1147:
1131:
25:
115:
1208:
1204:, criticizing the policy of dekulakization and "methods of war communism", declared that an attack on the kulaks should be carried out but not by methods of so-called dekulakization. He argued against taking action against individual farming in the village, the productivity of which was two times lower than in European countries. He believed that the most important task of the party was the development of the individual farming of peasants with the help of the government.
3800:
1394:
1251:
977:
842:
708:
1082:
947:
1097:" spouses, mothers, and sisters. Women were frequently treated harshly, including being arrested and deported, because they were seen as possible kulak conspirators. During the dekulakization effort, they had to deal with a variety of difficulties, such as losing their belongings and being separated from their families, as well as the danger of violence and forced labor.
1549:, which meaning "to liquidate" or "to eliminate." The phrase was not specifically applied to Soviet politics in its earlier usage; rather, it referred to the act of removing barriers or resolving issues. However, the phrase came to be linked with the oppressive and murderous practices of the Soviet secret police, known as the Cheka, in the setting of the Soviet Union.
1229:, you must take away their property, their inventory." The letter of the Red Army soldier of the 28th Artillery Regiment became widely known: "The last bread is taken away, the Red Army family is not considered. Although you are my dad, I do not believe you. I'm glad that you had a good lesson. Sell bread, carry surplus – this is my last word."
682:, condemned the "liquidation of the kulaks" in 1930 as a "monstrosity" and had urged the Politbureau during the intra-party struggle to raise taxation on wealthier farmers and encourage farm labourers along with poor peasants to form collective farms on a voluntary basis with state resources allocated to agricultural machinery,
1526:
The liquidation campaign, which lasted through the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, was a crucial component of the Soviet Union's endeavor to achieve complete control over all facets of society. Although it is difficult to assess the scope of the campaign and the number of casualties, historians
1538:
The Soviet authorities targeted a number of additional groups during the liquidation campaign in addition to the kulaks, including former
Tsarist regime members, bourgeois intellectuals, and other organizations seen as state adversaries. Depending on the objective and the time period, the campaign's
1530:
The Soviet government targeted the so-called "kulaks" or wealthy peasant farmers, who were viewed as a threat to the collectivization of agriculture, during the most intense era of liquidation, which took place in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Millions of kulaks and their families were deported to
1518:
The liquidation campaign was directed at those who were thought to pose a threat to the Soviet government's attempt to consolidate its control, such as former
Tsarist regime members, bourgeois intellectuals, and other deemed adversaries of the state. The liquidation campaign, which included arrests,
297:
The kulaks were a group of affluent peasants who owned land and had workers working for them. They posed a danger to Stalin's collectivization efforts, which sought to end private land ownership and centralize agricultural production under state supervision. In order to do this, Stalin took a number
1100:
Women encountered several difficulties during the dekulakization drive, including the loss of their homes and possessions, being cut off from their family, and the danger of physical and sexual violence. Many of them experienced starvation, sickness, and tiredness as a result of the frequent forced
662:
Stalin had a number of issues with the kulaks. First, he considered the kulaks to be a danger to his collectivization principles. Collectivization aimed to end private land ownership and put agricultural production under government and peasant control. Stalin wanted to collectivize society, but the
1566:
Agriculture: The forced collectivization of farms and elimination of affluent farmers (kulaks), who were regarded as a threat to the socialist state, were referred to as "liquidation" in the context of agriculture. Significant damage was done to the agricultural industry as a consequence, and many
1378:
Long-term consequences: The forced collectivization of agriculture and the elimination of the kulaks had a long-term impact on the Soviet Union. Many historians argue that it contributed to the famine that occurred in the early 1930s, and that it weakened the agricultural sector for years to come.
1121:
The secret police's contribution to the dekulakization effort had a considerable impact on the Soviet government's policies and procedures. Millions of people died as a result of the NKVD's use of violence and repression, which had a significant effect on Soviet society. In Russia and other former
1089:
The Soviet Union's 1930s dekulakization efforts had an impact on millions of individuals, including women. If they were married to or related to kulaks, women were seen as potential enemies of the state since they were assumed to be complicit with their husbands or male relatives. Because of this,
666:
Second, the kulaks were viewed as a representation of the previous, pre-revolutionary order by Stalin and other Soviet officials. The
Bolsheviks considered the kulaks as a barrier to the socialist revolution while simultaneously seeing the peasants as a potentially revolutionary force. In order to
647:
Those kulaks that were sent to
Siberia and other unpopulated areas performed hard labor working in camps that would produce lumber, gold, coal and many other resources that the Soviet Union needed for its rapid industrialization plans. In fact, a high-ranking member of the OGPU (the secret police)
2308:
Kucherenko, Olga. "The
Collectivization of Soviet Agriculture and the Mass Deportation of the Rural Population, 1929-1933." Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, edited by Serhy Yekelchyk and Roman Szporluk, University of Toronto Press, 2018,
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Local government representatives and party leaders had wide latitude in deciding whose kulaks belonged in which category. This frequently resulted in the arbitrary and unfair treatment of peasants, with many of them being labeled as kulaks due to their income or social standing. The actions taken
1502:
of property (expropriation) from portions of the peasantry and isolation of victims from such actions by way of their forceful deportation from their place of residence. The official goal of kulak liquidation came without precise instructions, and encouraged local leaders to take radical action,
