3274:
116:
3700:
18527:
93:
228:
3862:
3260:
732:
200:
869:
10703:
9428:
8279:
7030:
3965:
2326:
86:
815:
887:
129:
934:
779:
19657:
16808:
14008:
12798:
19647:
190:
5296:
3297:. The Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church, signing treaties with other sovereigns and fighting wars. In practice, though, most of the Papal States were still only nominally controlled by the Pope, and much of the territory was ruled by minor princes. Control was always contested; indeed it took until the 16th century for the Pope to have any genuine control over all his territories.
761:
13997:
12787:
10715:
9440:
8291:
7355:
7042:
3951:
2338:
16797:
851:
833:
797:
19667:
3574:
3430:
3035:, by which the emperor became the guarantor of the independence of the Papal States. Yet over the next two centuries, popes and emperors squabbled over a variety of issues, and the German rulers routinely treated the Papal States as part of their realms on those occasions when they projected power into Northern and Central Italy. As the
3160:, who was acclaimed Tribune of the People in 1347, and met a violent death in early October 1354 as he was assassinated by supporters of the Colonna family. To many, rather than an ancient Roman tribune reborn, he had become just another tyrant using the rhetoric of Roman renewal and rebirth to mask his grab for power. As
2851:. Nevertheless, the Pope and the exarch still worked together to limit the rising power of the Lombards in Italy. As Byzantine power weakened, though, the papacy assumed an ever-larger role in protecting Rome from the Lombards, but lacking direct control over sizable military assets, the pope relied mainly on
3738:
on
September 19 and placed Rome under a state of siege. Although the Pope's tiny army was incapable of defending the city, Pius IX ordered it to put up more than token resistance to emphasize that Italy was acquiring Rome by force and not consent. This incidentally served the purposes of the Italian
2740:
located on the outskirts of Rome were held as property by individuals, rather than by any corporate body. Nonetheless, the property held nominally or actually by individual members of the Roman churches would usually be treated as a common patrimony handed over successively to the legitimate "heir"
2763:
Other donations followed, primarily in mainland Italy but also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. However, the Roman Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, not as a sovereign entity. Following the fall of the
Western Roman Empire, the papacy found itself increasingly placed in a
3535:
Upon restitution of sovereignty to the Papal States, Pius VII decided to abolish feudalism, transforming all the noble titles (temporarily abolished during the
Napoleonic occupation) into honorifics disconnected from territorial privileges. In 1853, Pius IX put an end to the centuries-old duality
2832:
With effective
Byzantine power weighted at the northeast end of this territory, the pope, as the largest landowner and most prestigious figure in Italy, began by default to take on much of the ruling authority that the Byzantines were unable to exercise in the areas surrounding the city of Rome.
3665:
and conquered the eastern two-thirds of the Papal States, cementing its hold on the south. Bologna, Ferrara, Umbria, the
Marches, Benevento and Pontecorvo were all formally annexed by November of the same year. While considerably reduced, the Papal States nevertheless still covered the
4052:
Anticamente la bandiera dello Stato pontificio era giallorossa (o per meglio dire amaranto e rossa, colori derivati dai colori dello stemma della Santa Sede), i due colori tradizionali del Senato e del Popolo romano, che vennero tuttavia sostituiti con il bianco e il giallo nel
3743:, in reality, a tame affair involving a cannonade at close range that demolished a 1600-year-old wall in poor repair. The defence of Rome was not however bloodless, with 12 dead and 47 wounded amongst the Papal forces and 32 dead plus 145 wounded of the Italian troops.
2998:'s grandchildren. Imperial power in Italy waned and the papacy's prestige declined. This led to a rise in the power of the local Roman nobility, and the control of the Papal States during the early 10th century passed to a powerful and corrupt aristocratic family, the
3013:
In practice, the popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty over the extensive and mountainous territories of the Papal States, and the region preserved its old system of government, with many small countships and marquisates, each centred upon a fortified
2756:, promulgated in 321, allowed the Christian Church to possess property and restored to it any property formerly confiscated; in the larger cities of this empire the property restored would have been quite considerable, the Roman patrimony not least among them. The
3486:
invaded the newfound republic and restored Papal States, ending the republic. French quickly drove the
Neapolitans out and reoccupied the Papal States, but didn't bother restoring the republic, as they continued their invasion to Naples, where they established
3726:
at first aimed at a peaceful conquest of the city and proposed sending troops into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the pope. When the pope refused, Italy declared war on 10 September 1870, and the
Italian Army, commanded by General
199:
3631:
had to flee the city. The revolution was suppressed with French help in 1849 and Pius IX switched to a conservative line of government. Until his return to Rome in 1850, the Papal States were governed by a group of cardinals known as the
3853:, such as "count" or even "prince" were used. However, throughout the history of the Papal States, many warlords and even bandit chieftains controlled cities and small duchies without having received any title from the Pope of the day.
3938:
was also maintained, based at
Civitavecchia on the west coast and Ancona on the east. With the fall of the Papal States in 1870, the last ships of the flotilla were sailed to France, where they were sold after the death of Pius IX.
3816:
As the plural name Papal States indicates, the various regional components retained their identity under papal rule. The Pope was represented in each province by a governor, who bore one of a number of titles. These included
4081:
En el pasado, la bandera del Estado pontificio era de color amarillo y granate (o mejor dicho, carmesì y rojo, colores relacionados con el escudo de la Santa Sede), dos colores tradicionales del Senado y del Pueblo
3710:
The opportunity for the
Kingdom of Italy to eliminate the Papal States came in 1870; the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July prompted Napoleon III to recall his garrison from Rome and the collapse of the
2780:. The Ostrogothic kings would continue to rule much of Italy until 554. The Roman Church submitted of necessity to their sovereign authority, while asserting its spiritual primacy over the whole of Christendom.
172:
2926:. Pepin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756, defeated the Lombards, thus taking control of northern Italy, and made a gift of the lands formerly constituting the Exarchate of Ravenna to the pope.
3685:, the old capital of Piedmont, declared Rome the capital of the new kingdom. However, the Italian government could not take possession of the city because a French garrison in Rome protected Pope Pius IX.
3300:
Papal responsibilities were often in conflict. The Papal States were involved in at least three wars in the first two decades of the 16th century. Julius II, the "Warrior Pope", fought on their behalf.
227:
3904:
after a kind of French colonial native
Algerian infantry, and imitating their uniform type, was created. Predominantly made up of Dutch, French and Belgian volunteers, this corps saw service against
996:
3051:
made official the independence of the Papal States from the Holy Roman Empire in 1177. By 1300, the Papal States, along with the rest of the Italian principalities, were effectively independent.
2745:, who were, in turn, assistants to the local bishop. This common patrimony became quite considerable, including as it did not only houses etc. in Rome or nearby but also landed estates, such as
3451:
was followed by occupation by Revolutionary France. Later, with the French invasion of Italy in 1796, the Legations (the Papal States' northern territories) were seized and became part of the
3077:
was added to the Papal States; it remained a papal possession for some 400 years even after the popes returned to Rome, until it was seized and incorporated into the French state during the
3352:
such as Rimini (a possession of the Malatesta family) were brought back under Papal control. In 1512 the state of the church annexed Parma and Piacenza, which in 1545 became an independent
2764:
precarious and vulnerable position. As central Roman authority disintegrated throughout the late 5th century, control over the Italian peninsula repeatedly changed hands, falling under the
170:
115:
11474:
11311:
8726:
5172:(...) under Giuseppe Garibaldi to overthrow the Neapolitan Bourbons. After defeating a Neapolitan force at Calatafirmi, Garibaldi captured Palermo after three days of street fighting.
9189:
3761:" and any substantial accommodation with the Italian Kingdom, especially any proposal which required the Pope to become an Italian subject. Instead, the papacy confined itself (see
3568:
233:
3073:
and under the influence of the French kings. This period was known as the "Avignonese" or "Babylonian Captivity". During this period the city of Avignon itself and the surrounding
5209:
10491:
14044:
8902:
1390:
1251:
1245:
5739:
171:
8740:
5803:
4823:
18787:
8882:
6834:
6300:
5160:
4065:
4171:
3039:
worked to free the administration of the church from imperial interference, the independence of the Papal States increased in importance. After the extinction of the
2736:
was persecuted and unable to hold or transfer property. Early congregations met in rooms set aside for the purpose in the homes of wealthy adherents, and a number of
13208:
11066:
10380:
8968:
5529:
5465:
5433:
3171:
The Rienzo episode engendered renewed attempts from the absentee papacy to re-establish order in the dissolving Papal States, resulting in the military progress of
12481:
9477:
8978:
8721:
8704:
5835:
1671:
8821:
5771:
5369:
3483:
19776:
19706:
18344:
5591:
5401:
4094:
2563:. Only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the Pope's temporal control. In 1870, the Pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all, except the
5623:
19741:
19731:
19721:
19711:
19110:
11096:
10687:
10682:
8877:
5707:
3139:
from exile (1317). Interdiction and excommunications were in vain because in 1332, John XXII was obliged to name three Este brothers as his vicars in Ferrara.
6385:
3777:. From there it maintained a number of features pertaining to sovereignty, such as diplomatic relations since in canon law these were inherent in the papacy.
2895:
was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The popes renewed earlier attempts to secure the support of the
2147:
19476:
9233:
9159:
8816:
5109:
3273:
2829:, plus coastal exclaves. North of Naples, the band of Byzantine control contracted, and the borders of the "Rome-Ravenna corridor" became extremely narrow.
13243:
12401:
9257:
8963:
5902:
5306:
1752:
5675:
19756:
19736:
19726:
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2267:
1757:
4508:
4467:
4426:
10031:
9511:
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8892:
5497:
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for permission to send troops through the Papal States to gain control of the south. This was granted on the condition that Rome be left undisturbed.
14037:
11966:
10406:
8958:
7679:
7079:
6693:
2112:
1896:
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on the exarch and Ravenna. A climactic moment in the founding of the Papal States was the agreement over boundaries contained in the Lombardic King
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to wrest Italy from the Ostrogoths which continued until 554 and devastated Italy's political and economic structures. Justinian established the
1644:
1617:
1205:
4208:
4043:
19125:
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7338:
7008:
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12018:
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8699:
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8680:
4933:
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4018:
2833:
While the popes legally remained "Roman subjects" under Byzantine authority, in practice the Duchy of Rome, became an independent state.
1666:
1627:
1358:
480:
5213:
2695:"papal rule"). To some extent the name used varied with the preferences and habits of the European languages in which it was expressed.
16494:
15424:
13667:
12674:
11703:
11606:
10446:
9745:
7491:
6058:
5980:
5969:
3348:
This period saw a gradual revival of the pope's temporal power in the Papal States. Throughout the 16th century, virtually independent
3229:
2977:– was disputed. It was unclear whether the Papal States were a separate realm with the Pope as their sovereign ruler, or a part of the
2282:
2057:
584:
3592:(1814–15), which sought to restore the pre-Napoleonic conditions: most of northern Italy was under the rule of junior branches of the
18578:
16628:
13218:
12639:
12501:
11419:
6412:
3609:
3156:
between them. The resulting aristocratic anarchy in the city provided the setting for the fantastic dreams of universal democracy of
1056:
4622:
4596:
4375:
2815:
recently regained by Byzantium. By the 7th century, Byzantine authority was largely limited to a diagonal band running roughly from
19766:
17289:
16535:
13170:
13122:
11014:
10199:
9069:
7620:
6011:
2202:
1436:
18996:
18665:
18526:
17607:
16100:
14395:
12586:
11680:
9463:
8948:
8808:
8152:
7659:
5723:
3180:
610:
68:
18452:
16879:
15312:
13100:
13090:
12854:
10914:
10909:
9893:
9835:
8080:
3993:
3654:
in the south. Afraid that Garibaldi would set up a republican government, the Piedmontese government petitioned French Emperor
2591:, signed by the two parties. This treaty recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created territorial entity, a
2318:
2107:
1891:
1742:
1684:
1597:
1178:
128:
5787:
4807:
3237:(as they are informally known) mark a watershed in the legal history of the Papal States; they remained in effect until 1816.
19080:
17659:
17214:
16778:
15941:
13679:
12618:
12566:
11198:
8735:
7072:
6766:
6533:
5193:
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of Forlì. Albornoz, at the point of being recalled, in a meeting with all the Papal vicars on 29 April 1357, promulgated the
2152:
1911:
1113:
17624:
5144:
4069:
3540:
and the Roman baronial families by equating the civic patriciate of the city of Rome with the nobility created by the Pope.
3532:
formally restored the Italian territories of the Papal States, but not the Comtat Venaissin or Avignon, to Vatican control.
19786:
18660:
16844:
16575:
15850:
15658:
14697:
14415:
13804:
12556:
12292:
10810:
10745:
9703:
9599:
8075:
6631:
6468:
4264:
4234:
4180:
4149:
2072:
1378:
1210:
5513:
5449:
4150:"The United Nations International Conference on Population and Development: Religion, Tradition, and Law in Latin America"
3789:
3507:
invaded again, and this time on 17 May 1809 the remainder of the States of the Church were annexed to France, forming the
19536:
19511:
19451:
19001:
18960:
18481:
18112:
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11334:
11081:
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8925:
8510:
8024:
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7262:
7002:
6849:
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5417:
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Pope Pius IX ordered the commander of the Papal forces to limit the defence of the city in order to avoid bloodshed. The
3233:, which replaced the mosaic of local law and accumulated traditional 'liberties' with a uniform code of civil law. These
1717:
1419:
5819:
4313:
3604:
in the south were both restored. Popular opposition to the reconstituted and corrupt clerical government led to revolts
3172:
2524:, the papal territory expanded greatly, and the Pope became one of Italy's most important rulers as well as the head of
19627:
18975:
18965:
18640:
18117:
16623:
16208:
15835:
15668:
15429:
15092:
14763:
12255:
11752:
11361:
11086:
10603:
9905:
9656:
9349:
9059:
8476:
8328:
7605:
7582:
6992:
6451:
5829:
5797:
5765:
5755:
5733:
5701:
5669:
5617:
5585:
5561:
5523:
5491:
5459:
5427:
5395:
5363:
5353:
5154:
4817:
4783:
4502:
4461:
4438:... separated from their theoretical overlord in Pavia by the continuing Imperial control of the Rome-Ravenna corridor.
3885:
3750:
on 20 September 1870. Rome and what was left of the Papal States were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy as a result of a
3678:
3640:
2468:
2361:
1967:
1293:
1235:
1118:
5575:
5385:
3757:
Despite the fact that the traditionally Catholic powers did not come to the Pope's aid, the papacy rejected the 1871 "
2953:, and a number of Italian cities. The cooperation between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800 when
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19162:
18970:
18675:
18645:
18600:
17382:
15855:
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15673:
15204:
14812:
13728:
12827:
12238:
11840:
11487:
11321:
10772:
9735:
9127:
8988:
8920:
8675:
8070:
8065:
7973:
7229:
6513:
5949:
5607:
5328:
4652:
4542:
4420:
4344:
3861:
2414:
2262:
1722:
1610:
1441:
1353:
7664:
5691:
2811:
entered the peninsula from the north, establishing their own Italian kingdom, and over the next two centuries would
18473:
17927:
16227:
15508:
15394:
14053:
13972:
12752:
12300:
12053:
11998:
11863:
11598:
11594:
11339:
11124:
11071:
10506:
9986:
9876:
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8983:
8043:
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within Rome, which the new Italian state refrained from occupying militarily, despite its annexation. In 1929, the
2297:
1947:
1429:
1373:
1168:
1086:
85:
5099:
3892:
in Italian) comprised two regiments of locally recruited Italian infantry, two Swiss regiments and a battalion of
19130:
18535:
18496:
17325:
16869:
16351:
16263:
16110:
16105:
15936:
15804:
15222:
13239:
13137:
13105:
12761:
12103:
12078:
12043:
12038:
12003:
11883:
11482:
11366:
10956:
10919:
10802:
10782:
10738:
10001:
9925:
9545:
9523:
9289:
9169:
8973:
8836:
8716:
8601:
8219:
8207:
6839:
3564:
2117:
1901:
1697:
1456:
1330:
1287:
5886:
3241:
ventured a return to Italy in 1367 that proved premature; he returned to Avignon in 1370 just before his death.
2509:
as their foremost temporal guardians for reasons such as increased imperial taxes, disagreement with respect to
19771:
19496:
19436:
19408:
19167:
18934:
18843:
18742:
18690:
17904:
17407:
16299:
15887:
15364:
15198:
15102:
15046:
14204:
13931:
13180:
13095:
12699:
12411:
12098:
12068:
12048:
11988:
11778:
11494:
11032:
11024:
10936:
10797:
10777:
10240:
9859:
9506:
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9486:
8853:
8464:
8241:
7689:
7316:
6761:
6518:
6222:
6018:
5659:
3842:
3443:
affected the temporal territories of the Papacy as well as the Roman Church in general. In 1791 an election in
2553:
1906:
1737:
1679:
1268:
1163:
1158:
858:
804:
72:
64:
12898:
2615:(although the plural is usually preferred, the singular is equally correct as the polity was more than a mere
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18588:
17741:
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16381:
16268:
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15794:
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12073:
12063:
11389:
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9241:
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8362:
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6571:
6363:
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3463:
3314:
2921:
2354:
2212:
2142:
1992:
1363:
597:
253:
6320:
5481:
3458:
Two years later, French forces invaded the remaining area of the Papal States, and in February 1798 General
18858:
18553:
18395:
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16884:
16309:
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7142:
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5942:
3342:
2207:
1807:
1632:
1368:
1133:
557:
182:
157:
121:
4286:
19781:
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19592:
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18491:
18258:
18172:
18067:
17982:
17899:
17397:
17269:
17124:
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16371:
16217:
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15909:
15809:
15695:
15663:
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15168:
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14346:
13814:
13595:
13457:
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10540:
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7147:
6862:
6702:
6558:
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3601:
3353:
2733:
2182:
2047:
1987:
1795:
1689:
1656:
1562:
1336:
1303:
1195:
1066:
768:
457:
438:
3931:, which continues to serve both as a ceremonial unit at the Vatican and as the Pope's protective force.
19587:
19577:
19541:
19383:
19285:
18944:
18695:
18650:
18516:
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18320:
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15305:
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15156:
15107:
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13886:
13373:
12581:
12379:
12033:
11685:
11651:
11610:
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9574:
9339:
9144:
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8571:
8140:
8101:
7727:
7529:
7102:
6606:
6436:
6423:
6305:
6162:
5995:
4566:
3651:
2969:
From the 9th century to the 12th century, the precise nature of the relationship between the popes and
2506:
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codified the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome, Ravenna, the
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19310:
19073:
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17987:
17972:
17307:
17254:
17164:
16738:
16504:
16427:
16391:
15409:
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13967:
13957:
13919:
13674:
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13452:
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12338:
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6330:
6290:
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]
4205:
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3313:
began in 1517. In 1527, before the Holy Roman Empire fought the Protestants, troops loyal to Emperor
3031:
crowned him emperor (the first so crowned in more than forty years) and the two of them ratified the
2012:
1997:
1977:
1871:
1732:
1468:
1323:
1081:
511:
18197:
6310:
5877:
3043:, the German emperors rarely interfered in Italian affairs. In response to the struggle between the
2505:
onward. This donation came about as part of a process whereby the popes began to turn away from the
19696:
19561:
18563:
17817:
17797:
17762:
17715:
17669:
17021:
16837:
16753:
16743:
16723:
16693:
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16346:
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16090:
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15951:
15627:
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15389:
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13947:
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13662:
13627:
13553:
13509:
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12972:
12869:
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12659:
12630:
12250:
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12123:
12023:
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11993:
11835:
11656:
11546:
11464:
11288:
11265:
11216:
10889:
10441:
10016:
9533:
8759:
8623:
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8417:
8412:
8246:
8038:
7472:
7122:
6938:
6896:
6623:
6497:
6201:
6140:
3998:
3459:
2848:
2792:
2723:
2498:
2497:, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome, as
2277:
2197:
2127:
1917:
1548:
1536:
1402:
1395:
1313:
1223:
1049:
1044:
991:
92:
9132:
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3092:
took advantage of the absence of the popes to establish themselves in nominally papal cities: the
2836:
Popular support for the popes in Italy enabled several to defy the will of the Byzantine emperor:
19265:
19235:
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17695:
17387:
17370:
17360:
17335:
17179:
16905:
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16253:
16223:
16198:
16115:
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15678:
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14943:
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14797:
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13632:
13366:
13271:
13160:
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12967:
12884:
12859:
12722:
12354:
12315:
12282:
11728:
11708:
11576:
11454:
11404:
11183:
10984:
10924:
10059:
9915:
9642:
9154:
9054:
8482:
8471:
8236:
7844:
7610:
7495:
7192:
7088:
6918:
6707:
6656:
6446:
6407:
6380:
6340:
6127:
6042:
5985:
4013:
3983:
3893:
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3662:
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all gave nominal acknowledgment to their papal overlords and were declared vicars of the Church.
