2038:
5249:
885:
1679:
1809:
5240:
956:
1663:
916:
940:
1699:
980:
577:
596:
1491:
1540:
1474:
1561:
5092:
have remained stable in that same time-frame. However, a
General American sound system also has some debated degree of influence nationwide, for example, gradually beginning to oust the regional accent in urban areas of the South and at least some in the Inland North. Rather than one particular accent, General American is best defined as an umbrella covering an American accent that does not incorporate features associated with some particular region, ethnicity, or socioeconomic group. Typical General American features include
15144:
5308:
57:
408:
of a fairly uniform
American English (particularly in contrast to the diverse regional dialects of British English) became common after the mid-18th century, while at the same time speakers' identification with this new variety increased. Since the 18th century, American English has developed into some new varieties, including regional dialects that retain minor influences from waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages, primarily European languages.
4132:
5322:
560:
regions of both the South and North, and throughout the West: American dialect areas that were all uninfluenced by upper-class non-rhoticity and that consequently have remained consistently rhotic. While non-rhoticity spread on the East Coast (perhaps in imitation of 19th-century London speech), even the East Coast has gradually begun to restore rhoticity, due to it becoming nationally prestigious in the 20th century. The pronunciation of
8577:
8568:
4465:
3072:). Due to Mexican culinary influence, many Spanish words are incorporated in general use when talking about certain popular dishes: cilantro (instead of coriander), queso, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, tostadas, fajitas, burritos, and guacamole. These words usually lack an English equivalent and are found in popular restaurants. New forms of dwelling created new terms
8559:
399:. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the early 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, dialects from many different regions of England and the British Isles existed in every American colony, allowing a process of
554:
Rhoticity is common in most
American accents despite being now rare in England because, during the 17th-century British colonization, nearly all dialects of English were rhotic, and most North American English simply remained that way. The preservation of rhoticity in North America was also supported
407:
in which
English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with the varieties in Britain. English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century's first immigration of non-English speakers from Western Europe and Africa. Additionally, firsthand descriptions
986:, sometimes showing lip rounding as . Therefore, even mainstream Americans vary greatly with this speech feature, with possibilities ranging from a full merger to no merger at all. A transitional stage of the merger is also common in scatterings throughout the United States, most consistently in the
4086:
is more common in
American English. Some other differences include: aerial (United Kingdom) vs. antenna, biscuit (United Kingdom) vs. cookie/cracker, car park (United Kingdom) vs. parking lot, caravan (United Kingdom) vs. trailer, city centre (United Kingdom) vs. downtown, flat (United Kingdom) vs.
5091:
noted that Great Lakes, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and West Coast accents have undergone "vigorous new sound changes" since the mid-nineteenth century onwards, so they "are now more different from each other than they were 50 or 100 years ago", while other accents, like of New York City and Boston,
990:
lying between the historical dialect regions of the North and the South, while younger
Americans, in general, tend to be transitioning toward the merger. According to a 2003 dialect survey carried out across the United States, about 61% of participants perceive themselves as keeping the two vowels
559:
immigrants, most intensely during the 18th century (and moderately during the following two centuries) when this ethnic group eventually made up one-seventh of the colonial population. Scotch-Irish settlers spread from
Delaware and Pennsylvania throughout the larger Mid-Atlantic region, the inland
1908:
may contain a raised nucleus. The use of , rather than , in such words is unpredictable from the phonetic environment alone, but it may have to do with their acoustic similarity to other words with before a voiceless consonant, per the traditional
Canadian-raising system. Some researchers have
4365:
Having been settled longer than the
American West Coast, the East Coast has had more time to develop unique accents, and it currently comprises three or four linguistically significant regions, each of which possesses English varieties both different from each other as well as quite internally
3179:—underwent shifts in meaning; others remained in the U.S. while changing in Britain. Science, urbanization, and democracy have been important factors in bringing about changes in the written and spoken language of the United States. From the world of business and finance came new terms (
5286:, have adopted legislation granting official or co-official status to English. Typically only "English" is specified, not a particular variety like American English. (From 1923 to 1969, the state of Illinois recognized its official language as "American", meaning American English.)
2916:
etc. homophones. Many older varieties of
American English still keep the sets of words distinct, particularly in the extreme Northeast, the South (especially along the Gulf Coast), and the central Midlands, but the merger is evidently spreading and younger Americans rarely show the
4075:" in American English, and American English prefers that periods and commas be placed inside closing quotation marks even in cases in which British rules would place them outside. American English also favors the double quotation mark ("like this") over the single ('as here').
4637:
are the most prominent regional accents of the country, as well as the most stigmatized and socially disfavored. Southern speech, strongest in southern Appalachia and certain areas of Texas, is often identified by Americans as a "country" accent, and is defined by the
3360:
and a huge number of others. Other compound words have been founded based on industrialization and the wave of the automobile: five-passenger car, four-door sedan, two-door sedan, and station-wagon (called an estate car in British English). Some are euphemistic
1680:
5122:. General American features are embraced most by Americans who are highly educated or in the most formal contexts, and regional accents with the most General American native features include North Midland, Western New England, and Western accents.
2039:
844:
vowel), largely because of a merger occurring between the two sounds in some parts of North America, but not others. American speakers with a completed merger pronounce the two historically separate vowels with the same sound (especially in the
382:
native to certain regions of the U.S. but especially associated with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American
3944:). Often, these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other, and American English is not a standardized set of dialects.
1599:. Other rules apply to flapping to such a complex degree in fact that flapping has been analyzed as being required in certain contexts, prohibited in others, and optional in still others. For instance, flapping is prohibited in words like
4339:
While written American English is largely standardized across the country and spoken American English dialects are highly mutually intelligible, there are still several recognizable regional and ethnic accents and lexical distinctions.
957:
4614:-dropping, a feature that has continued to gain prestige throughout England from the late 18th century onwards, but which has conversely lost prestige in the U.S. since at least the early 20th century. Non-rhoticity makes a word like
1664:
917:
4515:, which is rapidly spreading throughout the whole country. However, the South, Inland North, and a Northeastern coastal corridor passing through Rhode Island, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically preserve an older
1433:
941:
3879:
Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility; these include: typically a lack of differentiation between adjectives and adverbs, employing the equivalent adjectives as adverbs
1700:
981:
8668:
578:
5281:
has never had an official language at the federal level, but English is commonly used at the federal level and in states without an official language. 32 of the 50 states, in some cases as part of what has been called the
5243:
Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico according to the 2016–2021 five-year American Community
886:
7938:
597:
3608:
created a survey, completed in 2003, polling English speakers across the United States about their specific everyday word choices, hoping to identify regionalisms. The study found that most Americans prefer the term
1828:
being pronounced in these words as alveolar flaps ). The sound change also applies across word boundaries, though the position of a word or phrase's stress may prevent the raising from taking place. For instance, a
8539:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
4322:. Any region may also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. Furthermore, this map does not account for speakers of ethnic or cultural varieties (such as
3796:
3791:
1810:
361:
Varieties of American English include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world. Any
4011:
popularized such spellings in America, but he did not invent most of them. Rather, "he chose already existing options on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology." Other differences are due to the
1492:
1705:(though in the initial position, perhaps less dark than elsewhere among some speakers). The only notable exceptions to this velarization are in some Spanish-influenced American English varieties (such as
4609:
pronunciation, even in these non-rhotic American accents. Non-rhoticity among such speakers is presumed to have arisen from their upper classes' close historical contact with England, imitating London's
3818:
1412:
1541:
1475:
1562:
1283:
5826:
1308:
11490:
3775:
1358:
1333:
1755:
rhyme. The quality of the merged vowel varies considerably based on the environment but is typically more open, like , in word-initial or word-final position, but more close, like , elsewhere.
1431:
1383:
6624:
12210:
4678:": a vast band of the country that constitutes an intermediate dialect region between the traditional North and South. Western U.S. accents mostly fall under the General American spectrum.
4446:
vowel (to ) in comparison to the rest of the country. Ranging from northern New England across the Great Lakes to Minnesota, another Northern regional marker is the variable fronting of
3547:) is often considered to be largely an Americanism. Other words and meanings were brought back to Britain from the U.S., especially in the second half of the 20th century; these include
12702:
7284:
4468:
The red dots show every U.S. metropolitan area where over 50% non-rhotic speech was documented among some of that area's white speakers in the 1990s. Non-rhoticity may be heard among
3847:
2130:
15124:
1432:
1410:
2090:
systems are probably related phonologically, if not phonetically since a British-like phenomenon occurs among some older speakers of the eastern New England (Boston) area for whom
3757:
2957:
The process of coining new lexical items started as soon as English-speaking British-American colonists began borrowing names for unfamiliar flora, fauna, and topography from the
1281:
3920:) although the purportedly "British" forms can occasionally be seen in American English writing as well; different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (for example, AmE
1306:
5365:
1356:
1331:
3315:
interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, pressure, rear-end, transition, feature, profile, hashtag, head, divorce, loan, estimate, X-ray, spearhead, skyrocket, showcase, bad-mouth,
1381:
12575:
3766:
1685:) is much less noticeable in nearly all dialects of American English; it is often altogether absent, with all "L" sounds tending to be "dark", meaning having some degree of
7262:
4358:
The regional sounds of present-day American English are reportedly engaged in a complex phenomenon of "both convergence and divergence": some accents are homogenizing and
12292:
5214:
12297:
6755:
Regional Accents ... A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!'
5355:
1820:, for instance, remain distinct from one another by virtue of their difference in height (and length) of the diphthong's starting point (unrelated to both the letters
1411:
8252:
Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999). "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants".
12392:
11732:
11602:
3726:
1282:
1307:
8789:
1357:
1332:
387:. The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in the 20th century.
3864:(BrE) often differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a much lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary,
1382:
15217:
12982:
11862:
3747:
7973:
13741:
12469:
12237:
12071:
11727:
5274:
In 2021, about 245 million Americans, aged 5 or above, spoke English at home: a majority of the United States total population of roughly 330 million people.
3840:
3731:
5804:
5209:, and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example,
4118:). However, while individuals usually use one or the other, both forms will be widely understood and mostly used alongside each other within the two systems.
2123:
752:
481:
Studies on historical usage of English in both the United States and the United Kingdom suggest that spoken American English did not simply deviate away from
15941:
15117:
12758:
12325:
12215:
5516:, with the vowel usually realized in the back or middle of the mouth as . Finally, most of the U.S. participates in a continuous nasal system of the "short
14976:
13814:
12093:
3712:
3535:
for example came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year."
14916:
13902:
13736:
12130:
12670:
12528:
725:(RP), has evolved in other ways compared to which General American has remained relatively conservative. Examples include the modern RP features of a
15936:
12232:
12019:
7434:
5335:
3833:
3740:
11011:
3485:
and that have been in everyday use in the United States have since disappeared in most varieties of British English; some of these have cognates in
2116:
15212:
15110:
12724:
12697:
12014:
1024:
7750:
13072:
13032:
11368:
7807:
The Southern Accent and 'Bad English': A Comparative Perceptual Study of the Conceptual Network between Southern Linguistic Features and Identity
2997:. American English speakers have integrated traditionally non-English terms and expressions into the mainstream cultural lexicon; for instance,
15946:
12880:
11798:
11285:
7408:
7758:
This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England
1044:
in transition: According to the 2003 dialect survey, nearly 57% of participants from around the country self-identified as merging the sounds
13689:
13094:
12330:
11537:
3194:
5741:
15405:
15262:
12712:
12309:
12125:
12066:
11649:
11607:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
8782:
5218:
2679:
13836:
13679:
13574:
13319:
13057:
12177:
12088:
11830:
11815:
11697:
7460:
2021:
as tenser (approximately ), while other environments are laxer (approximately the standard ); for example, note the vowel sound in for
15011:
13984:
13662:
13177:
13172:
13162:
12535:
12264:
11512:
3678:
3670:
473:
North American accent falls under an umbrella known as General American. This section mostly refers to such General American features.
13831:
13774:
13667:
13496:
12938:
11441:
8229:
4353:
4349:
1533:
1072:). The merger is largely complete in most regions of the country, the major exceptions being much of the Atlantic Coast and southern
463:
7209:
3252:). A large number of English colloquialisms from various periods are American in origin; some have lost their American flavor (from
13878:
13674:
13167:
12655:
12595:
12155:
11810:
11702:
11552:
11146:
11116:
8183:
6670:
5263: Multiple official languages, including English (Alaska, Hawaii, South Dakota), or languages with special status (New Mexico)
243:
13784:
13757:
13716:
13711:
13684:
13614:
13501:
13297:
13104:
12692:
12516:
12414:
12046:
8775:
5345:
2942:. However, scatterings of older speakers who do not merge these pairs still exist nationwide, perhaps most strongly in the South.
7321:
7043:
6028:
The emergence of American English as a discursive variety Tracing enregisterment processes in nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers
551:, are often quickly noticed by General American listeners and perceived as sounding especially ethnic, regional, or antiquated.
15191:
13885:
13594:
13277:
13182:
13012:
12960:
12921:
12488:
12483:
12337:
12274:
12227:
12205:
12170:
11825:
11681:
11227:
1672:
8089:
6719:
Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -
15240:
15061:
14846:
13701:
13589:
13459:
13363:
13272:
13196:
12741:
12707:
11722:
11712:
11707:
11565:
11560:
11424:
11389:
11182:
11173:
11140:
11110:
11104:
11098:
10899:
8725:
8515:
8439:
8408:
8312:
8284:
8083:
7701:
6633:, p. 114: "where Canadian raising has traditionally been reported: Canada, Eastern New England, Philadelphia, and the North".
6567:
6130:
5655:
3127:. Industry and material innovations from the 19th century onwards provide distinctive new words, phrases, and idioms through
6468:
2079:
systems. The vowels move in the opposite direction (high and forward) in the mouth compared to the backed Standard British "
419:
segregation, and patterns in their resettlement. This can be seen, for example, in the influence of 18th-century Protestant
15081:
14154:
14039:
13897:
13794:
13731:
13721:
13604:
13395:
13358:
13287:
13119:
13084:
12635:
12365:
12098:
11869:
11820:
11793:
11717:
11676:
11188:
11167:
11161:
11128:
11122:
10856:
10818:
9039:
4605:
across the country), though the vowel-consonant cluster found in "bird", "work", "hurt", "learn", etc. usually retains its
3048:
396:
15534:
797:
vowel merger is in a transitional or completed stage in nearly all North American English. Exceptions are in northeastern
14562:
13853:
13841:
13779:
13536:
13027:
12926:
12523:
12182:
12078:
11962:
11239:
11233:
8844:
6388:
5131:
4602:
4314:
2013:(with a kind of "continuum" of possible sounds between both extremes, rather than a definitive split). In those accents,
1656:
1421:
540:
440:
358:(32 out of 50). Since the late 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.
