Fruits at various stages of ripeness, with cracked pit showing the two seeds
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Purdue University Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
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In storage, the fruits may be spotted by fungi. Fruit rots are caused by
785:) is more tropical, whereas Chinese jujube is a more cold hardy species.
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1115:, ranges from mild to severe on all commercial cultivars in the Punjab.
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species that have considerable horticulture importance, the other being
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This quick growing tree starts producing fruits within three years. The
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1027: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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910: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and the Pacific Islands. While the Rhamnaceae family are considered
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can form dense stands and become invasive in some areas, including
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Ripe and unripe jujube fruits for sale at the Luangwa Bridge in
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Hussain, Shabbir; Butt, Shumaila Zulfiqar (September 2021).
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1394:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
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The greatest enemies of the jujube are fruit flies. Some
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1229:. Miami: Creative Resources Systems. pp. 272–275.
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1586:. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network. July 1998
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Janick, Jules; Paull, Robert E., eds. (March 2008).
1426:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1371:. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. September 1989
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262:. It is often confused with the closely related
2300:
1761:
1584:Forestry and Natural Resource Management Program
1369:Forestry and Natural Resource Management Program
1101:-like organism was found in jujube plants near
752:Unripe fruit, cut to show the pit in the middle
1652:Profile Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Indian jujube
1485:International Union for Conservation of Nature
358:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
292:The species is believed to have originated in
1382:
1249:'s Center for New Crops & Plant Products.
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702:that is 2.5 cm diameter, though in some
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1289:
258:fruit tree species belonging to the family
1390:United States Food and Drug Administration
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328:, despite the species not being native to
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38:
19:"Ber" redirects here. For other uses, see
1752:
1362:"Why Nitrogen Fixing Trees? (NFTA 89-03)"
1262:"Datasheet: Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)"
1043:Learn how and when to remove this message
926:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1680:United States Department of Agriculture
1671:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1656:United States Department of Agriculture
1617:Danish International Development Agency
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951:, the fruits are used to stupefy fish.
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324:The naming of Ziziphus mauritiana by
2195:cb61f278-8b92-4dec-8dfa-ee3d55e493ae
1829:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
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1293:The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts
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1025:adding citations to reliable sources
996:
908:adding citations to reliable sources
879:
2369:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2309:IUCN Red List least concern species
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1324:
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1169:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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13:
1638:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/80
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2380:
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1340:Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
353:Indian jujube (Ber) - Fresh Fruit
2247:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:719349-1
1480:Global Invasive Species Database
1109:seedlings. Leaf rust, caused by
1001:
984:seed oil meets all of the major
884:
368:244.76 kJ (58.50 kcal)
82:
1630:
1597:
1569:
1451:from the original on 2024-05-09
1404:from the original on 2024-03-27
1012:needs additional citations for
980:The fatty-acid methyl ester of
895:needs additional citations for
808:can be converted into improved
319:
2364:Flora naturalised in Australia
1709:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001
1604:Jøker, Dorthe (October 2003).
1354:
1253:
743:
1:
1741:Scientific Inquiry and Review
1676:Agricultural Research Service
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1073:, that bores into the fruit.
1260:Pasiecznik, N (2007-08-15).
661:Percentages estimated using
278:is tropical to subtropical.
274:prefers temperate climates,
7:
10:
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2349:Fruits originating in Asia
1112:Phakopsora zizyphivulgaris
852:World production and yield
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18:
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1776:10.1007/s00497-009-0093-4
1764:Sexual Plant Reproduction
1558:World Agroforestry Centre
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79:Scientific classification
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1723:(Report). Archived from
1556:(version 4.0 ed.),
1176:: e.T147482710A147637366
2359:Drought-tolerant plants
2334:Flora of India (region)
2324:Indomalayan realm flora
1606:"Seed Leaflet No. 85 |
1226:Fruits of Warm Climates
942:. It is second only to
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663:US recommendations
1095:witches'-broom disease
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848:fruit size and yield.
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761:
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667:the National Academies
349:
1794:Phytotherapy Research
1689:Biomass and Bioenergy
1582:Winrock International
1475:"Ziziphus mauritiana"
1367:Winrock International
1335:"Ziziphus mauritiana"
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824:Season and harvesting
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466:Vitamins and minerals
347:
326:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
306:nitrogen fixing trees
1300:. pp. 617–619.