3044:
2934:
2580:
2313:
2257:
2122:
2082:
2017:
1972:
1727:
1710:
1650:
1279:
1230:
1140:
1010:
961:
382:
18635:
6146:
5553:
4794:) for the papal residence in Avignon (1309–1377), in reference to the Babylonian Captivity (...)
19622:
19378:
19152:
18939:
18506:
18415:
18330:
18177:
17889:
17822:
17690:
17639:
17571:
17471:
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17259:
17194:
17001:
16930:
16331:
16319:
16095:
16080:
15772:
15414:
15174:
15122:
15112:
14948:
14891:
14562:
13952:
13543:
13401:
13343:
13234:
13213:
12978:
12791:
12732:
12727:
12361:
12167:
12088:
12013:
11893:
11571:
11459:
11399:
11076:
10964:
10530:
10416:
10129:
9400:
9374:
8788:
8321:
8295:
7758:
7732:
6902:
6795:
6265:
4775:
3793:
3731:, crossed the frontier of the papal territory on September 11 and advanced slowly toward Rome.
3716:
3371:
At its greatest extent, in the 18th century, the Papal States included most of central Italy –
3224:
3132:
2981:
over which the popes had administrative control, as suggested in the late-9th-century treatise
2812:
2292:
2087:
1881:
1200:
1173:
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4925:
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In 749 Ratchis embarked on a bid to capture Perusia, the key to the Rome-Ravenna land corridor
4334:
3259:
3131:
to bring Ferrara under his direct rule: however, it was governed by his appointed vicar, King
2856:
19691:
19441:
19333:
19290:
18980:
18752:
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18380:
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18087:
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17330:
17299:
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16971:
16961:
16638:
16565:
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16166:
16146:
15956:
15550:
15518:
15404:
15384:
15298:
15192:
15036:
14988:
14974:
14802:
14542:
14455:
14405:
14084:
14067:
14011:
13610:
13336:
13145:
13048:
13003:
12932:
12496:
12323:
11748:
11529:
11394:
11240:
10946:
10884:
10843:
10828:
10426:
10411:
10124:
9981:
9888:
9688:
9671:
9584:
9528:
9228:
9199:
8864:
8641:
8394:
8202:
8123:
7946:
7785:
7780:
7669:
7277:
7162:
6857:
6822:
6728:
6589:
6528:
6441:
6417:
6373:
6368:
6250:
6157:
6070:
6036:
5864:
5311:
3488:
3168:, his return to first times and the rebirth of ancient Rome was one that would not prevail."
2860:
2753:
2708:
2502:
2222:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2022:
1962:
1886:
1876:
1859:
1407:
1348:
1298:
1273:
1261:
1123:
1061:
942:
17551:
10476:
3661:
In 1860, with much of the region already in rebellion against Papal rule, Piedmont-Sardinia
3325:, as a side effect of battles over the Papal States. Thus Clement VII was forced to give up
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19660:
19602:
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The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800
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1937:
1864:
1842:
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1414:
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WHKMLA Historical atlas: here the page offering numerous links to maps of/containing Italy
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5419:
Religious Life between Jerusalem, the Desert, and the World: Selected Essays by Kaspar Elm
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8:
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13437:
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13193:
13023:
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12879:
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9432:
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8844:
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7768:
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5929:
4618:
4592:
4371:
3620:
3605:
3585:
3500:
3318:
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3124:
2991:, with the Pope directly responsible only for the environs of Rome and spiritual duties.
2908:
2330:
2157:
1575:
1570:
1383:
1099:
840:
750:
6800:
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formally concluded the occupation and restored the Papal States, with the newly elected
3179:
heading a small mercenary army. Having received the support of the archbishop of Milan,
19650:
19486:
19461:
19363:
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19192:
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15987:
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The empire retained control only of Rome, Ravenna, a fragile corridor between them, ...
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1957:
1762:
1448:
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10285:
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Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe
2517:, to protect Rome and the rest of the peninsula from barbarian invasion and pillage.
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19042:
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15918:
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14912:
14753:
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13521:
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13311:
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13028:
13018:
13008:
12957:
12669:
11905:
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1021:
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360:
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Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime
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2042:
2027:
2007:
1942:
1827:
876:
570:
313:
213:
41:
15840:
11771:
2994:
The Holy Roman Empire in its Frankish form collapsed when it was subdivided among
2528:. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of
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had been stoked during the Napoleonic period but dashed by the settlement of the
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9991:
9930:
9806:
9796:
9552:
9086:
9046:
8848:
8792:
8611:
8566:
8498:
8454:
8432:
8427:
8261:
8214:
8184:
8178:
7963:
7956:
7839:
7722:
7649:
7597:
7569:
7517:
7440:
7283:
7186:
6688:
6561:
6508:
6255:
6118:
6080:
6048:
4179:. Ministero del commercio e lavori pubblici. 1857. p. xxii. Archived from
4003:
3970:
3916:
3881:
3850:
3838:
3785:
3735:
3551:
policy in the Papal States. For instance, the city of Rome maintained the last
3537:
3294:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3128:
3085:
3060:
2757:
2737:
2680:
2616:
2588:
2431:
2287:
2192:
2032:
1637:
1541:
1340:
1128:
1028:
1016:
636:
336:
9869:
4685:
3769:
and adjacent buildings in the loop of the ancient fortifications known as the
3509:
19685:
19280:
18782:
18767:
18747:
18716:
18568:
18017:
17782:
17777:
17199:
17057:
17016:
16996:
16683:
16324:
15894:
15582:
15560:
15419:
14938:
14776:
14280:
14154:
14126:
13787:
13718:
13568:
13276:
12916:
12911:
12576:
12536:
12421:
12343:
12328:
12177:
12138:
11944:
11828:
11625:
11294:
11009:
10560:
10486:
10452:
10436:
10396:
10079:
10054:
9830:
9740:
9725:
9647:
9317:
8797:
8439:
8402:
8351:
8348:
7467:
6879:
6869:
6358:
6270:
6235:
5885:
Watanabe, Morimichi (2013). Izbicki, Thomas M.; Christianson, Gerald (eds.).
5300:
5266:
The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican
4310:
3901:
3865:
3496:
3357:
3152:
3143:
3136:
3028:
2912:
2892:
2855:
to achieve as much. In practice, these papal efforts served to focus Lombard
2800:
2719:
2272:
2187:
1318:
968:
737:
396:
373:
285:
272:
17546:
5007:
Durant, Will (1953). "Chapter XXXIX: The popes and the Council: 1517–1565".
4552:
19446:
19343:
18924:
18818:
18595:
17629:
17591:
17491:
17074:
16801:
16608:
16413:
16183:
15787:
15602:
15577:
14166:
14146:
13600:
13548:
13479:
13469:
13082:
12947:
12843:
12551:
12486:
12416:
12406:
12333:
12233:
12202:
11978:
11927:
11695:
11637:
11534:
11305:
11222:
11178:
11173:
11163:
10901:
10670:
10545:
10401:
10365:
10104:
10026:
9870:
9616:
9606:
9594:
9194:
9096:
8558:
8493:
8375:
8358:
8006:
7916:
7883:
7831:
7630:
7553:
7486:
7453:
7426:
6874:
6553:
6483:
6065:
6006:
5965:
5725:
The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento
3920:
3818:
3801:
3774:
3770:
3754:
the following October. This marked the definitive end of the Papal States.
3655:
3628:
3552:
3467:
3338:
3238:
2999:
2954:
2900:
2729:
2600:
2564:
2097:
2037:
1767:
1512:
1184:
1034:
951:
933:
918:
427:
133:
7057:
4644:
3521:
2475:, which took place between 1859 and 1870, and culminated in their demise.
997:
Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church
19597:
19300:
19207:
19089:
18848:
18339:
17848:
17644:
17536:
17531:
17451:
17042:
17026:
16703:
16643:
16613:
15966:
15597:
14864:
14729:
13902:
13652:
13615:
13464:
13316:
13291:
13188:
12747:
12603:
12476:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12431:
11733:
11668:
11524:
11449:
11427:
11275:
11037:
10999:
10471:
10300:
10275:
10250:
10223:
10210:
10119:
10021:
9708:
9412:
8631:
8520:
8371:
8226:
8113:
8033:
7968:
7951:
7911:
7717:
7294:
6636:
6579:
4532:
3928:
3924:
3548:
3333:, and several smaller territories. A generation later the armies of King
3310:
3286:
3200:
3176:
2995:
2988:
2930:
2788:
2521:
2460:
2052:
1822:
1816:
1529:
693:
5934:
2552:. The popes' reign over these lands was an exemplification of their the
19172:
19058:
19047:
17894:
17832:
17751:
16991:
16956:
15961:
15570:
13750:
13489:
13286:
12942:
12874:
12441:
12436:
12260:
12187:
11803:
11723:
11354:
10255:
9840:
9395:
8593:
7996:
7871:
7775:
7763:
7737:
7635:
4958:
Durant, Will (1953). "Chapter XXI: The Political Collapse: 1494–1534".
3935:
3751:
3404:
3212:
2777:
2746:
2596:
2592:
2559:
By 1860, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the
1500:
699:
209:
3912:, Italian patriots, and finally the forces of the newly united Italy.
19481:
19250:
18548:
18253:
18243:
17812:
17119:
17006:
14131:
13907:
13755:
13590:
13580:
13573:
13531:
13526:
13321:
13281:
12546:
12541:
12511:
12207:
11970:
11954:
11939:
11783:
11673:
11551:
11541:
11409:
11188:
9301:
9116:
8764:
8663:
8145:
7980:
7921:
7790:
7117:
6611:
3877:
3872:
Historically the Papal States maintained military forces composed of
3822:
3400:
3196:
3097:
3089:
2852:
2773:
2760:
was gifted to the patrimony, most probably from Constantine himself.
1622:
354:
351:
205:
2987:, or whether the Holy Roman emperors were vicars of the Pope ruling
189:
19516:
19393:
19270:
18390:
18273:
18263:
18082:
17581:
16853:
16618:
16603:
16598:
16499:
15533:
15528:
14849:
14331:
14136:
14079:
13296:
13165:
12786:
12694:
12521:
11620:
10989:
10714:
10069:
9823:
9811:
9439:
8547:
8337:
8290:
8256:
8231:
7936:
7586:
7504:
7435:
7418:
7354:
7041:
6924:
5990:
5299: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4791:
4453:
Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
3950:
3808:, which was also indemnified to some degree for loss of territory.
3805:
3644:
3593:
3504:
3165:
3070:
2950:
2808:
2765:
2584:
2494:
2491:
2337:
1519:
318:
204:
Map of the Papal States (green) in 1789, including its exclaves of
10730:
4537:. Christopher Kleinhenz. New York: Routledge. 2004. p. 1024.
4173:
Statistica della popolazione dello Stato pontificio dell'anno 1853
3101:
19157:
18283:
18238:
18213:
17767:
17476:
17094:
17047:
16986:
16910:
16864:
15565:
15290:
14111:
14072:
13996:
13605:
13585:
13442:
13331:
12491:
11329:
11203:
11146:
10326:
9940:
9562:
7941:
7901:
5652:
At the Tribunal of Caesar: Leaves from the Story of Luther's Life
3897:
3830:
3826:
3781:
3569:
Administrative subdivisions of the Papal States from 1816 to 1871
3448:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3208:
3188:
3066:
3023:
Over several campaigns in the mid-10th century, the German ruler
2946:
2942:
2816:
2769:
2545:
986:
241:
217:
4809:
Cengage Advantage Books: Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries
4323:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 16 July 2014
18365:
18278:
17541:
17441:
17084:
16940:
16258:
14619:
12812:
12644:
11949:
11934:
11878:
11845:
10492:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
9935:
9845:
9750:
8752:
7699:
7321:
5853:"A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to Present Day"
5664:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
5143:
Abulafia, David (2003). "The Mediterranean as a battleground".
3667:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3330:
3263:
3216:
3204:
3117:
3109:
3093:
3024:
2826:
2742:
2556:
as secular rulers, as opposed to their ecclesiastical primacy.
2541:
2537:
2483:
1488:
908:
249:
245:
5387:
The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture
4068:(in Spanish). Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano. Archived from
3429:
16822:
15538:
15321:
14597:
14121:
14094:
13538:
12998:
12937:
12894:
12742:
11910:
11874:
7931:
7906:
7576:
7512:
5080:
4747:
4711:
4125:(in Italian). Statto della città del Vaticano. Archived from
3846:
3682:
3573:
3515:
3471:
3326:
2804:
2529:
1812:
913:
308:
237:
51:
9145:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
6126:
4044:"Storia della Bandiera dello Stato della Città del Vaticano"
3900:. In 1861 an international Catholic volunteer corps, called
3289:, the Papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Popes
18248:
17089:
17079:
17069:
17052:
16046:
15523:
14089:
11915:
11634:
9027:
8555:
8355:
8306:
7926:
7508:
7485:
7450:
7401:
7299:
6550:
6002:
5355:
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The "fascist" Style of Rule
3528:
Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, the
3349:
3065:
From 1305 to 1378, the popes lived in the papal enclave of
2533:
2464:
2403:
2397:
1495:
264:
20:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4494:
The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–752
4206:"Status Ecclesiasticus et Magnus Ducatus Thoscanae" (1700)
2964:
2619:). The territories were also referred to variously as the
2478:
The state was legally established in the 8th century when
10381:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
7370:
6683:
5333:
5271:
5233:
5231:
4573:
1308:
9262:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
5888:
Nicholas of Cusa – A Companion to his Life and his Times
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
4864:
4723:
4694:
Histoire de l'Église depuis l'origine jusqu'au nos jours
4667:
4390:
4096:
Vaticano, la bandiera di Porta Pia ritorna dopo 141 anni
18460:
7434:
4888:
4876:
4735:
4534:
Medieval Italy : an encyclopedia. Volume 1, A to K
3915:
The Papal Army was disbanded in 1870, leaving only the
3135:, for only nine years before the citizens recalled the
5228:
5124:
5029:
4905:
4840:
4257:"Papal States | historical region, Italy | Britannica"
3345:
fought to prevent growing Spanish dominance in Italy.
3010:("dark age"), and sometimes as the "rule by harlots".
10412:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
5053:
5017:
4699:
3919:, which was itself disbanded on 14 September 1970 by
2415:
14052:
9155:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
5568:
Comtat Venaissin and Avignon were annexed by France.
5451:
Europe between Democracy and Dictatorship: 1900–1945
3946:
3600:. The Papal States in central Italy and the Bourbon
3219:. The last holdouts against full Papal control were
2406:
2400:
2394:
1753:
Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
15805:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
9330:
9212:
6386:
Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
5850:Waley, Daniel Philip (1966). Rearder, Harry (ed.).
5041:
4852:
3841:", as in the former Duchy of Pontecorvo and in the
3612:, which were suppressed by the intervention of the
3360:. This process culminated in the reclaiming of the
2391:
2148:
Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
1758:
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
23:, the institution that ruled over the Papal States.
9485:
5851:
5728:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5552:(2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p.
5545:
5486:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5252:L'Esercito Pontificio da Castelfidardo a Porta Pia
4975:
4767:
3627:was declared, and the hitherto liberally-inclined
2490:, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by
7680:Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province
5693:Europe 1715–1919: From Enlightenment to World War
3688:
3418:
2113:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
1897:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
19683:
10482:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
48:Patrimonium Sancti Petri / Status Ecclesiasticus
15238:
3849:", "Vicar General", and also several titles of
3800:) was signed on 11 February 1929, creating the
2455:), were a conglomeration of territories on the
1645:Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)
1206:Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
19777:8th-century establishments in the Papal States
19707:States and territories established in the 750s
7339:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma
5690:Roessler, Shirley Elson; Miklos, Reny (2003).
5689:
5548:Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution
5086:
3784:– renounced the bulk of the Papal States. The
2984:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma
2803:, an area roughly coterminous with modern day
19742:States and territories disestablished in 1870
19732:States and territories disestablished in 1849
19722:States and territories disestablished in 1809
19712:States and territories disestablished in 1798
19074:
18446:
16838:
15306:
14038:
13712:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
13411:
12828:
10746:
9471:
9313:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
8322:
7386:
7073:
5950:
4812:(7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 304.
3150:struggled for supremacy, dividing the city's
2807:, was an administrative division. In 568 the
2749:, whole or in part, across Italy and beyond.
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2362:
33:
14441:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
5789:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
4692:, in Auguste Fliche and Victor Martin, eds.
3623:affected much of Europe. In February 1849 a
2583:" problem involving a unified Italy and the
2467:from 756 to 1870. They were among the major
1655:Undersecretaries for Relations with States:
1241:Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
8741:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
7087:
5188:. University Press of Kansas. p. 248.
4306:
4304:
4302:
4278:
4019:The clash between the Church and the Empire
3499:taking residence in Rome. Yet, in 1808 the
3127:without legitimate heirs (1308) encouraged
3003:
2689:
1667:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
1359:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
35:Patrimonio di San Pietro / Stato Pontificio
19757:1870 disestablishments in the Papal States
19737:States and territories established in 1849
19727:States and territories established in 1814
19717:States and territories established in 1799
19081:
19067:
18453:
18439:
16845:
16831:
15313:
15299:
14045:
14031:
12835:
12821:
12675:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
10753:
10739:
10497:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
10447:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
9478:
9464:
8329:
8315:
7393:
7379:
7080:
7066:
5957:
5943:
5753:
5304:
4953:
4951:
4717:
3175:, who was appointed papal legate, and his
2369:
2355:
2283:Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
226:
198:
18579:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
6413:Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri
5964:
5785:
5605:
5573:
5415:
5340:
5277:
4870:
4770:The Greenwood Dictionary of World History
4753:
4729:
4673:
4579:
4396:
4336:A Political History of Early Christianity
4311:Schnürer, Gustav. "States of the Church."
4291:. Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co. p.
4164:
3804:, forming the sovereign territory of the
3677:was declared and in March 1861 the first
3399:. It also included the small enclaves of
2891:finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the
1057:History of the Catholic Church since 1962
19088:
15228:
9070:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
7621:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
5884:
5721:
5383:
5351:
5249:
5237:
5142:
5035:
4911:
4899:
4882:
4741:
4490:
4299:
4284:
3927:, which also disbanded in 1970; and the
3888:. Between 1860 and 1870 the Papal Army (
3860:
3698:
3572:
3428:
3272:
3258:
2611:The Papal States were also known as the
2513:, and failure of the emperors, or their
2203:Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss
18997:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
18666:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
14396:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
7665:Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church
7660:Successor of the Prince of the Apostles
5696:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
5657:
5447:
5347:. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
5210:"History of the Pontifical Swiss Guard"
5183:
5130:
5000:
4948:
4846:
4649:From Civitavecchia to Civita Castellana
4449:
4408:
4378:from the original on September 18, 2020
4154:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
3739:State and gave rise to the myth of the
3719:deprived Rome of its French protector.
2973:– and between the Papal States and the
2965:Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire
2907:crowned king in place of the powerless
2058:Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica
659:44,000 km (17,000 sq mi)
19684:
16880:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
11134:
5817:
5654:. St. Louis: Concordia. (Google Books)
5543:
5511:
5416:Elm, Kaspar; Mixson, James D. (2015).
