Mixed-member proportional representation

1454:'s divisors to find the averages for the allocation, the first divisor for each party takes into account the number of constituency seats won by the party; i.e. a party that won 7 constituency seats would start with a divisor of 8 (7 seats + 1 per the method's divisor formula) instead of 1. The resulting table would then give 7 seats for Scotland and 4 seats for Wales to the parties possessing the highest averages on the table, although both devolved parliaments do not use a table, instead using a sequential method. The compensatory effect characteristic of MMP is in the fact that a party that won constituency seats would have lower averages on the table than it would if the election used MMM. Because of no provision for overhang seats, there have been cases where a party ended up with fewer total seats than its proportional entitlement. This occurred, for example, in the elections in the 2771:, validated the Van Zyl Slabbert mixed-system and recommended its adoption, stating: "Such a system will serve to limit the power of individual party leaders and encourage MPs to vote in accordance with the needs and desires of their constituencies rather than only following party lines". Although a constitutional amendment is not required, and a simple majority in parliament can amend the Electoral Act (No. 73 of 1998) it seems unlikely that such an amendment will come before parliament before the 2019 General Elections. A former MP, Michael Louis, who wishes to stand as an independent, is actively pursuing a judicial route to force an amendment. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) has stated that it is not opposed to an amendment but there is simply not enough time to implement it in time for the 2019 elections. After the 1215: 1828:, in order to be eligible for list seats in many MMP models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list. Candidates having won a constituency will still have won their seat. In New Zealand the threshold is 5%, in Bolivia 3%, in Germany 5% for elections for federal parliament and most state parliaments. A party can also be eligible for list seats if it wins at least three constituency seats in Germany, or at least one in New Zealand. Having a member with a 'safe' constituency seat is therefore a tremendous asset to a 1531: 4841: 958: 1517: 5574: 2325: 1538: 5568: 2121: 1227: 2175: 93: 2527: 2063: 53: 2363: 3103:, Chavez' party, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, took 57.4% of parliamentary seats with only 48.2% of the vote under the new system (ignoring the role of small allied parties). One can see to what extent parallel voting had nonetheless helped to redress the balance toward proportionality somewhat by noting that Chavez' party would have taken an even larger share of assembly seats under a strict single-winner approach (71 constituency seats out of 109, or 65%). 3221: 933: 2447: 1141:. The new modified federal election system does not allow overhang seats at all, therefore not all local districts are guaranteed to elect the plurality winner. In German, this localized list system now shares the name of PPR with the mixed systems still used in the federal states of Germany that are referred to as MMP in English. In English, due to this change, the system is no longer considered to be MMP in the sense of a mixed member system combining 2137: 2417: 1978: 2469: 1949: 1891: 2387: 2297: 2024: 1964: 2496: 1524: 2254: 2217: 1927: 945: 3188:(CDU) party, because they feared that if the FDP received less than 5% of the votes, the CDU would have no parliamentary allies and would be unable to form a government on its own. This tactical voting also ensures that fewer votes are wasted, but at the cost of giving the FDP more seats than CDU voters would ideally have preferred. This tactic is the same in any method of proportional representation with a threshold. 2999: 3036:, the two main parties did not expect to win any list seats, so they encouraged voters to use their list votes for allied minor parties. This tactic distorted the working of the model to the point that the parties that won list seats were almost always different from the parties that won constituency seats. Only one constituency member was elected from parties that won list seats. The election was condemned by the 42: 3204:. In this case the tactic maintained some proportionality by bypassing the 5% threshold, but is largely disfavoured by the public due to it awarding smaller parties extra list seats while parties with a higher party vote percentage that do not win an electorate receive no seats; this occurred in 2008 when ACT was awarded 5 seats on the back of one electorate seat and 3.7% of the party vote, while 1198:. In South Africa, MMP is generally referred to as a "mixed-system". The Scandinavian countries have a long history of using both multi-member districts (members elected through party-list PR) and nationally-based compensatory top-up seats using the same method as MMP, however because the local MPs are also elected using PR, these systems are not usually considered MMP as they are not 1273:). In Wales between 2006 and 2014 dual candidacy was banned, i.e. candidates were restricted to contend either for a constituency or for a party list, but not both. If a candidate is on the party list, but wins a constituency seat, they do not receive two seats; they are instead crossed off the party list and the party seat goes to the next candidate down. 3209:

from 12,900 to 2,300. In August 2012, the initial report on a review of the MMP system by the Electoral Commission recommended abolishing the one electorate seat threshold, meaning a party winning an electorate seat but not crossing the 5% threshold (which the same report recommends lowering to 4%) is only awarded that electorate seat.

2724:. The bill presented by the Citizen Power Now movement and endorsed by the majority of parliamentary groups would create two types of deputies; 42 elected proportionally by lists presented by the political parties and would be called "national" deputies, while another 42 deputies would be elected directly by population-based 3045:

while the other contests the list seats—assuming this is allowed by electoral law. The two linked parties could then co-ordinate their campaign and work together within the legislature, while remaining legally separate entities. The result of this approach, if it is used by all parties, would be to transform MMP into a

2856:

Another solution is to eliminate the seat linkage mechanism and use a vote linkage one instead, in which case most likely more compensatory seats would be needed. A negative vote transfer based system (scorporo) retains the flaw that decoy lists can be used to abuse it, but if the two votes were tied

1205:

As especially mixed electoral systems can be quite different, sometimes there is no consensus on their classification as mixed-member proportional, mixed majoritarian or something between the two. These cases include partially or conditionally compensatory systems such as those of Hungary, Mexico and

2824:

In other cases, a party may be so certain of winning a large number of constituency seats that it expects no extra seats in the proportional top-up (list seats). Some voters may therefore seek to achieve double representation by voting tactically for another party in the regional vote, as a vote for

1409:

won 2.4% of the party vote, which would entitle them to 3 seats in the House, but won 5 constituency seats, leaving an overhang of 2 seats, which resulted in a 122-member house. If the party vote for the Māori Party had been more in proportion with the constituency seats won, there would have been a

3040:

which said it failed to comply with international standards because of "serious irregularities", intimidation, vote-buying and "violence committed by extremists on both sides." Rather than increasing the number of list seats or "overhang" seats, Albania subsequently decided to change to a pure-list

1246:

used in Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still used in some MMP elections today and is more robust against tactical voting than typical two-vote versions. Most of Germany changed to the

3044:

In an abusive gambit similar to that used in Albania, major parties feeling that they are unlikely to win a large number of list seats because of their advantage at the constituency level might choose to split their party in two, with one subdivision of the party contesting the constituency seats,

2398:

Single vote system used in 2008 and 2012 where local candidates who did not win at least 50% of votes in their districts did not get a direct mandate, but these seats were added to the list seats allocated proportionally. Failed to achieve mixed-member proportional representation in 2012. From the

3208:

with no electorate seats and 4.1% of the party vote were awarded none. In 2011, some Epsom voters voting for the left-wing Labour and Green parties tried to block the tactic by giving their local vote to the National candidate; while it was unsuccessful, it did reduce ACT's majority over National

2679:

in the first question. According to official results, voters chose FPTP over PR by 61.3% to 38.7% on the first question. While the first question was not successful for PR, the second question resulted in MMP winning over the two other systems on the ballot. If PR had been successful on the first

2584:

was formed to examine potential changes to the voting system with MMP being one of the options examined. The committee presented its report to Parliament on 1 December of the same year. In early 2017, the Government announced that it would accept only some of the committee's recommendations, and

1084:

across all seats (not just the additional seats). Under MMP, two parties that each receive 25% of the votes end up with about 25% of the seats, even if one party wins more constituency seats than the other. Depending on the exact system implemented in a country and the results of a particular

2351:

decided to amend its constitution and change the electoral system to MMP, this will affect the upcoming regional elections. The amendment increases the number of seats in the council from 152 to 190 (+38), 80% of the seats will be filled with first-past-the-post voting and the rest 20% by

3179:

for a minor party that is predicted to poll close to or slightly below the threshold. Some voters may be afraid the minor party will poll below the threshold, and that that would weaken the larger political camp to which the minor party belongs. For example, the German moderate-right

1247:

two-vote variant to make local members of parliament (MPs) more personally accountable. Voters can thus vote for the local person they prefer for local MP without regard for party affiliation, since the partisan make-up of the legislature is determined only by the party vote. In the

1478:

region apart from the 2003 election. This situation arises because Labour has continued to hold the overwhelming majority of constituency seats in these regions, and only around one-third of the total number of seats are available for distribution as additional regional seats.

2380:) and 30 compensatory seats (seat linkage). Major parties used decoy lists to neutralize compensation. Though all list seats are compensatory since 2024, but widespread use of decoy lists is expected continue and mixed-member proportional representation is not to be achieved. 2457:(formerly): The two vote seat linkage compensatory system introduced was designed to provide MMP, but the system was manipulated with decoy lists. The seat linkage between list and constituency representatives was removed in 2009, which changed the system to parallel voting. 1431:

increases so that the total outcome is fully proportional to the votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve proportionality. The leveling seats are added to the normal number of seats for the duration of the electoral period. In the German state of

1161:, which essentially guaranteed mixed-member proportional representation even with extremely disproportional constituency results, but dramatically increased the size of the Bundestag. This meant that it was potentially the most proportional MMP system used after the one in 2439:

function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up). Overhang seats were not compensated for. The next elections were again held under parallel voting due to a change in the

1314:, there are no lists; they use the "best near-winner" method in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it ( 3191:

Similarly, in New Zealand, some voters who preferred a large party have voted for the minor party's local candidate to ensure it qualifies for list seats on the back of winning a single electorate. This notably occurred in the right-wing inner Auckland electorate of

1053:. Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received. The constituency representatives are usually elected using 1034:, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide 2767:. It proposed that 300 of 400 members be elected from closed-constituency lists (from 69 national multi-member constituencies) and 100 members from closed, national-level party lists. Parliament's High Level Panel report of 2017, chaired by former president 1336:

number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot. This can be done by different

2110:

Though not all overhang seats are perfectly compensated for, New Zealand is widely considered to be a typical example of mixed-member proportional representation due to the high proportionality of the system (disregarding the electoral threshold).