1139:Glomerella cingulata
1070:Meridarchis scyrodes
1021:improve this article
904:improve this article
731:Reproductive biology
21:Ber (disambiguation)
2319:Flora of Indo-China
2016:Ziziphus mauritiana
1925:Ziziphus_mauritiana
1878:Ziziphus mauritiana
1848:Ziziphus mauritiana
1824:Ziziphus mauritiana
1701:2005BmBe...29..293M
1664:Ziziphus mauritiana
1608:Ziziphus mauritiana
1519:2024PhFl...36a7122D
1162:Ziziphus mauritiana
765:Ziziphus mauritiana
716:Ziziphus mauritiana
676:Ziziphus mauritiana
354:
310:Ziziphus mauritiana
282:Ziziphus mauritiana
227:Ziziphus mauritiana
210:Ziziphus mauritiana
49:Conservation status
32:Ziziphus mauritiana
1754:10.32350/sir.52.01
1619:Forest Seed Centre
993:Pests and diseases
974:
837:
781:). Indian jujube (
767:is one of the two
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698:is a soft, juicy,
633:Other constituents
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350:
192:Z. mauritiana
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2216:Open Tree of Life
1840:Taxon identifiers
1527:10.1063/5.0176596
1507:Physics of Fluids
1436:978-0-309-48834-1
1307:978-0-85199-638-7
1127:Nigrospora oryzae
1086:Isariopsis indica
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2187:
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2161:
2149:
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2136:
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2123:
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2110:
2109:
2097:
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2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2006:
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1993:
1992:
1980:
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1892:
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1835:
1834:
1817:
1806:10.1002/ptr.6769
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1731:
1730:on 15 July 2022.
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1250:
1244:
1243:
1221:Morton, Julia F.
1217:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1155:
1133:Epicoccum nigrum
1103:Poona University
1048:
1041:
1037:
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1028:
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997:
931:
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920:
917:
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462:
461:
355:
351:
230:, also known as
212:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
42:
28:
27:
16:Species of plant
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
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2344:Flora of Africa
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
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2266:
2258:
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2240:
2232:
2227:
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2214:
2206:
2203:Observation.org
2201:
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1407:
1405:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1360:
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1355:
1346:
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1333:
1332:
1325:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1298:CABI Publishing
1288:
1281:
1272:
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1267:CABI Compendium
1258:
1254:
1241:
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826:
791:Wealth of India
746:
733:
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529:
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270:), but whereas
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24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Flora of China
2336:
2331:
2329:Flora of Nepal
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:wfo-0000430322
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1868:
1852:
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1844:
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1832:
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1713:
1695:(4): 293–302.
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1644:
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264:Chinese jujube
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1516:
1513:(1): 017122.
1512:
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1140:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:Z. mauritiana
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:. In 1973, a
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1036:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:This section
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
990:
987:
983:
982:Z. mauritiana
978:
970:
966:
962:
960:
957:In India and
955:
952:
950:
945:
941:
930:
927:
919:
909:
905:
899:
898:
893:This section
891:
887:
882:
881:
873:
871:
868:and parts of
867:
863:
859:
849:
845:
841:
835:
830:
821:
819:
814:
811:
807:
803:
802:sulfuric acid
798:
794:
792:
786:
784:
783:Z. mauritiana
780:
776:
772:
771:
766:
758:
750:
741:
739:
728:
724:
722:
717:
708:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
682:
681:Z. mauritiana
677:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
636:
634:
630:
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618:
611:
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583:
579:
574:
569:
566:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
533:
526:
524:
519:Riboflavin (B
516:
509:
507:
499:
494:
489:
486:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
453:
450:
449:
443:
439:
435:
429:
426:
425:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
404:Dietary fibre
401:
397:
395:
391:
385:
382:
381:
380:Carbohydrates
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
356:
346:
337:
333:
331:
327:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
279:
277:
276:Z. mauritiana
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Indian jujube
229:
228:
218:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:Tracheophytes
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1847:
1823:
1800:(1): 63–77.
1797:
1793:
1770:(2): 73–85.