5074:
5023:
5006:
4957:
4774:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
4705:
4593:"St. Gregory II – Saints & Angels"
4147:
3994:Index of Vatican City-related articles
3780:In the 1920s, the papacy – then under
3558:
2108:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
1892:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
1598:Prefecture of the Pontifical Household
1179:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
376:theocratic elective absolute monarchy
19062:
18434:
17110:
16826:
15294:
14026:
12816:
10734:
9459:
8807:
8310:
7374:
7061:
5938:
5849:
5757:Western Civilization: A Brief History
5479:
5047:
4858:
4805:
4599:from the original on January 24, 2021
4412:The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History
4332:
3811:
3230:Constitutiones Sanctæ Matris Ecclesiæ
2813:conquer most of the Italian territory
2446:
2153:Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope
1912:Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
1649:Secretary for Relations with States:
1114:Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
18961:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
18661:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
15851:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
6848:
5315:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5268:, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008
4932:. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy.
4765:
4625:from the original on August 12, 2020
4148:Saylin, Gregory M. (November 1995).
3821:", as in the former principality of
2876:
2825:, was located, to Rome and south to
2728:For its first 300 years, within the
1211:Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
19666:
19111:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
19002:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
10760:
10351:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
9345:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
7685:Sovereign of the Vatican City State
7263:Church and state in medieval Europe
4835:The Babylonian Captivity, 1309–1377
4237:from the original on 5 October 2021
3703:The breach of Porta Pia during the
3670:and large areas northwest of Rome.
3002:. This period was later dubbed the
2741:of that property, often its senior
1718:Institute for the Works of Religion
1698:The Holy See and the United Nations
13:
19203:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
18976:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
18966:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
18641:Second Italian War of Independence
16875:List of current sovereign monarchs
15320:
9906:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
9350:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
9060:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
7606:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
7583:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
5760:(8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
5650:. Reprinted in W.H.T. Dau (1921).
5305:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
5149:. Getty Publication. p. 268.
4988:from the original on 6 August 2020
4977:"Papal States in the 16th Century"
3641:Second Italian War of Independence
3164:states, "even with the support of
2268:Collection of Modern Religious Art
1294:List of newspapers in Vatican City
1236:Association of Vatican Lay Workers
1119:Capital punishment in Vatican City
16:Catholic state in Italy (756–1870)
14:
19798:
19633:Historiography in the Middle Ages
18971:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
18676:Third Italian War of Independence
18646:United Provinces of Central Italy
18601:First Italian War of Independence
15205:United Provinces of Central Italy
9128:Pontifical North American College
8690:Section for Relations with States
7230:Norman conquest of southern Italy
6694:Postage stamps and postal history
5918:
5640:Passional Christi und Antichristi
4936:from the original on 3 March 2017
4923:
4123:"Inno Pontificio e la sua storia"
3856:
3407:in southern Italy and the larger
3054:
2263:Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling
1723:Telephone numbers in Vatican City
1618:Section for Relations with States
1354:Foreign relations of the Holy See
1309:.va (Vatican City internet sites)
19665:
19656:
19655:
19645:
18525:
17393:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16807:
16806:
16795:
14054:List of historic states of Italy
14007:
14006:
13995:
13123:State church of the Roman Empire
12842:
12797:
12796:
12785:
12753:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
12301:Criticism of the Catholic Church
10713:
10701:
10032:Fourth Council of Constantinople
9987:Second Council of Constantinople
9438:
9426:
8822:Extraordinary general assemblies
8289:
8277:
7353:
7040:
7028:
6835:Philatelic and Numismatic Office
5294:
5112:from the original on 2 June 2021
4655:from the original on 9 June 2017
4050:(in Italian). 31 December 2000.
3963:
3949:
3425:Napoleon and the Catholic Church
2919:, later granted Pepin the title
2819:, where the emperor's vicar, or
2387:
2336:
2324:
1948:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
1379:Holy See–United States relations
1087:Vatican City during World War II
932:
885:
867:
849:
831:
813:
795:
777:
759:
730:
188:
168:
127:
114:
91:
84:
19767:History of Catholicism in Italy
19131:Christianity in the Middle Ages
19126:Decline of Hellenistic religion
16870:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
16536:Orders, decorations, and medals
15187:Provisional Government of Milan
13106:First seven ecumenical councils
10920:First seven ecumenical councils
10002:Third Council of Constantinople
9926:First Council of Constantinople
9290:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
9190:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
9170:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
8969:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
5905:from the original on 2022-01-13
5838:from the original on 2022-01-13
5806:from the original on 2022-01-13
5774:from the original on 2022-01-13
5754:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2013).
5742:from the original on 2022-01-13
5710:from the original on 2022-01-13
5678:from the original on 2022-01-13
5626:from the original on 2022-01-13
5594:from the original on 2022-01-13
5577:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
5574:Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004).
5532:from the original on 2022-01-13
5500:from the original on 2022-01-13
5468:from the original on 2022-01-13
5436:from the original on 2022-01-13
5404:from the original on 2022-01-13
5372:from the original on 2022-01-13
5352:De Grand, Alexander J. (2004).
5258:
5243:
5202:
5177:
5163:from the original on 2021-09-16
5136:
5092:
4968:
4917:
4826:from the original on 2021-09-14
4799:
4759:
4690:L'église au pouvoir des laïques
4679:
4637:
4611:
4585:
4525:
4511:from the original on 2021-09-13
4484:
4470:from the original on 2021-09-13
4443:
4429:from the original on 2021-09-13
4402:
4364:
4353:from the original on 2021-09-10
4326:
4267:from the original on 2021-11-15
3565:Papal States under Pope Pius IX
2471:from the 8th century until the
2118:Public holidays in Vatican City
1968:Fountains of St. Peter's Square
1902:Public holidays in Vatican City
1748:Financial Information Authority
19409:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
18935:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
18743:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
18691:Italian entry into World War I
16852:
14386:City of Fiume and its District
13973:Relations with other religions
13379:Church of the East (Nestorian)
13374:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
11495:Separation of church and state
10241:Dissolution of the monasteries
9507:History of the Catholic Church
8979:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
7690:Servant of the servants of God
7317:Separation of church and state
6223:Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena
6019:Vicar General for Vatican City
5390:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5254:. Milan: Intergest. p. 6.
4339:. A&C Black. p. 243.
4288:Mitchell's geographical reader
4249:
4217:
4198:
4141:
4115:
4087:
4058:
4036:
3843:Campagne and Maritime Province
3689:Italian invasion of Rome, 1870
3652:overthrew the Bourbon monarchy
3547:in 1846, the popes followed a
3419:Roman Republic, Napoleonic era
3304:
3244:
1907:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1738:Rail transport in Vatican City
1680:Vatican and Holy See passports
1269:Secretariat for Communications
1164:Tribunal of Vatican City State
1159:Temporal power of the Holy See
611:Schönbrunn Palace Declarations
1:
19583:Disability in the Middle Ages
19256:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
19188:Rise of the Venetian Republic
18788:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
14821:County of Apulia and Calabria
14327:Campagna e Marittima Province
10115:Fourth Council of the Lateran
10090:Second Council of the Lateran
9699:Apostles in the New Testament
9242:Pontifical Oriental Institute
6180:Monument to the Royal Stuarts
6076:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
5792:. Stanford University Press.
5786:Treadgold, Warren T. (1997).
5384:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002).
4926:"History of the Papal States"
4415:. Penguin Books. p. 32.
4024:
3979:Captain General of the Church
3734:The Italian Army reached the
3543:From 1814 until the death of
3356:under an illegitimate son of
2448:[ˈstaːtodellaˈkjɛːza]
2213:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
1993:Monument to the Royal Stuarts
1474:President: G. di Sanguinetto
236:of the Papal States in 1850:
18859:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
18554:Revolutions during the 1820s
16885:List of monarchy referendums
10229:Catholic Counter-Reformation
10095:Third Council of the Lateran
10085:First Council of the Lateran
9541:Catholic ecumenical councils
9065:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
8336:
7713:Coat of arms of the Holy See
7616:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
7208:First Council of the Lateran
7143:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
6474:Santo Stefano degli Abissini
5606:Levillain, Philippe (2002).
5341:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909).
5146:The Mediterranean in History
4029:
3643:, Piedmont-Sardinia annexed
3619:The nationalist and liberal
3581:and the Papal States in 1870
3211:, and against the cities of
2208:Santo Stefano degli Abissini
1808:Coat of arms of Vatican City
1374:Holy See–Palestine relations
1288:L'Osservatore della Domenica
1134:Legal status of the Holy See
381:Unitary theocratic elective
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
19787:Former monarchies of Europe
19038:Revisionism of Risorgimento
18616:Sicilian revolution of 1848
18497:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
18492:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
16576:Water supply and sanitation
16000:Italian geographical region
15868:Monarchy and the World Wars
15810:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
15696:War of the Sicilian Vespers
15349:Timeline of Italian history
15223:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
15217:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
15169:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
14347:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
13680:Views on poverty and wealth
9247:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
9123:Pontifical Urban University
8817:Ordinary general assemblies
8564:Cardinal Secretary of State
8215:Pontifical colleges in Rome
7203:First Battle of Langensalza
7148:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
6863:Vatican Information Service
6703:Secretariat for the Economy
6559:Cardinal Secretary of State
6301:Modern and Contemporary Art
5818:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
5344:The Last Days of Papal Rome
4806:Noble; et al. (2013).
4696:, vol. 7 (Paris 1940, 1948)
4456:. OUP Oxford. p. 661.
3942:
3845:. Other titles like "Papal
3602:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3478:in 1799. In October 1799,
2183:Cardinal Secretary of State
1988:Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)
1743:Secretariat for the Economy
1633:Status in international law
1628:Multilateral foreign policy
1391:Governorate of Vatican City
1304:Vatican Information Service
1196:LGBT rights in Vatican City
1067:Roman Historical Institutes
773:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
439:Cardinal Secretary of State
212:in southern Italy, and the
107:Bottom: Flag in use in 1870
10:
19803:
19384:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
18945:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
18651:Expedition of the Thousand
18517:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
16495:Inventions and discoveries
15905:Fall of the Fascist regime
15888:Fourth War of Independence
15846:Expedition of the Thousand
15836:Second War of Independence
15163:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
15157:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
14558:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
14528:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
14513:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
13925:World Evangelical Alliance
13887:Traditionalist Catholicism
12792:Catholic Church portal
9575:History of the Roman Curia
9340:Basilica of the Holy House
8964:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
8372:Sovereignty and government
8296:Catholic Church portal
7530:properties of the Holy See
7400:
7103:Atto (archbishop of Milan)
6993:Amateur Sports Association
6437:San Pellegrino in Vaticano
6364:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
5287:
5250:Brandani, Massimo (1976).
5087:Roessler & Miklos 2003
4497:. Routledge. p. 230.
4491:Richards, Jeffrey (2014).
3692:
3562:
3422:
3248:
3058:
3027:conquered northern Italy;
2880:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2143:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
2138:San Pellegrino in Vaticano
1773:Properties of the Holy See
827:Principality of Pontecorvo
583:• Publication of the
18:
19641:
19570:
19429:
19324:
19311:Mongol invasion of Europe
19216:
19096:
19010:
18989:
18953:
18930:Franz Joseph I of Austria
18917:
18807:Literature and philosophy
18806:
18725:
18704:
18656:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
18534:
18523:
18472:
18297:
18206:
17920:
17683:
17617:
17429:
17420:
17316:
17298:
17230:
17145:
17103:
17035:
16949:
16893:
16860:
16791:
16589:
16435:
16426:
16290:
16281:
16269:Security and intelligence
16142:
16133:
15995:
15986:
15929:
15856:Third War of Independence
15831:First War of Independence
15818:
15711:
15620:
15501:
15438:
15357:
15341:
15332:
15275:Free Territory of Trieste
15135:
15065:
15004:
14987:
14911:
14848:
14811:
14793:Principality of Benevento
14785:
14762:
14707:
14696:
14638:
14608:
14360:
14310:
14264:
14195:
14182:
14145:
14060:
13990:
13940:
13920:World Council of Churches
13895:
13813:
13697:
13688:
13643:
13428:
13412:
13407:Latter Day Saint movement
13392:
13352:
13252:
13233:
13179:
13136:
13081:
12987:
12966:
12925:
12893:
12850:
12780:
12718:Aid to the Church in Need
12708:
12565:
12378:
12339:Vatican Television Center
12314:
12224:
12114:
11984:Eastern Catholic Churches
11965:
11854:
11747:
11694:
11619:
11590:
11515:
11440:
11375:
11320:
11239:
11109:
11023:
10955:
10900:
10819:
10796:
10768:
10696:
10596:
10462:
10389:
10324:
10311:European wars of religion
10208:
10143:
10045:
9967:
9858:
9781:
9641:
9630:
9622:Eastern Catholic Churches
9497:
9421:
9366:
9297:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
9280:
9150:Palace of the Holy Office
9140:Palazzo della Cancelleria
9112:Palace of Saint Callixtus
9082:
9045:
9035:
9024:
9005:
8934:
8911:
8863:
8835:
8779:
8674:
8622:
8592:
8546:
8519:
8393:
8381:Sovereign judicial entity
8344:
8272:
8171:
8089:
8015:
7989:
7892:
7799:
7746:
7698:
7629:
7596:
7546:
7425:
7408:
7348:
7330:
7250:
7220:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088
7171:
7095:
7023:
6985:
6955:
6937:
6885:Vatican Television Center
6757:
6748:
6716:
6664:
6655:
6622:
6570:
6543:
6505:
6496:
6403:Mater Ecclesiae Monastery
6281:
6192:
6117:
6113:
6104:
6027:
5976:
5609:The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies
5454:. John Wiley & Sons.
4450:Freeman, Charles (2014).
3802:State of the Vatican City
3395:extending north into the
3235:Constitutiones Aegidianae
3123:In Ferrara, the death of
2595:within Rome limited to a
1998:Palace of the Holy Office
1978:Geography of Vatican City
1872:Languages of Vatican City
1733:Transport in Vatican City
1462:President: Pio Vito Pinto
1364:Holy See–Israel relations
1324:Vatican Television Center
1082:Vatican Historical Museum
901:
709:
686:
682:
672:
668:
663:
655:
650:
646:
633:
620:
607:
594:
585:Constitutiones Aegidianae
581:
573:(sovereignty reaffirmed)
567:
554:
541:
537:
529:
521:
517:
505:
495:• 1847–1848 (first)
493:
489:
479:
475:
463:
453:• 1551–1555 (first)
451:
447:
437:
433:
421:
409:
405:
395:
344:
327:
301:
260:
225:
197:
180:
148:
80:
59:
28:
17022:Self-proclaimed monarchy
15947:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
15942:Institutional referendum
15181:Italian United Provinces
14533:Principality of Piombino
14322:Patrimony of Saint Peter
13948:Anti-Christian sentiment
13128:Christian biblical canon
12660:Communion and Liberation
12124:Eastern Catholic liturgy
11289:Mystici Corporis Christi
11217:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
10442:Mary of the Divine Heart
10065:Clash against the empire
10017:Second Council of Nicaea
9911:Old St. Peter's Basilica
9238:Archaeological Institute
8423:Old St. Peter's Basilica
8418:Patrimony of Saint Peter
8413:History of papal primacy
7123:Gotofredo da Castiglione
6897:Vatican Publishing House
6202:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
6054:Old St. Peter's Basilica
5722:Ruggiero, Guido (2014).
5658:Menache, Sophia (2003).
5544:Hanson, Paul R. (2015).
5512:Hanlon, Gregory (2008).
5100:"Il 'triumvirato rosso'"
3999:Italian United Provinces
3460:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
3343:Italian War of 1551–1559
2849:Iconoclastic Controversy
2724:Patrimonium Sancti Petri
2278:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
2198:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
2048:Old St. Peter's Basilica
1918:The Story of the Vatican
1549:Universi Dominici gregis
1537:Universi Dominici Gregis
1403:Military of Vatican City
1396:Governor of Vatican City
1369:Holy See–Italy relations
1314:Vatican Publishing House
1283:(Vatican City newspaper)
1050:2010 Vatican sex scandal
1045:Governor of Vatican City
992:Congregation for Borders
941:This article is part of
507:• 1848–1849 (last)
465:• 1848–1870 (last)
423:• 1846–1870 (last)
19266:Investiture Controversy
19236:Second Bulgarian Empire
18909:Francesco Saverio Salfi
18899:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
17290:Vatican City (Holy See)
16470:Emigration and diaspora
15679:Guelphs and Ghibellines
15664:the Sardinian Judicates
15269:Italian Social Republic
14944:Principality of Taranto
14836:Principality of Taranto
14798:Principality of Salerno
14553:Bishopric of Tarantasia
14376:Bishopric of Bressanone
14293:Duchy of the Pentapolis
14002:Christianity portal
13161:Investiture Controversy
11475:Philosophy of canon law
11405:Mariology of the saints
10985:Investiture Controversy
10708:Vatican City portal
10060:Investiture Controversy
9916:First Council of Nicaea
9433:Vatican City portal
9165:Palace of the Vicariate
8959:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
8483:Prisoner in the Vatican
8472:Investiture Controversy
8284:Vatican City portal
7193:Donation of Constantine
7089:Investiture Controversy
7035:Vatican City portal
6447:Via della Conciliazione
6043:Prisoner in the Vatican
5637:Luther, Martin (1521).
5448:Fischer, Conan (2011).
5184:Alvarez, David (2011).
4409:McEvedy, Colin (1961).
4285:Mitchell, S.A. (1840).
4230:Encyclopædia Britannica
4014:War of the Eight Saints
3984:Donation of Constantine
3763:Prisoner in the Vatican
3383:, and the legations of
3045:Guelphs and Ghibellines
2935:Duchy of the Pentapolis
2915:. Zachary's successor,
2606:
2581:Prisoner in the Vatican
2331:Vatican City portal
2258:Vatican Gallery of Maps
2123:Vatican Secret Archives
2083:Via della Conciliazione
1973:Gardens of Vatican City
1728:Tourism in Vatican City
1224:Politics and government
1185:Apostolic Constitution
1141:Alperin v. Vatican Bank
1011:Prisoner in the Vatican
411:• 756–757 (first)
19623:Post-classical history
19379:Fall of Constantinople
19286:Capet–Plantagenet feud
19153:First Bulgarian Empire
18940:Klemens von Metternich
18507:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
18462:Unification of Italy (
17572:Islands of Refreshment
17002:Legitimacy (political)
16352:Science and technology
16300:Italian regions by GDP
16101:Marine protected areas
15773:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
15175:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
14949:Terra Sancti Benedicti
14853:(from the 9th century)
14563:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
13953:Christian universalism
13344:Western Rite Orthodoxy
13189:Protestant Reformation
12728:Catholic Charities USA
12362:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
12350:Vatican Polyglot Press
11400:Mariology of the popes
11038:Protestant Reformation
10720:Catholicism portal
10531:Second Vatican Council
10417:Our Lady of La Salette
10224:Protestant Reformation
10211:Protestant Reformation
10130:Second Council of Lyon
9519:Ecclesiastical history
9445:Catholicism portal
9401:Apostolic Penitentiary
9375:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
9322:Santa Maria di Galeria
8647:For Vatican City State
8129:for Vatican City State
7759:Apostolic constitution
7360:Catholicism portal
7047:Catholicism portal
7009:National football team
7003:National football team
6903:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
6595:For Vatican City State
5891:. Ashgate Publishing.
5872:Cite journal requires
5858:1332 John XXII vicars.
4930:World History at KDMLA
4766:Butt, John J. (2006).