306:
5138:, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including
2558:
14667:
13826:
13767:
13652:
13647:
13584:
13346:
13307:
13267:
13114:
13067:
13047:
12660:
12287:
12282:
12187:
12135:
11664:
11419:
11278:
11048:
9600:
8552:
5528:
to be pronounced with the tongue raised and with a glide quality (typically sounding like ) particularly when before a
436:
8587:
Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980). "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/".
5561:
13868:
13848:
13799:
13789:
13657:
13579:
13556:
13516:
13380:
13370:
13247:
13222:
13129:
13109:
12587:
12377:
12103:
11485:
8340:
7965:
7561:
7527:
7353:
criticized an alleged "American tendency" to "burden every verb with a preposition that adds nothing to its meaning (
7164:
7105:
6748:
6049:
5716:
5613:
5587:
39:
7574:
15385:
14466:
13873:
13819:
13804:
13706:
13541:
13017:
12970:
12965:
12867:
12794:
12494:
12259:
11788:
11066:
10039:
8896:
8684:
Bailey, Richard W. (2004). "American English: Its origins and history". In E. Finegan & J. R. Rickford (Eds.),
8574:
8565:
8556:
8034:
2672:
2224:
1857:
1692:
15931:
15181:
14714:
14510:
13907:
13696:
13637:
13546:
13437:
13412:
12909:
12899:
12464:
12382:
12320:
12304:
12150:
12145:
11909:
11889:
11879:
11874:
10555:
9605:
9095:
8988:
8239:. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America.
6644:
6094:
5370:
5104:
4598:
2408:
2349:
2327:
2318:
2273:
1714:
991:
distinct and 39% do not. A 2009 follow-up survey put the percentages at 58% non-merging speakers and 41% merging.
570:
544:
296:
9398:
6222:
4681:
Below, ten major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain vowel sounds:
3193:), from sports and gambling terminology came, specific jargon aside, common everyday American idioms, including
3165:
to automotive terminology often now standard in English internationally. Already existing English words—such as
1913:
in those dialects, and the distribution of the two sounds is becoming more unpredictable among younger speakers.
15810:
15031:
14471:
13977:
13890:
13564:
13511:
13427:
13417:
13385:
13314:
13302:
13257:
13144:
13042:
12904:
12824:
12814:
12600:
12457:
12160:
12118:
12061:
11835:
11746:
10455:
9512:
8958:
8798:
6712:
5234:
4876:
4485:
4196:
3705:
2939:
2217:
1931:
1861:
347:
10540:
15133:
15071:
14764:
14726:
13642:
13506:
13422:
13353:
13324:
13262:
13152:
13124:
12768:
12140:
12033:
11271:
10365:
10029:
9453:
8739:
8647:
Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded As Peculiar to the United States
5674:
5143:
4944:
4390:, Chicago being the largest city with these speakers, also ushered in certain unique features, including the
4379:
1850:
736:, neither of which is typical of General American accents. Moreover, American dialects do not participate in
661:
set. The split, which has now reversed in most British English, simultaneously shifts this relatively recent
7129:
3224:
New foreign loanwords came with 19th and early 20th century European immigration to the U.S.; notably, from
15926:
15429:
15066:
14719:
14539:
14356:
14177:
13937:
13930:
13863:
13726:
13609:
13531:
13521:
13375:
13336:
13292:
13252:
13209:
13157:
13089:
13062:
13022:
13000:
12809:
12623:
12570:
12503:
12360:
12316:
12244:
12165:
12083:
11894:
11758:
11587:
11495:
11303:
11001:
9206:
9020:
6530:
5043:
4481:
2494:
2192:
909:
806:
589:
411:
Some racial and regional variation in American English reflects these groups' geographic settlement, their
7438:
5781:
5525:
5487:
5479:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4639:
4578:
4505:
4501:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4409:
4398:
2935:
2931:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2692:
2688:
2640:
2598:
2570:
2543:
2539:
2521:
2517:
2488:
2380:
2360:
2337:
2304:
2282:
2259:
2235:
2139:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1959:
1939:
1935:
1869:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1736:
1732:
1623:
1619:
1591:
before a full stressed vowel is also possible but only if that vowel begins a new word or morpheme, as in
1588:
1584:
1547:
1524:
1520:
1498:
1448:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1188:
1164:
1160:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1032:
1028:
967:
927:
900:
837:
826:
790:
733:
698:
690:
686:
682:
508:
14442:
14432:
14030:
13997:
13993:
13858:
13809:
13624:
13526:
13449:
13331:
13227:
13052:
13037:
12975:
12610:
12565:
12372:
12254:
12108:
10988:
10864:
10727:
8968:
8926:
8921:
7381:
6080:
Mufwene, Salikoko S. (1999). "North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts."
5375:
4590:
4421:
4145:
4136:
2952:
2734:
2665:
1949:
949:
677:
vowel, it results in lengthening and perhaps raising, merging the more recently separated vowel into the
532:
31:
7739:
7489:
7154:
7095:
5675:"U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language"
15440:
15244:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
15026:
14741:
14599:
14010:
13762:
13632:
13464:
13444:
13432:
13242:
13232:
12914:
12819:
12432:
12422:
11949:
11944:
11934:
11929:
11451:
10330:
9973:
9960:
9898:
9733:
9610:
8734:
6648:
6265:
5186:
5155:
3103:
878:
874:
740:, an innovative feature that now characterizes perhaps a majority of the regional dialects of England.
13962:
8005:
1993:
vowel occurs in specific environments that vary widely from region to region but most commonly before
1233:
and interdental consonants (that is: everywhere except after /p/, /b/, /f/, /h/, /k/, and /m/) and so
962:, but with only slight rounding. Among speakers who do not distinguish between them, thus producing a
15921:
15006:
14532:
14490:
14461:
14393:
14361:
13970:
13341:
12647:
12452:
12447:
12009:
11463:
9999:
9726:
8983:
8963:
8953:
4977:
4634:
4264:
4227:
2958:
2728:
2492:
2406:
2347:
2325:
2316:
2271:
2202:
1947:
1927:
1842:
1690:
1670:
1654:
1627:
1531:
1400:
973:
971:
947:
931:
907:
587:
568:
548:
384:
15538:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
8379:
7412:
5296:
in which another language – Spanish – is the common language at home, in public, and in government.
15826:
15417:
14731:
14685:
14584:
14557:
14522:
14417:
14288:
13454:
12834:
12804:
12799:
12789:
12555:
12511:
12352:
12113:
11899:
11763:
11577:
11517:
10775:
10335:
10139:
9473:
9015:
8911:
8886:
8839:
8235:. In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.).
8162:
8010:
7198:"central point in a town" or "main area for a particular activity" (cf. Oxford English Dictionary).
7186:
A few of these are now chiefly found, or have been more productive, outside the U.S.; for example,
6485:
6436:
6323:
5472:
5097:
5082:
5010:
4810:
4675:
4489:
4469:
4323:
4216:
4205:
4091:
2197:
2182:
1923:
1118:
1035:
are typical throughout North America, the only exceptions existing primarily along the East Coast:
987:
565:
1225:
after a consonant is much more extensive than in most of England. In most North American accents,
15702:
14943:
14776:
14594:
14569:
12948:
12684:
12442:
11409:
10282:
10085:
10064:
10004:
9483:
9185:
9178:
8948:
8851:
7599:
5293:
5194:
5151:
3869:
2894:
2890:
Some mergers found in most varieties of both American and British English include the following:
2602:
1706:
1267:
1038:
933:
486:
219:
123:
113:
103:
10360:
7156:
The American Language: A Preliminary Inquiry Into the Development of English ... – H. L. Mencken
6177:
15316:
15176:
14858:
14836:
14640:
14337:
14306:
14184:
13946:
13400:
12750:
12560:
12540:
12342:
12197:
11992:
11939:
11924:
11768:
11456:
11073:
10996:
10245:
9980:
9965:
9697:
9683:
9533:
9338:
9245:
9164:
8978:
8374:
8215:
Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968). "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture".
8157:
7097:
What's in a Word?: Etymological Gossip about Some Interesting English Words – Robert M. Gorrell
5805:"The Readers' Editor writes: Why Is American English Becoming Part of Everyday Usage in India?"
5146:
have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are
4383:
3322:
2702:
2145:
1758:
1718:
1292:
1156:
722:
556:
424:
363:
138:
35:
14754:
9380:
6700:
6557:
5239:
3951:
are also minor. The main differences are that American English usually uses spellings such as
606:
sound is also associated with the United States, perhaps mostly in the Midwest and the South.
15754:
15375:
15056:
14841:
14736:
14449:
14383:
14137:
14127:
14122:
13599:
13282:
12397:
11954:
11919:
11914:
11857:
11840:
11570:
11134:
10790:
10753:
10529:
10515:
10292:
10274:
9950:
9945:
9871:
9554:
9478:
9448:
9423:
9199:
9100:
8943:
8642:
7987:
7835:. Faculty Publications – Department of World Languages, Sociology & Cultural Studies. 17.
7819:
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5283:
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4154:
3372:
2920:
2500:
1342:
1317:
816:
584:
536:
456:
354:
common language used in government, education and commerce; and an official language of most
339:
15049:
11245:
9387:
9359:
7225:
5644:
15484:
14478:
14371:
14311:
14189:
14162:
14079:
13951:
13079:
12953:
12844:
12222:
11654:
11634:
11582:
11532:
11473:
11404:
11029:
10965:
10927:
10922:
10681:
10487:
10450:
10263:
10183:
10104:
10019:
9704:
9418:
9150:
8973:
8149:
7845:
5881:
5464:
5313:
5093:
4582:
4391:
4319:
4165:
3601:
meaning "ill" are also more frequent in American (and Irish) English than British English.
3482:
2982:
2722:
2177:
1872:
before voiced consonants in certain words as well, particularly , and . Hence, words like
1865:
1367:
862:
502:
482:
183:
9373:
7019:
6671:"Listening to Writers and Riders: Partial Contrast and the Perception of Canadian Raising"
5858:
Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018).
8:
15883:
15455:
15411:
15288:
15253:
15076:
14906:
14898:
14796:
14759:
14645:
14630:
14505:
14495:
14422:
14261:
13491:
13407:
13217:
12933:
12618:
12249:
11446:
11251:
10917:
10785:
10655:
10508:
10442:
10340:
9819:
9716:
9620:
9505:
9349:
9320:
9263:
9125:
9110:
9010:
9000:
8938:
8933:
8916:
8856:
8691:
Finegan, Edward. (2006). "English in North America". In R. Hogg & D. Denison (Eds.),
8134:
7846:
Perceptual Dialectology: Northerners and Southerners' View of Different American Dialects
4909:
4477:
4371:
4289:
4250:
4087:
apartment, fringe (United Kingdom) vs. bangs, and holiday (United Kingdom) vs. vacation.
2187:
2167:
1846:
798:
726:
432:
420:
17:
10325:
9366:
8711:
8153:
7506:
7070:
6492:". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
6475:". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
5885:
14966:
14933:
14868:
14851:
14706:
14527:
14074:
14064:
12731:
12719:
12437:
12427:
12404:
12387:
11783:
11527:
11522:
11394:
11200:
10846:
10795:
10522:
10501:
10480:
10473:
10460:
10396:
10320:
10154:
10078:
9991:
9906:
9860:
9832:
9663:
9572:
9463:
9438:
9413:
9328:
9273:
9192:
9105:
9075:
8876:
8754:
8719:
8612:
8480:
8472:
8400:
8392:
8121:
7920:
6439:" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
6389:"want. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000"
6326:" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
6203:
5904:
5871:
5859:
5705:
5414:
5248:
5210:
5190:
4729:
4243:
4185:
3647:
3368:
2029:). In the following audio clip, the first pronunciation is the tensed one for the word
1919:
1629:
1460:
1230:
1079:
930:
is pronounced with more rounded lips and/or phonetically higher in the mouth, close to
870:
444:
118:
108:
10378:
8670:
The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States
4067:
There are a few differences in punctuation rules. British English is more tolerant of
507:
Full rhoticity (or R-fulness) is typical of American accents, pronouncing the phoneme
15686:
14971:
14956:
14928:
14888:
14680:
14617:
14366:
14142:
14106:
13474:
12630:
11982:
11480:
11399:
11384:
11194:
10570:
10565:
10414:
10355:
10350:
10315:
10310:
10300:
10071:
10044:
10034:
10024:
9911:
9887:
9879:
9852:
9847:
9782:
9751:
9740:
9690:
9648:
9633:
9540:
9283:
9258:
9253:
9213:
9143:
9080:
8861:
8631:
8604:
8511:
8484:
8435:
8431:
8336:
8308:
8280:
8175:
8125:
8079:
7924:
7916:
7697:
7557:
7523:
7160:
7101:
6744:
6708:
6563:
6555:
6126:
6045:
5909:
5750:
5722:
5712:
5651:
5422:
5418:
5135:
4298:
3486:
1728:
1501:
is also replaced by, or simultaneously articulated with, glottal constriction: thus,
822:
in transition: There is no single American way to pronounce the vowels in words like
622:
379:
282:
14662:
10912:
10907:
8616:
8068:
7047:
5606:
5580:
3197:. The names of some American inventions remained largely confined to North America (
2569:: In typical North American accents (both U.S. and Canada), the historical sequence
302:
15837:
15805:
15695:
15510:
15340:
15091:
15044:
14996:
14923:
14831:
14821:
14816:
14806:
14652:
14625:
14483:
14348:
14246:
14228:
14215:
14052:
14047:
13237:
12943:
12763:
11773:
11614:
11597:
11592:
11431:
11218:
11206:
11152:
10955:
10884:
10869:
10826:
10662:
10632:
10627:
10590:
10580:
10550:
10422:
10345:
10222:
10190:
10176:
10169:
10119:
10096:
10057:
10014:
9955:
9937:
9919:
9842:
9837:
9827:
9800:
9668:
9595:
9585:
9561:
9547:
9526:
9443:
9301:
9291:
9220:
9171:
9130:
9070:
9065:
8596:
8540:
8462:
8404:
8384:
8359:
8261:
8240:
8207:
8167:
8113:
7912:
7833:
A View from the West: Perceptions of U.S. Dialects from the Point of View of Oregon
7832:
6035:
5899:
5889:
5827:"Cookies or biscuits? Data shows use of American English is growing the world over"
5360:
5340:
4745:
4387:
4068:
3310:
3225:
3132:
3034:
2963:
2874:
2859:
2836:
2813:
2798:
2784:
2769:
2754:
2739:
2709:
2209:
2172:
1510:
1456:
1444:
404:
375:
343:
212:
133:
128:
8730:
7013:
4312:) plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s
15847:
14961:
14863:
14801:
14771:
14579:
14454:
14275:
14251:
14223:
14194:
14167:
14132:
14019:
13099:
12875:
12773:
12545:
11845:
11778:
11547:
11468:
11414:
10950:
10937:
10836:
10691:
10585:
10575:
10427:
10385:
10240:
10211:
10204:
10162:
10149:
10144:
10134:
10129:
10114:
9926:
9790:
9658:
9643:
9638:
9628:
9468:
9458:
9309:
9268:
9120:
9115:
9057:
8881:
8767:
8653:
8505:
8330:
8302:
8274:
8039:
7493:
6472:
6461:
6120:
5894:
5831:
5529:
5508:
5327:
5206:
5202:
5147:
5139:
4843:
4375:
4359:
4327:
4061:
3896:; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (for example, AmE/BrE:
3893:
3861:
3696:
3540:
3364:
3278:
3239:
3055:
3024:
3004:
2716:
2162:
1142:
are merged or very similar in most American accents. The quality of the historic
810:
640:
490:
95:
9428:
7806:
4589:-dropping (or non-rhoticity) in regional U.S. accents variably appears today in
15777:
15503:
15474:
15391:
15328:
15186:
15036:
14951:
14911:
14811:
14635:
14388:
14293:
14283:
14199:
14001:
13569:
13469:
12852:
11987:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11639:
11502:
11436:
11212:
10941:
10879:
10841:
10686:
10642:
10637:
10622:
10617:
10494:
10432:
10404:
10370:
10235:
10230:
10124:
10049:
9808:
9795:
9653:
9590:
9580:
9519:
9491:
9408:
9296:
9234:
9227:
9135:
9005:
8866:
8492:
8467:
8451:"'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech"
8450:
8423:
4647:
4103:
3889:
3478:
3421:
3415:
3014:
2971:
1910:
1710:
1006:
866:
197:
178:
8069:"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization"
7322:"The Word » American vs. British Smackdown: Station wagon vs. estate car"
6953:
6951:
6884:
6392:
5471:
sound in all historical environments, without ever "dropping" this sound. The
4646:: , the initiation event for a complicated Southern vowel shift, including a "
3435:
etc. Americanisms formed by alteration of some existing words include notably
3351:
3037:. Landscape features are often loanwords from French or Spanish, and the word
1550:
and before an unstressed vowel or a syllabic consonant other than , including
15915:
15423:
15369:
15273:
15086:
15001:
14657:
14574:
14515:
14427:
14378:
14256:
14238:
12550:
11850:
11659:
11294:
10647:
10560:
10465:
10305:
10255:
10109:
9676:
9498:
9433:
9333:
9157:
9085:
8995:
8871:
8664:
8548:
8544:
8532:
8419:
8117:
8078:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68.