1188:
The party's appeal to the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class had been formulated by Stalin, who stated: "In order to oust the kulaks as a class, the resistance of this class must be smashed in open battle and it must be deprived of the productive sources of its existence and development
325:
In July 1918, Committees of the Poor were created to represent poor peasants who often worked under Kulaks after taking out loans of grain. These committees played an important role in the actions against the kulaks, and led the process of redistribution of confiscated lands, inventory, and food
1570:
Social and cultural impact: Liquidation had an effect that transcended solely the political and economic spheres. Soviet society and culture were profoundly affected by the purges of the 1930s and other campaigns, which resulted in widespread fear, mistrust, and trauma. The media, the arts, and
1514:
In the Soviet Union, the term "liquidation" referred to a strategy of removing the Soviet government's adversaries, such as political rivals, intellectuals, and affluent people. The New
Economic Policy (NEP), which was implemented by the Soviet secret police known as the Cheka, gave rise to the
1510:
Liquidation was a term used to describe a Soviet government policy of eradicating political adversaries, intellectuals, and rich persons. The Cheka, the secret police of the Soviet Union, carried out this program through arrests, executions, and other types of repression. Early in the 1920s, a
962:
Children from kulak families were seen by the Soviet authorities as a potential threat to the collectivization process, and they believed that separating children from their parents would weaken the kulaks' resistance. When children were committed to orphanages or other institutions, they were
958:
Children were "put into homes or orphanages and separated from their families as part of the dekulakization policies in the Soviet Union during the 1930s," according to historian Lynne Viola. These measures aimed to reduce kulak family resistance and enhance agricultural production under state
674:
Stalin despised the kulaks because he perceived them as a threat to his political objectives, a representation of the previous order, and a possible Soviet enemy. Millions of people were arrested, deported, and put to death as a result of his severe and merciless tactics regarding the kulaks.
1522:
The liquidation campaign was largely focused on the political opponents of the
Bolshevik government in the early years of the Soviet Union. The campaign's objectives, however, changed in the late 1920s to include perceived adversaries of the Soviet economy, such as the so-called "kulaks" or
1189:(free use of land, instruments of production, land-renting, right to hire labour, etc.). That is a turn towards the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class. Without it, talk about ousting the kulaks as a class is empty prattle, acceptable and profitable only to the Right deviators."
820:"Middle" kulaks – These people fell into this group if they were not as wealthy as the "active" kulaks but still held a lot of land and other assets. They were punished with forced labor, banishment, or other measures because they were viewed as potential opponents of collectivization.
1359:
Collectivization: One of the main goals of dekulakization was to forcibly collectivize agriculture, which led to the creation of large, state-run collective farms. This transformed the way food was produced in the Soviet Union and had a profound impact on the country's rural
1558:
Political purges: The Soviet government targeted several groups during the 1930s, including former
Communist Party members, academics, and other so-called enemies of the state. Millions of individuals were imprisoned, subjected to torture, and executed as a result of these
1113:
The NKVD was granted the authority to track down and assassinate kulaks, and they were allowed to use force and brutality to do so. Mass deportations and arrests of kulaks and their families were carried out by the secret police, frequently without cause or due process.
954:
Children were among the millions of people who were impacted by the Soviet Union's 1930s dekulakization initiatives. Families in their entirety, including children of all ages, were frequently deported to distant parts of the nation or sent to camps for forced labor.
1363:
Economic disruption: The process of dekulakization caused significant economic disruption in rural areas of the Soviet Union. Many of the most productive farmers were forcibly removed from their land, which led to a decline in agricultural output and disrupted local
1220:
preferred to blame the "rural counterrevolution" of the kulaks, intending to aggravate the attitude of the people towards the party: "We must repulse the kulak ideology coming in the letters from the village. The main advantage of the kulak is bread embarrassments."
298:
of harsh actions against the kulaks. Many of them were imprisoned, deported, and forced to work in prison camps. Others perished in executions or while traveling to the camps. Millions of kulaks and their families are thought to have been affected by these measures.
1374:
Political impact: The implementation of dekulakization was closely tied to the consolidation of power by the
Communist Party. The elimination of the kulaks was seen as a way to remove a perceived threat to the socialist state and to strengthen the position of the
817:"Active" kulaks – Kulaks who actively opposed collectivization or participated in acts of sabotage against the government were classified as "active" kulaks. They were targeted for arrest, expulsion, and killing because they were seen as the most dangerous people.
1562:
Industrialization: The government adopted a strategy of "liquidating" small-scale businesses in favor of sizable, state-run factories. The economy was significantly impacted by this, and major industrial hubs like
Magnitogorsk and Norilsk were built as a
823:"Passive" kulaks – The least rich kulaks who did not aggressively oppose collectivization were classified as "passive" kulaks in this category. They were permitted to stay on their property, but underwent harsh economic hardship in the form of high taxes.
1232:
The official goal of kulak liquidation came without precise instructions, and encouraged local leaders to take radical action, which resulted in physical elimination. The campaign to liquidate the kulaks as a class constituted the main part of Stalin's
330:, dated 11 August 1918, commanded hangings in response to a kulak revolt in the Penza region. Lenin sent several other telegrams to Penza demanding harsher measures in order to fight the kulaks, kulak-supporting peasants and Left SR insurrectionists.