2861:, the potential this kind of strategic manipulation would be eliminated. However, in this a case party proportionality is not likely and overall equality of votes would depend largely on the specifics of the system (the amount of compensation). 45:

Seat linkage is the method which MMP systems use to achieve proportional results, unlike parallel voting. The first such system used a mixed single vote (top), but today two vote MMP (below) is more common, however also more vulnerable to

1863:

The following countries currently have MMP representation. Countries which nominally use or have used MMP, but in practice had highly disproportional representation or it as otherwise not implemented are discussed in the next section.

3086:

Another interesting case is that of Venezuela, which also ended up changing its system, in this case by formally adopting a parallel voting system and legitimizing party efforts to game the MMP approach. Venezuela introduced an MMP

1427:) of North Rhine Westphalia has, instead of the usual 50% compensatory seats, only 29% unless more are needed to balance overhangs. If a party wins more local seats than its proportion of the total vote justifies, the size of the 1222:. The image shows both the seats directly won by constituency representatives and those gained via party lists. For example, the FDP (yellow) did not win a single constituency; all its 92 MPs were elected on party lists. 4859:

6 min. video (2015). Explains how MMP (recommended by the Law Commission of Canada) could work in Canada – Presented by the nonpartisan Fair Vote Canada's Dennis Pilon, Associate Professor, Political Science, York

2508:

system which is mostly parallel voting, however, there is a cap on how many seats any single party may get and a cap on the maximum difference of seat shares to the list vote share result. This makes it partially

1153:

systems, it may still be considered mixed-member proportional in the sense of a proportional system having two kinds of MP: one (may be) elected by personal (candidate) votes, one elected by (closed list) votes.

2738:

In 2017, the Common Country Movement (KOM) proposed introducing seat linkage to achieve MMP in the National Assembly, but the bill brought to parliament by five opposition parties was dismissed by the governing

3167:, in response. The decoy lists were successful on election day, with Future Korea winning 12 compensatory seats and Platform winning 11. After the election, both decoy lists merged into their mother parties. 3144:, the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional part to receive as many seats as it in fact won, missing out on 12 seats. Italy subsequently changed its system. 1133:). Since the variants used in Germany almost always produce very proportional results, the proportionality is emphasized over the mixed nature of the electoral system, and it is essentially considered a 2763:

The Van Zyl Slabbert Commission on Electoral Reform (published in January 2003) recommended that a multi-member system, which has been adopted for municipal elections, be expanded to elections for the

1122: 3083:, the voting system was adjusted to link the local and list seats to limit the decoy lists' effectiveness, resulting in an almost perfectly proportionate election result for the competing parties. 2675:. The second question asked them to rank three types of proportional voting systems in order of preference; one of those was MMP. Citizens could still rank the voting systems even if they selected 1918:

with the presidential and Senate election, which is presumed to decrease tactical manipulation despite the separate candidate and list vote. The latest elections had a highly proportional result.

3095:. The tactic was later adopted by pro-Chavez parties at the national level in 2005. After the decoy list tactic withstood a constitutional challenge, Venezuela eventually formally reverted to a 2231:). Came about in 1949 as a result of inter-party bargaining. Originally used single vote version, switched to two vote version before the 1953 election. Levelling seats were established for the 2247:) to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected. 1206:

South Korea, which are typically said to be supermixed systems or partially compensatory systems, but sometimes inaccurately referred to as MMP even though they are highly disproportional.

2698:

for altering the government's timeline and could not or would not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.

3953: 2608:

between 27 October and 7 November 2016, Prince Edward Islanders voted for MMP over FPTP in the final round of counting, 52%–43%; however, the provincial government, despite having set no

4400: 916: 5872: 2732:

basis. As the bill requires a constitutional reform it would require a two-thirds majority of votes, however as of 2019 the caucuses of the four main parties supported the reform.

3457: 2581: 1269:

to elect the non-constituency MPs (also called list MPs). In most jurisdictions, candidates may stand for both a constituency and on a party list (referred to in New Zealand as

1332:

At the regional or national level (i.e. above the constituency level) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the

2510: 600: 1065:. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency seats, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote, or both. 5746: 5639: 4796:

Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg, (2000a), "Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology", in Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg (2000).

3140:. This meant that the constituency seats won by each coalition would not reduce the number of list seats available to them. In the case the House of Freedoms list faction 2477:

Hungary was using a mixed system since the 1990s, that due to its partially compensatory nature has been sometimes inaccurately referred to as an MMP system, but it was a

2243:

to reduce the size of the Bundestag. The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote (called

1394:, where constituency seats could only be earned by the winning candidate if they also achieved an absolute majority in their district, thereby eliminating overhang seats. 2286: 1105: 619: 3850: 3793: 4128: 3151:, the electoral system was changed from parallel voting to a hybrid mixed-member proportional system, with 30 seats allocated in a compensatory manner. The opposition 2825:

their preferred party in the regional vote would be wasted. This tactic is much less effective in MMP models with a relatively large share of list seats (50% in most

4382: 3621: 5605: 1280:, the second vote is not simply for the party but for one of the candidates on the party's regional list: Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose. A regional 17: 5597: 6002: 5716: 1089:

may reduce the proportionality of the system, although this can be compensated for by allocating additional party list seats to cover any proportionality gap.

4093: 3075:

to avoid the compensatory mechanisms of MMP. As a result, the LCD and its decoy were able to take 69.1% of the seats with only 51.8% of the vote. ABC leader

2613: 2605: 2601: 2597: 1304: 2680:

question, MMP would have been adopted in time for the next provincial election and would have been subject to a second referendum after two election cycles.

4304: 3037: 2845:

The problem of ticket splitting strategies can be solved either by eliminating at least one of the two mechanisms that create the opportunity for abuse:

1446:

where due to the nature of the calculations used to distribute the regional list seats, overhang seats are not possible; the list allocation works like a

1386:, where constituency winners may not always keep their seats since the latest modification of the electoral law. In an MMP variant used in Romania in the 5647: 5634: 2627: 1475: 986: 823: 4886: 4711: 3774: 3640: 4027: 3032:

This sort of strategy for a coalition of parties to capture a larger share of list seats may be adopted formally as a strategy. By way of example, in

1349:. Subtracted from each party's allocation is the number of constituency seats that party won, so that the additional seats are compensatory (top-up). 3489: 2656: 2694:

informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the

2356:

which is empowered to interpret the constitution for violation of the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

2347:

dismissed the postponement and decided to create its own electoral commission and hold a regional election. On August 6, 2020, the State Council of

1471: 1455: 5992: 5796: 5541: 4350:

See blog articles on the 2007 and 2012 elections posted by political science professor Matthew Sobery Shugard, University of California in Davis

4286: 1421:

in German) are added to compensate for the overhang seats and thereby achieve complete proportionality. For example, the provincial parliament (

1376:

When a party wins more constituency seats than it would be entitled to from its proportion of (party list) votes, most systems allow for these

4407: 2638:, with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30% compensatory members. 2436: 5336: 3373:

Linhart, Eric; Raabe, Johannes; Statsch, Patrick (1 March 2018). "Mixed-member proportional electoral systems – the best of both worlds?".

2593: 4786:

Massicotte, Louis; Blais, André (1999). "Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey", Electoral Studies, Vol. 18, 341–366.