7342:
6526:
5754:
5726:
5639:
5564:. Braille Authority of North America (BANA). November 2, 2016. Archived from
5398:
5278:
5174:
5167:
5088:
4655:
4425:
4362:, while others are diversifying and deviating further away from one another.
4331:
4257:
4236:
4017:
3657:
3579:
3347:
3167:
2061:
1635:
1528:
904:
858:
846:
802:
771:
239:
70:
8329:
Kretzchmar, William A. (2004), Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.),
7285:"Definition of sure adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
6026:
4674:
tends to also define Southern accents as well as the accents spoken in the "
3337:
2064:, and are indeed entirely separate (or "split") phonemes, for example, in
15783:
15628:
15618:
15398:
14589:
14437:
14316:
12857:
12829:
11884:
10889:
10874:
10831:
10699:
10250:
10197:
9090:
8906:
8901:
8265:
7461:"Definition of ill adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
7398:, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. 115.
7229:
6948:
6609:, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. 319.
6194:
Lass, Roger (1990). "Early Mainland Residues in Southern Hiberno-English".
6040:
5913:
5836:
5565:
5406:
5170:
4777:
4574:, further defines New York City as well as Philadelphia–Baltimore accents.
4417:
4282:
4176:
4072:
4008:
3873:
3556:
3390:
3019:
2057:
1838:
1686:
1452:
1218:
850:
400:
208:
8608:
8388:
8244:
8179:
7809:". UNM Digital Repository: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. pp. 5, 51.
7747:
The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change
7015:
Principles of English etymology: The native element – Walter William Skeat
6796:
6784:
4552:
4412:
vowel wholesale to . These sound changes have triggered a series of other
865:), but other speakers have no trace of a merger at all (especially in the
15725:
15675:
15633:
15497:
15461:
15380:
15293:
15196:
15102:
13134:
12665:
12002:
11904:
11644:
11507:
11263:
6741:
The Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys
6336:
5289:
4651:
4413:
4367:
4013:
3948:
3928:); and whether or not a definite article is used, in very few cases (AmE
3585:
3290:
3217:
3152:
3111:
3069:
3059:
1722:
1107:. Roughly only 10% of American English speakers acknowledge the distinct
854:
654:
629:
371:
173:
85:
8396:
7376:
7072:"The history of Mexican folk foodways of South Texas: Street vendors, o"
6556:
Grzegorz Dogil; Susanne Maria Reiterer; Walter de Gruyter, eds. (2009).
6366:
6207:
4308:
The map above shows the major regional dialects of American English (in
3096:
3043:, used in England to refer to wheat (or any cereal), came to denote the
1833:
in the sense of "secondary school" is generally pronounced ; however, a
1653:
L-velarization: England's typical distinction between a "clear L" (i.e.
15623:
15568:
15362:
14500:
13992:
11997:
11803:
11629:
11624:
11542:
11006:
10009:
8891:
8476:
7903:
Dayag, Danilo (2004). "The English-language media in the Philippines".
7134:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy
5222:
4524:
4455:
4429:
4273:
3626:
3521:
3515:
3306:
3189:
2103:
2018:
1853:
regions of the country, and is becoming more common across the nation.
923:
737:
470:
428:
367:
355:
8600:
7263:"Definition of day noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
5678:
5197:
have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of
82:
242 million, all varieties of English in the United States (2019)
56:
15747:
15730:
15709:
15598:
15492:
14057:
13486:
13479:
10960:
9025:
8171:
6859:
6857:
6415:"Want – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
6414:
5857:
5513:
5410:
5182:
5159:
5134:, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class
4643:
4548:
4544:
4402:
3605:
3408:
are also particularly productive in the U.S. Several verbs ending in
3355:
3331:
3244:
3171:
3160:
3136:
3107:
3092:
3082:
2053:
2010:
1168:
1073:
269:
257:
5225:
first established a variation of American English in these islands.
4519:
distinction. For that Northeastern corridor, the realization of the
4476:
Several other phenomena serve to distinguish regional U.S. accents.
3039:
650:: a 17th-century distinction in which certain words (labeled as the
15800:
15720:
15658:
15643:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15449:
15334:
15298:
15282:
14084:
11669:
11619:
8101:
8076:
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
7872:
7787:
5963:
5876:
5321:
5163:
4464:
4309:
4131:
3664:
3527:
3450:
3384:
3380:
3341:
3327:
3316:
3230:
3205:
3199:
3156:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3075:
2999:
2993:
1639:
1555:
1516:
1485:
1468:
416:
351:
314:
30:"U.S. English" redirects here. For the political organization, see
6854:
6274:, pp. 136–37, 203–6, 234, 245–47, 339–40, 400, 419, 443, 576.
6119:
Plag, Ingo; Braun, Maria; Lappe, Sabine; Schramm, Mareile (2009).
1837:
in the literal sense of "a tall school" would be pronounced . The
1769:
based on whether it occurs before a voiceless consonant and so in
748:
However, General American is also innovative in a number of ways:
366:
accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic, or cultural
15864:
15853:
15608:
15603:
15588:
15583:
15356:
15346:
15309:
15021:
15016:
14826:
14172:
14099:
14094:
7649:
7647:
6924:
6912:
6772:
6559:
Language Talent and Brain Activity: Trends in Applied Linguistics
4559:
3561:
3248:
3145:
2967:
2080:
1171:
towards and respectively. That causes pronunciations like for
787:
716:
412:
310:
8237:
Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology
8102:"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English"
7775:
7738:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (January 1, 2005).
6832:
6830:
6828:
6442:
6241:
4454:, for example, appearing four times in the stereotypical Boston
2597:) is realized as , thus further merging with the already-merged
1103:
are merged in most American accents to or a syllabic consonant
15859:
15653:
15648:
15613:
15593:
15468:
15351:
15322:
15303:
14089:
14069:
11021:
8203:
8199:
7966:"FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States"
6992:
6990:
6645:"The Spread of Raising: Opacity, lexicalization, and diffusion"
6588:
6158:
5366:
List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas
5198:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3438:
3377:
Many compound nouns have the verb-and-preposition combination:
3234:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3009:
2987:
2914:
horse/hoarse, corps/core, for/four, morning/mourning, war/wore,
895:. Among speakers who distinguish between the two, the vowel of
8497:
New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes
8351:
Dialect diversity in America: The politics of language change'
7860:
7671:
7659:
7644:
7617:
6936:
6229:
5361:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for the English Language
1215:
is also part of the rhyming set as it is commonly pronounced .
681:
vowel in the following environments: before many instances of
15842:
15832:
15815:
15760:
15715:
15638:
15578:
15573:
8749:
8705:
7719:
7580:. Style Guide of the American Psychological Association. 2011
7539:
Algeo, John. "The Effects of the Revolution on Language", in
7486:
6900:
6842:
6825:
6760:
6277:
6253:
6082:
The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives.
5920:
5178:
3509:
3211:
3086:
3064:
3044:
3029:
2977:
2787:
2757:
2639:) usually contain the sound instead and thus merge with the
8636:
Speaking American: A History of English in the United States
7820:
New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: Phonology
6987:
6289:
5994:
5707:
That's the Way It Crumbles: The American Conquest of English
2877:
2862:
2839:
2816:
2801:
2772:
242:(main language, 32 U.S. states, five U.S. territories; see
15820:
15794:
15788:
7496:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
5982:
3297:
3270:
3264:
2649:
2052:
In some American accents, however, specifically those from
602:, but a unique "bunched tongue" variant of the approximant
527:. Non-rhotic American accents, those that do not pronounce
8695:(pp. 384–419). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7763:
6146:
5860:"Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time"
5356:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
4094:
more complex, whereas BrE uses clipped forms, such as AmE
2073:
515:) in all environments, including after vowels, such as in
313:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7304:
7302:
5944:
5111:
4737:
2512:
In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like
2138:
1974:
1011:
was, of, from, what, everybody, nobody, somebody, anybody
673:) set. Having taken place prior to the unrounding of the
34:. For the English language throughout North America, see
8759:
8686:
Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty-first century
6874:
6872:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6495:
5742:"Fears of British English's disappearance are overblown"
2433:
In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (
489:
in other ways, preserving certain features contemporary
15218:
List of countries where English is an official language
8744:
8688:(pp. 3–17). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7884:
7600:"British vs. American English – Vocabulary Differences"
6533:". In ICPhS. University of California, San Diego, p. 1.
6354:
Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
6306:
6304:
6006:
5201:, though primarily English-speaking, is also home to a
3305:
American English has always shown a marked tendency to
3254:
2033:, much more common in American English than the second
1497:. In absolute final position after a vowel or liquid,
721:
The traditional standard accent of (southern) England,
462:
For the phonologies of regional American dialects, see
395:
The use of English in the United States is a result of
7463:. Oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Archived from
7437:. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from
7411:. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from
7299:
3466:(as in "finished"), and many colloquial forms such as
1115:, according to the same dialect survey aforementioned.
8067:
Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008).
8066:
7634:
7632:
6918:
6869:
6808:
6118:
6095:"What Is the Difference between Theater and Theatre?"
4601:
primarily among older speakers (and, relatedly, some
4082:
is used more commonly in the United Kingdom, whereas
3589:, originated in 19th century Britain. The adjectives
2611:) set. In the U.S., a small number of words (namely,
2503:, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.
1237:
are pronounced , , , (compare with Standard British
8273:
Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter; Hartman, James (2006).
7243:
6975:
6963:
6612:
6576:
6507:
6301:
5932:
5303:
4078:
Vocabulary differences vary by region. For example,
3447:
Adjectives that arose in the U.S. are, for example,
3425:(locate, fine-tune, curate, donate, emote, upholster
7851:
7207:
2001:. With most American speakers for whom the phoneme
1789:etc. with a following voiceless consonant (such as
1167:, which sometimes monophthongizes towards and or
1155:Americans vary slightly in their pronunciations of
881:) and so pronounce each vowel with distinct sounds
786:to rhyme, the two vowels now unified as the single
15143:
8797:
8135:"Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/"
8074:. In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.).
7629:
6178:Why Do Americans and Brits Have Different Accents?
5740:
5704:
5643:
3477:A number of words and meanings that originated in
3395:win out, hold up, back up/off/down/out, face up to
2695:followed by a vowel, compared with other dialects
8959:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
8300:
8272:
7818:Gordon, Matthew J.; Schneider, Edgar W. (2008). "
6594:
6448:
6247:
6084:Ed. Rebecca Wheeler Westport, CT: Praeger, 15–37.
5336:American and British English spelling differences
4386:. As of the 20th century, the middle and eastern
61:Distribution of American English by state in 2000
15913:
15213:List of countries by English-speaking population
12698:Native American recognition in the United States
8826:
8230:"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study"
8132:
3665:Differences between American and British English
3661:for a cart used for carrying supermarket goods.
3414:fetishize, prioritize, burglarize, accessorize,
3313:. Examples of nouns that are now also verbs are
1966:, for example, is pronounced , homophonous with
348:most widely spoken language in the United States
27:Varieties of English native to the United States
8251:
8214:
6235:
5252:Map of U.S. official language status by state.
4416:in the same region, known by linguists as the "
3892:; formal (rather than notional) agreement with
3876:in 1828, codifying several of these spellings.