1109:
The secret police were crucial in enforcing Soviet government objectives during the dekulakization program in the Soviet Union. Kulaks and their families were subject to arrest, deportation, and execution by the secret police known as the NKVD.
812:
Stalin's classification of kulaks was based on a number of directives that the Soviet government had issued in the early 1930s. These decrees classified kulaks into three groups based on their financial status and support for collectivism:
1542:
The program of removing opponents of the Soviet leadership, such as political rivals, intellectuals, and affluent people, was referred to as "liquidation" by the Soviet authorities. The word is an English translation of the Russian verb
2293:
Kenez, Peter. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End. Cambridge University Press, 1999. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-soviet-union-from-the-beginning-to-the-end/8527EEEBE5F5C7AFD92F8E3547E9CC70
1117:
The Gulag, a system of forced labor camps founded by the NKVD, was where many kulaks were transported to work in perilous circumstances. Numerous captives suffered from starvation, illness, and torture in the notoriously cruel camps.
326:
surpluses from the kulaks. This launched the beginning of a great crusade against grain speculators and kulaks. Before being dismissed in December 1918, the Committees of the Poor had confiscated 50 million hectares of kulak land.
1575:
The Soviet Union's liquidation had a wide-ranging effect and serious repercussions for both the nation and its citizens. In Russia and other former Soviet governments, the consequences of these policies are still felt today.
589:" on 27 December 1929. Stalin had said: "Now we have the opportunity to carry out a resolute offensive against the kulaks, break their resistance, eliminate them as a class and replace their production with the production of
2463:
1215:
The government increasingly noticed an open and resolute protest among the poor against the well-to-do middle peasants. The growing discontent of the poor peasants was reinforced by the famine in the countryside. The
1172:
of grain stocks from kulaks and middle-class peasants was called a "temporary emergency measure"; temporary emergency measures turned into a policy of "eliminating the kulaks as a class" by the 1930s. Sociologist
670:
The kulaks were seen by Stalin as potential enemies of the USSR. He thought they were trying to bring down the Soviet regime. Based on accounts of kulak opposition to collectivization, this suspicion was formed.
828:
against the kulaks were a part of a larger effort to end private land ownership and centralize agricultural output under state control, which had significant repercussions for Soviet society and the peasantry.
2230:
Cohen, Stephen F. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938. Oxford University Press, 1979. https://www.amazon.com/Bukharin-Bolshevik-Revolution-Political-1888-1938/dp/0195026976
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191:
91:
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shared his vision for a new penal system that would establish villages in the northern Soviet Union that could specialize in extracting natural resources and help Stalin's industrialization.
1523:
prosperous peasant farmers. The drive to eliminate the kulaks was a component of a larger collectivization strategy that attempted to centralize agricultural output under state control.
3255:
1367:
Human cost: Dekulakization was a brutal campaign that led to the deportation and death of millions of people. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, but it is believed that at least 5
2742:
2220:
Carr, Edward Hallett. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923, Volume 3. W. W. Norton & Company, 1966. https://www.amazon.com/Bolshevik-Revolution-1917-1923-Three/dp/0393006516
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scope and the number of victims varied, but it is obvious that the liquidation campaign was a harsh and repressive measure that resulted in considerable suffering and death.
2426:
2594:
2559:
2555:
1585:
3768:
3115:
3356:
3314:
2757:
2493:
2432:
1531:
remote regions of the Soviet Union as a result of the liquidation campaign against the kulaks, which also drove the collectivization of agriculture. An estimated 5
569:
598:
3495:
3758:
538:
2942:
959:
supervision. Millions of individuals, including kids of all ages, were consequently subjected to forced labor, deportation, and other types of punishment.
443:
2133:В. Ф. Чуркин, кандидат исторических наук. «Самоидентификация крестьянства на переломном этапе своей истории» // «История государства и права», 2006, N 7)
2374:
Viola, Lynne. "The Campaign to Eliminate the Kulak as a Class, Winter 1929–1930: A Reevaluation of the Legislation". Slavic Review 45.3 (1986): 503–524.
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peasants sent letters supporting anti-kulak ideology: "The kulaks are the furious enemies of socialism. We must destroy them, don't take them to the
420:
405:
235:
3829:
2267:
Getty, J. Arch, and Oleg V. Naumov. The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. Yale University Press, 1999.
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3335:
2302:
Kollontai, Pauline. "The Child Deportations in 1930s USSR: Why and How." The Journal of Historical Review, vol. 6, no. 1, 2014, pp. 41–51.
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2812:
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kulaks were seen as a hurdle because they held substantial amounts of land and employed laborers, making them resistant to collectivization.
468:
463:
2312:
McDermott, Kevin. "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman." Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 53, no. 6, 2001, pp. 965–973.
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executions, and other acts of repression, was part of a larger initiative to quell dissent and solidify the Soviet Communist Party's power.
3824:
3238:
2518:
2514:
562:
543:
458:
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448:
258:) and their families. Redistribution of farmland started in 1917 and lasted until 1933, but was most active in the 1929–1932 period of the
2870:
2473:
1610:
1833:Краткий курс истории ВКП(б) (1938 год) // Репринтное воспроизведение стабильного издания 30-40-х годов. Москва, изд. «Писатель», 1997 г.