3420: 2837:", leading to fewer opportunities for overhangs and maintaining full proportionality, even when a party wins too many constituency seats. 5104: 3881: 3824: 3709: 1251:, 27.33% of voters split their vote (voted for a local candidate of a different party than their party vote) compared to 31.64% in 2014. 1149:, but it would be a personalized/localized version of PR. As it retains the individual candidate vote in a clearly distinct fashion from 677: 3761: 2667:. In the referendum citizens were presented with two questions. The first question asked them to choose whether they would like to keep 5508: 3464: 2687: 2617: 3577: 3602: 2101: 2093: 4814: 5679: 4051:

For further details on the recent proposals in Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island, see Andre Barnes and James R. Robertson,

3975: 3906: 2775:

declared the Electoral Act unconstitutional in 2020 because there was no way for independent candidates to be elected and in 2021,

2639: 2505: 2486: 2478: 2089: 1492: 1447: 1069: 566: 31: 2853:(the original version of MMP used in Germany), in which case voters cannot split their ticket, even if it is a sincere preference. 2289:, but either not enough leveling seats were provided to achieve it, or the compensation mechanism was manipulated by decoy lists. 5958: 5657: 5331: 5109: 4680: 3262: 2973: 2776: 2686:

In September 2019, Quebec's government, supported by two of the three opposition parties (PQ and Quebec Solidaire), introduced a

979: 672: 4284: 3088: 1112:, and was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand. In Germany, where is was differentiated from a 5953: 5669: 5094: 4879: 3148: 3100: 2808: 2664: 2407: 2274: 1327: 1062: 1023: 354: 4724: 4700: 4626: 4593: 4566: 4536: 4514: 4492: 4465: 3858: 3801: 4621:(2nd ed.). Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2002). pp. 79–84. 4166: 4120: 3540: 1363:

If a party wins more FPTP seats than the proportional quota received by the party-list vote, these surplus seats are called

1214: 5557: 5458: 3185: 3160: 3033: 2830: 2772: 2367: 2311: 2073: 1398: 878: 129: 6012: 5877: 5141: 4322: 1169: 4238: 1380:

to be kept by those candidates who earned it in the constituency elections. A counter-example would be the In Germany's

5834: 4151: 2400: 1391: 1387: 972: 2427:(formerly): A single vote seat linkage system referred to as "mixed-member apportionment" was used in 2019. It used a 1165:, where only overhang seats are added back as list seats, which resulted in minor flexibility of the parliament size. 5926: 5829: 5824: 5751: 5674: 5652: 5613: 4872: 3357: 3328: 2764: 2105: 2097: 1402: 1248: 873: 3118:

system (a system compensatory system similar to MMP), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list (

5997: 5867: 5326: 5272: 4097: 2643: 1191: 1035: 1019: 863: 613: 584: 524: 4338: 4285:

High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change (November 2017).

1231: 5963: 5839: 5549: 5535: 5453: 5124: 4067: 3181: 2635: 2373: 2127: 2085: 1096:

for electing its parliament is called MMP, while in other countries similar systems are known under other names.

595: 120: 4287:"Report of the High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change" 4188: 3957: 1839:

of each electoral region is small enough to impose an inherent threshold in the seat distribution calculations.

5791: 5501: 5476: 5252: 3257: 3193: 3060: 2979: 2858: 2612:

threshold, subsequently claimed that the 36 percent turnout was insufficient to change the electoral system. A

2537: 658: 722: 5662: 4001: 3107: 3091:

in 1993, but the tactic of creating a decoy party was introduced only in 2000, by the opposition governor of

3080: 3056: 2160: 1903: 1443: 300: 285: 270: 5910: 5295: 5280: 5099: 4546: 4524: 3267: 2721: 2240: 2236: 2232: 1939: 1235: 1219: 536: 459: 380: 5089: 3493: 2887: 1243: 1057:(FPTP). The nationwide or regional party representatives are, in most jurisdictions, drawn from published 1050: 5739: 5734: 5711: 5346: 5069: 5059: 4920: 2717: 2695: 2672: 2577: 2228: 2034: 1157:

Previously, the federal elections used a flexible number of additional compensatory seats, also known as

1146: 1142: 1081: 1031: 1027: 901: 348: 330: 171: 2786:

that a new electoral system must be put in place, calls for MMP intensified and a Motsoaledi-appointed,

6007: 5852: 5311: 5002: 4053: 3197: 3068: 2783: 2676: 2668: 2565: 2555: 2432: 1259: 1054: 792: 775: 742: 506: 494: 464: 265: 223: 156: 3519: 2376:

used a two-vote hybrid system with 253 single-member constituency seats, 17 supplementary seats (a la

2108:, the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority. 5494: 5361: 5316: 5262: 5174: 3762:

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b160-toward-end-ethiopias-federal-tigray-feud

3458:"Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer" 3072: 2531: 2263: 1242:

In MMP, the voter casts two votes: one for a constituency representative and one for a party. In the

1113: 648: 641: 125: 4761: 4676: 4663: 5816: 5684: 5351: 5237: 5195: 5114: 5039: 4975: 4933: 4576: 3234: 2913: 2561: 2267: 2067: 1915: 1338: 1293: 1255: 1195: 702: 630: 482: 469: 452: 429: 407: 370: 360: 4675: (2001). "Electoral Reform in Bolivia: Origins of the Mixed-Member Proportional System". In 4257: 3292: 911: 5862: 5756: 5531: 5376: 5366: 5341: 5157: 5034: 4970: 3920: 3320: 2568:

but Parliament's consideration of the Report in 2004–05 was stopped after the 2006 election. The

1470:

under-represented). Labour has also been over-represented on this basis in every election in the

1289: 828: 682: 365: 3163:

condemned them for exploiting the electoral law, but nonetheless set up its own decoy list, the

797: 5901: 5776: 5517: 5417: 5356: 5219: 4351: 3131: 3064: 2461:

Countries with systems which have been confused with mixed-member proportional representation:

2453: 1199: 1015: 1011: 857: 737: 667: 474: 60:(blue) * AMS in some regional elections (lavender) * Incomplete AMS (pink) * Former use (red) 5162: 4719:. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2008). 2045:

Initially used two vote version, changed to the single vote version in 2012 due to the use of

1346: 5918: 5786: 5321: 5242: 5007: 4611: 3683: 3240: 3017: 2922: 2573: 2423: 2343:

on 29 August 2020, but they were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But the government of

2336: 2307: 2143: 765: 605: 489: 295: 274: 206: 184: 4553:(2014). "Electoral Institutions and Representation". In LeDuc, Lawrence; Niemi, Richard G.; 3515: 1530: 1436:, the constituency vote and party vote are combined to determine the distribution of seats. 5885: 5391: 4960: 4789:

Mudambi, R. and Navarra, P. 2004. Electoral Strategies in Mixed Systems of Representation.

2569: 2393: 2301: 2223: 2028: 1933: 1897: 896: 883: 851: 115: 4782:. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington: Wellington, New Zealand. 3641:"Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist" 2008: 1311: 8: 5781: 5371: 4965: 4811: 4580: 3152: 3007: 2752: 2729: 2564:

proposed a system of MMP, with only 33% of MPs elected from regional open lists, for the

2353: 2148: 1459: 1439: 802: 636: 289: 3237:, a sometimes semi-proportional system aiming for MMP implemented in the United Kingdom 2803:

proposes transnational mixed-member proportional representation with the combination of

5412: 5022: 4980: 4749: 4651: 4368: 3398: 3156: 2725: 2278: 2258: 1836: 1819: 1046: 962: 833: 444: 228: 4779: 4365:"Main opposition to set up satellite party for more proportional representation seats" 5801: 5381: 5290: 5247: 5167: 5012: 4997: 4955: 4730: 4720: 4696: 4632: 4622: 4589: 4562: 4532: 4510: 4488: 4461: 4216: 3432: 3402: 3390: 3353: 3324: 3252: 3205: 3111: 2938: 2850: 2826: 2804: 2768: 2714: 2540:

designated as metropolitan, district/county council (DC) or local/borough council(LC)

2428: 1451: 1342: 1194:

implementation of MMP used in Scotland and the London Assembly is referred to as the

957: 868: 838: 760: 697: 531: 258: 233: 216: 84: 2431:

for both the constituency and the party list. The 350 constituency seats are won by

5422: 5054: 4910: 4895: 4688: 4480: 4451: 4441: 4438:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond

3648: 3382: 2779: 2653: 2482: 1516: 1138: 949: 906: 785: 499: 375: 201: 195: 177: 166: 161: 149: 110: 72: 3386: 5573: 5470: 5386: 5227: 5205: 5017: 4938: 4928: 4906: 4823: 4818: 4386: 4364: 3345: 3314: 3226: 3201: 3176: 3096: 3049: 2659:

on proportional representation, promised as part of the election platform of the

2377: 2315: 2184: 1835:

In elections for the Scottish Parliament, there is no threshold set, because the

1750: 1487: 1126: 1077: 1073: 937: 770: 625: 590: 511: 422: 325: 248: 190: 68: 35: 4692: 2620:, saw MMP rejected by a margin of 48% in favor to 52% against, with 76% turnout. 5285: 4990: 4950: 3652: 3164: 2120: 1954: 1948: 1414: 1413:

To combat disproportionalities caused by overhang seats, in most German states

1401:, all members elected for constituencies keep their seats. For example, in the 1285: 1187: 1134: 1058: 807: 747: 732: 543: 412: 387: 238: 57: 5567: 4858: 4780:

Rebalancing the Constitution: The Challenge of Government Law-Making under MMP

3735: 1537: 1406: 1226: 5986: 5029: 4832: 4734: 4636: 4383:"Election law should be revised before integration with proportional parties" 3463:. Le Directeur général des élections du Québec. December 2007. Archived from 3436: 3394: 3247: 2834: 2609: 2592:

A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the

2352:

proportional voting. This Tigray National Regional States law is annulled by

2348: 2344: 2331: 2324: 1377: 1364: 1358: 1158: 1086: 816: 516: 304: 142: 105: 80: 5486: 4846: 4436:

Batto, Nathan F.; Huang, Chi; Tan, Alexander C.; Cox, Gary W., eds. (2016).

3099:

system, which yields a lesser degree of proportionality compared to MMP. On

5971: 5806: 5044: 4985: 4554: 4502: 3141: 2790:-led ministerial advisory committee was formed to determine the new system. 2526: 1463: 556: 320: 313: 243: 4687:. Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2003). 4484: 4456: 92: 5934: 5427: 5190: 5129: 5049: 4945: 4446: 4121:"Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022" 3076: 2800: 2787: 2691: 2690:

on MMP to be held in 2022. However, On April 28, 2021, Justice Minister

2404: 2362: 2318:

in the 1996 and 1997 elections), but it was manipulated with decoy lists.