3287:Some English words now in general use, such as
2928:wine/whine, wet/whet, Wales/whales, wear/where,
2437:, etc.) and some learned or less common words (
1797:, etc. Because of this sound change, the words
1203:may all end with the sound , thus rhyming with
531:except before a vowel, such as some accents of
8678:
8418:
7878:
7866:
7844:Yannuar, N.; Azimova, K.; Nguyen, D. (2014). "
7793:
7781:
7737:
7725:
7677:
7665:
7653:
7623:
7075:(Thesis). Repository.upenn.edu. pp. 1–421
6996:
6957:
6930:
6906:
6894:
6863:
6848:
6836:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6630:
6295:
6283:
5669:
5667:
3866:An American Dictionary of the English Language
3433:outside of, headed for, meet up with, back of,
3402:-ee (retiree), -ery (bakery), -ster (gangster)
2516:being tense) and variability is common before
1735:in unstressed syllables generally merges with
717:Other distinctions from Received Pronunciation
15118:
13978:
13095:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
11279:
8783:
8586:
8301:Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004).
7211:Trends in Word Compounding in American Speech
6734:
6337:Do you pronounce "cot" and "caught" the same?
6324:Do you pronounce 'cot' and 'çaught' the same?
5677:. U.S. English. March 5, 2016. Archived from
4527:, as depicted in humorous spellings, like in
3841:
3431:Among syntactic constructions that arose are
2673:
2124:
2005:operates under a somewhat-continuous system,
621:American accents that have not undergone the
15942:17th-century establishments in North America
15406:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
15263:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
14336:
8142:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
6705:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
5257: English declared the official language
5219:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
2538:In New Orleans, additionally occurs before
1793:) use a more raised vowel sound compared to
899:(usually transcribed in American English as
346:native to the United States. English is the
8638:20th–21st-century usage in different cities
8307:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG.
8193:
6723:, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.'
6164:
6152:
6018:
5664:
3577:("currently"). Some of these, for example,
2930:etc. homophones, in most cases eliminating
15132:
15125:
15111:
15012:Comparison of American and British English
13985:
13971:
11293:
11286:
11272:
8790:
8776:
8328:
8194:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2002).
6735:Hunter, Marsha; Johnson, Brian K. (2009).
6707:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143.
6542:Vaux, Bert (2000_. "Flapping in English."
6437:How do you pronounce Mary / merry / marry?
6341:Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes
6220:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling, Natalie (2015).
5988:
5950:
5926:
5434:American English is variously abbreviated
4318:, as well as the related Telsur Project's
3848:
3834:
3671:Comparison of American and British English
3139:terminology, ranging from types of roads (
2829:Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge
2680:
2666:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2131:
2117:
813:, which may retain a rounded articulation.
455:For all phonemes of American English, see
55:
12708:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
8466:
8378:
8161:
8035:"News Briefs: Its Legal—We Speak English"
7556:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7522:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7226:"The Maven's Word of the Day: gesundheit"
6643:Freuhwald, Josef T. (November 11, 2007).
6642:
6063:
6061:
6039:
5903:
5893:
5875:
5650:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5158:. Additionally, ethnic varieties such as
4354:North American English regional phonology
4350:Regional vocabularies of American English
476:
464:North American English regional phonology
15937:Languages attested from the 17th century
14705:
8641:
8491:
8455:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
8448:
7931:
7890:
7769:
7308:
7249:
7007:
7005:
6335:Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "
6223:American English: Dialects and Variation
6012:
6000:
5247:
5238:
4463:
3784:Lists of words having different meanings
2912:homophones, with homophonous pairs like
2491:may be lowered and retracted as much as
705:), and variably by region or speaker in
12759:List of counties and county equivalents
9049:
8745:Dictionary of American Regional English
8663:
7689:
7152:
7131:The Pocket Gophers of the United States
7093:
7068:
6698:
6562:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 299.
6531:Coda glottalization in American English
6114:
6112:
6024:
5779:
5638:
5346:Dictionary of American Regional English
4577:Most Americans preserve all historical
3776:List of garments having different names
3115:in the 20th century; and parts thereof
2483:
2481:
2420:
1709:, which typically shows a clear "L" in
1583:being pronounced the same. Flapping of
1031:: The mergers of certain vowels before
743:
695:Austria, cloth, cost, loss, off, often,
555:by continuing waves of rhotic-accented
307:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
15914:
15192:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
8335:, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
8227:
8099:
8004:Crews, Haibert O. (January 23, 1923).
7756:from the original on October 9, 2022.
7541:A Companion to the American Revolution
7127:
6942:
6890:
6878:
6819:
6678:University of Toronto PhD Dissertation
6668:
6058:
5803:Reddy, C Rammanohar (August 6, 2017).
5775:
5773:
5771:
5554:
5478:is the pronunciation of the unrounded
5228:
5215:American occupation of the Philippines
5150:, spoken in the West and Midwest, and
4543:), which intend to represent it being
3621:in the Great Lakes region and generic
3507:("nappy"; itself unused in the U.S.),
3389:and many more. Some prepositional and
3307:use words in different parts of speech
3283:many are now distinctly old-fashioned
1650:homophones in fast or informal speech.
1554:
1513:may occur in British English as well.)
1484:
1467:
88:of English in the United States (2019)
15947:English language in the United States
15158:
15106:
13966:
11267:
8825:
8771:
8758:
8531:
8503:
8414:from the original on October 9, 2022.
8357:
8348:
8189:from the original on October 9, 2022.
8095:from the original on October 9, 2022.
8032:
8003:
7902:
7638:
7214:(Thesis). Louisiana State University.
7044:"You Already Know Some German Words!"
7011:
7002:
6981:
6969:
6919:Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)
6618:
6582:
6513:
6501:
6484:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "
6460:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "
6435:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "
6310:
6271:
6259:
6226:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 103–104.
5938:
5802:
5702:
5269: No official language specified.
4492:have fully completed a merger of the
3758:Glossary of American terms not widely
3625:in the South) for a sweet and bubbly
3062:, with the opening of the West, like
2852:Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story
2653:become homophones, both rhyming with
2450:In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs
2270:
2250:
1463:or any non-syllabic consonant, as in
1396:Optional flapping in certain contexts
423:immigrants (known in the U.S. as the
15082:Non-native pronunciations of English
8760:Articles Related to American English
8660:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8033:Davis, Robert (September 24, 1969).
7963:
7575:"Punctuating Around Quotation Marks"
7567:
7554:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
7543:. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p.599
6193:
6109:
5698:
5696:
5457:
5130:Although no longer region-specific,
4420:". The Inland North shares with the
4090:AmE sometimes favors words that are
4020:Britain (for example they preferred
3767:Glossary of British terms not widely
3531:are often regarded as Americanisms.
3379:stopover, lineup, tryout, spin-off,
3325:coined in the U.S. are for instance
2478:
1229:is "dropped" or "deleted" after all
397:British colonization of the Americas
8750:Dialect maps based on pronunciation
8731:Phonological Atlas of North America
8714:of the United States, by Bert Vaux
8428:The Atlas of North American English
8133:Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997).
7509:.' North Carolina State University.
7485:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003.
7208:Elizabeth Ball Carr (August 1954).
6322:Vaux, Bert; Golder, Scott (2003). "
6122:Introduction to English Linguistics
5956:
5768:
5132:African-American Vernacular English
5076:
4603:African-American Vernacular English
4343:
4315:The Atlas of North American English
3437:pesky, phony, rambunctious, buddy,
3209:) as did certain automotive terms (
441:African-American Vernacular English
24:
15142:
8625:
8332:A Handbook of Varieties of English
8304:A Handbook of Varieties of English
8196:The Phonetics of Dutch and English
7976:from the original on June 4, 2023.
7396:A Handbook of Varieties of English
7374:
7190:"to drive past a traffic signal";
7153:Mencken, H. L. (January 1, 2010).
7069:Montano, Mario (January 1, 1992).
7018:. At the Clarendon Press. p.
6607:A Handbook of Varieties of English
6343:. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
6069:Dictionary of varieties of English
6034:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
5782:"Why isn't 'American' a language?"
5388:
5125:
609:
25:
15958:
15159:
12104:Director of National Intelligence
8699:
8693:A history of the English language
8649:. New York: Bartlett and Welford.
7822:." Varieties of English 2: 67–86.
7693:Boston. Con Pianta. Ediz. Inglese
6595:Jones, Roach & Hartman (2006)
6125:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 53.
5693:
4581:sounds, using what is known as a
3786:in American and British English:
3412:are of U.S. origin; for example,
2748:borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow
758:: The American phenomenon of the
457:General American § Phonology
40:American English (disambiguation)
15386:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12260:Government Accountability Office
11067:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
8897:Inland Northern American English
8673:(4th ed.). New York: Knopf.
8507:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
8026:
7997:
7980:
7957:
7917:10.1111/J.1467-971X.2004.00333.X
7896:
7838:
7825:
7812:
7799:
7731:
7710:
7683:
7592:
7546:
7533:
7512:
7499:
7479:
7453:
7427:
7401:
7389:
7368:
6743:. Crown King Books. p. 92.
5780:Harbeck, James (July 15, 2015).
5320:
5306:
4877:North-Central (Upper Midwestern)
4658:. The fronting of the vowels of
4130:
4044:, etc.). AmE almost always uses
3393:are in fact of American origin (
2873:
2858:
2835:
2812:
2797:
2783:
2768:
2753:
1765:: Many speakers split the sound
1575:. This results in pairs such as
1429:
1408:
1379:
1354:
1329:
1304:
1279:
873:, southern New England, and the
15182:History of the English language
11049:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
8059:
7335:
7314:
7277:
7255:
7218:
7201:
7180:
7146:
7121:
7087:
7062:
7036:
6737:"Articulators and Articulation"
6728:
6692:
6669:Murphy, Patrick Joseph (2019).
6662:
6636:
6600:
6549:
6536:
6519:
6478:
6454:
6449:Kortmann & Schneider (2004)
6429:
6407:
6381:
6367:"Want: meaning and definitions"
6359:
6346:
6329:
6316:
6214:
6187:
6170:
6087:
6074:
5851:
5819:
5796:
5562:"Unified English Braille (UEB)"
5371:Phonological history of English
4401:vowel in the mouth toward and
4102:or where the British form is a
3778:in American and British English
3195:many idioms related to baseball
2900:: This merger makes the vowels
2506:
2461:
2444:
2072:. They are called Mid-Atlantic
1781:is a voiceless consonant while
1715:older, moribund Southern speech
15032:English-based creole languages
13903:Separation of church and state
12119:National Reconnaissance Office
12062:President of the United States
8799:Languages of the United States
8658:Garner's Modern American Usage
8279:. Cambridge University Press.
8276:English Pronouncing Dictionary
8106:Journal of English Linguistics
7964:Kaur, Harmeet (May 20, 2018).
7100:. University of Nevada Press.
7012:Skeat, Walter William (1892).
6958:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6931:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6907:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6895:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6864:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6849:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6837:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6803:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6791:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6779:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6767:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6391:. Bartleby.com. Archived from
6296:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5733:
5632:
5428:
5235:Languages of the United States
4566:pronunciations for example in
3651:for athletic shoes (but often
3302:originated as American slang.
2940:voiceless labiovelar fricative
2581:and then another vowel, as in
1191:is often reduced to , so that
1001:vowel, rather than the one in
970:usually remains a back vowel,
697:etc.), a few instances before
13:
1:
15072:List of English-based pidgins
7696:. Lonely Planet. p. 52.
6960:, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
6544:Linguistic Society of America
6248:Kortmann & Schneider 2004
6236:Hallé, Best & Levitt 1999
5618:IANA language subtag registry
5592:IANA language subtag registry
5547:
5144:Hispanic and Latino Americans
4472:throughout the whole country.
4380:Philadelphia–Baltimore accent
3383:, holdup, hideout, comeback,
3058:contributions came after the
2961:. Examples of such names are
2946:
2499:in varieties affected by the
1909:argued that there has been a
1455:when both after a vowel or a
1056:(as in the first syllable of
1048:(as in the first syllable of
1009:and certain other words like
809:, and variably in some older
770:etc.) being produced without
511:(corresponding to the letter
378:; it covers a fairly uniform
15430:United States Virgin Islands
15067:Linguistic purism in English
12265:Government Publishing Office
11733:Technological and industrial
11002:Black American Sign Language
10780:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
9021:Western Pennsylvania English
8360:"Transmission and Diffusion"
8006:"Talk American, Not English"
7879:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7867:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7794:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7782:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7726:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7678:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7666:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7654:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7624:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7520:British or American English?
6997:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
6805:, pp. 173–174, 238–239.
6793:, pp. 173–174, 260–261.
6631:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
6284:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
6176:Wolchover, Natalie (2012). "
6097:. Wisegeek.org. May 15, 2015
5895:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741
5646:English as a Global Language
5292:is the largest example of a
4459:Park the car in Harvard Yard
4121:
3942:the actress Elizabeth Taylor
3655:outside the Northeast), and
2475:alone in this context have .
2102:alone or when preceded by a
1777:, it is raised to (because
1773:, it is pronounced , but in
1626:may commonly be realized as
1451:is normally pronounced as a
1263:-glottalization and flapping
1005:(as in Britain), is used in
768:box, don, clock, notch, pot,
543:, and a specific few (often
496:
450:
7:
14168:London & Thames Estuary
13737:Women's reproductive health
12703:Federally recognized tribes
12566:Public utilities commission
12470:Public Health Service Corps
12373:Code of Federal Regulations
12255:Congressional Budget Office
12109:Central Intelligence Agency
12015:Water supply and sanitation
11442:Declaration of Independence
10796:Navajo Family Sign Language
8679:History of American English
8051:– via Newspapers.com.
8022:– via Newspapers.com.
7848:". k@ ta, 16(1), pp. 11, 13
7382:Online Etymology Dictionary
7094:Gorrell, Robert M. (2001).
6369:. Dictionary.infoplease.com
5376:Regional accents of English
5299:
4422:Eastern New England dialect
4016:tastes of the 19th century
3819:Works with different titles
3597:meaning "intelligent", and
3569:(a place), and the adverbs
2953:American English vocabulary
2926:: This produces pairs like
2017:is overall realized before
2009:has both a tense and a lax
1717:, where "L" is clear in an
1577:ladder/latter, metal/medal,
879:New York metropolitan areas
713:, and certain other words.
665:set into a merger with the
32:U.S. English (organization)
10:
15963:
15147:English speaking countries
15027:English as a lingua franca
12915:Red states and blue states
12820:City commission government
12815:Council–manager government
11012:Puerto Rican Sign Language
8735:University of Pennsylvania
8468:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513
8449:Longmore, Paul K. (2007).