4565:: CS1 maint: others (
3869:
3794:National Fascist Party
3707:
3582:
3436:
3282:
3270:
3225:Francesco II Ordelaffi
3207:and the da Polenta of
3004:
2783:Beginning in 535, the
2690:
2684:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2621:State(s) of the Church
2452:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2343:Catholicism portal
2293:Sistine Chapel ceiling
2088:Vatican Climate Forest
2013:Saint Peter's Basilica
1882:Vatican Christmas Tree
1201:Pontifical Swiss Guard
1174:1983 Code of Canon Law
1108:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
378:(1814–1848; 1850–1870)
34:
19772:History of the papacy
18981:Tricolour Flag Museum
18753:Federico Confalonieri
18584:Republic of San Marco
17383:Saint Kitts and Nevis
16972:Criticism of monarchy
16962:Abolition of monarchy
16551:Public administration
15659:the Holy Roman Empire
15193:Republic of San Marco
14975:Crown Colony of Malta
14803:Principality of Capua
14543:Marquisate of Saluzzo
14406:County of Santa Fiora
14068:Etruscan civilization
13611:Anointing of the Sick
12482:Good Shepherd Sisters
12324:Holy See Press Office
11562:Doctors of the Church
11395:Immaculate Conception
11350:Anointing of the Sick
10885:History of the papacy
10427:First Vatican Council
10125:First Council of Lyon
9889:Constantine the Great
9585:Christian monasticism
9229:San Carlo ai Catinari
9200:Paul VI Audience Hall
9186:Benedictine monastery
9133:Bambino Gesù Hospital
8903:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
8252:Sexually active popes
8203:Pontifical university
7947:Ring of the Fisherman
7786:Ecclesiastical letter
7781:Apostolic exhortation
7670:Patriarch of the West
7655:Vicar of Jesus Christ
7278:Divine right of kings
7163:Rudolf of Rheinfelden
6858:Holy See Press Office
6643:Corps of Firefighters
6418:Paul VI Audience Hall
6369:Domus Sanctae Marthae
6141:St. Peter's Baldachin
6071:Cortile del Belvedere
6037:History of the papacy
5480:Gross, Hanns (2004).
5319:Chambers, D.S. 2006.
5312:Catholic Encyclopedia
5264:Charles A. Coulombe,
4730:Elm & Mixson 2015
4619:"Pope St. Gregory II"
4333:Brent, Allen (2009).
4321:Catholic Encyclopedia
4066:"Bandiera pontificia"
3896:, plus artillery and
3864:
3702:
3576:
3474:and died in exile in
3432:
3276:
3262:
2959:Emperor of the Romans
2957:crowned Charlemagne '
2791:launched a series of
2754:Constantine the Great
2709:History of the Papacy
2703:Further information:
2633:Patrimony of St Peter
2629:Ecclesiastical States
2453:Status Ecclesiasticus
2223:Cortile del Belvedere
2128:St. Peter's Baldachin
2063:Paul VI Audience Hall
1963:Domus Sanctae Marthae
1887:Sport in Vatican City
1877:Women in Vatican City
1860:Music of Vatican City
1349:Fabric of Saint Peter
1299:Vatican Radio lawsuit
1274:Holy See Press Office
1262:Pontifical Commission
1124:Crime in Vatican City
1062:History of the Papacy
367:(756–1798; 1800–1809)
302:Common languages
286:41.90000°N 12.48750°E
163:Great Triumphal March
19603:Medieval reenactment
19399:Renaissance Humanism
19306:Medieval Warm Period
19276:Republic of Florence
19090:European Middle Ages
18636:Plombières Agreement
17215:United Arab Emirates
16779:World Heritage Sites
16234:Council of Ministers
15972:Coronavirus pandemic
15370:Currency and coinage
14989:French Revolutionary
14929:State of the Presidi
14653:Republic of Florence
14625:Domini di Terraferma
14275:Exarchate of Ravenna
14173:Western Roman Empire
14117:Nuragic civilization
13932:Nondenominationalism
13805:Role in civilization
13272:Independent Catholic
13214:Relations with Islam
13194:Catholic Reformation
12355:L'Osservatore Romano
12293:Role in civilisation
12019:Croatian and Serbian
11767:Episcopal conference
11729:St. Peter's Basilica
11087:Sexual abuse scandal
11043:Catholic Reformation
10604:Sexual abuse scandal
10513:Mit brennender Sorge
10356:Age of Enlightenment
10135:Bernard of Clairvaux
10012:Byzantine Iconoclasm
9951:Council of Chalcedon
9731:Council of Jerusalem
9600:Role in civilization
9580:Religious institutes
9512:By country or region
9055:St. Peter's Basilica
8748:Apostolic nunciature
8607:College of Cardinals
8602:Secretariat of State
8247:Popes by nationality
8163:Sistine Chapel Choir
8097:College of Cardinals
7728:Regalia and insignia
7611:St. Peter's Basilica
7273:College of Cardinals
7113:Antipope Clement III
6919:L'Osservatore Romano
6828:Sistine Chapel Choir
6632:Corps of Gendarmerie
6457:Porta San Pellegrino
6408:Sant'Egidio in Borgo
6136:Chair of Saint Peter
6128:St. Peter's Basilica
6096:Piazza Scossacavalli
5925:Papal States Coinage
5856:. University Press.
5612:. Psychology Press.
5358:. Psychology Press.
5307:States of the Church
5105:Biblioteca Salaborsa
4756:, pp. 220, 982.
4009:Unification of Italy
3713:Second French Empire
3415:in southern France.
3142:In Rome itself, the
3041:Hohenstaufen dynasty
2889:Exarchate of Ravenna
2797:Exarchate of Ravenna
2772:in 473, and in 493,
2526:Western Christianity
2473:Unification of Italy
2233:Porta San Pellegrino
2168:Bibliotheca Palatina
2018:Saint Peter's Square
1938:Apostolic nunciature
1865:Sistine Chapel Choir
1415:College of Cardinals
1331:Secretariat of State
1280:L'Osservatore Romano
624:2nd disestablishment
598:1st disestablishment
254:Marittima e Campagna
99:Top: Flag until 1808
19316:Kingdom of Portugal
19183:Old Church Slavonic
19168:Anglo-Saxon England
19028:Italian nationalism
19023:Italian irredentism
19018:Altare della Patria
18814:Giovanni Arrivabene
18621:Ten Days of Brescia
18574:Revolutions of 1848
18559:Revolutions of 1830
18544:Rimini Proclamation
18482:Kingdom of Sardinia
18411:Trinidad and Tobago
18298:Commonwealth realms
18183:United Baltic Duchy
17326:Antigua and Barbuda
17318:Commonwealth realms
17012:Order of succession
16310:Automotive industry
16249:Metropolitan cities
15795:Early Modern period
15768:Kingdom of Sardinia
15719:Italian city-states
15263:Free State of Fiume
15211:Kingdom of Sardinia
14954:Neapolitan Republic
14902:Kingdom of Sardinia
14897:Republic of Sassari
14725:Catepanate of Italy
14648:Republic of Cospaia
14471:Duchy of Montferrat
14466:March of Montferrat
14401:County of Guastalla
14301:Exarchate of Africa
13978:Unlimited atonement
13963:Cultural Christians
13402:Jehovah's Witnesses
13024:Sermon on the Mount
12953:Christian tradition
12880:Lists of Christians
12690:Neocatechumenal Way
12655:Charismatic Renewal
12369:Annuario Pontificio
11967:Particular churches
11643:Ecumenical councils
11415:Perpetual virginity
11250:Communitas perfecta
11194:Sermon on the Mount
10432:Papal infallibility
10422:Our Lady of Lourdes
10371:Shimabara Rebellion
10215:Counter-Reformation
9406:Apostolic Signatura
9234:Collegio Bellarmino
9106:Adjoining buildings
8681:Multilateral policy
6910:Annuario Pontificio
6762:Academy of Sciences
6321:Gregoriano Egiziano
5186:The Pope's Soldiers
4720:, pp. 245–246.
4688:and Auguste Dumas,
4621:. Catholic Online.
4595:. Catholic Online.
4374:. Catholic Online.
3890:Esercito Pontificio
3792:(then ruled by the
3741:Breach of Porta Pia
3639:As a result of the
3621:revolutions of 1848
3586:Italian nationalism
3559:Italian unification
3555:in Western Europe.
3255:Italian Renaissance
2675:Stato Ecclesiastico
2587:by negotiating the
2501:, from the time of
2440:State of the Church
2158:Vatican Observatory
1932:Buildings/geography
1796:List of Papal flags
1384:Papal apocrisiarius
845:First French Empire
755:Republic of Cospaia
383:semi-constitutional
282: /
30:State of the Church
19782:754 establishments
19762:Former theocracies
19497:In popular culture
19462:Crusading movement
19334:Hundred Years' War
19193:Civitas Schinesghe
19178:Carolingian Empire
19163:Kingdom of Croatia
19116:Barbarian kingdoms
18879:Alessandro Manzoni
18869:Francesco Lomonaco
18798:Victor Emmanuel II
18763:Giuseppe Garibaldi
18606:Five Days of Milan
18474:Pre-unitary states
16372:Telecommunications
15739:Maritime republics
15093:Lucca and Piombino
14970:Malta Protectorate
14934:Duke of San Donato
14688:Republic of Ancona
14610:Republic of Venice
14523:Duchy of Mirandola
14411:Duchy of Guastalla
14249:Duchy of Tridentum
14229:Duchy of Benevento
14196:Barbarian kingdoms
13823:Crusading movement
13091:Ante-Nicene period
12527:Premonstratensians
10910:Ante-Nicene period
10788:Lists of Catholics
10477:Our Lady of Fátima
10266:Ignatius of Loyola
10190:Catherine of Siena
10158:Pope Boniface VIII
9977:Benedict of Nursia
9946:Council of Ephesus
9783:Ante-Nicene period
9736:Split with Judaism
9570:Crusading movement
9175:Collegio Teutonico
9092:Lateran University
8936:Suffragan dioceses
8913:Territorial abbeys
8883:Porto-Santa Rufina
8865:Suburbicarian sees
8827:Special assemblies
8722:Permanent Observer
8198:Pontifical academy
8193:Orders of chivalry
7181:Concordat of Worms
7153:Matilda of Tuscany
7138:Henry I of England
6674:Vatican euro coins
6469:Saint John's Tower
6442:St. Peter's Square
6391:Collegio Teutonico
6374:Holy Spirit Chapel
6336:Bramante Staircase
6316:Gregoriano Etrusco
6158:Saint Peter's tomb
6153:Vatican Necropolis
6012:List of sovereigns
5646:2020-09-05 at the
5216:on 3 February 2019
4924:Ganse, Alexander.
4316:2007-10-30 at the
4261:www.britannica.com
4211:2018-03-06 at the
3957:Catholicism portal
3870:
3812:Regional governors
3724:Victor Emmanuel II
3708:
3679:Italian parliament
3649:Giuseppe Garibaldi
3590:Congress of Vienna
3583:
3530:Congress of Vienna
3470:fled from Rome to
3453:Cisalpine Republic
3437:
3337:defeated those of
3335:Philip II of Spain
3283:
3271:
3251:Renaissance Papacy
3195:of Rimini and the
3193:Galeotto Malatesta
3033:Diploma Ottonianum
2939:Duchy of Benevento
2685:Status Pontificius
2659:Stati della Chiesa
2651:Stato della Chiesa
2577:Italian government
2575:, the head of the
2507:Byzantine emperors
2444:Stato della Chiesa
2438:), officially the
2103:Vatican Necropolis
2073:Torre San Giovanni
2023:Saint Peter's tomb
1958:Bramante Staircase
1921:, 1941 documentary
1763:Vatican euro coins
1544:(Papal elections)
1449:Dominique Mamberti
1442:Court of Cassation
291:41.90000; 12.48750
220:in southern France
19679:
19678:
19588:Basic topics list
19389:Swiss mercenaries
19339:Wars of the Roses
19246:Kingdom of Poland
19231:Holy Roman Empire
19098:Early Middle Ages
19056:
19055:
19043:Southern question
18854:Vincenzo Gioberti
18834:Felice Cavallotti
18733:Massimo d'Azeglio
18686:Law of Guarantees
18428:
18427:
18424:
18423:
18113:Piedmont-Sardinia
17865:Sip Song Chau Tai
17675:Thirteen Colonies
17416:
17415:
16820:
16819:
16787:
16786:
16422:
16421:
16357:Southern question
16277:
16276:
16209:Political parties
16157:Foreign relations
16129:
16128:
15982:
15981:
15703:Kingdom of Naples
15691:Kingdom of Sicily
15288:
15287:
15284:
15283:
15131:
15130:
15098:Massa and Carrara
14983:
14982:
14960:Hospitaller Malta
14919:Kingdom of Naples
14913:Kingdom of Sicily
14844:
14843:
14754:Duchy of Sorrento
14673:Republic of Genoa
14668:Republic of Siena
14663:Republic of Massa
14658:Republic of Lucca
14391:County of Gorizia
14381:Corsican Republic
14362:Holy Roman Empire
14020:
14019:
13986:
13985:
13914:Charta Oecumenica
13424:
13423:
13414:Iglesia ni Cristo
13229:
13228:
13209:French Revolution
13199:Thirty Years' War
13071:Apostolic fathers
13039:Great Commandment
12810:
12809:
12220:
12219:
11613:
11436:
11435:
11128:
11105:
11104:
11097:COVID-19 pandemic
11067:French Revolution
11057:Thirty Years' War
10965:Islamic conquests
10878:Apostolic fathers
10813:
10728:
10727:
10688:COVID-19 pandemic
10666:Pope Benedict XVI
10571:Pope John Paul II
10346:Pope Benedict XIV
10332:French Revolution
10316:Thirty Years' War
10306:Robert Bellarmine
10291:John of the Cross
10195:Pope Alexander VI
10180:Council of Vienne
10110:Francis of Assisi
10100:Pope Innocent III
9969:Early Middle Ages
9963:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9901:Arian controversy
9854:
9853:
9802:Apostolic Fathers
9453:
9452:
9362:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9320:antennae area of
9311:Summer estate of
9276:
9275:
9208:
9207:
9180:Teutonic Cemetery
9078:
9077:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9018:
9001:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8954:Civita Castellana
8857:
8801:
8775:
8774:
8540:
8477:Age of Revolution
8450:Donation of Pepin
8445:Donation of Sutri
8385:international law
8304:
8303:
8071:Prelate of Honour
7638:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7368:
7367:
7310:Donation of Pepin
7290:Holy Roman Empire
7268:Clerical celibacy
7108:Pope Callixtus II
7055:
7054:
7015:Vatican Athletics
6981:
6980:
6933:
6932:
6789:Apostolic Archive
6744:
6743:
6651:
6650:
6514:Foreign relations
6492:
6491:
6464:Ricciolo d'Italia
6432:Passetto di Borgo
6396:Teutonic Cemetery
6349:
6348:
6207:Borgia Apartments
6188:
6187:
6168:Tomb of the Julii
5195:978-0-7006-1770-8
4982:themaparchive.com
4233:. 30 April 2020.
4204:Frederik de Wit,
3759:Law of Guarantees
3748:city was captured
3441:French Revolution
3364:in 1598, and the
3266:commissioned the
3221:Giovanni Manfredi
3191:, moving against
3181:Giovanni Visconti
3173:Cardinal Albornoz
3079:French Revolution
3006:Saeculum obscurum
2883:Donation of Pepin
2877:Donation of Pepin
2866:Donation of Sutri
2625:Pontifical States
2599:which became the
2459:under the direct
2457:Italian Peninsula
2379:
2378:
2299:The Last Judgment
2228:Passetto di Borgo
2218:Teutonic Cemetery
2068:Tomb of the Julii
2003:Palazzi Pontifici
1953:Borgia Apartments
1685:Visa requirements
1657:Antoine Camilleri
1611:Foreign relations
1556:Recent conclaves
1256:Giuseppe Bertello
1077:Vatileaks scandal
1022:Law of Guarantees
975:Donation of Pepin
927:
926:
897:
896:
893:
892:
791:Tiberina Republic
743:
742:
629:20 September 1870
545:Donation of Pepin
525:Parliament (1848)
500:Gabriele Ferretti
470:Giacomo Antonelli
361:absolute monarchy
332:Roman Catholicism
173:
124:(15th–19th cent.)