2271: 2062: 2012: 1848: 1829: 1467: 1315: 1266: 1162: 1093: 434: 392: 335: 280: 3710:"NEBE Says Impossible To Hold Election As Per Scheduled Due To COVID-19" 3220: 2485:

and party-list PR. Changes after 2010 have made the system more clearly

1373:

in German), which may be an obstacle to achieving full proportionality.

932: 52: 5200: 5136: 3659: 3012: 1842: 1825: 1042: 4507:

The Case Against Voting Reform: Why the AV System Would Damage Britain

4071: 2285:

There are several other countries which attempted to introduce MMP by

1254:

In each constituency, the representative is by default chosen using a

5437: 5432: 2748: 2634:, Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the 2446: 2435:

as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats served a

2004: 1382: 1300: 1281: 1150: 402: 397: 4864: 4028:"P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation" 3934: 3184:(FDP) has often received votes from voters who preferred the larger 5257: 4531:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–197. 4305:"Can independents run for national SA elections? ConCourt says yes" 4193: 3290: 3115: 2958: 2416: 2340: 2136: 2104:

in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In

1983: 1977: 653: 4167:"Congreso se acerca al cambio en sistema de elección de diputados" 3976:"Trudeau abandons electoral reform, breaking key campaign promise" 3175:

In systems with a threshold, people who prefer a larger party may

2720:

system to a mixed member proportional representation based on the

1523: 56:

Use of MMP systems: * MMP used on the national level (purple) *

5119: 4527:(2011). "Elections and Referendums". In Caramani, Daniele (ed.). 3958:"A Mixed-Member Proportional System Applied to the 2004 Election" 3551: 3508: 3346:"Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems" 3092: 2631: 2468: 2386: 2296: 2216: 2023: 2000: 1969: 1963: 1926: 1890: 1433: 1423: 1277: 1109: 439: 4191:[Here is the new Electoral Bill of the Common Country]. 3907:"With Eye to Next Election, Thai Government Tweaks Voting Rules" 3775:"Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgată de Iohannis" 1041:

In typical MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the

5407: 4559:

Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in a Changing World

4323:"Volt's Electoral Reform Policy: Making Europe More Democratic" 4219:[Act of 2017 on the election of members of parliament] 2660: 2582:

Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform

2495: 2227:: Referred to as personalized proportional representation (see 2180: 2174: 1173: 944: 41: 3366: 2306:

A two-vote seat linkage compensation electoral system for the

1262:: hat is, the candidate with the most votes (plurality) wins. 4341:| Penn Bullock| 29 October 2012| tnr.com| accessed 29.10.2012 4217:"2017. évi törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról" 3609:. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building & Community. 2253: 4836: 4713:

Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook

4475:

Ferrara, Federico; Herron, Erik S.; Nishikawa, Misa (2005).

2755:

announced that they will change the country's system to MMP.

2585:

would not pursue the issue of electoral reform any further.

4477:

Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its Consequences

3350:

Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies

1303:

method of MMP was chosen in November 2016 by voters in the

1176:, where an MMP model was studied in 2007, it is called the 4619:

The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design

1137:

or personalized form of PR, used instead of conventional

4798:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?

4685:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?

4575: 3940: 3622:"Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System" 2849:

Either the double vote can be abolished, returning to a

1049:, and one for a political party, but some countries use 4588:. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada. 3882:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives" 3825:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives" 2794: 1499:

Broadly mixed-member proportional type of system (MMP)

1085:

election, the proportionality of an election may vary.

4827: 4474: 4406:. Electoral Commission. 13 August 2012. Archived from 4239:"New electoral system based on German Model - Mangala" 3968: 3425:

The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies

2576:

has generally been a staunch supporter of a move to a

1238:. Constituency vote on left, party list vote on right. 4710:

Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben; Ellis, Andrew (2005).

4440:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 3851:"The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system" 3794:"The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system" 1305:

2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum

4152:"Grupo propone aumentar a 84 el número de diputados" 4068:"Elections BC - 2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform" 3572: 3570: 3316:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds?

3216: 3038:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2713:

Costa Rica was debating the switch from the current

1843:

By-elections and replacement of list representatives

4709: 3372: 2049:, results have been relatively proportional since. 1258:(though this is not strictly necessary), typically 4401:"Review of the MMP voting system: Proposals Paper" 4054:Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces 3993: 3421:"The Case for Mixed Single Vote Electoral Systems" 3567: 3414: 3412: 3312: 1292:(where it is known as AMS) and for Canada by the 5984: 4435: 4094:"Elections BC - Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)" 4057:, Library of Parliament, revised 18 August 2009. 4002:"Liberals say no to mandatory and online voting" 3760:Toward an End to Ethiopia’s Federal-Tigray Feud 3375:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 3337: 3313:Shugart, Matthew; Wattenberg, Martin P. (2001). 2930:Hybrids: e.g. parallel voting+AMS (South Korea) 2339:: a General Election was supposed to be held in 1076:) in that the nationwide seats are allocated to 4812:ACE Project: "Germany: The original MMP system" 4800:Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 9–24. 3306: 3110:, in which one of the two main coalitions (the 3067:(ABC) used decoy lists, respectively named the 1296:; neither recommendation was ever implemented. 1010:) is a type of representation provided by some 4189:"Itt a Közös Ország új választójogi tervezete" 3848: 3791: 3409: 3159:, to win extra proportional seats. The ruling 3134:, felt obliged to do the same, under the name 2906:mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) 2642:on the proposal, held in conjunction with the 1352: 1118:personalized proportional representation (PPR) 6003:Proportional representation electoral systems 5516: 5502: 4880: 3135: 3125: 3119: 3079:called the vote "free, but not fair." In the 2198:Referred to as the additional member system. 1080:in a compensatory manner in order to achieve 980: 5337:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 4612:"Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America" 4255: 3736:"ባይቶ ትግራይ፡ ሕገመንግስታዊ ምምሕያሽ ብምግባር 38 መናብር ወሲኹ" 3130:. As a defensive move, the other coalition, 3124:) in the proportional parts, under the name 3059:. In this case the two leading parties, the 2594:Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island 1442:uses a modified variant of MMP known as the 1368: 1181: 4617:. In Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben (eds.). 4393: 4112: 3006:It has been suggested that this section be 5509: 5495: 4887: 4873: 4582:Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada 2572:has been a longtime supporter of MMP. The 1536: 1529: 1522: 1515: 987: 973: 4545: 4523: 4455: 4445: 4118: 3669: 3665: 3638: 3291:ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network. 3343: 2814: 2245:personalized proportional representation 2090:Royal Commission on the Electoral System 1321: 1225: 1213: 1070:mixed-member majoritarian representation 1000:Mixed-member proportional representation 51: 40: 32:Mixed-member majoritarian representation 18:Mixed member proportional representation 5959:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand 5635:Speaker of the House of Representatives 5332:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 5110:Sequential proportional approval voting 4842:Scottish Social Attitudes Survey, 2003. 4670: 4609: 4164: 4149: 4025: 3879: 3822: 3772: 3561: 3557: 3419:Golosov, Grigorii V. (1 October 2013). 3418: 3170: 1108:often referred to as MMP originates in 14: 5993:Party-list proportional representation 5985: 5954:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 4501: 3999: 3952: 3766: 3619: 3155:subsequently set up a decoy list, the 3149:2020 South Korean legislative election 2819: 2628:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform 2408:party-list proportional representation 2046: 1328:Party-list proportional representation 1106:seat linkage compensatory mixed system 1063:party-list proportional representation 5490: 4894: 4868: 4824:A Handbook of Electoral System Design 4791:European Journal of Political Economy 4143: 4119:Montpetit, Jonathan (28 April 2021). 3490:"Electoral Reform and Voting Systems" 3284: 3034:Albania's 2005 parliamentary election 3010:out into another article titled 2661:British Columbia New Democratic Party 2277:system following the approval of the 1858: 1486: 1484: 5712:Abolition of the Legislative Council 4833:Electoral Design Reference Materials 3516:"Additional-member system: Politics" 3200:voters gave their local vote to the 2992: 2988: 2831:New Zealand House of Representatives 2795:European Union (European Parliament) 2773:Constitutional Court of South Africa 2702: 2646:on 10 October 2007, saw it defeated. 2580:electoral system. In June 2016, the 2544: 2481:, mostly independent combination of 2239:, with a minor modification for the 2163:. Scotland is divided into regions. 2094:1993 referendum on the voting system 1879:Number of votes (personal and list) 1853: 1399:New Zealand House of Representatives 1131:personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht 5142:Indirect single transferable voting 4847:Handbook of Electoral System Choice 4561:(4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 4258:"Report of the Electoral Task Team" 4165:Carmona, Fiorella (29 March 2019). 3849:Bangkok Pundit (10 February 2016). 3792:Bangkok Pundit (10 February 2016). 2947:Romanian PVT/MSV system (2008-2012) 2944:Hungarian PVT/MSV (local elections) 1782:Number of (extra) leveling seats = 1779:Fixed number of compensatory seats 1760:10.25 (moderately disproportional) 1114:different compensatory mixed system 24: 5717:Members of the Legislative Council 5598:Speaker of the Legislative Council 4770: 4302: 4131:from the original on 28 April 2021 4026:Bradley, Susan (7 November 2016). 3681: 3639:Schorkopf, Frank (24 March 2023). 3628:. The Electoral Knowledge Network. 2888:mixed single vote, top-up versions 2266:: In Wales, starting in 2026, the 2204: 1474:region, and every election in the 91: 25: 6024: 5614:Leader of the Legislative Council 4805: 4509:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. 3293:"Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)" 2007:system for its party-list seats. 1916:double (triple) simultaneous vote 1788:As many leveling seats as needed 1456:South East Wales electoral region 1403:2008 New Zealand general election 5572: 5566: 4479:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 4339:Stuart Stevens' ... Past Clients 3880:Kendall, Dave (6 January 2019). 3823:Kendall, Dave (6 January 2019). 3381:(1). Informa UK Limited: 21–40. 3344:Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010). 3219: 3055:An example could be seen in the 2997: 2525: 2494: 2467: 2445: 2415: 2385: 2361: 2323: 2310:(Kuvendi) was used from 2001 to 2295: 2252: 2215: 2173: 2135: 2119: 2061: 2022: 1976: 1962: 1947: 1925: 1889: 1462:under-represented) and in 2016 ( 1232:electoral district 252, Würzburg 1036:semi-proportional representation 956: 943: 931: 879:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 525:Semi-proportional representation 157:First preference plurality (FPP) 4428: 4375: 4357: 4352:Fruits and Votes – Lesotho page 4344: 4332: 4315: 4296: 4278: 4249: 4231: 4209: 4197:(in Hungarian). 16 October 2017 4181: 4158: 4086: 4060: 4045: 4019: 3946: 3913: 3899: 3873: 3842: 3816: 3785: 3754: 3728: 3702: 3675: 3632: 3613: 3595: 3106:Another example is that of the 2959:negative vote transfer/scorporo 2636:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2616:, held simultaneously with the 1763:4.97 (considered proportional) 1510:True MMP (with leveling seats) 1504:Additional member system (AMS) 1318:, literally "second mandate"). 1284:method was recommended for the 1183:système mixte avec compensation 5253:Mixed ballot transferable vote 4610:Mayorga, René Antonio (1997). 4265:Parliamentary Monitoring Group 4000:Wherry, Aaron (4 April 2017). 3773:Filimon, Paul (20 July 2015). 3541:"2017 Split Voting Statistics" 3533: 3482: 3450: 3258:Mixed ballot transferable vote 3061:Lesotho Congress for Democracy 2980:mixed ballot transferable vote 2859:mixed ballot transferable vote 2663:who took office following the 2652:During October–December 2018, 1099: 917:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 874:Moulin's impossibility theorem 839:Conflicting majorities paradox 27:Type of mixed electoral system 13: 1: 5752:Father or Mother of the House 3941:Law Commission of Canada 2004 3387:10.1080/17457289.2018.1443464 3273: 3108:2001 Italian general election 3057:2007 Lesotho general election 2955:Parallel voting+PVT (Hungary) 1209: 1082:proportional election results 743:Frustrated majorities paradox 5911:Parliament House, Wellington 5454:Comparison of voting systems 5296:Satisfaction approval voting 5281:Single non-transferable vote 5100:Proportional approval voting 4793:, Vol.20, No.1, pp. 227–253. 4256:Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik. 3268:Biproportional apportionment 3196:in 2008 and 2011, where the 2840: 2665:May 2017 provincial election 2513:) compensatory, but not MMP. 2372:From 2019 elections for the 2237:Federal Constitutional Court 2092:in 1985 and ending with the 1813: 1747:Index of disproportionality 1236:2005 German federal election 1220:2021 German federal election 912:Condorcet dominance theorems 852:Social and collective choice 7: 5060:Graduated majority judgment 4693:10.1093/019925768X.001.0001 4150:Ramírez, Alexander (2016). 3582:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 3212: 2868:Compensatory mixed systems 2718:proportional representation 2673:proportional representation 2275:proportional representation 2229:electoral system of Germany 1794:This type of system used in 1766:0.25 (highly proportional) 1353:Dealing with overhang seats 1147:majoritarian representation 1032:proportional representation 1028:proportional representation 578:By mechanism of combination 349:Proportional representation 10: 6029: 6013:Electoral reform in Canada 5680:Shadow Leader of the House 5312:Condorcet winner criterion 5003:First-past-the-post voting 3964:, Elections Canada On-Line 3653:10.17176/20230324-185228-0 3578:"Additional Member System" 3186:Christian Democratic Union 3069:National Independent Party 2875:single vote systems (MSV) 2677:first-past-the-post voting 2669:first-past-the-post voting 2604:in 2019. In a non-binding 2566:House of Commons of Canada 2556:Electoral reform in canada 2553: 2433:first-past-the-post voting 2096:. It was first used in an 1846: 1817: 1392:2012 legislative elections 1356: 1325: 1055:first-past-the-post voting 776:Multiple districts paradox 507:Fractional approval voting 495:Interactive representation 29: 5946: 5894: 5845:Mixed-member proportional 5815: 5769: 5725: 5704: 5697: 5625: 5590: 5581: 5564: 5524: 5518:Parliament of New Zealand 5467: 5459:Voting systems by country 5446: 5400: 5362:Mutual majority criterion 5317:Condorcet loser criterion 5304: 5271: 5263:Vote linkage mixed system 5218: 5183: 5175:Largest remainders method 5150: 5077: 5068: 4919: 4902: 4852: 4817:28 September 2007 at the 4354:. Accessed 26 April 2014. 