7507:Beyond 'Soda, Pop, or Coke
7487:The Harvard Dialect Survey
7349:, 1947, cited in OED s.v.
6649:University of Pennsylvania
5232:
5187:Pennsylvania Dutch English
5156:New York metropolitan area
5080:
4903:pre-nasal & pre-velar
4347:
3760:used in the United Kingdom
3668:
2950:
2416:
1962:is converted to , so that
1866:Philadelphia dialect areas
1787:bright, hike, price, wipe,
1785:is not). Thus, words like
1689:, perhaps even as dark as
1235:new, duke, Tuesday, assume
657:) separated away from the
639:) have instead retained a
500:
461:
454:
390:
29:
15881:
15769:
15739:
15685:
15667:
15546:
15533:
15524:
15483:
15439:
15272:
15252:
15239:
15230:
15226:
15205:
15169:
15165:
15154:
15140:
15007:Broad and general accents
14989:
14942:
14917:regional and occupational
14897:
14884:
14877:
14789:
14750:
14698:
14676:
14616:
14548:
14413:
14402:
14347:
14329:
14302:
14274:
14237:
14214:
14153:
14115:
14038:
14029:
14018:
14009:
13924:
13750:
13623:
13555:
13208:
13204:
13195:
13143:
13008:
12999:
12895:
12866:
12843:
12782:
12749:
12740:
12683:
12671:Comparison of governments
12646:
12609:
12586:
12502:
12482:
12413:
12351:
12273:
12196:
12054:
12045:
12041:
12032:
11754:
11745:
11690:
11650:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
11491:drafting and ratification
11464:Articles of Confederation
11377:
11311:
11302:
11087:
11058:
11038:
11020:
10987:
10978:
10936:
10898:
10855:
10817:
10808:
10768:
10735:Anishinaabe Sign Language
10726:
10717:
10672:
10610:
10603:
10539:
10441:
10413:
10395:
10291:
10273:
10221:
10095:
9990:
9936:
9897:
9870:
9818:
9781:
9750:
9714:
9619:
9571:
9397:
9347:
9319:
9282:
9244:
9056:
9038:
8984:Southern American English
8964:Pacific Northwest English
8954:Northern American English
8835:
8816:
8805:
8765:
8726:Linguistic Atlas Projects
8353:. University of Virginia.
7604:www.studyenglishtoday.net
6701:"The Far West and beyond"
6071:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 25.
5711:. London: Profile Books.
5463:Dialects are considered "
5195:American Indian Englishes
4430:backer tongue positioning
4129:
3936:; contrast, however, AmE
3769:used in the United States
2959:Native American languages
2833:
2810:
2781:
2751:
2405:
2391:
2373:
2371:
2324:
2315:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1958:") before the underlying
1707:East Coast Latino English
1013:, and, for many speakers
401:extensive dialect mixture
293:
281:
267:
255:
250:
235:Official language in
233:
228:
194:
166:
92:
76:
66:
54:
49:
15827:Northern Mariana Islands
15418:Turks and Caicos Islands
13690:Prescription drug prices
12810:Mayor–council government
12800:Coterminous municipality
12790:Consolidated city-county
12556:Agriculture commissioner
12206:House of Representatives
12114:National Security Agency
11764:Contiguous United States
9762:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
9016:Western American English
8912:Midland American English
8887:General American English
8840:African-American English
8549:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
8545:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
8118:10.1177/0075424208316648
8100:Boberg, Charles (2008).
8011:Champaign-Urbana Courier
7194:meaning "building", and
6945:, pp. 130, 136–137.
6262:, pp. 136–7, 203–4.
5486:, etc.) the same as the
5467:" if they pronounce the
5381:
5175:Cajun Vernacular English
5083:General American English
4911:Northeastern New England
4324:African-American English
3938:actress Elizabeth Taylor
3888:; different use of some
3555:(famously criticized by
3080:and types of homes like
1795:bride, high, prize, wide
566:postalveolar approximant
15703:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
13775:Criticism of government
13120:Social welfare programs
12713:State-recognized tribes
11698:Outline of U.S. history
11410:Continental Association
10738:Blackfoot Sign Language
8949:New York Latino English
8852:American Indian English
8358:Labov, William (2007).
8349:Labov, William (2012).
8228:Duncan, Daniel (2016).
7831:Hartley, Laura (1999).
7492:April 30, 2016, at the
7128:Bailey, Vernon (1895).
6699:Metcalf, Allan (2000).
6196:Irish University Review
6165:Collins & Mees 2002
6153:Collins & Mees 2002
5703:Engel, Matthew (2017).
5294:United States territory
5213:, beginning during the
5152:New York Latino English
5120:particular vowel sounds
4654:into distinct-sounding
4599:former plantation South
4585:. The only traditional
2100:/f/,/s/,/θ/,/ð/,/z/,/v/
1946:") is raised to become
1926:including those in the
1669:) and a "dark L" (i.e.
1124:in transition: The pre-
220:Unified English Braille
15932:North American English
15317:British Virgin Islands
15177:English-speaking world
15148:
15134:English-speaking world
14185:Received Pronunciation
13837:Environmental movement
13680:Health insurance costs
13575:Educational attainment
13100:Federal Reserve System
13058:Science and technology
12561:Insurance commissioner
12099:Intelligence Community
11794:minor outlying islands
11557:Civil rights movement
11074:Henniker Sign Language
10997:American Sign Language
10741:Cheyenne Sign Language
9606:Central Siberian Yupik
9601:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
9096:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
9006:Upper Michigan English
8979:Puerto Rican Englishes
8266:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
7690:Vorhees, Mara (2009).
7505:Katz, Joshua (2013). "
6041:10.5281/zenodo.6207627
5966:Do You Speak American?
5494:), causing words like
5271:
5245:
4945:Philadelphia/Baltimore
4523:vowel is particularly
4473:
3420:etc.; and so are some
3275:while others have not
2146:North American English
1985:): The raising of the
1546:both after a vowel or
1509:. (This innovation of
997:in special words: The
723:Received Pronunciation
483:period British English
477:Conservative phonology
295:This article contains
139:North American English
38:. For other uses, see
36:North American English
15755:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
15376:Saint Kitts and Nevis
15146:
14379:Multicultural Toronto
13663:Immigrant health care
13178:Transportation safety
13173:Transportation policy
13163:Public transportation
12233:President pro tempore
12089:Executive departments
11858:National Park Service
11513:Territorial evolution
10776:Hawai'i Sign Language
10759:Ktunaxa Sign Language
10754:Plateau Sign Language
10516:Northern Sierra Miwok
10456:Southern Sierra Miwok
9765:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
9513:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
9001:Transatlantic English
8944:New York City English
8934:New Mexican Englishes
8917:New England Englishes
8740:Speech Accent Archive
8706:Do You Speak American
8389:10.1353/lan.2007.0082
8245:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653
7805:Hayes, Dean (2013). "
6486:the first vowel in "m
5482:vowel variant (as in
5351:International English
5284:English-only movement
5251:
5242:
5217:and subsequently the
5166:" are spoken by some
4467:
3860:American English and
3613:for a long sandwich,
3400:Noun endings such as
3373:correctional facility
3100:in the 19th century;
3090:in the 18th century;
2501:Low Back Merger Shift
1856:Many speakers in the
1642:) or simply , making
1128:vowels in words like
1089:vowels in words like
762:vowel (often spelled
585:retroflex approximant
485:in some ways, but is
435:and the 20th-century
332:United States English
14540:Western Pennsylvania
13832:Environmental issues
13497:Political ideologies
13396:Indigenous languages
12596:List of legislatures
12393:separation of powers
12094:Independent agencies
12020:World Heritage Sites
11655:September 11 attacks
11578:Spanish–American War
11518:Mexican–American War
11474:Confederation period
11405:Continental Congress
11224:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
11092:in 2021 in millions)
11030:Samoan Sign Language
10747:Navajo Sign Language
10682:Afro-Seminole Creole
10451:Central Sierra Miwok
10030:North Straits Salish
9454:Mescalero-Chiricahua
8974:Philadelphia English
8504:Wells, John (2008).
8254:Journal of Phonetics
7945:. U.S. Census Bureau
7881:, pp. 101, 103.
7796:, pp. 137, 141.
7552:Peters, Pam (2004).
7518:Algeo, John (2006).
6866:, pp. 178, 180.
6546:, Chicago, IL. p .6.
6167:, pp. 181, 306.
6003:, pp. 517, 520.
5568:on November 23, 2016
5314:United States portal
5044:Western Pennsylvania
4490:Western U.S. accents
4439:vowel (to ) and the
4378:as well as a unique
3870:Webster's Dictionary
3483:Early Modern English
3233:, schmooze, bupkis,
3149:) to infrastructure
1721:environment between
1511:/t/ glottal stopping
1486:[ˈfɹuʔkʰeɪk]
1027:before intervocalic
863:western Pennsylvania
744:Innovative phonology
732:and the fronting of
503:Rhoticity in English
364:American or Canadian
330:), sometimes called
184:Early Modern English
15927:Dialects of English
15412:Trinidad and Tobago
15289:Antigua and Barbuda
15077:Mid-Atlantic accent
14668:Trinidad and Tobago
13675:Health care finance
13168:Rail transportation
12934:Imperial presidency
12656:State constitutions
12601:List of legislators
12551:Auditor/Comptroller
12524:Lieutenant governor
12250:Library of Congress
12141:Diplomatic Security
11784:Indian reservations
11447:American Revolution
11090:(number of speakers
11088:Immigrant languages
10786:Inuit Sign Language
9011:Utah Mormon English
8939:New Orleans English
8857:Appalachian English
8461:(4). MIT: 513–542.
8154:1997ASAJ..101.3741B
7857:Hayes, 2013, p. 51.
6933:, pp. 181–182.
6897:, pp. 175–177.
6781:, pp. 173–174.
6504:, pp. 481–482.
6067:Hickey, R. (2014).
5968:: What Lies Ahead?"
5929:, pp. 262–263.
5886:2018PLoSO..1397741G
5229:Statistics on usage
4650:" that makes short
4591:eastern New England
4508:, respectively): a
4372:Mid-Atlantic states
3732:Word pronunciations
3311:often used as verbs
3049:most important crop
2934:, also transcribed
2696:
2148:
1977:(especially before
1918:Many speakers from
1900:(but sometimes not
1743:is pronounced like
799:New England English
703:strong, long, wrong
689:, and particularly
533:Eastern New England
469:Any phonologically
433:Appalachian English
15149:
14600:Pennsylvania Dutch
13785:affirmative action
13758:Capital punishment
13717:Poverty and health
13712:Physician shortage
13685:Health care prices
13615:Standard of living
13298:standard of living
13105:Financial position
12732:Hawaiian home land
12720:Indian reservation
12693:Tribal sovereignty
12536:Secretary of state
12405:United States Code
12321:Territorial courts
12293:Associate Justices
12178:Inspector generals
11665:War in Afghanistan
11528:Reconstruction era
11395:Stamp Act Congress
10865:Pennsylvania Dutch
10744:Cree Sign Language
10556:Havasupai–Hualapai
10502:Kings River Yokuts
10481:Buena Vista Yokuts
10461:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
8969:Pennsylvania Dutch
8892:High Tider English
8877:California English
8720:Harvard University
8632:Bailey, Richard W.
8537:Accents of English
6471:2015-07-11 at the
6395:on January 9, 2008
6025:Paulsen I (2022).
5620:. October 16, 2005
5594:. October 16, 2005
5419:Internet standards
5415:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
5272:
5246:
5211:Philippine English
5205:known commonly as
5191:Pennsylvania Dutch
4738:/æ/ raising system
4690:Most populous city
4633:New York City and
4597:, and some of the
4562:, using different
4558:into two separate
4474:
4060:on occasion (see:
3637:for the plural of
3462:(of the weather),
3406:-cian (beautician)
3397:and many others).
3369:affirmative action
2661:
2577:sound followed by
2112:
1618:Both intervocalic
1611:, yet optional in
1150:is quite variable.
1146:vowel in the word
871:Great Lakes region
119:North Sea Germanic
15909:
15908:
15903:
15902:
15899:
15898:
15895:
15894:
15877:
15876:
15873:
15872:
15520:
15519:
15100:
15099:
14985:
14984:
14785:
14784:
14694:
14693:
14612:
14611:
14608:
14607:
14533:Pacific Northwest
14394:Standard Canadian
14325:
14324:
14270:
14269:
14210:
14209:
13960:
13959:
13920:
13919:
13916:
13915:
13886:National security
13595:Income inequality
13475:Statue of Liberty
13278:income inequality
13191:
13190:
13183:Trucking industry
12995:
12994:
12991:
12990:
12922:Foreign relations
12910:Electoral College
12891:
12890:
12679:
12678:
12631:District attorney
12478:
12477:
12305:Courts of appeals
12028:
12027:
11741:
11740:
11682:COVID-19 pandemic
11635:Feminist Movement
11481:American frontier
11400:Thirteen Colonies
11261:
11260:
11083:
11082:
10974:
10973:
10804:
10803:
10718:Manual Indigenous
10713:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10599:
10598:
9974:Northeastern Pomo
9961:Southeastern Pomo
9734:Northern Kalapuya
9034:
9033:
8862:Baltimore English
8643:Bartlett, John R.
8601:10.1159/000259995
8517:978-1-4058-8118-0
8441:978-3-11-016746-7
8432:Mouton de Gruyter
8314:978-3-11-017532-5
8286:978-0-521-68086-8
8085:978-1-57473-423-2
7784:, pp. 5, 47.
7772:, pp. 46–47.
7703:978-1-74179-178-5
7564:, pp. 34 and 511.
7375:Harper, Douglas.
6569:978-3-11-021549-6
6525:Seyfarth, Scott;
6132:978-3-11-021550-2
5991:, pp. 258–9.
5749:. July 20, 2017.
5657:978-0-521-53032-3
5524:, etc.), causing
5423:IETF language tag
5136:African Americans
5112:pre-nasal "short
5074:
5073:
4642:vowel losing its
3872:, was written by
3858:
3857:
3593:meaning "angry",
3458:(in all senses),
3441:, skeeter, sashay
3335:(in all senses),
3321:and many others.