1767:
1763:
1744:
1740:
1725:the original
1692:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1607:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1580:
1571:
1561:, retrieved
1549:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1478:
1453:. Retrieved
1425:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1343:. 2008-01-15
1338:
1318:Google Books
1316:– via
1311:. Retrieved
1292:
1271:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1245:– via
1240:. Retrieved
1225:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1097:caused by a
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1039:
1030:
1019:Please help
1014:verification
1011:
981:
979:
975:
963:
956:
953:
937:
922:
913:
902:Please help
897:verification
894:
855:
846:
842:
838:
815:
799:
795:
790:
787:
782:
778:
768:
764:
763:
734:
725:
715:
714:
693:
689:
685:
680:
675:
674:
637:
632:
572:
567:
560:
492:
487:
480:
446:
422:
378:
334:
323:
320:Nomenclature
309:
291:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
251:
247:
244:Chinee apple
243:
240:Chinese date
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:
224:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
141:
128:
115:
102:
31:
25:
2154:NatureServe
2076:iNaturalist
1872:Wikispecies
744:Propagation
647:81.6-83.0 g
502:Thiamine (B
302:Australasia
236:Indian plum
122:Angiosperms
2303:Categories
1623:2009-07-17
1590:2009-07-17
1563:2023-02-28
1490:2023-02-27
1455:2024-06-21
1408:2024-03-28
1375:2023-02-28
1347:2009-07-17
1313:2009-07-17
1273:2021-10-11
1242:2023-02-23
1236:0961018410
1146:References
1099:mycoplasma
1080:Cercospora
959:Queensland
866:Bangladesh
608:Phosphorus
398:5.4-10.5 g
260:Rhamnaceae
168:Rhamnaceae
2146:147482710
2029:200013471
2003:200013471
1985:FloraBase
1083:spp. and
1057:cultivars
1033:June 2021
986:biodiesel
940:vitamin C
916:June 2021
858:cultivars
818:cultivars
810:cultivars
806:cultivars
779:Z. jujuba
738:cultivars
704:cultivars
536:Niacin (B
330:Mauritius
298:Old World
272:Z. jujuba
268:Z. jujuba
186:Species:
92:Kingdom:
2314:Ziziphus
2273:27500741
2268:Tropicos
2159:2.130600
2107:10719577
2094:719349-1
1857:Wikidata
1814:32633009
1784:20033458
1449:Archived
1445:30844154
1402:Archived
1392:(2024).
1223:(1987).
1121:Fusarium
949:Ethiopia
862:Pakistan
770:Ziziphus
721:riparian
638:Quantity
568:Quantity
562:Minerals
530:0.029 mg
513:0.022 mg
488:Quantity
482:Vitamins
256:tropical
179:Ziziphus
164:Family:
135:Eudicots
69:IUCN 3.1
2180:NTFlora
2042:3039424
1959:Ecocrop
1863:Q327859
1697:Bibcode
1515:Bibcode
1180:27 June
1091:zizyphi
711:Ecology
615:26.8 mg
589:25.6 mg
582:Calcium
547:0.78 mg
448:Protein
287:obovate
174:Genus:
158:Rosales
154:Order:
96:Plantae
67: (
2260:4058-3
2229:PLANTS
2221:556043
2208:212591
2192:NZOR:
2172:157914
2081:123697
1938:210627
1896:APDB:
1886:AoFP:
1812:
1782:
1443:
1433:
1304:
1233:
1136:, and
1124:spp.,
870:Africa
834:Zambia
602:1.1 mg
431:0.07 g
408:0.60 g
394:Sugars
364:Energy
340:Botany
148:Rosids
2255:SANBI
2133:28595
2120:57556
2102:IRMNG
2068:42285
2011:FoAO2
1977:ZIPMA
1964:17633
1951:5D5ZY
1912:56033
1899:83592
1747:(2).
1728:(PDF)
1721:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1089:var.
1065:Mites
944:guava
700:drupe
696:fruit
644:Water
455:0.8 g
254:is a
252:dunks
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
2242:POWO
2234:ZIMA
2185:5123
2167:NCBI
2141:IUCN
2128:ITIS
2089:IPNI
2063:GRIN
2050:GISD
2037:GBIF
1990:4847
1972:EPPO
1933:BOLD
1920:ATRF
1907:APNI
1810:PMID
1780:PMID
1610:Lam"
1441:PMID
1431:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1182:2024
1174:2019
972:Bark
876:Uses
595:Iron
387:17 g
348:Tree
314:Fiji
250:and
217:Lam.
2281:WFO
2115:ISC
2055:214
2024:FoC
1998:FNA
1946:CoL
1889:255
1827:in
1802:doi
1772:doi
1749:doi
1705:doi
1654:at
1523:doi
1398:FDA
1023:by
906:by
573:%DV
493:%DV
424:Fat
248:ber
2305::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2244::
2231::
2218::
2205::
2182::
2169::
2156::
2143::
2130::
2117::
2104::
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