3161:Democratic Party of Korea 3050:parallel voting mechanism 2967: 2934: 2885: 2882: 2867: 2833:) and/or ones which add " 2549: 2506:mixed-member majoritarian 2487:mixed-member majoritarian 2479:mixed majoritarian system 2287:seat linkage compensation 2264:Senedd (Welsh Parliament) 2209:MMP replaced (modified): 2116: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2019: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1784:number of overhang seats 1781: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1746: 1544: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1450:system, but in using the 1448:mixed-member majoritarian 1410:normal 120-member house. 1249:2017 New Zealand election 1178:compensatory mixed-member 1026:, in a way that produces 723:Paradoxes and pathologies 572:Mixed-member proportional 567:Mixed-member majoritarian 562:By results of combination 453:Approval-based committees 5922:(current executive wing) 5670:Leader of the Opposition 5558:House of Representatives 5352:Majority loser criterion 5238:Additional member system 5196:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 5115:Single transferable vote 5040:Positional voting system 4976:Minimax Condorcet method 4934:Combined approval voting 4577:Law Commission of Canada 3278: 3263:Dual-member proportional 3235:Additional member system 2974:dual-member proportional 2914:additional member system 2562:Law Commission of Canada 2517: 2268:additional member system 2161:additional member system 2086:electoral reform process 2074:House of Representatives 2042:Two votes (before 2012) 1757:22.01 (disproportional) 1507:Overhang seats re-added 1444:additional member system 1294:Law Commission of Canada 1196:additional member system 902:Condorcet's jury theorem 703:Double simultaneous vote 678:Rural–urban proportional 673:Dual-member proportional 635: 624: 591:Parallel (superposition) 483:Fractional social choice 470:Expanding approvals rule 299: 284: 269: 200: 189: 165: 30:Not to be confused with 5998:Mixed electoral systems 5878:Supplementary elections 5377:Resolvability criterion 5367:Participation criterion 5342:Later-no-harm criterion 5158:Highest averages method 4677:Shugart, Matthew Søberg 3545:electionresults.govt.nz 3520:Encyclopædia Britannica 3321:Oxford University Press 2799:The pan-European party 2602:a subsequent referendum 2536:Local elections in all 2100:. The system's use was 1914:The list ballots use a 1801:Scotland, among others 1116:it was always known as 1092:The specific system of 1012:mixed electoral systems 829:Tyranny of the majority 606:Fusion (majority bonus) 423:Quota-remainder methods 5902:General Assembly House 5777:Speech from the throne 5640:Chairman of Committees 5606:Chairman of Committees 5418:First-preference votes 5357:Monotonicity criterion 5327:Independence of clones 5030:Simple majoritarianism 3352:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3136: 3126: 3120: 3073:Lesotho Workers' Party 3065:All Basotho Convention 2939:positive vote transfer 2270:will be replaced by a 2102:reviewed by referendum 1369: 1239: 1223: 1182: 1130: 1045:for their single-seat 963:Mathematics portal 869:Majority impossibility 858:Impossibility theorems 654:Negative vote transfer 475:Method of equal shares 96: 61: 47: 5965:Parliamentary Debates 5927:Parliamentary Library 5322:Consistency criterion 5243:Alternative vote plus 5008:Instant-runoff voting 4681:Wattenberg, Martin P. 4485:10.1057/9781403978851 3690:. American University 3620:Krennerich, Michael. 3241:Alternative Vote Plus 3182:Free Democratic Party 3114:), which opposed the 2923:alternative vote plus 2899:single vote (Lesotho) 2815:Tactical manipulation 2777:Home Affairs Minister 2590:Prince Edward Island: 2574:Green Party of Canada 2504:Mexico has a clearly 2241:2021 federal election 2233:2013 federal election 2106:2020 general election 2088:, beginning with the 1798:Russia, among others 1339:apportionment methods 1322:Apportionment methods 1229: 1217: 766:Best-is-worst paradox 755:Pathological response 490:Direct representation 143:Single-winner methods 95: 55: 44: 5886:Caretaker government 5534:(represented by the 5392:Seats-to-votes ratio 5163:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 4529:Comparative Politics 4447:10.3998/mpub.8084028 3171:Electoral thresholds 2640:A binding referendum 2570:New Democratic Party 1826:proportional systems 1807:formerly in Germany 1776:Independent PR tier 1256:single winner method 1051:single vote variants 1014:which combine local 950:Economics portal 897:Median voter theorem 116:Comparative politics 5853:First-past-the-post 5705:Legislative Council 5653:Leader of the House 5591:Legislative Council 5550:Legislative Council 5542:Legislative Council 5372:Plurality criterion 4971:Kemeny–Young method 4777:Malone, R. (2008). 4413:on 1 September 2012 4371:. 24 December 2019. 4074:on 16 November 2018 3855:Asian Correspondent 3798:Asian Correspondent 3603:"The Voting System" 3153:Liberty Korea Party 3127:Abolizione Scorporo 2820:Split ticket voting 2753:Mangala Samaraweera 2747:In September 2015, 2730:First past the post 2726:electoral districts 2644:provincial election 2618:provincial election 2560:In March 2004, the 2354:House of Federation 2314:(after having used 2168:Local elections in 2159:Referred to as the 2149:Scottish Parliament 1904:Chamber of Deputies 1476:South Wales Central 1460:Welsh Conservatives 1347:Sainte-Laguë method 1260:first-past-the-post 1072:(often achieved by 938:Politics portal 649:Vote linkage system 620:Seat linkage system 207:Ranked-choice (RCV) 5413:Election threshold 5347:Majority criterion 5023:Supplementary vote 4828:International IDEA 4525:Gallagher, Michael 4369:Yonhap News Agency 3980:The Globe and Mail 3470:on 15 January 2018 3157:Future Korea Party 3101:September 26, 2010 2961:(Italy, 1993-2005) 2878:dual vote systems 2596:was defeated in a 2279:Senedd Reform Bill 2235:after a ruling of 1859:Countries with MMP 1837:district magnitude 1820:Election threshold 1466:over-represented, 1290:Jenkins Commission 1267:closed party lists 1265:Most systems used 1240: 1224: 834:Discursive dilemma 793:Lesser evil voting 668:Supermixed systems 371:Largest remainders 229:Round-robin voting 97: 62: 48: 6008:Electoral systems 5980: 5979: 5787:Readings of bills 5765: 5764: 5757:Baby of the House 5693: 5692: 5484: 5483: 5382:Reversal symmetry 5291:Cumulative voting 5273:Semi-proportional 5248:Mixed single vote 5214: 5213: 5090:Mixed single vote 4998:Exhaustive ballot 4961:Copeland's method 4956:Condorcet methods 4896:Electoral systems 4726:978-91-85391-18-9 4702:978-0-19-925768-3 4628:978-91-89098-00-8 4595:978-0-662-36426-9 4568:978-1-4739-0508-5 4538:978-0-19-957497-1 4516:978-1-85168-825-8 4494:978-1-4039-7885-1 4467:978-0-472-90062-6 4100:on 21 August 2018 3962:Electoral Insight 3688:Election Passport 3253:Mixed single vote 3206:New Zealand First 3112:House of Freedoms 3030: 3029: 3025: 2989:Splitting parties 2986: 2985: 2851:mixed single vote 2829:, and 40% in the 2805:Majority Judgment 2769:Kgalema Motlanthe 2765:National Assembly 2751:Foreign Minister 2715:closed party list 2696:COVID-19 pandemic 2657:held a referendum 2650:British Columbia: 2614:second referendum 2545:Proposals for use 2429:mixed single vote 2410:was used instead. 2374:National Assembly 2368:Republic of Korea 2335:State Council in 2202: 2201: 2084:Following a long 2035:National Assembly 2013:MMP without lists 2009:Baden-Württemberg 2003:uniquely uses an 1940:State parliaments 1873:Legislative body 1854:List of countries 1811: 1810: 1548:Popular vote (%) 1419:Ausgleichsmandate 1312:Baden-Württemberg 1299:In contrast, the 1192:less proportional 1186:or SMAC). In the 1170:Canadian province 1139:open-list systems 1078:political parties 1068:MMP differs from 1020:compensatory tier 1018:elections with a 997: 996: 884:Gibbard's theorem 824:Dominance paradox 761:Perverse response 465:Phragmen's method 331:Majority judgment 259:Positional voting 217:Condorcet methods 85:electoral systems 16:(Redirected from 6020: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5882: 5857: 5849: 5840:Electoral system 5743: 5702: 5701: 5644: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5588: 5587: 5576: 5570: 5554: 5546: 5536:Governor-General 5511: 5504: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5423:Liquid democracy 5075: 5074: 5055:Two-round system 4966:Dodgson's method 4889: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4718: 4706: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4587: 4572: 4550: 4542: 4520: 4498: 4471: 4459: 4449: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4389:. 25 April 2020. 4379: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4243:www.adaderana.lk 4235: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4096:. Archived from 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4070:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3956:(January 2005), 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3921:"Election Types" 3917: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3857:. Archived from 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3800:. Archived from 3789: 3783: 3782: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3679: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3574: 3565: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3492:. Archived from 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3288: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3139: 3129: 3123: 3089:electoral system 3021: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2968:Others systems: 2865: 2864: 2780:Aaron Motsoaledi 2654:British Columbia 2600:in 2005, and in 2530: 2529: 2499: 2498: 2483:two-round voting 2472: 2471: 2450: 2449: 2420: 2419: 2390: 2389: 2366: 2365: 2328: 2327: 2300: 2299: 2257: 2256: 2220: 2219: 2178: 2177: 2140: 2139: 2124: 2123: 2098:election in 1996 2066: 2065: 2027: 2026: 1981: 1980: 1967: 1966: 1952: 1951: 1930: 1929: 1894: 1893: 1867: 1866: 1832:in New Zealand. 