3293:, boost, bulldoze
2888:
2887:
2717:Metropolitan New
2687:General American
2555:
2554:
2467:In Philadelphia,
2439:alas, carafe, lad
2400:as, back, happy,
2386:ask, bath, half,
1928:Pacific Northwest
1761:of pre-voiceless
1729:Weak vowel merger
1434:
1413:
1384:
1359:
1334:
1309:
1284:
1159:such as those in
988:American Midlands
853:region, northern
807:Pittsburgh accent
764:⟨o⟩
562:⟨r⟩
541:African-Americans
529:⟨r⟩
513:⟨r⟩
321:
320:
303:rendering support
299:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
15954:
15922:American English
15838:Papua New Guinea
15806:Marshall Islands
15696:Christmas Island
15531:
15530:
15527:
15511:Pitcairn Islands
15341:Falkland Islands
15237:
15236:
15233:
15228:
15227:
15167:
15166:
15156:
15155:
15145:
15127:
15120:
15113:
15104:
15103:
14997:English language
14882:
14881:
14703:
14702:
14686:Falkland Islands
14585:General American
14558:African-American
14411:
14410:
14345:
14344:
14334:
14333:
14036:
14035:
14027:
14026:
14016:
14015:
13987:
13980:
13973:
13964:
13963:
13940:
13933:
13820:African American
13702:Health insurance
13590:Household income
13460:National symbols
13391:American English
13364:Federal holidays
13273:household income
13206:
13205:
13202:
13201:
13006:
13005:
12944:Anti-Americanism
12868:Special district
12795:Independent city
12764:County executive
12747:
12746:
12541:Attorney general
12500:
12499:
12489:Federal District
12072:Executive Office
12052:
12051:
12043:
12042:
12039:
12038:
11799:populated places
11779:federal enclaves
11774:federal district
11752:
11751:
11615:American Century
11598:Great Depression
11593:Roaring Twenties
11553:Women's suffrage
11432:Halifax Resolves
11425:Founding Fathers
11420:military history
11385:Pre-colonial era
11309:
11308:
11288:
11281:
11274:
11265:
11264:
10985:
10984:
10956:Louisiana Creole
10815:
10814:
10724:
10723:
10608:
10607:
9899:Plateau Penutian
9727:Central Kalapuya
9054:
9053:
9047:
9046:
8829:American English
8823:
8822:
8792:
8785:
8778:
8769:
8768:
8756:
8755:
8674:
8654:Garner, Bryan A.
8650:
8620:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8572:
8571:
8563:
8562:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8500:
8488:
8470:
8445:
8415:
8413:
8382:
8364:
8354:
8345:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8269:
8248:
8234:
8224:
8211:
8208:Brill Publishers
8190:
8188:
8172:10.1121/1.418333
8165:
8148:(6): 3741–3753.
8139:
8129:
8096:
8094:
8073:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8001:
7995:
7988:Official English
7984:
7978:
7977:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7900:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7849:
7842:
7836:
7829:
7823:
7816:
7810:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7744:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7642:
7636:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7571:
7565:
7550:
7544:
7537:
7531:
7516:
7510:
7503:
7497:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7441:on March 9, 2013
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7415:on March 9, 2013
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7372:
7366:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7205:
7199:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7046:. Archived from
7040:
7034:
7033:
7031:moose etymology.
7028:
7026:
7009:
7000:
6994:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6893:, pp. 1–2;
6888:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6823:
6817:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6675:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6553:
6547:
6540:
6534:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6482:
6476:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6363:
6357:
6350:
6344:
6333:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6191:
6185:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6091:
6085:
6078:
6072:
6065:
6056:
6055:
6043:
6033:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5879:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5777:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5744:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5710:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5681:on April 1, 2016
5671:
5662:
5661:
5649:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5558:
5541:
5527:
5489:
5484:cot, lot, bother
5481:
5461:
5455:
5432:
5426:
5405:, as defined by
5396:
5392:
5341:Canadian English
5330:
5325:
5324:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5154:, spoken in the
5106:Mary–marry–merry
5077:General American
4912:
4746:General American
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4641:
4635:Southern accents
4580:
4556:
4522:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4486:Upper Midwestern
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4411:
4408:
4400:
4397:
4388:Great Lakes area
4344:Regional accents
4301:
4294:
4285:
4278:
4275:Chesapeake &
4269:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4134:
4069:run-on sentences
4056:, but also uses
3894:collective nouns
3850:
3843:
3836:
3821:in the UK and US
3727:Standard accents
3692:American English
3675:
3674:
3489:. Terms such as
3449:lengthy, bossy,
3285:(swell, groovy).
3133:rail terminology
3131:(see further at
2937:
2933:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2600:
2572:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2412:
2382:
2366:grab, flash, sad
2362:
2353:
2343:dragon, magazine
2339:
2331:
2322:
2306:
2284:
2277:
2265:animal, planet,
2261:
2241:fan, lamb, stand
2237:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1871:
1862:Upper Midwestern
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1738:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1586:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1522:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:[ˈbʌʔn̩]
1450:
1445:T-glottalization
1436:
1435:
1415:
1414:
1404:without flapping
1386:
1385:
1361:
1360:
1336:
1335:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1285:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1190:
1166:
1162:
1157:R-colored vowels
1141:
1134:
1127:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1040:Mary–marry–merry
1034:
1030:
1021:, when stressed.
1017:and rarely even
1004:
1000:
996:
985:
984:
983:
977:
969:
961:
960:
959:
953:
945:
944:
943:
937:
929:
921:
920:
919:
913:
902:
894:
893:
892:
891:
889:
839:
828:
811:New York accents
792:
777:
765:
761:
756:
735:
700:
692:
688:
684:
680:
668:
664:
660:
653:
647:
643:
638:
634:
616:
612:
601:
600:
599:
593:
582:
581:
580:
574:
563:
547:ones) spoken by
530:
514:
510:
493:has since lost.
380:accent continuum
376:General American
344:English language
338:, is the set of
324:American English
289:
260:
216:
213:English alphabet
200:
144:American English
98:
59:
50:American English
47:
46:
21:
15962:
15961:
15957:
15956:
15955:
15953:
15952:
15951:
15912:
15911:
15910:
15905:
15904:
15891:
15869:
15848:Solomon Islands
15765:
15735:
15681:
15663:
15542:
15525:
15516:
15479:
15435:
15268:
15248:
15231:
15222:
15201:
15161:
15150:
15136:
15131:
15101:
15096:
14981:
14938:
14893:
14873:
14781:
14777:Solomon Islands
14746:
14690:
14672:
14604:
14595:New York Latino
14570:American Indian
14550:
14544:
14405:
14398:
14339:
14321:
14307:Channel Islands
14298:
14266:
14233:
14206:
14149:
14111:
14021:
14005:
13991:
13961:
13956:
13943:
13936:
13929:
13912:
13898:Opioid epidemic
13815:Native American
13795:intersex rights
13746:
13742:Life expectancy
13732:Medical deserts
13722:Race and health
13619:
13605:Personal income
13551:
13455:National anthem
13288:personal income
13253:Economic issues
13187:
13139:
12987:
12887:
12876:School district
12862:
12845:Minor divisions
12839:
12778:
12736:
12675:
12661:Statutory codes
12642:
12605:
12582:
12492:
12487:
12474:
12409:
12366:civil liberties
12347:
12338:Other tribunals
12317:District courts
12269:
12228:current members
12211:current members
12192:
12126:Law enforcement
12024:
11737:
11686:
11677:Great Recession
11548:Progressive Era
11538:Native genocide
11469:Perpetual Union
11457:Treaty of Paris
11415:United Colonies
11373:
11298:
11292:
11262:
11257:
11091:
11089:
11079:
11054:
11034:
11016:
10980:
10970:
10932:
10894:
10851:
10810:
10800:
10764:
10719:
10705:
10674:
10668:
10595:
10542:
10535:
10437:
10409:
10391:
10336:Northern Paiute
10287:
10283:Coast Tsimshian
10269:
10217:
10091:
9986:
9932:
9893:
9866:
9814:
9777:
9746:
9710:
9615:
9567:
9474:Upper Kuskokwim
9400:
9393:
9343:
9315:
9278:
9240:
9041:
9040:Oral Indigenous
9030:
9026:Yeshiva English
8882:Chicano English
8831:
8812:
8801:
8796:
8761:
8702:
8681:
8628:
8626:Further reading
8623:
8578:
8569:
8560:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8493:Trudgill, Peter
8442:
8424:Boberg, Charles
8422:; Ash, Sharon;
8411:
8380:10.1.1.705.7860
8362:
8343:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8232:
8186:
8137:
8092:
8086:
8071:
8062:
8057:
8056:
8046:
8044:
8040:Chicago Tribune
8031:
8027:
8017:
8015:
8002:
7998:
7985:
7981:
7962:
7958:
7948:
7946:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7905:World Englishes
7901:
7897:
7889:
7885:
7877:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7843:
7839:
7830:
7826:
7817:
7813:
7804:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7753:
7742:
7736:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7688:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7668:, pp. 230.
7664:
7660:
7652:
7645:
7637:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7551:
7547:
7538:
7534:
7517:
7513:
7504:
7500:
7494:Wayback Machine
7484:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7467:on May 27, 2013
7459:
7458:
7454:
7444:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7418:
7416:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7373:
7369:
7341:British author
7340:
7336:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7307:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7206:
7202:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7050:on June 7, 2011
7042:
7041:
7037:
7024:
7022:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6889:
6885:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6826:
6822:, pp. 1–2.
6818:
6809:
6801:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6733:
6729:
6715:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6641:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6554:
6550:
6541:
6537:
6524:
6520:
6512:
6508:
6500:
6496:
6483:
6479:
6473:Wayback Machine
6459:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6434:
6430:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6351:
6347:
6334:
6330:
6321:
6317:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6219:
6215:
6192:
6188:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6117:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6079:
6075:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5989:Kretzchmar 2004
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5951:Kretzchmar 2004
5949:
5945:
5941:, pp. 1–2.
5937:
5933:
5927:Kretzchmar 2004
5925:
5921:
5870:(5): e0197741.
5856:
5852:
5842:
5840:
5839:. July 17, 2017
5832:Hindustan Times
5825:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5778:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5719:
5701:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5621:
5614:"United States"
5612:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5530:nasal consonant
5522:cat, trap, bath
5514:sound identical
5462:
5458:
5433:
5429:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5328:Language portal
5326:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5237:
5231:
5207:Hawaiian Pidgin
5203:creole language
5160:Yeshiva English
5148:Chicano English
5140:hip hop culture
5128:
5126:Other varieties
5085:
5079:
4910:
4778:Inland Northern
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4644:gliding quality
4554:
4520:
4497:
4496:vowel with the
4493:
4440:
4433:
4406:
4395:
4376:New York accent
4356:
4348:Main articles:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4328:Chicano English
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4124:
4092:morphologically
4062:Oxford spelling
3947:Differences in
3930:to the hospital
3890:auxiliary verbs
3862:British English
3854:
3823:
3820:
3803:
3802:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3697:British English
3683:British English
3682:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3645:in the South),
3551:("to employ"),
3541:past participle
3422:back-formations
3365:human resources
3279:have a nice day
3056:Mexican Spanish
2955:
2949:
2876:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2838:
2834:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2782:
2771:
2767:
2756:
2752:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2686:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2511:
2507:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2432:
2421:
2401:
2387:
2379:
2378:Non-prevocalic
2359:
2358:Non-prevocalic
2303:
2302:Non-prevocalic
2288:frank, language
2266:
2258:
2234:
2233:Non-prevocalic
2226:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2137:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
1990:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1711:syllable onsets
1698:
1697:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1560:
1559:
1556:[ˈwɑɾɚ]
1539:
1538:
1490:
1489:
1473:
1472:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1002:
998:
994:
979:
978:
955:
954:
939:
938:
915:
914:
887:
884:
883:
882:
775:
763:
759:
754:
746:
719:
678:
666:
662:
658:
651:
645:
641:
636:
632:
619:
614:
610:
595:
594:
576:
575:
561:
528:
512:
505:
499:
491:British English
479:
467:
460:
453:
447:urban centers.