19794:
19747:Christian states
19702:History of Lazio
19669:
19668:
19659:
19658:
19649:
19608:Medieval studies
19452:Church and State
19326:Late Middle Ages
19218:High Middle Ages
19136:Christianization
19106:Migration Period
19083:
19076:
19069:
19060:
19059:
18864:Giacomo Leopardi
18844:Giuseppe Ferrari
18778:Bettino Ricasoli
18773:Giuseppe Mazzini
18758:Francesco Crispi
18738:Agostino Bertani
18712:Cockade of Italy
18696:Impresa di Fiume
18626:Belfiore martyrs
18611:Sortie on Mestre
18529:
18455:
18448:
18441:
18432:
18431:
18352:Irish Free State
18118:Poland–Lithuania
17427:
17426:
17378:Papua New Guinea
17108:
17107:
16847:
16840:
16833:
16824:
16823:
16810:
16809:
16802:Italy portal
16799:
16798:
16739:National symbols
16433:
16432:
16288:
16287:
16140:
16139:
15993:
15992:
15873:Kingdom of Italy
15800:Napoleonic Italy
15339:
15338:
15315:
15308:
15301:
15292:
15291:
15249:Kingdom of Italy
15236:
15235:
15002:
15001:
14831:County of Sicily
14826:County of Aversa
14749:Byzantine Sicily
14735:Theme of Lucania
14705:
14704:
14683:Republic of Pisa
14678:Republic of Noli
14548:Duchy of Spoleto
14518:Duchy of Merania
14416:Kingdom of Italy
14342:Duchy of Ferrara
14287:Duchy of Perugia
14266:Byzantine Empire
14244:Duchy of Spoleto
14211:Ostrogothic rule
14193:
14192:
14061:Pre-Roman period
14047:
14040:
14033:
14024:
14023:
14010:
14009:
14000:
13999:
13843:Environmentalism
13793:Church buildings
13695:
13694:
13510:Eastern Orthodox
13505:Eastern Catholic
13417:
13416:
13384:Eastern Catholic
13362:Eastern Orthodox
13250:
13249:
13171:Age of Discovery
13156:East–West Schism
13054:Great Commission
12985:
12984:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12814:
12813:
12800:
12799:
12790:
12789:
12532:Redemptoristines
12380:Religious orders
12306:Anti-Catholicism
12256:Church buildings
12116:Catholic liturgy
11856:Consecrated life
11714:Apostolic Palace
11681:Synod of Bishops
11617:
11616:
11593:
11199:Ten Commandments
11132:
11131:
11114:
11015:Age of Discovery
10849:Great Commission
10817:
10816:
10801:
10755:
10748:
10741:
10732:
10731:
10718:
10717:
10706:
10705:
10704:
10683:Patriarch Kirill
10556:Pope John Paul I
10361:Anti-clericalism
10341:Pope Innocent XI
10261:Society of Jesus
10246:Council of Trent
10200:Age of Discovery
10145:Late Middle Ages
10047:High Middle Ages
10037:East–West Schism
9921:Pope Sylvester I
9867:
9866:
9856:
9855:
9766:General epistles
9761:Pauline epistles
9694:John the Baptist
9677:Great Commission
9639:
9638:
9590:Catholic culture
9480:
9473:
9466:
9457:
9456:
9443:
9442:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9333:extraterritorial
9328:
9327:
9306:Adjacent gardens
9266:Nympheum of Nero
9215:extraterritorial
9210:
9209:
9102:Sancta Sanctorum
9080:
9079:
9043:
9042:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9022:
9021:
9010:
8861:
8860:
8842:
8839:province of Rome
8805:
8804:
8786:
8637:Apostolic Camera
8544:
8543:
8526:
8408:Primacy of Peter
8331:
8324:
8317:
8308:
8307:
8294:
8293:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8119:Apostolic Camera
8076:Prince assistant
8002:Sedia gestatoria
7675:Primate of Italy
7634:
7565:Papal apartments
7560:Apostolic Palace
7527:extraterritorial
7483:
7482:
7432:
7431:
7395:
7388:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7358:
7357:
7225:Gregorian Reform
7214:In nomine Domini
7128:Pope Gregory VII
7082:
7075:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7045:
7044:
7033:
7032:
7031:
6892:Vatican News App
6846:
6845:
6755:
6754:
6662:
6661:
6585:Apostolic Camera
6503:
6502:
6479:Vatican Pharmacy
6424:The Resurrection
6241:Niccoline Chapel
6231:Cappella Paolina
6217:Papal apartments
6194:Apostolic Palace
6175:Vatican Grottoes
6124:
6123:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6110:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5881:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5860:
5855:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5570:
5551:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5348:
5316:
5298:
5297:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5212:. Archived from
5206:
5200:
5199:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4790:Term (coined by
4773:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4330:
4324:
4308:
4297:
4296:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4221:
4215:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4129:on 13 March 2010
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4040:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3894:Irish volunteers
3798:Benito Mussolini
3767:Apostolic Palace
3729:Raffaele Cadorna
3675:Kingdom of Italy
3579:Kingdom of Italy
3545:Pope Gregory XVI
3493:French Consulate
3491:. In June 1800,
3489:another republic
3445:Comtat Venaissin
3434:Pope Gregory XVI
3409:Comtat Venaissin
3362:Duchy of Ferrara
3323:Pope Clement VII
3185:Giovanni di Vico
3133:Robert of Naples
3125:Azzo VIII d'Este
3096:in Bologna, the
3075:Comtat Venaissin
3069:, surrounded by
3049:Treaty of Venice
3037:Gregorian Reform
3009:
2911:figurehead King
2738:titular churches
2693:
2691:Dicio Pontificia
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:Stato Pontificio
2573:Benito Mussolini
2561:Kingdom of Italy
2548:and portions of
2532:(which includes
2515:exarchs in Italy
2450:
2436:Dicio Pontificia
2428:Stato Pontificio
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2178:Cappella Paolina
2163:Vatican Pharmacy
2093:Vatican Heliport
2043:Niccoline Chapel
2028:Lateran Basilica
2008:Papal Apartments
1943:Apostolic Palace
1828:Papal coronation
1566:
1457:Court of Appeals
1425:
1190:
1040:
936:
929:
928:
889:
888:
881:Kingdom of Italy
871:
870:
853:
852:
835:
834:
817:
816:
799:
798:
781:
780:
763:
762:
747:
746:
734:
733:
727:
726:
711:
710:
642:11 February 1929
603:18 February 1798
571:Treaty of Venice
512:C. E. Muzzarelli
458:Girolamo Dandini
388:
379:
368:
297:
296:
294:
293:
292:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
230:
214:Comtat Venaissin
202:
192:
175:
174:
158:Marcia trionfale
131:
118:
108:
104:
100:
95:
88:
76:
45:
37:
26:
25:
19802:
19801:
19797:
19796:
19795:
19793:
19792:
19791:
19697:History of Rome
19682:
19681:
19680:
19675:
19637:
19618:Neo-medievalism
19566:
19502:Itinerant court
19425:
19320:
19241:Georgian Empire
19226:Norman Conquest
19212:
19158:Frankish Empire
19092:
19087:
19057:
19052:
19006:
18985:
18949:
18913:
18904:Antonio Rosmini
18874:Goffredo Mameli
18824:Giosuè Carducci
18802:
18793:Ruggero Settimo
18721:
18700:
18681:Capture of Rome
18530:
18521:
18468:
18459:
18429:
18420:
18345:princely states
18293:
18229:Kingdom of Fiji
18202:
17948:Austria-Hungary
17916:
17679:
17613:
17412:
17398:Solomon Islands
17312:
17294:
17226:
17141:
17099:
17031:
16977:Democratization
16945:
16889:
16856:
16851:
16821:
16816:
16796:
16783:
16754:Public holidays
16585:
16531:Life expectancy
16418:
16273:
16189:Law enforcement
16125:
15978:
15925:
15914:Social Republic
15878:Colonial Empire
15861:Capture of Rome
15814:
15707:
15616:
15509:Ancient peoples
15497:
15434:
15395:Historic states
15353:
15328:
15319:
15289:
15280:
15234:
15137:
15136:Post-Napoleonic
15127:
15061:
14997:
14991:
14979:
14921:
14917:
14916:(1130–1816) and
14915:
14907:
14852:
14840:
14807:
14781:
14772:Emirate of Bari
14758:
14745:Theme of Sicily
14740:Duchy of Naples
14715:Duchy of Amalfi
14700:
14692:
14640:
14639:Other Republics
14634:
14612:
14604:
14598:County of Tenda
14578:County of Savoy
14538:Duchy of Reggio
14508:Duchy of Mantua
14436:March of Friuli
14368:
14366:
14364:
14356:
14352:Duchy of Urbino
14337:Duchy of Castro
14314:
14306:
14260:
14254:Duchy of Tuscia
14234:Duchy of Friuli
14197:
14188:
14186:
14184:
14178:
14157:(753 BC–509 BC)
14141:
14056:
14051:
14021:
14016:
13994:
13982:
13936:
13891:
13809:
13690:
13684:
13639:
13564:One true church
13420:
13388:
13348:
13237:
13225:
13175:
13132:
13077:
13004:in Christianity
12990:
12976:
12970:
12962:
12921:
12897:
12889:
12846:
12841:
12811:
12806:
12784:
12776:
12755:
12738:Relief Services
12704:
12650:Catholic Action
12640:Military orders
12577:Confraternities
12569:of the faithful
12568:
12561:
12383:
12374:
12310:
12216:
12110:
11969:
11961:
11894:Prior, Prioress
11850:
11743:
11739:Vatican Museums
11690:
11623:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11592:
11586:
11511:
11465:Social teaching
11432:
11371:
11316:
11271:One true church
11235:
11212:Sixtine Vulgate
11208:Official Bible
11122:
11118:
11113:
11101:
11019:
10951:
10896:
10866:Petrine primacy
10809:
10805:
10800:
10792:
10764:
10762:Catholic Church
10759:
10729:
10724:
10712:
10702:
10700:
10692:
10614:World Youth Day
10592:
10581:World Youth Day
10525:Pacem in terris
10519:Pope John XXIII
10458:
10385:
10376:Edict of Nantes
10334:
10330:
10320:
10286:Teresa of Ávila
10281:Tridentine Mass
10217:
10213:
10204:
10185:Knights Templar
10139:
10041:
9997:Gregorian chant
9955:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9862:
9850:
9777:
9646:
9634:
9626:
9493:
9491:Catholic Church
9484:
9454:
9449:
9437:
9427:
9425:
9417:
9386:Papal household
9354:
9332:
9326:
9282:
9272:
9258:Sant'Apollinare
9256:Two Palaces of
9252:Russian College
9214:
9204:
9074:
9047:Major basilicas
9026:
9015:
9012:
9009:
8993:
8930:
8907:
8852:
8841:
8838:
8831:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8771:
8700:Of the Holy See
8695:To the Holy See
8678:
8676:Foreign affairs
8670:
8618:
8588:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8523:judicial entity
8522:
8515:
8389:
8367:Diocese of Rome
8340:
8335:
8305:
8300:
8288:
8278:
8276:
8268:
8237:Canonised popes
8167:
8158:Cappella Giulia
8085:
8049:Papal majordomo
8011:
7985:
7888:
7795:
7742:
7694:
7633:
7625:
7598:Major basilicas
7592:
7534:
7489:
7481:
7463:Diocese of Rome
7438:
7421:
7404:
7399:
7369:
7364:
7352:
7344:
7326:
7246:
7242:Walk to Canossa
7198:Excommunication
7173:
7167:
7158:Pope Paschal II
7133:Guido da Velate
7091:
7086:
7056:
7051:
7039:
7029:
7027:
7019:
6977:
6951:
6947:Catholic Church
6929:
6844:
6840:Public holidays
6740:
6712:
6647:
6618:
6566:
6539:
6534:Fundamental Law
6488:
6354:Gregorian Tower
6345:
6283:Vatican Museums
6277:
6212:Clementine Hall
6184:
6100:
6023:
5972:
5963:
5921:
5916:
5908:
5906:
5899:
5898:978-1409482-536
5873:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5841:
5839:
5832:
5809:
5807:
5800:
5777:
5775:
5768:
5745:
5743:
5736:
5713:
5711:
5704:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5648:Wayback Machine
5629:
5627:
5620:
5597:
5595:
5588:
5564:
5535:
5533:
5526:
5503:
5501:
5494:
5471:
5469:
5462:
5439:
5437:
5430:
5407:
5405:
5398:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5323:. I.B. Tauris.
5295:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5280:, p. 1095.
5276:
5272:
5263:
5259:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5182:
5178:
5166:
5164:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5010:The Renaissance
5005:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4961:The Renaissance
4956:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4786:
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4718:Spielvogel 2013
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4582:, p. 1060.
4578:
4574:
4558:
4557:
4545:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4514:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4473:
4471:
4464:
4448:
4444:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4318:Wayback Machine
4309:
4300:
4283:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4213:Wayback Machine
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4186:on 2 March 2018
4183:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4101:www.lastampa.it
4093:
4092:
4088:
4075:
4073:
4072:on 31 July 2010
4064:
4063:
4059:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
3989:History of Rome
3969:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3886:military orders
3884:) and Catholic
3859:
3835:March of Ancona
3814:
3717:Battle of Sedan
3705:Capture of Rome
3697:
3695:Capture of Rome
3691:
3681:, which met in
3634:Red Triumvirate
3571:
3563:Main articles:
3561:
3427:
3421:
3366:Duchy of Urbino
3321:and imprisoned
3307:
3279:Quirinal Palace
3268:Quirinal Palace
3257:
3249:Main articles:
3247:
3063:
3057:
2979:Frankish Empire
2967:
2937:, parts of the
2917:Pope Stephen II
2905:Pepin the Short
2885:
2879:
2871:Pope Gregory II
2838:Pope Gregory II
2726:
2718:Main articles:
2716:
2711:
2705:History of Rome
2701:
2667:Stati Pontifici
2609:
2597:token territory
2569:Italian fascist
2554:temporal powers
2488:Pope Stephen II
2480:Pepin the Short
2469:states of Italy
2416:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2306:
2305:
2301:by Michelangelo
2253:Vatican Museums
2248:
2246:Vatican Museums
2238:
2237:
2173:Cappella Giulia
1983:Gregorian Tower
1933:
1925:
1924:
1855:Vatican Library
1850:Vatican Museums
1845:
1835:
1834:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1676:
1663:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1591:Papal Gentleman
1586:Papal household
1580:
1564:
1525:Diocese of Rome
1508:Catholic Church
1491:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1423:
1343:
1258:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1183:
1150:Doe v. Holy See
1102:
1092:
1091:
1038:
1004:Capture of Rome
964:
954:
923:
886:
880:
868:
862:
850:
844:
832:
826:
814:
808:
796:
790:
778:
772:
760:
754:
731:
705:
675:
639:
626:
613:
600:
587:
574:
560:
547:
508:
496:
466:
454:
424:
412:
391:
386:
380:
377:
369:
366:
365:
323:
290:
288:
284:
281:
276:
273:
271:
269:
268:
267:
256:
221:
193:
186:
176:
169:
166:
162:
144:
143:
142:
135:
132:
123:
119:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
96:
89:
62:
61:
55:
46:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
19800:
19790:
19789:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19764:
19759:
19754:
19749:
19744:
19739:
19734:
19729:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19694:
19677:
19676:
19674:
19673:
19663:
19653:
19642:
19639:
19638:
19636:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19613:Misconceptions
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19580:
19574:
19572:
19568:
19567:
19565:
19564:
19559:
19554:
19549:
19544:
19539:
19534:
19529:
19524:
19519:
19514:
19509:
19504:
19499:
19494:
19489:
19484:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19433:
19431:
19427:
19426:
19424:
19423:
19421:Little Ice Age
19418:
19417:
19416:
19406:
19401:
19396:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19374:Western Schism
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19330:
19328:
19322:
19321:
19319:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19303:
19298:
19293:
19288:
19283:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19222:
19220:
19214:
19213:
19211:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19195:
19190:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19140:
19139:
19138:
19128:
19123:
19121:Late antiquity
19118:
19113:
19108:
19102:
19100:
19094:
19093:
19086:
19085:
19078:
19071:
19063:
19054:
19053:
19051:
19050:
19045:
19040:
19035:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19014:
19012:
19008:
19007:
19005:
19004:
18999:
18993:
18991:
18987:
18986:
18984:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18957:
18955:
18951:
18950:
18948:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18927:
18921:
18919:
18915:
18914:
18912:
18911:
18906:
18901:
18896:
18894:Carlo Pisacane
18891:
18889:Silvio Pellico
18886:
18884:Ippolito Nievo
18881:
18876:
18871:
18866:
18861:
18856:
18851:
18846:
18841:
18839:Vincenzo Cuoco
18836:
18831:
18829:Carlo Cattaneo
18826:
18821:
18816:
18810:
18808:
18804:
18803:
18801:
18800:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18780:
18775:
18770:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18750:
18745:
18740:
18735:
18729:
18727:
18723:
18722:
18720:
18719:
18714:
18708:
18706:
18702:
18701:
18699:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18683:
18678:
18673:
18671:Roman Question
18668:
18663:
18658:
18653:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18623:
18618:
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18592:
18591:
18589:Roman Republic
18586:
18581:
18571:
18566:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18546:
18540:
18538:
18532:
18531:
18524:
18522:
18520:
18519:
18514:
18512:Duchy of Parma
18509:
18504:
18499:
18494:
18489:
18486:House of Savoy
18478:
18476:
18470:
18469:
18458:
18457:
18450:
18443:
18435:
18426:
18425:
18422:
18421:
18419:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18403:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18383:
18378:
18373:
18368:
18363:
18358:
18349:
18333:
18328:
18323:
18318:
18313:
18307:
18301:
18299:
18295:
18294:
18292:
18291:
18286:
18281:
18276:
18271:
18266:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18210:
18208:
18204:
18203:
18201:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18103:Ottoman Empire
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18063:Kartli-Kakheti
18060:
18055:
18050:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17980:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17930:
17924:
17922:
17918:
17917:
17915:
17914:
17902:
17897:
17892:
17887:
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17845:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17820:
17815:
17810:
17805:
17800:
17795:
17790:
17785:
17780:
17775:
17770:
17765:
17760:
17755:
17745:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17687:
17685:
17681:
17680:
17678:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17647:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17621:
17619:
17615:
17614:
17612:
17611:
17604:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17479:
17474:
17472:Central Africa
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17433:
17431:
17424:
17418:
17417:
17414:
17413:
17411:
17410:
17408:United Kingdom
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17374:
17373:
17368:
17358:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17322:
17320:
17314:
17313:
17311:
17310:
17304:
17302:
17296:
17295:
17293:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17236:
17234:
17228:
17227:
17225:
17224:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17151:
17149:
17143:
17142:
17140:
17139:
17132:
17127:
17122:
17116:
17114:
17105:
17101:
17100:
17098:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17065:Prince regnant
17062:
17061:
17060:
17050:
17045:
17039:
17037:
17033:
17032:
17030:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17014:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16982:Decolonization
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16953:
16951:
16947:
16946:
16944:
16943:
16938:
16936:Personal union
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16906:Constitutional
16903:
16897:
16895:
16891:
16890:
16888:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16850:
16849:
16842:
16835:
16827:
16818:
16817:
16815:
16814:
16804:
16792:
16789:
16788:
16785:
16784:
16782:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16676:
16671:
16666:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16595:
16593:
16587:
16586:
16584:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16568:
16563:
16558:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16527:
16526:
16525:
16524:
16509:
16508:
16507:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16436:
16430:
16424:
16423:
16420:
16419:
16417:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16405:
16404:
16399:
16394:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16369:
16364:
16362:Stock exchange
16359:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16328:
16327:
16322:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16291:
16285:
16279:
16278:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16271:
16266:
16264:Municipalities
16261:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16224:Prime Minister
16221:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16175:
16174:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16143:
16137:
16131:
16130:
16127:
16126:
16124:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16111:Regional parks
16108:
16106:National parks
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16067:
16066:
16056:
16055:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16018:
16017:
16015:Climate change
16007:
16002:
15996:
15990:
15984:
15983:
15980:
15979:
15977:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15933:
15931:
15927:
15926:
15924:
15923:
15922:
15921:
15916:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15891:
15890:
15880:
15875:
15865:
15864:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15822:
15820:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15812:
15807:
15802:
15797:
15792:
15791:
15790:
15780:
15778:Duchy of Savoy
15775:
15770:
15765:
15764:
15763:
15762:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15715:
15713:
15709:
15708:
15706:
15705:
15700:
15699:
15698:
15688:
15686:Lombard League
15683:
15682:
15681:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15651:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15624:
15622:
15618:
15617:
15615:
15614:
15613:
15612:
15611:
15610:
15608:Western Empire
15600:
15595:
15593:Roman conquest
15590:
15585:
15575:
15574:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15547:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15514:Italic peoples
15505:
15503:
15499:
15498:
15496:
15495:
15494:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15442:
15440:
15436:
15435:
15433:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15367:
15361:
15359:
15355:
15354:
15352:
15351:
15345:
15343:
15336:
15330:
15329:
15318:
15317:
15310:
15303:
15295:
15286:
15285:
15282:
15281:
15279:
15278:
15272:
15266:
15260:
15259:
15258:
15255:Italian Empire
15245:
15243:
15233:
15232:
15226:
15220:
15214:
15208:
15202:
15199:Roman Republic
15196:
15190:
15184:
15178:
15172:
15166:
15160:
15154:
15151:Duchy of Lucca
15148:
15145:Duchy of Genoa
15141:
15139:
15133:
15132:
15129:
15128:
15126:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15069:
15067:
15063:
15062:
15060:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15008:
15006:
14999:
14985:
14984:
14981:
14980:
14978:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14925:
14923:
14909:
14908:
14906:
14905:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14888:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14856:
14854:
14846:
14845:
14842:
14841:
14839:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14817:
14815:
14809:
14808:
14806:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14789:
14787:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14779:
14774:
14768:
14766:
14760:
14759:
14757:
14756:
14751:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14727:
14722:
14720:Duchy of Gaeta
14717:
14711:
14709:
14702:
14698:Southern Italy
14694:
14693:
14691:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14644:
14642:
14641:(c. 1000–1797)
14636:
14635:
14633:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14616:
14614:
14606:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14601:
14600:
14595:
14593:County of Nice
14590:
14588:Duchy of Aosta
14585:
14580:
14575:
14568:Savoyard state
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14503:Duchy of Milan
14500:
14498:Duchy of Ivrea
14495:
14494:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14372:
14370:
14358:
14357:
14355:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14318:
14316:
14308:
14307:
14305:
14304:
14298:
14297:
14296:
14290:
14284:
14271:
14269:
14262:
14261:
14259:
14258:
14257:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14239:Duchy of Ivrea
14236:
14231:
14220:
14214:
14208:
14205:Odoacer's rule
14201:
14199:
14190:
14180:
14179:
14177:
14176:
14170:
14169:(27 BC–395 AD)
14164:
14163:(509 BC–27 BC)
14161:Roman Republic
14158:
14151:
14149:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14103:
14102:
14100:Cisalpine Gaul
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14076:
14075:
14064:
14062:
14058:
14057:
14050:
14049:
14042:
14035:
14027:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14014:
14004:
13991:
13988:
13987:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13928:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13905:
13899:
13897:
13893:
13892:
13890:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13860:
13855:
13853:Fundamentalism
13850:
13848:Existentialism
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13819:
13817:
13811:
13810:
13808:
13807:
13802:
13801:
13800:
13790:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13759:
13758:
13748:
13747:
13746:
13741:
13739:God the Father
13736:
13731:
13726:
13716:
13715:
13714:
13703:
13701:
13692:
13686:
13685:
13683:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13671:
13670:
13660:
13655:
13649:
13647:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13637:
13636:
13635:
13625:
13620:
13619:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13578:
13577:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13559:Body of Christ
13556:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13524:
13519:
13518:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13492:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13434:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13418:
13409:
13404:
13398:
13396:
13394:Restorationist
13390:
13389:
13387:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13370:
13369:
13358:
13356:
13350:
13349:
13347:
13346:
13341:
13340:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13258:
13256:
13247:
13231:
13230:
13227:
13226:
13224:
13223:
13222:
13221:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13185:
13183:
13177:
13176:
13174:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13142:
13140:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13119:
13118:
13113:
13103:
13098:
13096:Late antiquity
13093:
13087:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13076:
13075:
13074:
13073:
13066:Church fathers
13063:
13058:
13057:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
12995:
12993:
12982:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12929:
12927:
12923:
12922:
12920:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12903:
12901:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12840:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12817:
12808:
12807:
12805:
12804:
12794:
12781:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12756:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12714:
12712:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12685:Legion of Mary
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12636:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12623:
12622:
12621:
12614:Lay Carmelites
12611:
12601:
12600:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12573:
12571:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12462:Conceptionists
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12397:Assumptionists
12393:
12391:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12365:
12358:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12326:
12320:
12318:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12264:
12263:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12242:
12241:
12230:
12228:
12222:
12221:
12218:
12217:
12215:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12211:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12165:
12164:
12163:
12162:
12161:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12120:
12118:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12099:Syro-Malankara
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12049:Italo-Albanian
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11981:
11975:
11973:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11937:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11920:
11919:
11918:
11913:
11903:
11898:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11867:
11860:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11832:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11776:
11775:
11774:
11769:
11758:
11756:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11719:Lateran Treaty
11716:
11711:
11706:
11700:
11698:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11677:
11676:
11666:
11665:
11664:
11659:
11645:
11640:
11631:
11629:
11614:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11521:
11519:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11508:
11507:
11502:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11480:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11455:Moral theology
11452:
11446:
11444:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11381:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11358:
11357:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11326:
11324:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11314:
11309:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11285:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11273:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11245:
11243:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11228:
11227:
11226:
11219:
11214:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11155:
11154:
11149:
11138:
11136:
11129:
11107:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11050:
11040:
11029:
11027:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10970:Pope Gregory I
10967:
10961:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10942:Biblical canon
10939:
10937:Late antiquity
10934:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10917:
10912:
10906:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10873:Church fathers
10870:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10853:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10825:
10823:
10814:
10807:Ecclesiastical
10794:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10758:
10757:
10750:
10743:
10735:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10710:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10662:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10611:
10606:
10600:
10598:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10521:
10516:
10509:
10504:
10502:Lateran Treaty
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10468:
10466:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10456:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10337:
10335:
10327:Baroque period
10325:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10296:Peter Canisius
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10271:Francis Xavier
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10235:Exsurge Domine
10231:
10226:
10220:
10218:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10175:Pope Clement V
10172:
10171:
10170:
10168:Avignon Papacy
10163:Western Schism
10160:
10155:
10153:Thomas Aquinas
10149:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10051:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10007:Saint Boniface
10004:
9999:
9994:
9992:Pope Gregory I
9989:
9984:
9979:
9973:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9931:Biblical canon
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9885:
9883:
9864:
9860:Late antiquity
9852:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9807:Pope Clement I
9797:Church Fathers
9794:
9788:
9786:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9653:
9651:
9636:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9558:Biblical canon
9553:Catholic Bible
9550:
9549:
9548:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9503:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9483:
9482:
9475:
9468:
9460:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9435:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9336:
9334:
9325:
9324:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9304:
9298:
9295:
9286:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9260:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9236:
9231:
9225:
9221:Palace of the
9218:
9216:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9114:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9087:Lateran Palace
9083:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9051:
9049:
9039:
9038:
9030:
9019:
9016:territoriality
9003:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8940:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8917:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8878:Velletri-Segni
8875:
8869:
8867:
8858:
8837:Ecclesiastical
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8813:
8811:
8802:
8793:full communion
8777:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8736:European Union
8733:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8717:United Nations
8714:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8697:
8692:
8686:
8684:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8639:
8628:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8612:Papal conclave
8604:
8598:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8569:
8567:Pietro Parolin
8561:
8552:
8550:
8541:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8499:Lateran Treaty
8491:
8486:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8465:Temporal power
8457:
8455:Avignon Papacy
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8428:Lateran Palace
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8378:
8369:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8311:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8286:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8262:Western Schism
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8220:Major Seminary
8212:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8179:Papal nobility
8175:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8121:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8041:
8036:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7993:
7991:
7990:Transportation
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7966:
7964:Sub-cinctorium
7961:
7960:
7959:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7761:
7756:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7723:Keys of Heaven
7720:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7650:Bishop of Rome
7647:
7641:
7639:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7570:Sistine Chapel
7567:
7557:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7518:Lateran Treaty
7501:
7499:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7446:
7444:
7441:Full communion
7429:
7423:
7422:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7398:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7284:Dominium mundi
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7187:Dictatus papae
7183:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7037:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6854:
6852:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6796:Climate Forest
6793:
6792:
6791:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6720:
6718:
6717:Infrastructure
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6689:Poste Vaticane
6686:
6679:Communications
6676:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6587:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6562:Pietro Parolin
6556:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Pio-Clementino
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6256:Sistine Chapel
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6121:
6119:Major basilica
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:Lateran Treaty
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6051:
6049:Circus of Nero
6046:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5919:External links
5917:
5915:
5914:
5897:
5882:
5874:|journal=
5847:
5831:978-1851096725
5830:
5815:
5799:978-0804726306
5798:
5783:
5767:978-1133606765
5766:
5751:
5735:978-1316123270
5734:
5719:
5703:978-0742568792
5702:
5687:
5671:978-0521521987
5670:
5655:
5635:
5619:978-0415922302
5618:
5603:
5587:978-1135948801
5586:
5571:
5563:978-0810878921
5562:
5541:
5525:978-1135361433
5524:
5509:
5493:978-0521893787
5492:
5477:
5461:978-1444351453
5460:
5445:
5429:978-9004307780
5428:
5413:
5397:978-0313307331
5396:
5381:
5365:978-0415336314
5364:
5349:
5338:
5317:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5278:Levillain 2002
5270:
5257:
5242:
5227:
5201:
5194:
5176:
5156:978-0892367252
5155:
5135:
5133:, p. 136.