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610:
429:
1211:
The requisition of grains from wealthy peasants during the forced collectivization in Timashyovsky District, Kuban, Soviet Union, 1933
2880:
2852:
490:
2255:
Getty, Arch. The Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938. Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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1323:
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914:
780:
3525:
3182:
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2488:
1197:
500:
391:
1438:
1379:
The impact of dekulakization on the Soviet economy and society is still a subject of debate among historians and economists today.
1295:
1021:
886:
752:
601:
formalized the decision in a resolution titled "On measures for the elimination of kulak households in districts of comprehensive
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1600:
555:
533:
3849:
3273:
3140:
3099:
2752:
2678:
2589:
2483:
1503:
which resulted in physical elimination. The campaign to liquidate the kulaks as a class constituted the main part of Stalin's
1371:
million people died as a result of the policy. This had a profound impact on families and communities across the Soviet Union.
2354:
2044:
1902:
1789:
1445:
1355:
Dekulakization had a significant impact on the Soviet Union, both in the short and long term. Some of the main effects were:
1302:
1028:
893:
759:
2224:
2584:
2579:
2523:
2034:
360:
286:
106:
3290:
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2817:
2636:
2268:
2262:
1635:
2725:
2246:
3437:
3110:
3075:
3017:
1498:
The "liquidation of kulaks as a class" was the name of a Soviet policy enforced in 1930–1931 for forced, uncompensated
1452:
1309:
1035:
900:
766:
3475:
3206:
2083:
1994:
1966:
1938:
1867:
1764:
1732:
1675:
1485:
1342:
1068:
933:
799:
483:
327:
178:
68:
46:
1423:
1280:
1006:
871:
737:
262:. To facilitate the expropriations of farmland, the Soviet government announced the "liquidation of the kulaks as a
39:
3480:
2997:
2478:
2281:
2256:
963:
frequently taken away from their family, subjected to harsh living conditions, and frequently neglected or abused.
478:
86:
1434:
1291:
1017:
882:
748:
3500:
2987:
2982:
2962:
2910:
2626:
2377:
Viola, Lynne. "The Peasants' Kulak: Social Identities and Moral Economy in the Soviet Countryside in the 1920s".
2261:
Getty, Arch, and Roberta Manning, editors. Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
1415:
1272:
998:
863:
729:
659:(1891–1939), played a major role in organizing and supervising the round-up of kulaks and their mass executions.
1200:
was still trying to support the prosperous peasantry and soften the struggle against the kulaks. In particular,
3545:
3449:
3090:
2957:
2321:
Viola, Lynne. The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements. Oxford University Press, 2007.
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1276:
1002:
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667:
create his socialist society, Stalin needed to get rid of the Kulaks because they were similar to capitalists.
495:
380:
370:
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education were all significantly impacted by the government's attempts to influence and shape public opinion.
1504:
1234:
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3839:
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3490:
3152:
3002:
2915:
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2604:
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2123:Самоидентификация крестьянства на переломном этапе своей истории. // История государства и права, 2006, N 7
2010:
1620:
1615:
438:
119:
A parade under the banners "We will liquidate the kulaks as a class" and "All to the struggle against the
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3172:
2827:
2599:
2574:
2550:
2458:
2399:
2214:
1750:
1590:
1093:
Women were targeted by the campaign, according to historian Lynne Viola, who notes that they were "kulaks
528:
3785:
3515:
3505:
3470:
3007:
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2252:
On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics. Princeton University Press, 2019.
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1499:
473:
224:
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3262:
3199:
2992:
2875:
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2792:
2296:---. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
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million people died as a result of this strategy, either through starvation, disease, or violence.
1459:
1404:
1316:
1261:
1042:
987:
907:
852:
773:
718:
33:
289:, effectively brought all agriculture and all the labourers in Soviet Russia under state control.
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3213:
3080:
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The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror. Yale University Press, 2015.
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estimate that tens of thousands of individuals were put to death or imprisoned during this time.
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1265:
991:
856:
722:
204:
120:
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announced a new policy to eliminate what were believed to be wealthy Soviet peasants, known as
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3712:
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2693:
2392:
50:
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3233:
3167:
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1722:
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million peasants were deported in 1930–1931. The campaign had the stated purpose of fighting
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3520:
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3386:
3063:
2564:
2545:
1689:
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259:
2299:
Kollontai, Alexandra. Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai. Allison & Busby, 1977.
1800:А.Арутюнов «Досье Ленина без ретуши. Документы. Факты. Свидетельства.», Москва: Вече, 1999
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Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski,
8:
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2062:Л. Д. Троцкий «Материалы о революции. Преданная революция. Что такое СССР и куда он идет»
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3535:
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Kaznelson, Michael. "Remembering the Soviet State: Kulak children and dekulakisation".
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215:
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https://www.amazon.com/Road-Terror-Self-Destruction-Bolsheviks-1932-1939/dp/0300077717
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https://www.amazon.com/Stalinist-Terror-Perspectives-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521457822
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they were frequently singled out by the government for arrest, deportation, and jail.
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2349:. (Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte, Bd. 31), Oldenbourg, 2. Aufl., München 2007,
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2173:
2154:"'Dekulakization' as a Facet of Stalin's Social Revolution (The Case of Perm Region)"
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1962:
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Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s
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2013:(1949). "Chapter VIII. Horror in the Village; & Chapter IX. Harvest in Hell".
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2014:
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Tucker, R. C. (2009). Stalinism: Essays in historical interpretation. Routledge.