437:Great Migration
393:
301:Without proper
287:
256:
236:
229:Official status
224:
207:
201:
196:
190:
169:
162:
99:
96:Language family
94:
83:
79:
78:Native speakers
62:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15960:
15950:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15907:
15906:
15901:
15900:
15897:
15896:
15893:
15892:
15882:
15879:
15878:
15875:
15874:
15871:
15870:
15868:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15778:American Samoa
15773:
15771:
15767:
15766:
15764:
15763:
15758:
15751:
15743:
15741:
15737:
15736:
15734:
15733:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15713:
15706:
15699:
15691:
15689:
15683:
15682:
15680:
15679:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15664:
15662:
15661:
15656:
15651:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15550:
15548:
15544:
15543:
15541:
15540:
15528:
15522:
15521:
15518:
15517:
15515:
15514:
15507:
15504:Norfolk Island
15500:
15495:
15489:
15487:
15481:
15480:
15478:
15477:
15475:United Kingdom
15472:
15465:
15458:
15453:
15445:
15443:
15437:
15436:
15434:
15433:
15426:
15421:
15414:
15409:
15402:
15395:
15392:Sint Eustatius
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15366:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15344:
15337:
15332:
15329:Cayman Islands
15325:
15320:
15313:
15306:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15278:
15276:
15270:
15269:
15267:
15266:
15258:
15256:
15250:
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15247:
15246:
15234:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15220:
15215:
15209:
15207:
15203:
15202:
15200:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15187:British Empire
15184:
15179:
15173:
15171:
15163:
15162:
15152:
15151:
15141:
15138:
15137:
15130:
15129:
15122:
15115:
15107:
15098:
15097:
15095:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15053:
15052:
15047:
15039:
15037:Englishisation
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14993:
14991:
14987:
14986:
14983:
14982:
14980:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14948:
14946:
14944:Southeast Asia
14940:
14939:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14920:
14919:
14909:
14903:
14901:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14891:
14885:
14879:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14859:South Atlantic
14856:
14855:
14854:
14849:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14793:
14791:
14787:
14786:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14768:
14767:
14757:
14751:
14748:
14747:
14745:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14723:
14722:
14711:
14709:
14700:
14696:
14695:
14692:
14691:
14689:
14688:
14683:
14677:
14674:
14673:
14671:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14649:
14648:
14641:Cayman Islands
14638:
14633:
14628:
14622:
14620:
14614:
14613:
14610:
14609:
14606:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14566:
14565:
14554:
14552:
14551:ethno-cultural
14546:
14545:
14543:
14542:
14537:
14536:
14535:
14530:
14520:
14519:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14488:
14487:
14486:
14476:
14475:
14474:
14469:
14459:
14458:
14457:
14447:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14420:
14414:
14408:
14400:
14399:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14375:
14374:
14369:
14359:
14353:
14351:
14342:
14331:
14327:
14326:
14323:
14322:
14320:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14303:
14300:
14299:
14297:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14280:
14278:
14272:
14271:
14268:
14267:
14265:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14243:
14241:
14235:
14234:
14232:
14231:
14226:
14220:
14218:
14212:
14211:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14204:
14203:
14202:
14197:
14187:
14182:
14181:
14180:
14175:
14165:
14159:
14157:
14151:
14150:
14148:
14147:
14146:
14145:
14143:Stoke-on-Trent
14140:
14135:
14125:
14119:
14117:
14113:
14112:
14110:
14109:
14104:
14103:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14061:
14060:
14050:
14044:
14042:
14033:
14024:
14013:
14007:
14006:
14002:Modern English
13990:
13989:
13982:
13975:
13967:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13954:
13949:
13942:
13941:
13934:
13926:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13918:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13911:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13894:
13893:
13883:
13882:
13881:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13854:Mass shootings
13851:
13846:
13845:
13844:
13842:Climate change
13839:
13829:
13824:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13780:Discrimination
13777:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13760:
13754:
13752:
13748:
13747:
13745:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13693:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13672:
13671:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13635:
13629:
13627:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13570:American Dream
13567:
13561:
13559:
13553:
13552:
13550:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13537:Transportation
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13483:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13470:Mount Rushmore
13467:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13441:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13410:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13367:
13366:
13356:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13328:
13327:
13322:
13312:
13311:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13214:
13212:
13199:
13193:
13192:
13189:
13188:
13186:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13149:
13147:
13141:
13140:
13138:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13090:Federal budget
13087:
13082:
13077:
13076:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13028:Communications
13025:
13020:
13009:
13003:
12997:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12989:
12988:
12986:
12985:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12958:
12957:
12956:
12951:
12949:exceptionalism
12946:
12936:
12931:
12930:
12929:
12927:foreign policy
12919:
12918:
12917:
12912:
12902:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12889:
12888:
12886:
12885:
12884:
12883:
12872:
12870:
12864:
12863:
12861:
12860:
12855:
12849:
12847:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12786:
12784:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12755:
12753:
12744:
12738:
12737:
12735:
12734:
12729:
12728:
12727:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12695:
12689:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12677:
12676:
12674:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12652:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12640:
12639:
12638:
12628:
12627:
12626:
12624:Chief justices
12619:Supreme courts
12615:
12613:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12603:
12598:
12592:
12590:
12584:
12583:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12532:
12531:
12521:
12520:
12519:
12508:
12506:
12497:
12480:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12461:
12460:
12458:National Guard
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12419:
12417:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12402:
12401:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12375:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12361:Bill of Rights
12357:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12334:
12333:
12331:list of judges
12328:
12326:list of courts
12314:
12313:
12312:
12310:list of judges
12302:
12301:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12279:
12277:
12271:
12270:
12268:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12245:Capitol Police
12242:
12241:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12213:
12202:
12200:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12168:
12166:Secret Service
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12123:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12079:Vice President
12076:
12075:
12074:
12069:
12058:
12056:
12049:
12036:
12030:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11867:
11866:
11865:
11863:National Parks
11855:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11823:
11818:
11816:Extreme points
11813:
11808:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11755:
11749:
11743:
11742:
11739:
11738:
11736:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11694:
11692:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11667:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11611:
11610:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11503:Federalist Era
11500:
11499:
11498:
11496:Bill of Rights
11493:
11483:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11444:
11439:
11437:Lee Resolution
11434:
11429:
11428:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11387:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11315:
11313:
11306:
11300:
11299:
11297: articles
11291:
11290:
11283:
11276:
11268:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11255:
11249:
11243:
11237:
11231:
11225:
11222:
11216:
11210:
11204:
11198:
11192:
11186:
11180:
11177:
11171:
11165:
11159:
11156:
11150:
11144:
11138:
11132:
11126:
11120:
11114:
11108:
11102:
11095:
11093:
11085:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11070:
11062:
11060:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11044:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11032:
11026:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10991:
10982:
10979:Manual settler
10976:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10947:
10945:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10908:Caló (Chicano)
10904:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10861:
10859:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10823:
10821:
10812:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10798:
10793:
10791:Keresan Pueblo
10788:
10783:
10782:
10781:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10760:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10742:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10730:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10703:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10687:Chinook Jargon
10684:
10678:
10676:
10673:Mixed or trade
10670:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10659:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10614:
10612:
10605:
10601:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10545:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10512:
10505:
10498:
10495:Gashowu Yokuts
10491:
10484:
10477:
10469:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10419:
10417:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10401:
10399:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10389:
10382:
10374:
10373:
10368:
10366:Ute-Chemehuevi
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10297:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10285:
10279:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10267:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10227:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10215:
10208:
10201:
10194:
10187:
10180:
10173:
10166:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10101:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10086:Upper Chehalis
10082:
10075:
10068:
10065:Lower Chehalis
10061:
10053:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10005:Columbia-Moses
10002:
9996:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9977:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9942:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9923:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9903:
9901:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9883:
9882:
9876:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9856:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9824:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9787:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9772:
9769:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9759:Cochiti Pueblo
9756:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9744:
9737:
9730:
9722:
9720:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9672:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9625:
9623:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9577:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9558:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9487:
9486:
9484:Western Apache
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9405:
9403:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9363:
9355:
9353:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9325:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9288:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9250:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9186:Mohegan-Pequot
9182:
9179:Miami-Illinois
9175:
9168:
9161:
9154:
9147:
9139:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9062:
9060:
9051:
9044:
9036:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8867:Boston English
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8795:
8794:
8787:
8780:
8772:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8728:
8723:
8712:Dialect Survey
8709:
8701:
8700:External links
8698:
8697:
8696:
8689:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8665:Mencken, H. L.
8661:
8651:
8639:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8595:(4): 253–266.
8584:
8533:Wells, John C.
8529:
8516:
8501:
8489:
8446:
8440:
8420:Labov, William
8416:
8373:(2): 344–387.
8355:
8346:
8341:
8326:
8313:
8298:
8285:
8270:
8260:(3): 281–306.
8249:
8225:
8212:
8198:(5 ed.).
8191:
8163:10.1.1.16.4174
8130:
8112:(2): 129–154.
8097:
8084:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8043:. sec. 1, p. 3
8025:
7996:
7979:
7956:
7930:
7895:
7883:
7871:
7869:, p. 125.
7859:
7850:
7837:
7824:
7811:
7798:
7786:
7774:
7762:
7730:
7718:
7709:
7702:
7682:
7680:, p. 111.
7670:
7658:
7656:, p. 190.
7643:
7628:
7626:, p. 148.
7616:
7591:
7566:
7545:
7532:
7511:
7498:
7478:
7452:
7426:
7400:
7388:
7367:
7347:English People
7334:
7313:
7298:
7276:
7254:
7242:
7217:
7200:
7179:
7165:
7145:
7120:
7106:
7086:
7061:
7035:
7001:
6986:
6984:, p. 373.
6974:
6972:, p. 359.
6962:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6909:, p. 183.
6899:
6883:
6881:, p. 145.
6868:
6853:
6851:, p. 238.
6841:
6839:, p. 173.
6824:
6807:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6769:, p. 182.
6759:
6749:
6727:
6713:
6691:
6661:
6635:
6623:
6621:, p. xxi.
6611:
6599:
6587:
6585:, p. 490.
6575:
6568:
6548:
6535:
6527:Garellek, Marc
6518:
6516:, p. 247.
6506:
6494:
6477:
6453:
6451:, p. 295.
6441:
6428:
6406:
6380:
6358:
6345:
6328:
6315:
6313:, p. 476.
6300:
6288:
6286:, p. 171.
6276:
6264:
6252:
6250:, p. 317.
6240:
6238:, p. 283.
6228:
6213:
6202:(1): 137–148.
6186:
6169:
6157:
6155:, p. 178.
6145:
6131:
6108:
6086:
6073:
6057:
6050:
6017:
6015:, p. 537.
6005:
5993:
5981:
5955:
5953:, p. 262.
5943:
5931:
5919:
5850:
5818:
5795:
5767:
5732:
5717:
5692:
5663:
5656:
5640:Crystal, David
5631:
5605:
5579:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:is more like .
5456:
5427:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5317:
5301:
5298:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5233:Main article:
5230:
5227:
5127:
5124:
5081:Main article:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4656:gliding vowels
4648:Southern drawl
4470:black speakers
4426:Boston accents
4345:
4342:
4307:
4297:
4288:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4226:
4215:
4204:
4195:
4184:
4175:
4164:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4106:, such as AmE
4104:back-formation
4096:transportation
4052:. BrE prefers
4048:in words like
3886:he ran quickly
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3669:Main article:
3666:
3663:
3479:Middle English
3309:and nouns are
3137:transportation
3068:(now a common
2951:Main article:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2918:
2886:
2885:
2870:
2855:
2848:
2847:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2780:
2765:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2567:before a vowel
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2505:
2477:
2460:
2443:
2441:, etc.) have .
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
1971:
1934:realize final
1924:Western states
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:phonemic split
1756:
1726:
1651:
1616:
1581:coating/coding
1514:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1221:: Dropping of
1216:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1116:
1077:
1022:
1007:function words
992:
903:), is often a
833:vowel) versus
814:
778:vowel, allows
766:in words like
745:
742:
718:
715:
618:
608:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
478:
475:
452:
449:
392:
389:
319:
318:
305:, you may see
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
261:
253:
252:
251:Language codes
248:
247:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
204:
202:
198:Writing system
195:
192:
191:
189:
188:
187:
186:
179:Middle English
172:
170:
167:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
102:
100:
93:
90:
89:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15959:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15919:
15917:
15889:
15885:
15880:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15828:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15796:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15779:
15775:
15774:
15772:
15768:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15756:
15752:
15750:
15749:
15745:
15744:
15742:
15738:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15711:
15707:
15705:
15704:
15700:
15698:
15697:
15693:
15692:
15690:
15688:
15684:
15678:
15677:
15673:
15672:
15670:
15666:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15551:
15549:
15545:
15539:
15536:
15535:
15532:
15529:
15523:
15513:
15512:
15508:
15506:
15505:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15486:
15482:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15470:
15466:
15464:
15463:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15451:
15447:
15446:
15444:
15442:
15438:
15432:
15431:
15427:
15425:
15424:United States
15422:
15420:
15419:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15407:
15403:
15401:
15400:
15396:
15394:
15393:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15371:
15367:
15365:
15364:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15353:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15342:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15330:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15318:
15314:
15312:
15311:
15307:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15284:
15280:
15279:
15277:
15275:
15271:
15265:
15264:
15260:
15259:
15257:
15255:
15251:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15238:
15235:
15229:
15225:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15204:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15174:
15172:
15168:
15164:
15160:Further links
15157:
15153:
15139:
15135:
15128:
15123:
15121:
15116:
15114:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15057:International
15055:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15042:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14994:
14992:
14988:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14947:
14945:
14941:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14918:
14915:
14914:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14902:
14900:
14896:
14890:
14887:
14886:
14883:
14880:
14876:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14844:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14794:
14792:
14788:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14766:
14763:
14762:
14761:
14758:
14756:
14753:
14752:
14749:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14737:Torres Strait
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14716:
14713:
14712:
14710:
14708:
14704:
14701:
14697:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14678:
14675:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14647:
14644:
14643:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14619:
14615:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14547:
14541:
14538:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14525:
14524:
14521:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14493:
14492:
14489:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14480:
14477:
14473:
14472:North-Central
14470:
14468:
14465:
14464:
14463:
14460:
14456:
14453:
14452:
14451:
14450:New York City
14448:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14425:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14415:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14401:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14384:Ottawa Valley
14382:
14380:
14377:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14364:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14354:
14352:
14350:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14335:
14332:
14328:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14304:
14301:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14281:
14279:
14277:
14273:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14244:
14242:
14240:
14236:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14217:
14213:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14192:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14179:
14178:Multicultural
14176:
14174:
14171:
14170:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14156:
14152:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14138:Black Country
14136:
14134:
14131:
14130:
14129:
14128:West Midlands
14126:
14124:
14123:East Midlands
14121:
14120:
14118:
14114:
14108:
14105:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14082:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14059:
14056:
14055:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14045:
14043:
14041:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14008:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13988:
13983:
13981:
13976:
13974:
13969:
13968:
13965:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13944:
13939:
13935:
13932:
13928:
13927:
13923:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13887:
13884:
13880:
13877:
13876:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13827:Energy policy
13825:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13782:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13769:
13768:incarceration
13766:
13765:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13755:
13753:
13749:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13677:
13676:
13673:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13653:Prenatal care
13651:
13649:
13648:Birth control
13646:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13626:
13622:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13585:Homeownership
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13554:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13365:
13362:
13361:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13348:
13345:
13344:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13317:
13316:
13313:
13309:
13308:working class
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13268:homeownership
13266:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13215:
13213:
13211:
13207:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13194:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13150:
13148:
13146:
13142:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13048:Manufacturing
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13015:
13014:
13011:
13010:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12998:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12976:Third parties
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12923:
12920:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12907:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12897:
12894:
12882:
12879:
12878:
12877:
12874:
12873:
12871:
12869:
12865:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12842:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12787:
12785:
12781:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12752:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12739:
12733:
12730:
12726:
12723:
12722:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12690:
12688:
12686:
12682:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12649:
12645:
12637:
12634:
12633:
12632:
12629:
12625:
12622:
12621:
12620:
12617:
12616:
12614:
12612:
12608:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12591:
12589:
12585:
12577:
12574:
12573:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12522:
12518:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12507:
12505:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12490:
12485:
12481:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12425:
12424:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12416:
12412:
12406:
12403:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12380:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12354:
12350:
12344:
12343:U.S. attorney
12341:
12339:
12336:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12318:
12315:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12288:Chief Justice
12286:
12285:
12284:
12283:Supreme Court
12281:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12272:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12225:
12224:
12221:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12204:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12195:
12189:
12188:Public policy
12186:
12184:
12183:Civil service
12181:
12179:
12176:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12124:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12063:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12031:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11872:
11871:
11868:
11864:
11861:
11860:
11859:
11856:
11852:
11851:Sierra Nevada
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11789:insular zones
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11744:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11662:
11661:
11660:War on Terror
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11640:LGBT Movement
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11392:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11376:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11301:
11296:
11295:United States
11289:
11284:
11282:
11277:
11275:
11270:
11269:
11266:
11253:
11250:
11247:
11244:
11241:
11238:
11235:
11232:
11229:
11226:
11223:
11220:
11217:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11205:
11202:
11199:
11196:
11193:
11190:
11187:
11184:
11181:
11178:
11175:
11172:
11169:
11166:
11163:
11160:
11157:
11154:
11151:
11148:
11145:
11142:
11139:
11136:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11112:
11109:
11106:
11103:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11086:
11076:
11075:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11023:
11019:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10977:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10858:
10854:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10807:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10725:
10722:
10716:
10702:
10701:
10697:
10696:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10671:
10665:
10664:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10653:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10538:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10520:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10499:
10497:
10496:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10485:
10483:
10482:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10471:
10470:
10467:
10466:Valley Yokuts
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10261:
10260:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10246:Southern Tiwa
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10214:
10213:
10209:
10207:
10206:
10205:Tutelo-Saponi
10202:
10200:
10199:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10188:
10186:
10185:
10181:
10179:
10178:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10160:
10159:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10069:
10067:
10066:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
10000:Coeur d'Alene
9998:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9981:Northern Pomo
9978:
9976:
9975:
9971:
9970:
9967:
9966:Southern Pomo
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9935:
9929:
9928:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9916:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9890:
9889:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9774:Laguna Pueblo
9773:
9770:
9768:Western Keres
9767:
9764:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9731:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9718:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9698:Susquehannock
9695:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9684:Neutral Huron
9681:
9679:
9678:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9612:
9611:Chevak Cup’ik
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9538:
9536:
9535:
9534:Plains Apache
9531:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9340:
9339:Upper Chinook
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9218:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9197:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9165:Nawathinehena
9162:
9160:
9159:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9037:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8996:Texan English
8994:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8907:Maine English
8905:
8903:
8902:Miami English
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8872:Cajun English
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8807:Languages in
8804:
8800:
8793:
8788:
8786:
8781:
8779:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8764:
8757:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8710:
8708:: PBS special
8707:
8704:
8703:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8576:
8567:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8519:
8513:
8509:
8508:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8347:
8344:
8342:9783110175325
8338:
8334:
8333:
8327:
8316:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8299:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8077:
8070:
8065:
8064:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8029:
8013:
8012:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7893:, p. 42.