5123:
5108:(in Italian).
5091:
5089:, p. 149.
5079:
5077:, p. 252.
5052:
5040:
5028:
5026:, p. 134.
5016:
4999:
4967:
4947:
4916:
4904:
4902:, p. 227.
4887:
4885:, p. 225.
4875:
4873:, p. 802.
4871:Kleinhenz 2004
4863:
4851:
4849:, p. 142.
4839:
4819:978-1285661537
4818:
4798:
4785:978-0313327650
4784:
4758:
4754:Kleinhenz 2004
4746:
4744:, p. 241.
4734:
4732:, p. 154.
4722:
4710:
4708:, p. 332.
4698:
4678:
4676:, p. 324.
4674:Kleinhenz 2004
4666:
4636:
4610:
4584:
4580:Kleinhenz 2004
4572:
4543:
4524:
4504:978-1317678175
4503:
4483:
4463:978-0199651924
4462:
4442:
4421:
4401:
4399:, p. 378.
4397:Treadgold 1997
4389:
4363:
4345:
4325:
4298:
4277:
4248:
4225:"Papal States"
4216:
4197:
4163:
4140:
4114:
4086:
4057:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4004:Roman Question
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3971:Vatican portal
3960:
3944:
3941:
3917:Palatine Guard
3882:Corsican Guard
3858:
3857:Papal military
3855:
3839:papal delegate
3813:
3810:
3786:Lateran Treaty
3736:Aurelian Walls
3693:Main article:
3690:
3687:
3625:Roman Republic
3560:
3557:
3538:Papal nobility
3484:King Ferdinant
3464:Roman Republic
3423:Main article:
3420:
3417:
3306:
3303:
3246:
3243:
3223:of Faenza and
3199:of Forlì, the
3183:, he defeated
3162:Guido Ruggiero
3158:Cola di Rienzo
3129:Pope Clement V
3086:Avignon Papacy
3061:Avignon Papacy
3059:Main article:
3056:
3055:Avignon Papacy
3053:
2966:
2963:
2881:Main article:
2878:
2875:
2857:aggrandizement
2841:excommunicated
2776:, king of the
2768:suzerainty of
2758:Lateran Palace
2715:
2712:
2700:
2697:
2617:personal union
2608:
2605:
2589:Lateran Treaty
2482:, king of the
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2288:Sistine Chapel
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Circus of Nero
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Lateran Palace
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1651:Paul Gallagher
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:Lateran Treaty
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:Papal conclave
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:Pietro Parolin
1335:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1131:
1129:Lateran Treaty
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1032:
1029:Lateran Treaty
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:Roman Question
1013:" (1870–1929)
1007:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
978:
972:
965:
960:
959:
956:
955:
950:
947:
946:
938:
937:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
905:
903:
899:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
883:
873:
872:
865:
863:Roman Republic
855:
854:
847:
837:
836:
829:
819:
818:
811:
809:Roman Republic
801:
800:
793:
783:
782:
775:
765:
764:
757:
744:
741:
740:
735:
723:
722:
717:
707:
706:
704:
703:
697:
690:
688:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
634:
631:
630:
627:
621:
618:
617:
614:
608:
605:
604:
601:
595:
592:
591:
588:
582:
579:
578:
575:
568:
565:
564:
561:
555:
552:
551:
548:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
506:
503:
502:
497:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
481:Prime Minister
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
464:
461:
460:
455:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
422:
419:
418:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
390:
389:
370:
364:
363:
348:
346:
342:
341:
337:state religion
329:
325:
324:
322:
321:
316:
311:
305:
303:
299:
298:
262:
258:
257:
231:
223:
222:
203:
195:
194:
187:
178:
177:
167:
165:
164:
153:
146:
145:
126:
120:
113:
112:
97:
90:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
57:
56:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19799:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19748:
19745:
19743:
19740:
19738:
19735:
19733:
19730:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19687:
19672:
19664:
19662:
19654:
19652:
19648:
19644:
19643:
19640:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19584:
19581:
19579:
19576:
19575:
19573:
19569:
19563:
19560:
19558:
19555:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19543:
19540:
19538:
19535:
19533:
19530:
19528:
19525:
19523:
19520:
19518:
19515:
19513:
19510:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19434:
19432:
19428:
19422:
19419:
19415:
19412:
19411:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19331:
19329:
19327:
19323:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19302:
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19281:Scholasticism
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19223:
19221:
19219:
19215:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19143:Rise of Islam
19141:
19137:
19134:
19133:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19103:
19101:
19099:
19095:
19091:
19084:
19079:
19077:
19072:
19070:
19065:
19064:
19061:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19015:
19013:
19009:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18994:
18992:
18990:National days
18988:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18958:
18956:
18952:
18946:
18943:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18933:
18931:
18928:
18926:
18923:
18922:
18920:
18916:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18817:
18815:
18812:
18811:
18809:
18805:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18783:Aurelio Saffi
18781:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18768:Daniele Manin
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18748:Celso Ceretti
18746:
18744:
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18730:
18728:
18724:
18718:
18717:Flag of Italy
18715:
18713:
18710:
18709:
18707:
18703:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18590:
18587:
18585:
18582:
18580:
18577:
18576:
18575:
18572:
18570:
18569:Neo-Guelphism
18567:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18542:
18541:
18539:
18537:
18533:
18528:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18500:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18487:
18483:
18480:
18479:
18477:
18475:
18471:
18467:
18465:
18456:
18451:
18449:
18444:
18442:
18437:
18436:
18433:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18389:
18387:
18384:
18382:
18379:
18377:
18374:
18372:
18369:
18367:
18364:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18353:
18350:
18347:
18346:
18341:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18329:
18327:
18324:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18314:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18302:
18300:
18296:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18282:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18224:Easter Island
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18211:
18209:
18205:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17925:
17923:
17919:
17912:
17911:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17850:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17819:
17816:
17814:
17811:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17763:Jabal Shammar
17761:
17759:
17756:
17753:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17743:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17688:
17686:
17682:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17622:
17620:
17616:
17610:
17609:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17498:
17495:
17493:
17490:
17488:
17485:
17483:
17480:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17434:
17432:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17419:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17363:
17362:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17323:
17321:
17319:
17315:
17309:
17306:
17305:
17303:
17301:
17297:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17255:Liechtenstein
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17237:
17235:
17233:
17229:
17223:
17222:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17148:
17144:
17138:
17137:
17133:
17131:
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17117:
17115:
17113:
17109:
17106:
17102:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17059:
17058:Queen regnant
17056:
17055:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17040:
17038:
17034:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17017:Republicanism
17015:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16997:Head of state
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16954:
16952:
16948:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16931:Non-sovereign
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16898:
16896:
16892:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16862:
16859:
16855:
16848:
16843:
16841:
16836:
16834:
16829:
16828:
16825:
16813:
16805:
16803:
16794:
16793:
16790:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16672:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16596:
16594:
16592:
16588:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16518:
16515:
16514:
16513:
16510:
16506:
16503:
16502:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16437:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16425:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16389:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16317:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16280:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16229:
16225:
16222:
16219:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16173:
16170:
16169:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16144:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16132:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16065:
16062:
16061:
16060:
16057:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16039:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16016:
16013:
16012:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15997:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15985:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15957:Years of Lead
15955:
15953:
15952:Economic Boom
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15939:
15938:
15935:
15934:
15932:
15928:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15895:Fascist Italy
15893:
15889:
15886:
15885:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15870:
15869:
15866:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15841:Niçard exodus
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15828:
15827:
15824:
15823:
15821:
15817:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15789:
15786:
15785:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15741:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15720:
15717:
15716:
15714:
15710:
15704:
15701:
15697:
15694:
15693:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15631:
15630:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15623:
15619:
15609:
15606:
15605:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15576:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15561:Magna Graecia
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15516:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15507:
15506:
15504:
15500:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15448:
15447:
15444:
15443:
15441:
15437:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15362:
15360:
15356:
15350:
15347:
15346:
15344:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15331:
15327:
15323:
15316:
15311:
15309:
15304:
15302:
15297:
15296:
15293:
15276:
15273:
15270:
15267:
15264:
15261:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15246:
15244:
15242:
15237:
15230:
15227:
15224:
15221:
15218:
15215:
15212:
15209:
15206:
15203:
15200:
15197:
15194:
15191:
15188:
15185:
15182:
15179:
15176:
15173:
15170:
15167:
15164:
15161:
15158:
15155:
15152:
15149:
15146:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15134:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15070:
15068:
15064:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15003:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14986:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14939:Duchy of Sora
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14926:
14924:
14920:
14914:
14910:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14862:
14861:
14858:
14857:
14855:
14851:
14847:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14814:
14810:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14790:
14788:
14784:
14778:
14777:Muslim Sicily
14775:
14773:
14770:
14769:
14767:
14765:
14761:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14712:
14710:
14706:
14703:
14699:
14695:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14645:
14643:
14637:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14617:
14615:
14611:
14607:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14570:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14418:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14363:
14359:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14313:
14309:
14302:
14299:
14294:
14291:
14288:
14285:
14282:
14281:Duchy of Rome
14279:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14263:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14218:
14215:
14212:
14209:
14206:
14203:
14202:
14200:
14194:
14191:
14181:
14174:
14171:
14168:
14165:
14162:
14159:
14156:
14155:Roman Kingdom
14153:
14152:
14150:
14148:
14144:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14127:Magna Graecia
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14101:
14098:
14097:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14048:
14043:
14041:
14036:
14034:
14029:
14028:
14025:
14013:
14005:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13945:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13930:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13915:
13911:
13910:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13898:
13894:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13818:
13816:
13812:
13806:
13803:
13799:
13796:
13795:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13788:Popular piety
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13757:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13749:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13720:
13717:
13713:
13710:
13709:
13708:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13696:
13693:
13687:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13669:
13666:
13665:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13648:
13646:
13642:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13583:
13582:
13579:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13569:People of God
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13436:
13435:
13433:
13431:
13427:
13415:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13357:
13355:
13351:
13345:
13342:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13279:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13259:
13257:
13255:
13251:
13248:
13245:
13241:
13236:
13235:Denominations
13232:
13220:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13204:Enlightenment
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13186:
13184:
13182:
13178:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13143:
13141:
13139:
13135:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13108:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13088:
13086:
13084:
13080:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13001:
13000:
12997:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12986:
12983:
12980:
12974:
12969:
12965:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12930:
12928:
12924:
12918:
12917:New Testament
12915:
12913:
12912:Old Testament
12910:
12908:
12905:
12904:
12902:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12852:
12849:
12845:
12838:
12833:
12831:
12826:
12824:
12819:
12818:
12815:
12803:
12795:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12782:
12779:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12757:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12733:Home Missions
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12711:
12707:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12627:
12626:Saint Francis
12624:
12620:
12617:
12616:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12609:Saint Dominic
12607:
12606:
12605:
12602:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12575:
12574:
12572:
12570:
12564:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12422:Bethlehemites
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12394:
12392:
12390:
12386:
12381:
12377:
12371:
12370:
12366:
12364:
12363:
12359:
12357:
12356:
12352:
12349:
12345:
12344:Vatican Radio
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12330:
12329:Vatican Media
12327:
12325:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12313:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12262:
12259:
12258:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12240:
12237:
12236:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12227:
12223:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
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12190:
12189:
12186:
12184:
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12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12155:
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12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12119:
12117:
12113:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11942:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11925:
11924:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11876:
11873:
11872:
11871:
11868:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11859:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11780:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11760:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11699:
11697:
11693:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11670:
11667:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11626:List of popes
11622:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11589:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11493:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11439:
11429:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11410:Mother of God
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11307:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11295:People of God
11293:
11291:
11290:
11286:
11284:
11283:Infallibility
11281:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11251:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11238:
11232:
11229:
11225:
11224:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11159:Body and soul
11157:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11144:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11126:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11108:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11062:Enlightenment
11060:
11058:
11055:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11033:Protestantism
11031:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11010:Scholasticism
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10995:Schism (1378)
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10980:Schism (1054)
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10899:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10883:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10874:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10854:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10804:
10799:
10795:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10767:
10763:
10756:
10751:
10749:
10744:
10742:
10737:
10736:
10733:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10709:
10699:
10698:
10695:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10678:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10561:Mother Teresa
10559:
10557:
10554:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10487:Pope Pius XII
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10467:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10453:Rerum novarum
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10437:Pope Leo XIII
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10407:United States
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10397:Pope Pius VII
10395:
10394:
10392:
10388:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10236:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10212:
10207:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10080:Scholasticism
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10055:Pope Urban II
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10044:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9970:
9966:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9872:
9868:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9831:Justin Martyr
9829:
9825:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9780:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9741:New Testament
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9704:Commissioning
9702:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9648:Apostolic Age
9644:
9640:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9534:Papal primacy
9532:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9481:
9476:
9474:
9469:
9467:
9462:
9461:
9458:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9434:
9424:
9423:
9420:
9414:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9391:Peter's Pence
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9365:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9323:
9319:
9318:Vatican Radio
9316:
9314:
9310:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9279:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9224:
9223:Holy Apostles
9220:
9219:
9217:
9211:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9008:
9004:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8949:Anagni-Alatri
8947:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8862:
8859:
8855:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8798:Papal primacy
8794:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8659:Congregations
8657:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8530:international
8524:
8518:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:Duchy of Rome
8438:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8403:Apostolic see
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8352:episcopal see
8350:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8327:
8325:
8320:
8318:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8285:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8141:Congregations
8139:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7754:Infallibility
7752:
7751:
7749:
7747:Proclamations
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7708:Coats of arms
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7637:
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6905:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:Vatican Radio
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6870:Vatican Media
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6838:
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6666:
6663:
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6658:
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6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Congregations
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
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6548:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6519:Vicar General
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
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6467:
6465:
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6440:
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6435:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6425:
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6420:
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6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:Casina Pio IV
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:Pio Cristiano
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6272:
6271:Room of Tears
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6236:Raphael Rooms
6234:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6091:Borgo Vecchio
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6040:
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6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5946:
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5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5883:
5879:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5816:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5752:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5688:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:. Routledge.
5579:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:. Routledge.
5517:
5516:
5510:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5478:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5329:1-84511-178-8
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5301:public domain
5293:
5292:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5253:
5246:
5240:, p. 89.
5239:
5238:De Grand 2004
5234:
5232:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5050:, p. 40.
5049:
5044:
5038:, p. 85.
5037:
5036:Domenico 2002
5032:
5025:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5003:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4954:
4952:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4914:, p. 19.
4913:
4912:Watanabe 2013
4908:
4901:
4900:Ruggiero 2014
4896:
4894:
4892:
4884:
4883:Ruggiero 2014
4879:
4872:
4867:
4861:, p. 62.