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Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. Penguin, 2015.
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https://www.amazon.com/Origins-Great-Purges-Communist-Reconsidered/dp/052131398X
1987:
The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939
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In November 1917, at a meeting of delegates of the committees of poor peasants,
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1982:
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Another 1930s Soviet propaganda poster stating: "Kick kulaks from kolkhozes".
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Soviet governments, these policies and practices have left a lasting legacy.
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82:
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1877:
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newspaper published for the first time materials that claimed to expose the
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Political repression of prosperous peasants (kulaks) in the USSR (1929–1932)
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hard labor they were required to undertake in the factories or the fields.
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605:" on 30 January 1930. All kulaks were assigned to one of three categories:
586:
314:: "If the kulaks remain untouched, if we don't defeat the freeloaders, the
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683:
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1894:
The unknown gulag : the lost world of Stalin's special settlements
1630:
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400:
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2920:
2777:
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described the Soviet attempt to collectivize and liquidate perceived
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691:
375:
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2333:
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror–Famine
2225:
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
1824:Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. сочинений. Т. 36. С. 361–363; Т. 37. С. 144.
1668:
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
1393:
1250:
1168:
in the countryside and invasion by kulaks of Communist party cells.
976:
841:
707:
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The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror
1222:
1081:
1511:
liquidation effort was launched, and it lasted the entire decade.
946:
2708:
2533:
2528:
2287:
Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Yale University Press, 2015.
1779:
The Unknown Gulag. The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements
1226:
1139:
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in the countryside. This policy, carried out simultaneously with
239:
2384:
2342:(Macmillan, 2007). detailed histories of actual Kulak families.
2207:(wrote in corresponding number to match the reference/citation)
1240:
1959:
Stalin and His Hangmen, The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him
1156:
687:
2927:
2019:. London: Lowe and Brydone Printers Limited. pp. 91–131.
1552:
1161:
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2427:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2098:И. В. Сталин «К вопросу о ликвидации кулачества как класса»
2092:
1586:
Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
652:
315:
142:
1917–1933, official dekulakization campaign began in 1929
2464:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
2433:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
2275:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
2108:Н. В. Валентинов, Ю. Г. Фельштинский «Наследники Ленина»
697:
609:
Those to be shot or imprisoned as decided by the local
599:
Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
229:
3496:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
1933:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. pp. 25, 33.
1544:
209:
2943:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
2217:. Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine. Anchor, 2017.
1931:
Inside Stalin's Secret Police, NKVD Politics 1936–39
1794:
2315:
Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution. Knopf, 1990
1164:; they described widespread domination by the rich
3228:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2127:
1897:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 2–5.
831:
3816:
3336:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
2340:The whisperers: private life in Stalin's Russia
2136:
2058:
2056:
1725:: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
1134:1930s Soviet propaganda poster stating: "Oust
1105:The NKVD (secret police) during dekulakization
966:
585:announced the "liquidation of the kulaks as a
2911:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2813:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2674:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
2400:
2142:Красный воин (МВО). 1930. 13 февраля, 14 мая.
1241:Effects of dekulakization on the Soviet Union
563:
2118:РГВА, ф. 4, оп. 1, д. 107, л. 215. Цит. по:
2053:
292:
266:" on 27 December 1929, portraying kulaks as
2871:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
2367:Lewin, Moshe. "Who was the Soviet kulak?".
1981:
1862:. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 97–127.
1611:Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union
1422:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1279:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1005:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
870:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
736:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3297:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
2407:
2393:
2101:
2009:
1567:people suffered, especially in Kazakhstan.
1553:Effects of liquidation in the Soviet Union
570:
556:
2881:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
2853:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
2032:
1855:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1687:
1515:phrase "liquidation" in the early 1920s.
1486:Learn how and when to remove this message
1343:Learn how and when to remove this message
1069:Learn how and when to remove this message
950:Children of kulaks in Northern krai, 1930
934:Learn how and when to remove this message
800:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3855:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2823:Great Construction Projects of Communism
1953:
1925:
1809:
1206:
1198:All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1145:
1129:
1080:
945:
32:This article includes a list of general
3830:Human rights abuses in the Soviet Union
3239:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
2071:
1961:. New York: Random House. p. 162.
1827:
1818:
1601:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
632:, after confiscation of their property.
301:
170:390,000 or 530,000–600,000 to 5,000,000
3817:
3274:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
2151:
1706:
333:
2388:
2036:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
1890:
1690:"How Russian villages were destroyed
698:Stalin's categorization of the Kulaks
3835:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
3357:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
3315:20th Congress of the Communist Party
2758:19th Congress of the Communist Party
2595:18th Congress of the Communist Party
2560:17th Congress of the Communist Party
2235:The Soviet Rural Crisis in the 1920s
1769:
1738:
1420:adding citations to reliable sources
1387:
1277:adding citations to reliable sources
1244:
1181:as fitting his proposed category of
1085:Kulak women in a forest cutting 1930
1003:adding citations to reliable sources
970:
868:adding citations to reliable sources
835:
734:adding citations to reliable sources
701:
287:collectivization in the Soviet Union
107:collectivization in the Soviet Union
18:
3825:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3291:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
2515:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
2237:. Cambridge University Press, 1982.