1540: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1482: 1481: 1472:South Wales West 1372: 1244:original variant 1185: 1125: 989: 982: 975: 961: 960: 948: 947: 936: 935: 891:Positive results 786:Strategic voting 683:Majority jackpot 640: 629: 500:Liquid democracy 376:National remnant 366:Highest averages 303: 288: 273: 205: 196:Alternative vote 194: 178:Partisan primary 170: 111:Mechanism design 64: 63: 21: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6017: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5942: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5890: 5880: 5855: 5847: 5811: 5761: 5737: 5728:Representatives 5727: 5721: 5689: 5675:Shadow Ministry 5642: 5628:Representatives 5627: 5621: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5552: 5544: 5520: 5515: 5485: 5480: 5463: 5442: 5396: 5387:Smith criterion 5300: 5267: 5228:Parallel voting 5210: 5206:Imperiali quota 5179: 5146: 5064: 5018:Contingent vote 4981:Nanson's method 4939:Unified primary 4929:Approval voting 4915: 4898: 4893: 4855: 4819:Wayback Machine 4808: 4803: 4773: 4771:Further reading 4768: 4757: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4737: 4727: 4716: 4703: 4672: 4659: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4629: 4614: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4585: 4569: 4548: 4539: 4517: 4495: 4468: 4431: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4387:The Dong-a Ilbo 4381: 4380: 4376: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4227:(in Hungarian). 4220: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4169:. Revista Pulso 4163: 4159: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3790: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3742:. 6 August 2020 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3716:. 31 March 2020 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3682:Lublin, David. 3680: 3676: 3668:, p. 185; 3664: 3660: 3645:Verfassungsblog 3637: 3633: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3556: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3496:on 8 April 2020 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3417: 3410: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3227:Politics portal 3225: 3218: 3215: 3177:tactically vote 3173: 3097:parallel voting 3026: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2843: 2835:balancing seats 2822: 2817: 2797: 2707: 2704:Other countries 2558: 2552: 2547: 2524: 2520: 2493: 2466: 2444: 2414: 2384: 2378:parallel voting 2360: 2322: 2316:parallel voting 2294: 2251: 2214: 2207: 2205:Other countries 2172: 2134: 2118: 2060: 2021: 1996:varies by state 1991:varies by state 1975: 1961: 1946: 1924: 1888: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1824:As in numerous 1822: 1816: 1488:Parallel voting 1370:Überhangmandate 1361: 1355: 1330: 1324: 1218:Results of the 1212: 1180:voting system ( 1121: 1102: 1074:parallel voting 1016:winner-take-all 993: 955: 954: 942: 930: 922: 921: 888: 864:Arrow's theorem 854: 844: 843: 812: 782: 771:No-show paradox 752: 738:Cloning paradox 728:Spoiler effects 725: 715: 714: 689: 576: 559: 549: 548: 521: 512:Maximal lottery 479: 460:Thiele's method 449: 419: 351: 341: 340: 326:Approval voting 314:Cardinal voting 310: 255: 249:Maximal lottery 213: 145: 135: 39: 36:Parallel voting 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6026: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5802:King's Consent 5799: 5794: 5792:Members' bills 5789: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5663:Prime Minister 5655: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5286:Limited voting 5283: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5013:Coombs' method 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4991:Schulze method 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4951:Bucklin voting 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4807: 4806:External links 4804: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4758:|journal= 4725: 4707: 4701: 4668: 4660:|journal= 4627: 4607: 4594: 4573: 4567: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4515: 4499: 4493: 4472: 4466: 4457:2027/ku01.r2_9 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4392: 4374: 4356: 4343: 4331: 4314: 4303:Herman, Paul. 4295: 4277: 4248: 4230: 4208: 4180: 4157: 4142: 4111: 4085: 4059: 4044: 4018: 3992: 3967: 3945: 3933: 3912: 3898: 3872: 3861:on 5 June 2019 3841: 3815: 3804:on 5 June 2019 3784: 3781:(in Romanian). 3779:România Liberă 3765: 3753: 3727: 3701: 3674: 3670:Gallagher 2014 3666:Gallagher 2011 3658: 3631: 3612: 3594: 3566: 3564:, p. 194. 3550: 3532: 3507: 3481: 3449: 3408: 3365: 3358: 3336: 3329: 3305: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3231: 3230: 3214: 3211: 3198:National Party 3172: 3169: 3165:Platform Party 3063:(LCD) and the 3028: 3027: 3005: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2842: 2839: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2757: 2756: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2681: 2647: 2621: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538:municipalities 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2490: 2459: 2458: 2441: 2411: 2401:2016 elections 2381: 2370:(South Korea): 2357: 2319: 2283: 2282: 2248: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2131: 2128:United Kingdom 2114: 2113: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2032: 2017: 2016: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1972: 1958: 1937: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1844: 1841: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637:68 (11+23+34) 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1485: 1458:in both 2007 ( 1452:d'Hondt method 1415:leveling seats 1378:overhang seats 1365:overhang seats 1354: 1351: 1343:D'Hondt method 1341:: such as the 1323: 1320: 1286:United Kingdom 1271:dual candidacy 1211: 1208: 1190:the sometimes 1188:United Kingdom 1159:leveling seats 1101: 1098: 1087:Overhang seats 1043:representative 1030:overall. Like 995: 994: 992: 991: 984: 977: 969: 966: 965: 953: 952: 940: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 887: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 855: 850: 849: 846: 845: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 811: 810: 808:Turkey-raising 805: 800: 795: 781: 780: 779: 778: 768: 763: 751: 750: 748:Center squeeze 745: 740: 735: 733:Spoiler effect 726: 721: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 707: 706: 705: 692:By ballot type 688: 687: 686: 685: 680: 675: 665: 664: 663: 662: 661: 656: 646: 645: 644: 633: 610: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 575: 574: 569: 560: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 544:Limited voting 541: 540: 539: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 503: 502: 497: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 448: 447: 442: 437: 432: 418: 417: 416: 415: 413:Localized list 410: 405: 400: 395: 385: 384: 383: 381:Biproportional 378: 373: 368: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 333: 328: 323: 309: 308: 293: 278: 254: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 226: 212: 211: 210: 209: 198: 185:Instant-runoff 182: 181: 180: 172:Jungle primary 159: 148:Single vote - 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 134: 133: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 99: 98: 88: 87: 77: 76: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6025: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947:Miscellaneous 5945: 5936: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:Question Time 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582:Parliamentary 5580: 5575: 5569: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4921:Single-winner 4918: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4653: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4555:Norris, Pippa 4552: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503:Forder, James 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4409: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4288: 4281: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954:Milner, Henry 3949: 3942: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3672:, p. 18. 3671: 3667: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3647:(in German). 3646: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3359:9780230281424 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3330:9780191528972 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3248:Leveling seat 3246: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147:Ahead of the 3145: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3121:liste civetta 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3081:2012 election 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935:Vote linkage 2933: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2883:Seat linkage 2881: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2827:German states 2812: 2810: 2809:party-list PR 2806: 2802: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:South Africa: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671:or change to 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626:In 2007, the 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:voter turnout 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2512: 2511:conditionally 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2440:constitution. 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2197: 2194: 2192:2000–present 2191: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153:1999–present 2152: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2078:1994–present 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2039:2002–present 2036: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1908:1994–present 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1773: 1769: 1754: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1631:41 (11+23+7) 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603:71 (54+0+17) 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1518: 1513: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1359:Overhang seat 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1200:mixed systems 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1061:, similar to 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 971: 970: 968: 967: 964: 959: 951: 946: 941: 939: 934: 929: 928: 926: 925: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 907:May's theorem 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 892: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 853: 848: 847: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 817:majority rule 815:Paradoxes of 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 788: 787: 777: 774: 773: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 729: 724: 719: 718: 711: 708: 704: 701: 700: 699: 696: 695: 694: 693: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 643: 638: 634: 632: 627: 623: 622: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615: 611: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 586: 581: 580: 579: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 558: 557:Mixed systems 553: 552: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 529: 528: 527: 526: 518: 517:Random ballot 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 487: 486: 485: 484: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 454: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 389: 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361:Apportionment 359: 358: 357: 356: 350: 345: 344: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 315: 306: 302: 297: 296:Antiplurality 294: 291: 287: 282: 279: 276: 272: 267: 264: 263: 262: 261: 260: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 224:Condorcet-IRV 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 208: 203: 199: 197: 192: 188: 187: 186: 183: 179: 176: 175: 173: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 151: 144: 139: 138: 131: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 106:Social choice 104: 103: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81:Social choice 79: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65: 59: 54: 50: 46:manipulation. 