4860:
4855:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4742:Watanabe 2013
4738:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4544:0-203-50275-2
4540:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4480:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4428:
4424:
4422:9780140708226
4418:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4346:9780567606051
4342:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4182:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:Papal Zouaves
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:pose in 1869.
3867:
3866:Papal Zouaves
3863:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3659:
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3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3553:Jewish ghetto
3550:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3501:French Empire
3498:
3497:Pope Pius VII
3494:
3490:
3485:
3482:troops under
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:Pope Paul III
3355:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3264:Pope Paulus V
3261:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:Pope John XII
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2924:of the Romans
2923:
2918:
2914:
2913:Childeric III
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:Duchy of Rome
2890:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:Duchy of Rome
2799:of which the
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2720:Duchy of Rome
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:, ended the "
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
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2518:
2516:
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2500:
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2300:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Raphael Rooms
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Casina Pio IV
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
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2109:
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2051:
2049:
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2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
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1920:
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1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
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1900:
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1788:
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1781:
1774:
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1437:Vical General
1435:
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1424:(Chamberlain)
1422:
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1319:Vatican Radio
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1199:
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985:
984:
982:
979:
976:
973:
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969:Duchy of Rome
967:
966:
963:
958:
957:
953:
949:
948:
944:
940:
939:
935:
931:
930:
920:
917:
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912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:Today part of
900:
884:
882:
879:
875:
874:
866:
864:
861:
857:
856:
848:
846:
843:
839:
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830:
828:
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821:
820:
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794:
792:
789:
785:
784:
776:
774:
771:
767:
766:
758:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:Duchy of Rome
736:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
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698:
695:
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185:
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160:
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117:
103:(longest use)
94:
87:
79:
74:
70:
66:
58:
53:
49:
43:
36:
27:
22:
19692:Papal States
19442:Architecture
19414:Great Famine
19404:Universities
19344:Hussite Wars
19261:Great Schism
19148:Papal States
19147:
18925:Pope Pius IX
18819:Cesare Balbo
18726:Main leaders
18596:Quadrilatero
18502:Papal States
18501:
18464:Risorgimento
18463:
18401:South Africa
18396:Sierra Leone
18343:
18173:Two Sicilies
18108:Papal States
18107:
17908:
17847:
17740:
17606:
17366:Cook Islands
17219:
17205:Saudi Arabia
17134:
16639:Architecture
16609:Quattrocento
16566:Social class
16546:Prostitution
16460:Demographics
16382:Trade unions
16325:Central Bank
16167:Human rights
16147:Constitution
15930:Contemporary
15900:World War II
15788:Italian Wars
15712:Early modern
15654:Papal States
15653:
15632:Italy under
15578:Ancient Rome
15251:(1861–1946)
15229:Papal States
15057:Transpadania
14630:Stato da Màr
14312:Papal States
14311:
14223:Lombard rule
14187:Early Modern
14175:(395–476 AD)
14167:Roman Empire
14147:Ancient Rome
13912:
13707:Architecture
13601:Confirmation
13549:Ecclesiology
13480:Original sin
13470:Nicene Creed
13267:Old Catholic
13151:Papal States
13150:
13083:Great Church
13049:Resurrection
12991:Christianity
12948:New Covenant
12899:(Scriptures)
12844:Christianity
12772:Universities
12604:Third orders
12567:Associations
12557:Visitandines
12552:Trinitarians
12502:Mercedarians
12487:Hieronymites
12432:Camaldoleses
12417:Benedictines
12407:Augustinians
12367:
12360:
12353:
12334:Vatican News
12288:Distinctions
12094:Syro-Malabar
11979:Latin Church
11901:Grand master
11799:Metropolitan
11696:Vatican City
11591:Organisation
11470:Philosophers
11335:Confirmation
11312:In canon law
11306:Subsistit in
11304:
11300:Three states
11287:
11248:
11241:Ecclesiology
11223:Nova Vulgata
11221:
11179:Original sin
11174:Nicene Creed
11164:Divine grace
11123:
11005:Universities
10975:Papal States
10974:
10902:Great Church
10844:Resurrection
10821:Early Church
10675:
10671:Pope Francis
10597:21st century
10546:Pope Paul VI
10523:
10511:
10464:20th century
10451:
10402:Pope Pius IX
10390:19th century
10366:Pope Pius VI
10233:
10105:Latin Empire
10075:Universities
10027:Pope Leo III
9894:Christianity
9879:state church
9871:Great Church
9672:Resurrection
9635:(30–325/476)
9632:Early Church
9617:Latin Church
9612:Papal States
9611:
9607:Vatican City
9373:
9195:Beda College
9097:Scala Sancta
8921:Montecassino
8854:Vatican City
8537:Legal status
8506:World War II
8494:Vatican City
8489:Savoyard era
8460:Papal States
8459:
8376:Vatican City
8007:Shepherd One
7867:Inauguration
7832:Urbi et Orbi
7830:
7645:His Holiness
7554:Vatican City
7547:Headquarters
7487:Vatican City
7449:
7427:Jurisdiction
7337:
7305:Papal States
7304:
7282:
7235:Sack of Rome
7212:
7185:
6998:Cricket team
6968:Coat of arms
6917:
6908:
6901:
6875:Vatican News
6801:Demographics
6779:Architecture
6767:AT telescope
6484:Vatican Hill
6422:
6331:Ethnographic
6221:
6145:
6066:Leonine City
5966:Vatican City
5907:. Retrieved
5887:
5865:cite journal
5857:
5840:. Retrieved
5824:. ABC-CLIO.
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5756:
5744:. Retrieved
5724:
5712:. Retrieved
5692:
5680:. Retrieved
5660:
5651:
5639:
5628:. Retrieved
5608:
5596:. Retrieved
5576:
5567:
5547:
5534:. Retrieved
5514:
5502:. Retrieved
5482:
5470:. Retrieved
5450:
5438:. Retrieved
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5354:
5343:
5332:
5320:
5310:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5218:. Retrieved
5214:the original
5204:
5185:
5179:
5171:
5165:. Retrieved
5145:
5138:
5131:Fischer 2011
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5103:
5094:
5082:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5009:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4981:
4970:
4960:
4938:. Retrieved
4929:
4919:
4907:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4847:Menache 2003
4842:
4834:
4828:. Retrieved
4808:
4801:
4789:
4769:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4669:
4657:. Retrieved
4648:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4613:
4601:. Retrieved
4587:
4575:
4533:
4527:
4519:
4513:. Retrieved
4493:
4486:
4478:
4472:. Retrieved
4452:
4445:
4437:
4431:. Retrieved
4411:
4404:
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4372:"Ostrogoths"
4366:
4355:. Retrieved
4335:
4328:
4320:
4287:
4280:
4269:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4228:
4219:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4181:the original
4172:
4166:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4127:the original
4117:
4107:29 September
4105:. Retrieved
4100:
4095:
4089:
4080:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:the original
4060:
4051:
4047:
4038:
3933:
3921:Pope Paul VI
3914:
3889:
3871:
3819:papal legate
3815:
3779:
3775:Vatican Hill
3771:Leonine City
3756:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3672:
3660:
3656:Napoleon III
3638:
3629:Pope Pius IX
3618:
3584:
3542:
3536:between the
3534:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3510:départements
3508:
3468:Pope Pius VI
3457:
3438:
3370:
3347:
3339:Pope Paul IV
3308:
3299:
3291:Alexander VI
3284:
3239:Pope Urban V
3234:
3228:
3170:
3151:
3141:
3122:
3083:
3064:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3000:Theophylacti
2993:
2982:
2968:
2955:Pope Leo III
2928:
2920:
2901:Pope Zachary
2886:
2864:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2782:
2762:
2751:
2730:Roman Empire
2727:
2688:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2637:Roman States
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2601:Vatican City
2565:Leonine City
2558:
2519:
2477:
2463:rule of the
2439:
2383:Papal States
2382:
2380:
2298:
2098:Vatican Hill
2038:Leonine City
1916:
1768:Vatican lira
1547:
1513:Latin Church
1420:
1286:
1278:
1187:Pastor Bonus
1186:
1148:
1139:
1106:
1072:Savoyard Era
1035:Vatican City
981:Papal States
980:
952:Vatican City
919:Vatican City
877:
859:
841:
823:
805:
787:
769:
751:
720:Succeeded by
719:
714:
696:(until 1866)
674:• 1853
637:Vatican City
558:Codification
335:
183:Papal Shield
181:
156:
149:
138:Sede vacante
137:
134:Coat of arms
122:Coat of arms
63:Interregna (
47:
19752:Christendom
19671:WikiProject
19598:Medievalism
19437:Agriculture
19301:Manorialism
19296:Communalism
19291:Monasticism
19208:Reconquista
19198:Kievan Rus'
18849:Ugo Foscolo
18631:Crimean War
18564:Young Italy
18340:British Raj
18312:(Sri Lanka)
18198:Württemberg
17910:South Yemen
17798:Maguindanao
17691:Afghanistan
17452:Barotseland
17388:Saint Lucia
17361:New Zealand
17270:Netherlands
17043:Chhatrapati
17027:Sovereignty
16967:Aristocracy
16704:Italophilia
16664:Coat of arm
16614:Cinquecento
16490:Immigration
16440:Aristocracy
16305:Agriculture
16199:Nationality
16172:LGBT rights
16086:Earthquakes
15967:Mani pulite
15883:World War I
15826:Unification
15819:Late modern
15783:Renaissance
15628:Middle Ages
15621:Middle Ages
15598:Roman Italy
15365:Citizenship
15277:(1947–1954)
15271:(1943–1945)
15265:(1920–1924)
15257:(1882–1960)
15241:unification
15231:(1814–1870)
15225:(1815–1866)
15219:(1816–1861)
15213:(1814–1860)
15207:(1859–1860)
15201:(1849–1850)
15195:(1848–1849)
15177:(1815–1859)
15171:(1814–1859)
15165:(1814–1859)
15159:(1814–1829)
15153:(1815–1847)
15147:(1815–1848)
15037:Parthenopea
14998:(1792–1815)
14956:(1647–1648)
14922:(1282–1816)
14904:(1324–1861)
14865:Agugliastra
14730:Longobardia
14367:independent
14217:Vandal rule
13968:Persecution
13903:Christendom
13896:Cooperation
13833:Charismatic
13744:Holy Spirit
13653:Natural law
13616:Holy orders
13465:Christology
13458:Holy Spirit
13327:Pentecostal
13307:Evangelical
13302:Charismatic
13146:Monasticism
13138:Middle Ages
13101:Constantine
13044:Crucifixion
12926:Foundations
12762:Health care
12748:Pax Christi
12700:Schoenstatt
12665:Sant'Egidio
12497:Legionaries
12477:Franciscans
12452:Cistercians
12447:Carthusians
12402:Annonciades
12261:Altarpieces
12154:West Syriac
12149:East Syriac
12129:Alexandrian
11753:Holy orders
11734:Swiss Guard
11674:Dicasteries
11669:Roman Curia
11567:Evangelists
11525:Holy Family
11460:Personalism
11450:Natural law
11428:Josephology
11362:Holy orders
11000:Inquisition
10957:Middle Ages
10947:Monasticism
10915:Constantine
10839:Crucifixion
10677:Laudato si'
10472:Pope Pius X
10301:Philip Neri
10276:Pope Pius V
10251:Thomas More
10120:Inquisition
10022:Charlemagne
9982:Monasticism
9792:Persecution
9684:Holy Spirit
9667:Crucifixion
9546:First seven
9413:Swiss Guard
9160:Palazzo Pio
8664:Dicasteries
8642:Commissions
8632:Roman Curia
8511:Warsaw Pact
8227:Swiss Guard
8146:Dicasteries
8124:Commissions
8114:Roman Curia
8034:Swiss Guard
7807:Arbitration
7636:Papal names
7525:along with
7295:Investiture
6772:observatory
6637:Swiss Guard
6612:Dicasteries
6590:Commissions
6580:Roman Curia
6311:Chiaramonti
6251:Scala Regia
6163:Papal tombs
6086:Borgo Nuovo
6059:Papal tombs
5331:. [
5075:Hanson 2015
5024:Hanlon 2008
4706:Tucker 2009
4686:Émile Amann
4629:December 9,
4603:December 9,
4382:December 9,
3929:Swiss Guard
3925:Noble Guard
3880:(including
3878:mercenaries
3549:reactionary
3462:declared a
3319:sacked Rome
3311:Reformation
3305:Reformation
3287:Renaissance
3285:During the
3245:Renaissance
3201:Montefeltro
3177:condottieri
3084:During the
2996:Charlemagne
2989:Christendom
2931:Charlemagne
2909:Merovingian
2847:during the
2789:Justinian I
2613:Papal State
2522:Renaissance
2520:During the
2503:Constantine
2078:Scala Regia
2053:Papal tombs
1823:Papal tiara
1690:Visa policy
1530:Roman Curia
1447:President:
1408:Noble Guard
983:(754–1870)
715:Preceded by
702:(1866–1870)
694:Roman scudo
656:Before 1859
616:17 May 1809
522:Legislature
289: /
161:(1857–1870)
19686:Categories
19593:Land terms
19547:Technology
19527:Philosophy
19507:Literature
19472:Demography
19173:Viking Age
19048:Third Rome
18406:Tanganyika
18321:The Gambia
18249:Niuē-Fekai
18188:Yugoslavia
18088:Montenegro
17895:Upper Yafa
17890:Upper Asir
17527:Madagascar
17260:Luxembourg
16992:Government
16957:Abdication
16926:Hereditary
16854:Monarchies
16774:Traditions
16764:Television
16749:Philosophy
16714:Literature
16654:Cathedrals
16624:Settecento
16485:Healthcare
16450:Corruption
16445:Censorship
16204:Parliament
16162:Government
15962:Maxi Trial
15910:Resistance
15639:Ostrogoths
15571:Messapians
15456:Villanovan
15446:Prehistory
15439:Prehistory
15108:Pontecorvo
15066:Monarchies
15052:Subalpinia
15017:Cispadania
15012:Cisalpinia
14994:Napoleonic
14701:(774–1139)
14613:(697–1797)
14315:(754–1870)
14277:(584–751)
14225:(568–774)
13882:Prosperity
13858:Liberation
13798:Cathedrals
13783:Pilgrimage
13768:Literature
13645:Philosophy
13581:Sacraments
13554:Four marks
13515:Protestant
13490:Born again
13287:Anabaptist
13277:Protestant
13219:Influences
13181:Modern era
12885:By country
12517:Oratorians
12472:Dominicans
12442:Carmelites
12437:Camillians
12385:institutes
12198:Tridentine
12134:Antiochian
12054:Macedonian
11999:Belarusian
11889:Provincial
11804:Archbishop
11724:Roman Rota
11686:Properties
11611:By country
11607:Precedence
11572:Confessors
11552:Archangels
11542:Patriarchs
11442:Philosophy
11420:Veneration
11385:Assumption
11355:Last rites
11322:Sacraments
11266:Four marks
11077:Vatican II
11025:Modern era
10861:Succession
10550:coronation
10256:Pope Leo X
9841:Tertullian
9771:Revelation
9746:Background
9396:Roman Rota
9294:Papal farm
9227:Palace of
9119:Hill area
9007:Properties
8893:Palestrina
8765:Concordats
8624:Government
8594:Governance
8081:Theologian
8025:Camerlengo
7997:Popemobile
7857:Consistory
7852:Coronation
7825:Pontifical
7812:Deposition
7800:Activities
7776:Encyclical
7738:Umbraculum
7411:Episcopate
7174:and events
6641:See also:
6572:Government
6544:Governance
6291:Historical
6261:altarpiece
6246:Sala Regia
5996:Properties
5909:2020-11-18
5842:2020-11-18
5810:2020-11-18
5778:2020-11-18
5746:2020-11-18
5714:2020-11-18
5682:2020-11-18
5630:2020-11-18
5598:2020-11-18
5536:2020-11-18
5504:2020-11-18
5472:2020-11-18
5440:2020-11-18
5408:2020-11-18
5376:2020-11-18
5167:2020-11-18
5048:Gross 2004
4859:Waley 1966
4830:2020-11-18
4515:2020-11-18
4474:2020-11-18
4433:2020-09-26
4357:2020-09-26
4271:2021-11-21
4160:(5): 1263.
4076:2024-03-09
4048:vatican.va
4025:References
3936:Papal Navy
3874:volunteers
3833:, and the
3752:plebiscite
3673:A unified
3480:Neapolitan
3405:Pontecorvo
3213:Senigallia
3187:, lord of
3112:, and the
2899:. In 751,
2778:Ostrogoths
2747:latifundia
2593:city-state
2511:iconoclasm
2442:(Italian:
2133:Sala Regia
1623:Concordats
1501:Popemobile
1421:Camerlengo
700:Papal lira
664:Population
416:Stephen II
355:theocratic
345:Government
277:12°29′15″E
274:41°54′00″N
210:Pontecorvo
19578:Dark Ages
19487:Household
19482:Hastilude
19251:Feudalism
19033:Redshirts
18918:Opponents
18549:Carbonari
18376:Mauritius
18269:Rarotonga
18254:Nuku Hiva
18244:Mangareva
18219:Bora Bora
18098:Neuchâtel
18068:Lithuania
17973:Catalonia
17860:Sri Lanka
17813:Manchukuo
17788:Kurdistan
17742:Indonesia
17665:Talamanca
17625:Araucanía
17608:and other
17587:Wassoulou
17331:Australia
17007:Oligarchy
16734:Mythology
16709:Libraries
16629:Ottocento
16571:Terrorism
16512:Languages
16465:Education
16387:Transport
16337:Companies
16244:Provinces
16214:President
16179:Judiciary
16152:Elections
16064:Volcanoes
16059:Volcanism
16052:Apennines
16037:Mountains
16005:Peninsula
15988:Geography
15919:Civil War
15644:Byzantium
15551:Etruscans
15486:Canegrate
15481:Golasecca
15466:Rinaldone
15461:Terramare
15451:Neolithic
15083:Guastalla
15073:Benevento
15005:Republics
14860:Judicates
14708:Byzantine
14365:and other
14303:(585–698)
14295:(554–752)
14289:(554–752)
14283:(533–751)
14268:(584–751)
14219:(435–534)
14213:(493–553)
14207:(476–493)
14198:(476–774)
14132:Iapygians
13958:Criticism
13908:Ecumenism
13872:Mysticism
13838:Democracy
13828:Anarchism
13815:Movements
13778:Mythology
13756:Catechism
13751:Education
13668:Evolution
13591:Eucharist
13574:Canon law
13532:Theotokos
13527:Mariology
13485:Salvation
13475:Tradition
13322:Methodist
13282:Adventist
13116:Chalcedon
12758:See also:
12710:Charities
12619:Discalced
12547:Trappists
12542:Theatines
12512:Olivetans
12457:Clarisses
12427:Blue nuns
12412:Basilians
12389:societies
12297:See also:
12183:Mozarabic
12173:Ambrosian
12159:Malankara
12144:Byzantine
12104:Ukrainian
12079:Ruthenian
12044:Hungarian
12029:Ethiopian
12004:Bulgarian
11971:sui iuris
11955:Postulant
11864:Religious
11819:Auxiliary
11814:Coadjutor
11784:Patriarch
11652:Cardinals
11599:Canon law
11595:Hierarchy
11577:Disciples
11500:Relations
11488:Evolution
11479:See also:
11424:See also:
11377:Mariology
11367:Matrimony
11340:Eucharist
11261:Ecumenism
11189:Salvation
11125:Catechism
11120:Tradition
11082:Communism
10930:Chalcedon
10566:Communism
10536:Ecumenism
9882:(380–451)
9874:(180–451)
9863:(313–476)
9785:(100–325)
9302:Barberini
9117:Gianicolo
9011:including
8845:Vicariate
8789:universal
8727:in Geneva
8572:Cardinals
8548:Officials
8521:Sovereign
8349:Apostolic
8102:cardinals
8056:Gentlemen
8044:Palatinus
8030:Commander
8017:Household
7981:Zucchetto
7922:Flabellum
7894:Vestments
7877:High Mass
7862:Diplomacy
7791:Interdict
7258:Canon law
7172:Documents
7118:Erlembald
6806:Languages
6724:Transport
6509:Elections
6452:Fountains
6296:Paintings
6106:Geography
5661:Clement V
5422:. BRILL.