2202:
2033:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
1812:Poor Harvest and National Suffering
1636:Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan
13:
3438:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
3257:The History of the Communist Party
3076:Soviet offensive plans controversy
3041:Ideological repression in science
2585:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
2325:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3881:
3476:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
3207:Marxism and the National Question
2414:
179:Secret police of the Soviet Union
3799:
3798:
3116:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2580:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2249:. Oxford University Press, 1994.
2243:. Oxford University Press, 1992.
2227:. Oxford University Press, 1986.
1688:Pivovarov, Alexey (2021-09-16).
1392:
1249:
975:
840:
706:
113:
23:
3501:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
2637:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2627:Occupation of the Baltic states
2145:
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2065:
2026:
2003:
1989:. Yale U.P. pp. 334, 439.
1975:
1947:
1919:
1884:
1849:
1836:
1693:(Куда пропали русские деревни?)
2284:. Yale University Press, 2004.
1803:
1759:, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages,
1702:(in Russian). Narva (Estonia).
1681:
1660:
1647:
1383:
832:Children during dekulakization
639:from their houses and used in
544:Ukrainian language suppression
328:Vladimir Lenin's Hanging Order
1:
3850:Political and cultural purges
3342:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
3153:1946–1947 Soviet famine
2726:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2039:. Verso Books. p. 1130.
1641:
1507:policies in the early 1930s.
1237:policies in the early 1930s.
1125:
406:Purges of the Communist Party
234:) was the Soviet campaign of
3491:1956 Georgian demonstrations
2152:Suslov, Andrei (July 2019).
1753:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1621:Land Reform Movement (China)
1616:Land reform in North Vietnam
1435:"Kulaks" Dekulakization
1292:"Kulaks" Dekulakization
1018:"Kulaks" Dekulakization
883:"Kulaks" Dekulakization
749:"Kulaks" Dekulakization
7:
3506:Stalin Monument in Budapest
3173:Night of the Murdered Poets
3091:Allegations of antisemitism
2828:Engineers of the human soul
2575:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2551:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1784:2007, hardback, 320 pages
1751:The Black Book of Communism
1727:. Oxford University Press.
1670:. Oxford University Press.
1591:Committees of Poor Peasants
1579:
1545:
967:Women during dekulakization
655:secret-police functionary,
643:within their own districts.
230:
210:
10:
3886:
3546:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
3516:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
2664:Soviet atomic bomb project
371:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
3794:
3711:
3572:
3554:
3526:Places named after Stalin
3511:Stalin Monument in Prague
3458:
3370:
3305:
3191:
3035:Repressions in Azerbaijan
2861:
2770:
2753:1950 legislative election
2679:1946 legislative election
2590:1937 legislative election
2502:
2451:
2442:
2422:
2347:Die Sowjetunion 1917–1991
2195:– via ResearchGate.
2078:. Routledge. p. 25.
1810:Yermolov, Alexey (1892).
322:will inevitably return."
293:History of dekulakization
219:
199:
174:
166:
146:
138:
128:
112:
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99:
3347:Soviet Nonconformist Art
3263:1936 Soviet Constitution
2916:Soviet famine of 1932–33
2876:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
2848:Transformation of nature
2833:1936 Soviet Constitution
2793:Socialism in One Country
2632:German–Soviet Axis talks
2379:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1985:; Naumov, O. V. (1999).
1856:Applebaum, Anne (2004).
1757:Harvard University Press
3471:Iosif Stalin locomotive
3214:Foundations of Leninism
3200:Anarchism or Socialism?
3081:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
2948:NKVD prisoner massacres
2600:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2489:Death and state funeral
2364:59.7 (2007): 1163–1177.
1782:Oxford University Press
1666:Robert Conquest (1986)
611:secret political police
87:Infobox civilian attack
80:
53:more precise citations.
3679:(second father-in-law)
2933:Murder of Sergey Kirov
2808:Stalinist architecture
2694:Turkish Straits crisis
2345:Hildermeier, Manfred.
2241:The Russian Revolution
2072:Alvarez, Alex (2009).
1859:Gulag : a history
1212:
1154:In February 1928, the
1151:
1143:
1086:
951:
430:Ideological repression
92:considered for merging
3700:William Wesley Peters
3245:Falsifiers of History
3168:Rootless cosmopolitan
2474:Rule as Soviet leader
2381:42.4 (2000): 431–460.
2371:18.2 (1966): 189–212.
2233:Fitzpatrick, Sheila.
1891:Viola, Lynne (2007).
1723:The Harvest of Sorrow
1210:
1149:
1133:
1084:
949:
270:of the Soviet Union.
236:political repressions
3721:Stalin's house, Gori
3652:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
3580:Besarion Jughashvili
3521:Batumi Stalin Museum
3432:Nineteen Eighty-Four
3183:Censorship of images
2862:Crimes, repressions,
2565:1931 Menshevik Trial
2546:First five-year plan
1416:improve this section
1273:improve this section
999:improve this section
864:improve this section
730:improve this section
616:Those to be sent to
539:Repressions of Poles
534:Population transfers
392:Political repression
302:Under Vladimir Lenin
260:first five-year plan
3845:Mass murder in 1931
3840:Mass murder in 1930
3713:Stalin's residences
3660:Galina Dzhugashvili
3644:Svetlana Alliluyeva
3628:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
3555:Cultural depictions
3397:Anti-Stalinist left
3352:Shvernik Commission
3320:Pospelov Commission
3096:Population transfer
3071:1941 Red Army purge
3045:Suppressed research
2699:First Indochina War
2642:Great Patriotic War
2620:Moscow Peace Treaty
2484:Cult of personality
2369:Europe‐Asia Studies
2362:Europe-Asia Studies
2280:Khlevniuk, Oleg V.