43: 37: 33: 19: 5972:Waka-jumping 5964: 5906:(demolished) 5904:, Auckland 5873:Appointments 5868:By-elections 5856:(previously) 5844: 5807:Royal assent 5475: 5469: 5232: 5085:Mixed-member 5084: 5070:Proportional 5045:Score voting 4986:Ranked pairs 4905:Part of the 4904: 4797: 4790: 4778: 4738:. Retrieved 4712: 4684: 4640:. Retrieved 4618: 4599:. Retrieved 4581: 4558: 4528: 4506: 4476: 4437: 4429:Bibliography 4415:. Retrieved 4408:the original 4395: 4377: 4359: 4346: 4334: 4317: 4308: 4298: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4264: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4192: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4160: 4145: 4133:. Retrieved 4125:CBC Montreal 4124: 4114: 4104:14 September 4102:. Retrieved 4098:the original 4088: 4078:14 September 4076:. Retrieved 4072:the original 4062: 4052: 4047: 4035:. Retrieved 4031: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 4005: 3995: 3983:. Retrieved 3979: 3970: 3961: 3948: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3915: 3901: 3889:. Retrieved 3886:Bangkok Post 3885: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3859:the original 3854: 3844: 3832:. Retrieved 3829:Bangkok Post 3828: 3818: 3806:. Retrieved 3802:the original 3797: 3787: 3778: 3768: 3756: 3744:. Retrieved 3739: 3730: 3718:. Retrieved 3713: 3704: 3692:. Retrieved 3687: 3677: 3661: 3644: 3634: 3625: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3585:. Retrieved 3581: 3562:Mayorga 2001 3558:Mayorga 1997 3553: 3544: 3535: 3523:. Retrieved 3510: 3498:. Retrieved 3494:the original 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3465:the original 3452: 3440:. Retrieved 3428: 3424: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3349: 3339: 3315: 3308: 3296:. Retrieved 3286: 3190: 3174: 3146: 3142:Forza Italia 3105: 3085: 3054: 3046: 3043: 3031: 3023:(March 2024) 3022: 3011: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2844: 2823: 2798: 2760: 2744: 2735: 2722:German model 2710: 2703: 2683: 2649: 2623: 2589: 2578:proportional 2559: 2532:South Africa 2523: 2501: 2492: 2474: 2465: 2460: 2452: 2443: 2437:compensatory 2422: 2413: 2392: 2383: 2359: 2330: 2321: 2293: 2284: 2250: 2244: 2222: 2213: 2208: 2171: 2142: 2133: 2126: 2117: 2109: 2059: 2054:Single vote 2020: 1995: 1990: 1974: 1960: 1945: 1932: 1923: 1896: 1887: 1862: 1834: 1823: 1804:New Zealand 1793: 1783: 1771: 1748: 1671:21 (0+7+14) 1597:54 (54+0+0) 1490: 1464:Welsh Labour 1438: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1396: 1381: 1375: 1362: 1333: 1331: 1309: 1298: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1253: 1241: 1204: 1177: 1167: 1156: 1143:proportional 1117: 1103: 1091: 1067: 1047:constituency 1040: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 890: 889: 856: 814: 813: 798:Exaggeration 784: 783: 754: 753: 727: 709: 691: 690: 659:Mixed ballot 614:Compensatory 612: 585:compensatory 582: 577: 571: 561: 523: 522: 481: 480: 451: 450: 421: 420: 408:List-free PR 353: 321:Score voting 312: 311: 257: 256: 244:Ranked pairs 215: 214: 147: 49: 5935:Bowen House 5863:Electorates 5553:(1853–1950) 5545:(1841–1853) 5428:Spoilt vote 5191:Droop quota 5130:Schulze STV 5105:Rural–urban 5050:STAR voting 4946:Borda count 4837:ACE Project 3926:9 September 3626:ACE Project 3442:16 November 3137:Paese Nuovo 3077:Tom Thabane 2894:single vote 2801:VOLT Europa 2788:Valli Moosa 2711:Costa Rica: 2692:Sonia LeBel 2396:(formerly): 2304:(formerly): 2272:closed-list 2068:New Zealand 2047:decoy lists 1849:By-election 1830:minor party 1772:Method used 1665:13 (0+7+6) 1625:34 (11+23) 1619:24 (11+13) 1585:67 (54+13) 1468:Plaid Cymru 1407:Māori Party 1316:Zweitmandat 1230:Ballot for 1163:New Zealand 1100:Other names 1094:New Zealand 1059:party lists 1024:party lists 698:Single vote 601:Conditional 596:Coexistence 445:Quota Borda 435:Schulze STV 393:Closed list 336:STAR voting 281:Borda count 5987:Categories 5797:Committees 5525:Components 5447:Comparison 5201:Hare quota 5151:Allocation 5137:Spare vote 5125:Hare-Clark 5095:Party-list 4860:University 4270:15 October 3985:6 February 3714:fanabc.com 3474:24 October 3298:21 October 3274:References 3132:Olive Tree 3013:Decoy list 2941:(PVT/MSV) 2784:Parliament 2749:Sri Lankan 2745:Sri Lanka: 2739:coalition. 2688:referendum 2606:plebiscite 2598:referendum 2554:See also: 2308:Parliament 2195:Two votes 2156:Two votes 2081:Two votes 1911:Two votes 1847:See also: 1818:See also: 1705:5 (5+0+0) 1699:5 (5+0+0) 1591:54 (54+0) 1572:Share (%) 1566:Share (%) 1560:Share (%) 1554:Share (%) 1357:See also: 1326:See also: 1234:, for the 1210:Procedures 803:Truncation 532:Cumulative 355:Party-list 130:By country 121:Comparison 58:German MMP 5967:(Hansard) 5938:(current) 5930:(current) 5914:(current) 5895:Locations 5881:(defunct) 5848:(current) 5817:Elections 5770:Procedure 5747:30+ years 5658:Ministers 5643:(defunct) 5617:(defunct) 5609:(defunct) 5601:(defunct) 5438:Unseating 5433:Sortition 5035:Plurality 4911:Economics 4835:from the 4760:ignored ( 4750:cite book 4740:31 August 4735:1402-6759 4662:ignored ( 4652:cite book 4642:31 August 4637:1402-6759 4417:13 August 3684:"Albania" 3437:0278-839X 3403:149188878 3395:1745-7289 3202:ACT Party 2952:Hybrids: 2841:Solutions 2454:Venezuela 2005:open-list 1942:, except 1814:Threshold 1751:Gallagher 1739:70+30+65 1733:70+30+13 1383:Bundestag 1301:open-list 1282:open-list 1151:open-list 1135:localized 1123:‹See Tfd› 710:Dual-vote 403:Panachage 398:Open list 388:List type 266:Plurality 162:Two-round 150:plurality 73:Economics 5825:Previous 5740:previous 5726:House of 5626:House of 5584:officers 5305:Criteria 5258:Scorporo 4907:politics 4815:Archived 4683:(eds.). 4579:(2004). 4557:(eds.). 4505:(2011). 4194:Index.hu 4173:28 March 4154:. CRHoy. 4135:28 April 4129:Archived 4032:CBC News 4006:CBC News 3891:29 March 3865:29 March 3834:24 March 3808:24 March 3746:6 August 3720:31 March 3694:24 March 3525:24 March 3500:25 March 3213:See also 3116:scorporo 3071:and the 3047:de facto 3041:system. 2736:Hungary: 2624:Ontario: 2475:Hungary: 2424:Thailand 2341:Ethiopia 2337:Ethiopia 2185:Assembly 2144:Scotland 1984:Saarland 1870:Country 1693:5 (5+0) 1687:5 (5+0) 1681:Party D 1659:7 (0+7) 1653:3 (0+3) 1647:Party C 1613:Party B 1579:Party A 1440:Scotland 430:Hare STV 69:Politics 67:A joint 5919:Beehive 5735:Current 5698:Members 5532:Monarch 5477:Project 5168:D'Hondt 5120:CPO-STV 5078:Systems 4225:4cdn.hu 4037:7 April 4011:4 April 3740:bbc.com 3093:Yaracuy 3018:Discuss 2982:(MBTV) 2684:Quebec: 2632:Ontario 2502:Mexico: 2394:Romania 2302:Albania 2224:Germany 2029:Lesotho 2001:Bavaria 1970:Hamburg 1934:Germany 1898:Bolivia 1434:Bavaria 1429:Landtag 1424:Landtag 1345:or the 1288:by the 1278:Bavaria 1168:In the 1110:Germany 440:CPO-STV 290:Baldwin 239:Schulze 234:Minimax 152:methods 5471:Portal 5408:Ballot 5184:Quotas 4913:series 4853:Videos 4733: 4723: 4699: 4671: 4635: 4625: 4592: 4565: 4551: 4547: 4535: 4513: 4491: 4464: 4309:News24 4201:15 May 3587:31 May 3435: 3401: 3393: 3356: 3327: 2976:(DMP) 2925:(AV+) 2550:Canada 2405:closed 2349:Tigray 2345:Tigray 2332:Tigray 2181:London 1955:Bremen 1882:Notes 1727:70+30 1721:70+30 1715:TOTAL 1569:Seats 1563:Seats 1557:Seats 1551:Seats 1545:Party 1174:Quebec 1127:German 305:Coombs 75:series 5685:Whips 5648:Clerk 5401:Other 5220:Mixed 4826:from 4717:(PDF) 4615:(PDF) 4601:6 May 4586:(PDF) 4411:(PDF) 4404:(PDF) 4326:(PDF) 4290:(PDF) 4261:(PDF) 4221:(PDF) 3468:(PDF) 3461:(PDF) 3431:(3). 3399:S2CID 3279:Notes 3194:Epsom 3008:split 2916:(AMS) 2857:in a 2782:told 2728:on a 2518:Local 2259:Wales 2011:uses 1742:100% 1736:100% 1730:100% 1724:100% 1718:100% 1334:total 1022:with 642:'MMP' 631:'AMS' 5835:List 5830:Next 4909:and 4762:help 4742:2017 4731:ISSN 4721:ISBN 4697:ISBN 4664:help 4644:2017 4633:ISSN 4623:ISBN 4603:2011 4590:ISBN 4563:ISBN 4533:ISBN 4511:ISBN 4489:ISBN 4462:ISBN 4419:2012 4272:2023 4203:2022 4175:2019 4137:2021 4106:2018 4080:2018 4039:2017 4013:2017 3987:2017 3928:2021 3893:2019 3867:2019 3836:2019 3810:2019 3748:2020 3722:2020 3696:2016 3589:2024 3527:2016 3502:2016 3476:2017 3444:2020 3433:ISSN 3391:ISSN 3354:ISBN 3325:ISBN 3300:2017 2807:and 2312:2005 1876:Use 1674:13% 1668:12% 1650:13% 1640:41% 1634:36% 1628:34% 1622:24% 1616:41% 1606:43% 1600:48% 1594:54% 1588:67% 1582:43% 1405:the 1390:and 1388:2008 1145:and 1104:The 1008:MMPR 583:Non- 537:SNTV 126:List 83:and 71:and 5233:MMP 4689:doi 4673:——— 4549:——— 4481:doi 4452:hdl 4442:doi 3649:doi 3607:BMI 3383:doi 3016:. ( 2630:in 1708:3% 1702:4% 1696:5% 1690:5% 1684:3% 1662:7% 1656:3% 1493:MMM 1397:In 1310:In 1276:In 1202:. 1172:of 1006:or 1004:MMP 301:el. 286:el. 275:IRV 271:el. 34:or 5989:: 5474:— 4754:: 4752:}} 4748:{{ 4729:. 4695:. 4679:; 4656:: 4654:}} 4650:{{ 4631:. 4487:. 4460:. 4450:. 4385:. 4367:. 4307:. 4263:. 4241:. 4223:. 4127:. 4123:. 4030:. 4004:. 3978:. 3960:, 3884:. 3853:. 3827:. 3796:. 3777:. 3738:. 3712:. 3686:. 3643:. 3624:. 3605:. 3580:. 3569:^ 3560:; 3543:. 3518:. 3429:38 3427:. 3423:. 3411:^ 3397:. 3389:. 3379:29 3377:. 3348:. 3323:. 3319:. 3052:. 3020:) 2811:. 2403:, 2262:- 2147:- 2015:. 1753:) 1495:) 1307:. 1129:: 1038:. 637:NZ 626:UK 202:US 191:UK 174:) 167:US 5742:) 5738:( 5538:) 5510:e 5503:t 5496:v 4888:e 4881:t 4874:v 4764:) 4744:. 4705:. 4691:: 4666:) 4646:. 4605:. 4571:. 4541:. 4519:. 4497:. 4483:: 4470:. 4454:: 4444:: 4421:. 4328:. 4311:. 4292:. 4274:. 4245:. 4205:. 4177:. 4139:. 4108:. 4082:. 4041:. 4015:. 3989:. 3943:. 3930:. 3909:. 3895:. 3869:. 3838:. 3812:. 3750:. 3724:. 3698:. 3655:. 3651:: 3591:. 3547:. 3529:. 3504:. 3478:. 3446:. 3405:. 3385:: 3362:. 3333:. 3302:. 2534:: 2509:( 2489:. 2281:. 2187:) 2183:( 1957:, 1749:( 1491:( 1417:( 1367:( 1120:( 1002:( 988:e 981:t 974:v 639:: 628:: 307:) 298:( 292:) 283:( 277:) 268:( 204:: 193:: 169:: 164:( 132:) 128:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.