5220:30 August
4992:26 August
4659:27 August
4561:cite book
4241:11 August
4133:26 August
4030:Citations
3910:Redshirts
3906:Garibaldi
3823:Benevento
3765:) to the
3594:Habsburgs
3522:Trasimène
3401:Benevento
3368:in 1631.
3317:brutally
3315:Charles V
3295:Julius II
3197:Ordelaffi
3114:Malatesta
3098:Ordelaffi
2922:Patrician
2887:When the
2869:(728) to
2861:Liutprand
2853:diplomacy
2793:campaigns
2785:Byzantine
2774:Theodoric
2752:A law of
2499:landlords
2486:, gifted
2461:sovereign
2451:; Latin:
1815:(Vatican
1469:Tribunale
1337:Secretary
1252:President
1246:President
1169:Canon law
971:(554–751)
678:3,124,668
385:monarchy
328:Religion
234:legations
206:Benevento
73:1849–1850
69:1809–1814
65:1798–1799
19661:Category
19628:Timeline
19517:Minstrel
19512:Medicine
19394:Chivalry
19349:Burgundy
19271:Crusades
18536:Timeline
18391:Rhodesia
18386:Pakistan
18305:Barbados
18274:Rimatara
18264:Rapa Iti
18193:Valencia
18168:Tavolara
18158:Scotland
18123:Portugal
18083:Moldavia
17968:Bulgaria
17963:Brittany
17938:Asturias
17818:Mongolia
17808:Maldives
17670:Trinidad
17660:Suriname
17618:Americas
17602:Zimbabwe
17597:Zanzibar
17582:Wituland
17557:Ngazidja
17552:Ndzuwani
17487:Ethiopia
17210:Thailand
17190:Malaysia
17170:Cambodia
17120:Eswatini
16916:Elective
16901:Absolute
16812:Category
16699:Internet
16689:Folklore
16619:Seicento
16604:Trecento
16599:Duecento
16561:Religion
16522:Regional
16500:Italians
16475:Gambling
16367:Taxation
16194:Military
16135:Politics
15937:Republic
15724:Florence
15649:Lombards
15588:Republic
15534:Samnites
15529:Picentes
15471:Apennine
15430:Railways
15410:Military
15358:By topic
15342:Overview
15326:articles
15042:Piedmont
14892:Oristano
14885:Logudoro
14875:Cagliari
14850:Sardinia
14583:Piedmont
14332:Holy See
14183:Medieval
14137:Picentes
14080:Samnites
14012:Category
13877:Pacifism
13691:features
13675:Politics
13628:Ablution
13596:Marriage
13500:Catholic
13430:Theology
13337:Reformed
13317:Lutheran
13312:Holiness
13292:Anglican
13262:Catholic
13166:Crusades
13111:Nicaea I
13061:Apostles
13034:Miracles
13029:Parables
13019:Ministry
13009:Nativity
12973:timeline
12870:Prophets
12865:Glossary
12802:Category
12695:Opus Dei
12680:Scouting
12670:Focolare
12537:Servites
12522:Piarists
12467:Crosiers
12203:Anglican
12139:Armenian
12069:Romanian
12059:Maronite
12034:Georgian
12024:Eritrean
12009:Chaldean
11994:Armenian
11989:Albanian
11870:Superior
11829:Emeritus
11809:Diocesan
11662:Advisers
11621:Holy See
11547:Prophets
11505:Politics
11276:Catholic
11256:Councils
11111:Theology
10990:Crusades
10925:Nicaea I
10856:Apostles
10834:Ministry
10803:Timeline
10783:Glossary
10576:HIV/AIDS
10070:Crusades
9824:Irenaeus
9817:Ignatius
9812:Polycarp
9662:Ministry
9650:(30–100)
9524:Timeline
9367:See also
8888:Frascati
8760:Treaties
8654:Councils
8582:Advisers
8338:Holy See
8257:Antipope
8232:Papabile
8136:Councils
8061:Preacher
8039:Chaplain
7957:Slippers
7937:Mozzetta
7840:Conclave
7819:Blessing
7587:cathedra
7505:Enclaved
7436:Holy See
7331:See also
7251:Concepts
6939:Religion
6925:Pope2you
6784:Archives
6729:Heliport
6624:Military
6602:Councils
6498:Politics
5991:Holy See
5970:articles
5903:Archived
5836:Archived
5804:Archived
5772:Archived
5740:Archived
5708:Archived
5676:Archived
5644:Archived
5624:Archived
5592:Archived
5530:Archived
5498:Archived
5466:Archived
5434:Archived
5402:Archived
5370:Archived
5161:Archived
5110:Archived
4986:Archived
4934:Archived
4824:Archived
4792:Petrarch
4653:Archived
4623:Archived
4597:Archived
4553:62243072
4509:Archived
4468:Archived
4427:Archived
4376:Archived
4351:Archived
4314:Archived
4265:Archived
4235:Archived
4209:Archived
3943:See also
3934:A small
3898:dragoons
3851:nobility
3825:, or at
3806:Holy See
3647:, while
3645:Lombardy
3614:Austrian
3598:Bourbons
3596:and the
3505:Napoleon
3166:Petrarch
3146:and the
3106:Manfredi
3088:, local
3071:Provence
2971:emperors
2951:Lombardy
2929:In 781,
2843:Emperor
2809:Lombards
2787:Emperor
2585:Holy See
2495:Lombards
1817:postcode
1520:Holy See
1231:Archives
943:a series
687:Currency
358:elective
319:Romagnol
60:756–1870
19571:Related
19557:Warfare
19552:Theatre
19542:Slavery
19537:Science
19492:Hunting
19457:Cuisine
19430:Culture
19369:Castile
19364:England
18954:Museums
18705:Symbols
18381:Nigeria
18356:Ireland
18284:Tahuata
18259:Raiatea
18239:Huahine
18214:Abemama
18207:Oceania
18178:Tuscany
18133:Romania
18128:Prussia
18093:Navarre
18073:Majorca
18053:Ireland
18048:Imereti
18043:Iceland
18038:Hungary
18033:Hanover
18028:Granada
18018:Germany
18013:Georgia
18008:Galicia
17998:Finland
17988:Corsica
17983:Cilicia
17953:Bavaria
17943:Austria
17928:Albania
17900:Vietnam
17843:Sarawak
17833:Qu'aiti
17768:Kathiri
17731:Dapitan
17706:Bukhara
17655:Miskito
17577:Tunisia
17567:Shilluk
17477:Dahomey
17467:Burundi
17457:Bagirmi
17437:Adamawa
17356:Jamaica
17351:Grenada
17336:Bahamas
17300:Oceania
17250:Denmark
17245:Belgium
17240:Andorra
17155:Bahrain
17130:Morocco
17125:Lesotho
17104:Current
17095:Pharaoh
17048:Emperor
16987:Dynasty
16941:Regency
16921:Federal
16911:Diarchy
16865:Monarch
16769:Theatre
16744:Palaces
16724:Museums
16694:Gardens
16679:Fashion
16669:Cuisine
16649:Castles
16591:Culture
16541:Poverty
16517:Italian
16428:Society
16409:Welfare
16377:Tourism
16347:Exports
16315:Banking
16295:Economy
16283:Economy
16239:Regions
16121:Valleys
16091:Islands
16071:Beaches
16042:Prealps
16022:Geology
16010:Climate
15674:Normans
15634:Odoacer
15583:Kingdom
15566:Ligures
15502:Ancient
15476:Nuragic
15425:Postage
15400:Judaism
15390:Genetic
15380:Fashion
15375:Economy
15334:History
15123:Corsica
15113:Tuscany
15078:Etruria
15027:Liguria
14880:Gallura
14870:Arborea
14786:Lombard
14486:Tuscany
14476:Trieste
14112:Ligures
14073:Etruria
13941:Related
13734:Trinity
13699:Culture
13663:Science
13633:Hygiene
13623:Mission
13606:Penance
13586:Baptism
13522:Worship
13495:Liturgy
13443:Trinity
13354:Eastern
13332:Quakers
13297:Baptist
13254:Western
13244:members
13014:Baptism
12968:History
12958:Worship
12860:Outline
12767:Schools
12723:Caritas
12631:Secular
12597:Workers
12492:Jesuits
12278:Museums
12273:Library
12251:Writers
12246:Artists
12226:Culture
12193:Paul VI
12074:Russian
12064:Melkite
11906:Brother
11884:General
11824:Titular
11794:Primate
11772:Eparchy
11762:Diocese
11709:Outline
11648:College
11638:Francis
11582:Virgins
11557:Martyrs
11483:Science
11390:History
11345:Penance
11330:Baptism
11231:Worship
11204:Vulgate
11152:Kingdom
11147:Trinity
11135:General
10890:Primacy
10798:History
10778:Outline
10541:Judaism
9941:Vulgate
9751:Gospels
9726:Stephen
9643:Origins
9563:Vulgate
9499:General
9489:of the
9487:History
9281:Outside
8989:Viterbo
8926:Subiaco
8783:of Rome
8781:Diocese
8559:Francis
8395:History
8365:of the
8359:Francis
8242:Legends
8208:in Rome
8172:Related
8066:Prefect
8032:of the
7942:Pallium
7902:Camauro
7700:Symbols
7496:outline
7473:History
7468:Primacy
7461:of the
7454:Francis
7413:of the
7011:(Women)
6956:Symbols
6811:Library
6750:Culture
6708:Tourism
6669:Banking
6657:Economy
6554:Francis
6381:Gardens
6266:ceiling
6029:History
6007:Francis
5986:Outline
5303::
5288:Sources
4940:7 March
4645:"Sutri"
4190:1 March
4082:romano.
3837:; and "
3831:Romagna
3827:Bologna
3782:Pius XI
3715:at the
3663:invaded
3610:in 1848
3606:in 1830
3476:Valence
3449:Avignon
3413:Avignon
3411:around
3397:Romagna
3393:Bologna
3389:Ferrara
3385:Ravenna
3341:in the
3209:Ravenna
3189:Viterbo
3148:Colonna
3090:despots
3067:Avignon
2947:Corsica
2943:Tuscany
2845:Leo III
2817:Ravenna
2770:Odoacer
2743:deacons
2714:Origins
2699:History
2687:, also
2647:, also
2641:Italian
2635:or the
2571:leader
2546:Romagna
2424:Italian
2314:Outline
1843:Culture
1785:Symbols
1711:Economy
1672:Nuncios
1039:present
987:Annates
962:History
635:•
622:•
609:•
596:•
569:•
556:•
543:•
530:History
428:Pius IX
374:Unitary
314:Italian
261:Capital
248:, III.
242:Romagna
218:Avignon
150:Anthem:
42:Italian
19651:Portal
19532:Poetry
19359:France
18416:Uganda
18366:Malawi
18331:Guyana
18310:Ceylon
18289:Tahiti
18279:Rurutu
18234:Hawaii
18163:Serbia
18148:Saxony
18138:Russia
18023:Greece
18003:France
17993:Cyprus
17978:Crimea
17958:Bosnia
17933:Aragon
17921:Europe
17885:Taiwan
17855:Sikkim
17838:Ryukyu
17823:Najran
17721:Chehab
17701:Bengal
17650:Mexico
17635:Brazil
17562:Rwanda
17542:Maravi
17442:Ankole
17430:Africa
17422:Former
17403:Tuvalu
17346:Canada
17341:Belize
17285:Sweden
17275:Norway
17265:Monaco
17232:Europe
17185:Kuwait
17180:Jordan
17165:Brunei
17160:Bhutan
17112:Africa
17085:Sultan
17036:Titles
16950:Topics
16800:
16674:Design
16659:Cinema
16634:Anthem
16556:Racism
16505:People
16480:Health
16342:Energy
16332:Brands
16259:Comune
16254:Cities
16116:Rivers
16076:Canals
15759:Amalfi
15744:Venice
15603:Empire
15544:Veneti
15519:Latins
15491:Latial
15324:
15189:(1848)
15183:(1831)
15138:states
15103:Naples
14813:Norman
14620:Dogado
14491:Verona
14456:Mantua
14451:Istria
14431:Finale
14421:Ancona
14369:states
14189:states
14107:Veneti
14085:Latins
13658:Ethics
13539:Saints
13448:Father
13367:Church
12979:spread
12943:Gospel
12933:Church
12875:People
12645:Fimcap
12587:Marian
12507:Minims
12239:Marian
12089:Syriac
12084:Slovak
12014:Coptic
11950:Oblate
11945:Master
11940:Novice
11935:Hermit
11923:Sister
11879:Abbess
11846:Deacon
11841:Priest
11836:Parish
11779:Bishop
11749:Polity
11535:Joseph
11517:Saints
11184:Saints
11072:Nazism
10507:Nazism
10329:to the
9936:Jerome
9846:Origen
9529:Papacy
9381:Awards
9300:Villa
9025:Inside
9014:extra-
8984:Tivoli
8898:Albano
8809:Synods
8787:with
8753:Nuncio
8433:Museum
8383:under
8363:bishop
8153:Synods
7927:Mantle
7917:Ferula
7884:Travel
7631:Titles
7520:, 1929
7459:bishop
7415:bishop
7402:Papacy
7322:Simony
7300:Papacy
7096:People
6986:Sports
6963:Anthem
5968:
5895:
5828:
5796:
5764:
5732:
5700:
5668:
5616:
5584:
5560:
5522:
5490:
5458:
5426:
5394:
5362:
5327:
5192:
5153:
5116:29 May
4816:
4782:
4551:
4541:
4501:
4460:
4419:
4343:
4103:. 2011
3923:; the
3796:under
3668:Latium
3616:army.
3503:under
3391:, and
3381:Marche
3377:Umbria
3373:Latium
3331:Modena
3281:, 1777
3217:Ancona
3205:Urbino
3144:Orsini
3118:Rimini
3110:Faenza
3104:, the
3094:Pepoli
3047:, the
3025:Otto I
2975:Empire
2897:Franks
2827:Naples
2822:exarch
2734:Church
2732:, the
2671:, and
2631:, the
2627:, the
2623:, the
2550:Emilia
2542:Umbria
2538:Marche
2484:Franks
1803:Anthem
1489:Papacy
1037:(1929–
1031:(1929)
1006:(1870)
977:(750s)
909:France
533:
485:
443:
401:
387:(1848)
352:Feudal
252:, IV.
250:Umbria
246:Marche
244:, II.
152:
109:(last)
38:
21:Papacy
19562:Women
19522:Music
19477:Domes
19467:Dance
19354:Milan
19011:Other
18371:Malta
18361:Kenya
18336:India
18326:Ghana
18153:Savoy
18143:Samos
18058:Italy
17905:Yemen
17880:Tibet
17875:Syria
17828:Nepal
17803:Mahra
17783:Kumul
17778:Korea
17773:Khiva
17752:Qajar
17736:Hejaz
17726:China
17711:Burma
17640:Haiti
17630:Aztec
17547:Mwali
17537:Maore
17517:Libya
17512:Kongo
17507:Kaffa
17502:Gumma
17497:Gomma
17492:Ghana
17482:Egypt
17462:Bornu
17447:Aussa
17308:Tonga
17280:Spain
17200:Qatar
17175:Japan
16759:Sport
16729:Music
16719:Media
16581:Women
16455:Crime
16320:Banks
16096:Lakes
16081:Caves
16032:Flora
16027:Fauna
15749:Genoa
15734:Milan
15729:Siena
15669:Arabs
15556:Celts
15539:Umbri
15415:Music
15385:Flags
15322:Italy
15239:Post-
15088:Italy
15032:Lucca
15022:Italy
14573:Savoy
14481:Turin
14461:Milan
14446:Ivrea
14122:Umbri
14095:Celts
13867:Right
13773:Music
13724:Jesus
13689:Other
13544:Angel
12999:Jesus
12989:Early
12938:Creed
12907:Canon
12895:Bible
12855:Index
12743:CIDSE
12592:Youth
12316:Media
12283:Music
12208:Zaire
12188:Roman
12178:Braga
12168:Latin
12039:Greek
11911:Friar
11875:Abbot
11789:Major
11704:Index
11603:Laity
11169:Dogma
11116:Bible
11092:Islam
11048:Trent
10829:Jesus
10811:Legal
10773:Index
10609:Islam
9877:Roman
9836:Canon
9709:Peter
9657:Jesus
8974:Rieti
8944:Gaeta
8873:Ostia
8712:Italy
8705:Heads
8527:under
8185:Black
8090:Staff
7969:Tiara
7952:Shoes
7932:Mitre
7912:Fanon
7907:Falda
7718:Cross
7577:Italy
7513:Italy
7492:index
7005:(Men)
6850:Media
6823:Music
6529:Crime
6147:Pietà
5981:Index
5337:]
4184:(PDF)
4177:(PDF)
4053:1808.
3847:Vicar
3829:, in
3790:Italy
3788:with
3773:, on
3722:King
3683:Turin
3516:Tibre
3472:Siena
3354:duchy
3350:fiefs
3327:Parma
3153:rioni
3102:Forlì
3017:rocca
2805:Lazio
2766:Arian
2681:Latin
2530:Lazio
2492:Arian
2432:Latin
2319:Index
1813:00120
1565:(Oct)
1563:1978
914:Italy
878:1870:
860:1849:
842:1809:
824:1806:
806:1798:
788:1798:
770:1545:
752:1440:
309:Latin
240:, I.
52:Latin
18316:Fiji
17870:Sulu
17849:Shan
17793:Laos
17758:Iraq
17748:Iran
17716:Cebu
17696:Asir
17684:Asia
17645:Inca
17592:Yeke
17532:Mali
17522:Luba
17371:Niue
17221:list
17195:Oman
17147:Asia
17136:list
17090:Shah
17080:Tsar
17075:khan
17070:Raja
17053:King
16894:Type
16684:Flag
16414:Wine
16402:road
16397:rail
16228:List
16218:List
16047:Alps
15912:and
15754:Pisa
15524:Osci
15420:Name
15405:LGBT
15118:Elba
15047:Rome
14996:eras
14992:and
14965:Gozo
14764:Arab
14747:and
14426:Ceva
14090:Osci
13863:Left
13763:Flag
13729:Mary
13240:list
12268:Folk
11916:Monk
11657:List
11635:Pope
11530:Mary
10659:2023
10654:2019
10649:2016
10644:2013
10639:2011
10634:2008
10629:2005
10624:2002
10619:2000
10586:1995
9756:Acts
9719:Paul
9714:John
9689:Mary
9331:Non-
9283:Rome
9213:Non-
9028:Rome
8849:Rome
8577:List
8556:Pope
8356:Pope
8107:list
7974:List
7872:Mass
7845:List
7769:List
7764:Bull
7733:Rota
7509:Rome
7451:Pope
7419:Rome
6973:Flag
6816:film
6734:Rail
6684:.va
6551:Pope
6341:Maps
6003:Pope
5893:ISBN
5878:help
5826:ISBN
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5762:ISBN
5730:ISBN
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5666:ISBN
5614:ISBN
5582:ISBN
5558:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5488:ISBN
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5424:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5360:ISBN
5325:ISBN
5222:2016
5190:ISBN
5151:ISBN
5118:2021
4994:2021
4942:2013
4814:ISBN
4780:ISBN
4661:2012
4631:2020
4605:2020
4567:link
4549:OCLC
4539:ISBN
4499:ISBN
4458:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4384:2020
4341:ISBN
4243:2021
4192:2018
4135:2021
4109:2011
3608:and
3577:The
3567:and
3519:and
3447:and
3439:The
3403:and
3309:The
3293:and
3277:The
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2465:Pope
2419:-pəl
2381:The
1791:Flag
1576:2013
1571:2005
1496:Pope
1430:Dean
651:Area
590:1357
577:1177
397:Pope
265:Rome
238:Rome
232:The
216:and
208:and
71:and
19447:Art
18078:Man
16644:Art
16392:air
16184:Law
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13719:Art
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13438:God
12582:Lay
12234:Art
11928:Nun
11650:of
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