2273:Gellately, Robert.
1844:Stalin, a biography
529:National operations
421:Punitive psychiatry
348:Economic repression
343:in the Soviet Union
334:Under Joseph Stalin
3865:Soviet phraseology
3684:Alexander Svanidze
3612:Konstantin Kuzakov
3604:Yakov Dzhugashvili
3563:Apocalypse: Stalin
3536:Stalin Peace Prize
3531:State Stalin Prize
3234:"Ten Blows" speech
3221:Dizzy with Success
3131:Operation "Priboi"
3111:Operation "Lentil"
3064:1937 Soviet Census
2743:Sino-Soviet Treaty
2657:Potsdam Conference
2610:Invasion of Poland
2331:Conquest, Robert.
2223:Conquest, Robert.
2170:10.1111/russ.12236
2158:The Russian Review
2011:Kravchenko, Victor
1505:social engineering
1235:social engineering
1213:
1152:
1144:
1087:
952:
279:counter-revolution
3812:
3811:
3769:Kholodnaya Rechka
3466:Iosif Stalin tank
3387:Lenin's Testament
3362:Era of Stagnation
3163:Mingrelian Affair
3141:Forced settlement
3126:Operation "North"
3086:Soviet war crimes
2864:and controversies
2803:Socialist realism
2766:
2765:
2748:Tito–Stalin split
2647:Tehran Conference
2570:Spanish Civil War
2541:Chinese Civil War
2355:978-3-486-58327-4
2046:978-1-78168-721-5
1904:978-0-19-518769-4
1790:978-0-19-518769-4
1746:Stéphane Courtois
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524:De-Cossackization
516:Ethnic repression
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3668:Joseph Alliluyev
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3486:Pantheon, Moscow
3444:The Soviet Story
3418:Darkness at Noon
3307:De-Stalinization
3158:Leningrad Affair
2891:Decossackization
2689:1946 Iran crisis
2652:Yalta Conference
2524:Collectivization
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2338:Figes, Orlando.
2277:. Vintage, 2007.
2203:References added
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603:collectivization
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361:Collectivization
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281:and of building
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256:wealthy peasants
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3055:Japhetic theory
2993:Medvedev Forest
2886:Georgian Affair
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2818:Five-year plans
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2731:Berlin Blockade
2721:Greek Civil War
2510:August Uprising
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2479:Political views
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2326:Further reading
2309:pp. 23–51.
2215:Applebaum, Anne
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3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Wittorf affair
2898:
2896:Dekulakization
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:New Soviet man
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2164:(3): 371–391.
2144:
2135:
2126:
2111:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2064:
2052:
2045:
2025:
2002:
1995:
1974:
1967:
1946:
1939:
1918:
1903:
1883:
1868:
1848:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1814:. p. 179.
1802:
1793:
1768:
1737:
1705:
1680:
1659:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1494:
1493:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1127:
1124:
1106:
1103:
1077:
1076:
983:
981:
974:
968:
965:
942:
941:
848:
846:
839:
833:
830:
825:
824:
821:
818:
808:
807:
714:
712:
705:
699:
696:
645:
644:
633:
614:
578:
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
518:
517:
513:
512:
511:
510:
505:
504:
503:
493:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
433:
432:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
395:
394:
388:
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
378:
368:
366:Dekulakization
363:
358:
350:
349:
345:
344:
335:
332:
308:Vladimir Lenin
303:
300:
294:
291:
231:rozkurkulennya
200:раскулачивание
187:Dekulakization
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
118:
110:
109:
102:
101:
100:Dekulakization
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3882:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Semyonovskoye
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3636:Vasily Stalin
3634:
3631:(second wife)
3629:
3626:
3623:(adopted son)
3621:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3596:Kato Svanidze
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Ryutin Affair
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3372:Criticism and
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:Order No. 270
3283:
3281:
3280:Order No. 227
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Doctors' plot
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Nazino affair
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:German–Soviet
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Slavists case
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Moscow Trials
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Korenizatsiya
2786:
2784:
2783:Neo-Stalinism
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Ili Rebellion
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:Joseph Stalin
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2085:9781134035816
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1996:0-300-07772-6
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1968:0-375-50632-2
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1940:0-333-39260-4
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1869:1-4000-3409-4
1865:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1765:0-674-07608-7
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1733:0-19-505180-7
1730:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1684:
1677:
1676:0-19-505180-7
1673:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1653:Hildermeier,
1650:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437: –
1436:
1432:
1431:Find sources:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1401:This section
1399:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294: –
1293:
1289:
1288:Find sources:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:This section
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:In 1928, the
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:class enemies
1176:
1171:
1170:Expropriation
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020: –
1019:
1015:
1014:Find sources:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
984:This section
982:
978:
973:
972:
964:
960:
956:
948:
938:
935:
927:
916:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
885: –
884:
880:
879:Find sources:
873:
869:
865:
859:
858:
854:
849:This section
847:
843:
838:
837:
829:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
804:
801:
793:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751: –
750:
746:
745:Find sources:
739:
735:
731:
725:
724:
720:
715:This section
713:
709:
704:
703:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
654:
649:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
608:
607:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Joseph Stalin
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
551:
550:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
515:
514:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
431:
428:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
356:War communism
354:
353:
352:
351:
347:
346:
340:
339:
331:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
299:
290:
288:
284:
280:
273:More than 1.8
271:
269:
268:class enemies
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
226:
220:розкуркулення
217:
212:
206:
197:
193:
188:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
122:
116:
111:
108:
103:
98:
93:
89:
88:
84:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3703:(son-in-law)
3695:(son-in-law)
3692:Yuri Zhdanov
3599:(first wife)
3588:Keke Geladze
3561:
3450:Antisemitism
3442:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:Kremlin Plot
3334:
3272:
3256:
3243:
3148:Tax on trees
3106:Deportations
2895:
2843:Stakhanovite
2704:Eastern Bloc
2605:World War II
2558: /
2445:and politics
2378:
2368:
2361:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2210:Works Cited
2209:
2206:
2189:. Retrieved
2161:
2157:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2121:Чуркин В. Ф.
2120:
2114:
2103:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2035:
2028:
2015:
2005:
1986:
1983:Getty, J. A.
1977:
1958:
1955:Rayfield, D.
1949:
1930:
1927:Conquest, R.
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1259:
1231:
1214:
1202:Alexei Rykov
1191:
1187:
1175:Michael Mann
1155:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
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680:Leon Trotsky
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581:
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365:
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238:, including
186:
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175:Perpetrators
133:Soviet Union
85:
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3459:Remembrance
3425:Animal Farm
3251:Stalin Note
2938:Great Purge
2906:Great Break
2798:Great Break
2519:(1928–1941)
2435:(1946–1953)
2429:(1922–1952)
2191:21 November
1776:Lynne Viola
1657:, pp. 38ff.
1476:August 2023
1384:Liquidation
1333:August 2023
1059:August 2023
924:August 2023
790:August 2023
684:fertilizers
484:Legislation
411:Great Purge
157:deportation
153:Mass murder
148:Attack type
81:‹ The
51:introducing
3870:Red Terror
3819:Categories
3774:Lake Ritsa
3754:Uspenskoye
3671:(grandson)
3655:(grandson)
3647:(daughter)
3402:Trotskyism
3374:opposition
3050:Lysenkoism
2736:Korean War
2615:Winter War
2503:Chronology
2494:Death toll
2459:Early life
1642:References
1631:Red Terror
1500:alienation
1446:newspapers
1303:newspapers
1218:Bolsheviks
1183:classicide
1126:Classicide
1029:newspapers
894:newspapers
760:newspapers
630:Kazakhstan
496:Censorship
401:Red Terror
381:Kazakhstan
320:capitalist
248:executions
161:starvation
34:references
3764:New Athos
3030:Hotel Lux
3013:Vinnytsia
2968:Chortkiv
2958:Berezwecz
2953:Berezhany
2921:Holodomor
2778:Stalinism
2716:Cominform
2452:Overviews
2186:199145405
2178:1467-9434
1846:, p. 266.
1606:Holodomor
1403:does not
1260:does not
1166:peasantry
1140:kolkhozes
986:does not
851:does not
717:does not
692:agronomic
622:the North
595:sovkhozes
591:kolkhozes
464:1975–1987
459:1958–1964
454:1928–1941
449:1921–1928
444:1917–1921
283:socialism
225:romanized
216:Ukrainian
205:romanized
192:‹See Tfd›
90:is being
59:June 2023
3804:Category
3744:Kuntsevo
3591:(mother)
3583:(father)
3018:Zolochiv
3003:Valozhyn
2973:Kurapaty
2771:Concepts
2684:Cold War
1957:(2004).
1929:(1985).
1913:71266656
1878:55203139
1700:100tv.eu
1580:See also
1364:markets.
1360:economy.
1223:Red Army
439:Religion
318:and the
129:Location
121:wreckers
105:Part of
94:. ›
83:template
3779:Sukhumi
3740:Dachas
3731:Kureika
3121:Koreans
3008:Vileyka
2709:Comecon
2534:Sovkhoz
2529:Kolkhoz
2443:History
2335:(1987)
1720:(1986)
1563:result.
1559:purges.
1460:scholar
1424:removed
1409:sources
1317:scholar
1281:removed
1266:sources
1227:kolkhoz
1196:of the
1043:scholar
1007:removed
992:sources
908:scholar
872:removed
857:sources
774:scholar
738:removed
723:sources
637:evicted
618:Siberia
597:." The
491:Science
479:Judaism
376:Ukraine
240:arrests
227::
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196:Russian
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2998:Sambir
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1162:kulaks
1157:Pravda
1136:kulaks
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312:kulaks
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252:kulaks
167:Deaths
36:, but
3749:Sochi
3639:(son)
3615:(son)
3607:(son)
3192:Works
2983:Lutsk
2978:Katyn
2963:Dubno
2928:Gulag
2182:S2CID
1467:JSTOR
1453:books
1324:JSTOR
1310:books
1138:from
1050:JSTOR
1036:books
915:JSTOR
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781:JSTOR
767:books
628:, or
626:Urals
587:class
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416:Gulag
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2174:ISSN
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1935:ISBN
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1864:ISBN
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1761:ISBN
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1439:news
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