7892:
7891:Trudgill 2004
7887:
7880:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7854:
7847:
7841:
7834:
7828:
7821:
7815:
7808:
7802:
7795:
7790:
7783:
7778:
7771:
7770:Trudgill 2004
7766:
7759:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7740:"New England"
7734:
7728:, p. 60.
7727:
7722:
7716:Labov, p. 48.
7713:
7705:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7686:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7655:
7650:
7648:
7640:
7635:
7633:
7625:
7620:
7605:
7601:
7595:
7576:
7570:
7563:
7562:0-521-62181-X
7559:
7555:
7549:
7542:
7536:
7529:
7528:0-521-37993-8
7525:
7521:
7515:
7508:
7502:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7482:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7440:
7436:
7435:"intelligent"
7430:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7397:
7392:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7343:George Orwell
7338:
7323:
7317:
7311:, p. 69.
7310:
7309:Trudgill 2004
7305:
7303:
7286:
7280:
7264:
7258:
7251:
7250:Trudgill 2004
7246:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7213:
7212:
7204:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7168:
7166:9781616402594
7162:
7158:
7157:
7149:
7133:
7132:
7124:
7109:
7107:9780874173673
7103:
7099:
7098:
7090:
7074:
7073:
7065:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7032:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7008:
7006:
6999:, p. 52.
6998:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6959:
6954:
6952:
6944:
6943:Boberg (2008)
6939:
6932:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6903:
6896:
6892:
6891:Duncan (2016)
6887:
6880:
6879:Boberg (2008)
6875:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6821:
6820:Duncan (2016)
6816:
6814:
6812:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6763:
6756:
6752:
6750:9780979689505
6746:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6654:September 21,
6650:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6597:, p. xi.
6596:
6591:
6584:
6579:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6552:
6545:
6539:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6438:
6432:
6416:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6368:
6362:
6355:
6352:According to
6349:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6325:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6305:
6298:, p. 61.
6297:
6292:
6285:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6237:
6232:
6225:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6115:
6113:
6096:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6053:
6051:9783961103386
6047:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6029:
6021:
6014:
6013:Longmore 2007
6009:
6002:
6001:Longmore 2007
5997:
5990:
5985:
5969:
5967:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5843:September 10,
5838:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5806:
5799:
5784:. BBC Culture
5783:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5747:The Economist
5743:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5718:9781782832621
5714:
5709:
5708:
5699:
5697:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5492:spa, haha, Ma
5490:vowel (as in
5485:
5477:
5475:
5474:father–bother
5470:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5407:ISO standards
5404:
5400:
5399:language code
5391:
5387:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5304:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5279:United States
5275:
5250:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5171:Orthodox Jews
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5099:father–bother
5095:
5090:
5089:William Labov
5084:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4849:New York City
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:New York City
4841:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4595:New York City
4592:
4588:
4584:
4583:rhotic accent
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4404:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:(including a
4373:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4333:
4332:Cajun English
4329:
4325:
4321:
4320:regional maps
4317:
4316:
4311:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4213:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4199:NORTH CENTRAL
4193:
4190:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4162:
4159:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4073:comma splices
4070:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:Victorian era
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:snuck/sneaked
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3679:Comparison of
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:shopping cart
3654:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:monkey wrench
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:Lowland Scots
3484:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3445:kitty-corner.
3442:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:phrasal verbs
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3121:, breezeway,
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3078:, waterfront)
3077:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2941:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2806:
2792:
2777:
2766:
2762:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:Pronunciation
2701:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2487:The untensed
2484:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:New York City
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:New York City
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1933:
1932:Upper Midwest
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:began in the
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:alveolar flap
1634:(a nasalized
1631:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:and twice in
1594:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:and before a
1458:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1426:
1425:with flapping
1424:
1405:
1403:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1301:
1299:
1296:(glottalized
1295:
1276:
1274:
1271:(glottalized
1270:
1262:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1120:Mirror–nearer
1117:
1111:vowel before
1110:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:Vowel mergers
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
993:
989:
982:
975:
965:
958:
951:
942:
935:
925:
918:
911:
906:
898:
890:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:West Virginia
856:
852:
848:
843:
836:
832:
825:
821:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
803:Boston accent
801:(such as the
800:
796:
795:father–bother
789:
785:
781:
773:
769:
757:
751:
750:
749:
741:
739:
731:
729:
724:
714:
712:
708:
704:
696:
676:
672:
656:
649:
631:
627:
625:
607:
605:
598:
591:
586:
579:
572:
567:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:New York City
534:
526:
522:
518:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
474:
472:
465:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
292:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
272:
271:
266:
262:
259:
254:
249:
245:
241:
240:United States
238:
232:
227:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
203:
199:
193:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
171:
165:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:Anglo–Frisian
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:West Germanic
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:Indo-European
101:
97:
91:
87:
84:67.3 million
81:
75:
72:
71:United States
69:
65:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
15887:
15884:Dependencies
15852:
15825:
15793:
15784:Cook Islands
15776:
15753:
15746:
15708:
15701:
15694:
15674:
15629:South Africa
15619:Sierra Leone
15537:
15509:
15502:
15467:
15460:
15448:
15428:
15416:
15404:
15399:Sint Maarten
15397:
15390:
15368:
15361:
15339:
15327:
15315:
15308:
15281:
15261:
15243:
14842:South Africa
14837:Sierra Leone
14590:Miami Latino
14479:Philadelphia
14467:Inland North
14403:
14372:Newfoundland
14190:West Country
14004:by continent
13869:Human rights
13849:Gun politics
13800:Islamophobia
13790:antisemitism
13658:Hospice care
13600:Middle class
13580:Homelessness
13557:Social class
13517:Social class
13390:
13381:Human rights
13371:Homelessness
13283:middle class
13248:Demographics
13223:Architecture
13130:Unemployment
13110:Labor unions
12858:Town meeting
12835:City council
12830:City manager
12571:State police
12433:Marine Corps
12423:Armed Forces
12398:civil rights
12378:Constitution
11950:Southwestern
11945:Southeastern
11935:Northwestern
11930:Northeastern
11895:Mid-Atlantic
11885:Great Plains
11603:World War II
11486:Constitution
11390:Colonial era
11369:2008–present
11072:
11065:
11047:
11039:
10928:Sabine River
10923:Puerto Rican
10875:Plautdietsch
10809:Oral settler
10752:
10700:Mohawk Dutch
10698:
10661:
10654:
10530:Plains Miwok
10528:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10384:
10377:
10262:
10210:
10203:
10196:
10189:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10161:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10056:
9979:
9972:
9951:Eastern Pomo
9946:Central Pomo
9925:
9918:
9886:
9859:
9807:
9771:Acoma Pueblo
9739:
9732:
9725:
9715:
9703:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9560:
9555:Upper Umpqua
9553:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9490:
9479:Upper Tanana
9449:Lower Tanana
9386:
9379:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9348:
9308:
9246:Austronesian
9233:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9200:Narragansett
9198:
9191:
9184:
9177:
9170:
9163:
9156:
9149:
9142:
9101:Massachusett
8828:
8827:Dialects of
8817:
8811:are extinct.
8808:
8715:
8692:
8685:
8669:
8657:
8646:
8635:
8592:
8588:
8575:0-52128541-0
8566:0-52128540-2
8557:0-52129719-2
8536:
8523:February 20,
8521:. Retrieved
8506:
8496:
8458:
8454:
8427:
8370:
8366:
8350:
8331:
8320:February 20,
8318:. Retrieved
8303:
8292:February 20,
8290:. Retrieved
8275:
8257:
8253:
8236:
8220:
8216:
8195:
8145:
8141:
8109:
8105:
8075:
8060:Bibliography
8045:. Retrieved
8038:
8028:
8016:. Retrieved
8014:. p. 10
8009:
7999:
7992:U.S. English
7991:
7982:
7969:
7959:
7947:. Retrieved
7942:
7939:"ACS B16001"
7933:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7886:
7874:
7862:
7853:
7840:
7827:
7814:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7757:
7746:
7733:
7721:
7712:
7692:
7685:
7673:
7661:
7619:
7607:. Retrieved
7603:
7594:
7582:. Retrieved
7569:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7535:
7519:
7514:
7501:
7481:
7469:. Retrieved
7465:the original
7455:
7443:. Retrieved
7439:the original
7429:
7417:. Retrieved
7413:the original
7403:
7395:
7391:
7380:
7370:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7337:
7325:. Retrieved
7316:
7289:. Retrieved
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7257:
7245:
7233:. Retrieved
7230:Random House
7220:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7155:
7148:
7136:. Retrieved
7130:
7123:
7111:. Retrieved
7096:
7089:
7077:. Retrieved
7071:
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7048:the original
7038:
7030:
7023:. Retrieved
7014:
6982:Labov (2007)
6977:
6970:Labov (2007)
6965:
6938:
6926:
6914:
6902:
6886:
6844:
6798:
6786:
6774:
6762:
6754:
6740:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6704:
6694:
6682:. Retrieved
6677:
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6638:
6626:
6619:Wells (2008)
6614:
6606:
6602:
6590:
6578:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6538:
6521:
6514:Wells (1982)
6509:
6497:
6487:
6480:
6463:
6456:
6444:
6431:
6419:. Retrieved
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6393:the original
6383:
6371:. Retrieved
6361:
6353:
6348:
6340:
6331:
6318:
6311:Wells (1982)
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6221:
6216:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6181:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6136:. Retrieved
6121:
6099:. Retrieved
6089:
6081:
6076:
6068:
6027:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5972:. Retrieved
5965:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5841:. Retrieved
5837:The Guardian
5830:
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5798:
5786:. Retrieved
5758:. Retrieved
5746:
5735:
5706:
5683:. Retrieved
5679:the original
5645:
5634:
5622:. Retrieved
5617:
5608:
5596:. Retrieved
5591:
5582:
5570:. Retrieved
5566:the original
5556:
5537:
5533:
5521:
5520:" vowel (in
5517:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5403:U.S. English
5402:
5390:
5288:
5276:
5273:
5181:in southern
5129:
5118:, and other
5113:
5105:
5098:
5086:
5042:
5009:
4976:
4950:Philadelphia
4943:
4908:
4875:
4842:
4816:Indianapolis
4809:
4776:
4744:
4730:
4722:
4680:
4652:front vowels
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4516:
4510:
4475:
4458:
4418:Inland North
4414:vowel shifts
4364:
4357:
4338:
4313:
4229:
4219:
4208:
4198:
4188:
4179:INLAND NORTH
4178:
4168:
4157:
4138:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4066:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4009:Noah Webster
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:for British
3952:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3885:
3882:he ran quick
3881:
3878:
3874:Noah Webster
3865:
3859:
3691:
3681:American and
3656:
3653:tennis shoes
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:H. W. Fowler
3552:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3513:("sweets"),
3508:
3502:
3496:
3495:("autumn"),
3490:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:cutesy, punk
3455:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3378:
3362:
3358:, smalltime,
3346:
3336:
3326:
3314:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3281:, for sure);
3276:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3243:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3180:
3166:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3116:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3051:in the U.S.
3038:
3028:
3020:kindergarten
3018:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2962:
2956:
2927:
2921:
2917:distinction.
2913:
2896:Horse–hoarse
2895:
2889:
2851:
2828:
2747:
2723:Philadelphia
2654:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2560:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2508:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2435:am, can, had
2434:
2399:
2385:
2365:
2342:
2309:
2287:
2264:
2240:
2225:Great Lakes
2214:Mountain US
2178:Philadelphia
2087:
2086:", but both
2082:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2058:Philadelphia
2030:
2026:
2022:
1973:Conditioned
1967:
1963:
1955:
1943:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1858:Inland North
1851:Mid-Atlantic
1839:sound change
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1731:: The vowel
1723:front vowels
1719:intervocalic
1687:velarization
1647:
1643:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1551:
1506:
1502:
1481:
1464:
1453:glottal stop
1422:
1401:
1372:
1368:
1347:
1343:
1322:
1318:
1297:
1293:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1234:
1219:Yod-dropping
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1039:
1018:
1014:
1010:
963:
922:or advanced
896:
875:Mid-Atlantic
851:Great Plains
841:
834:
830:
823:
817:
794:
783:
779:
772:rounded lips
767:
747:
727:
720:
710:
706:
702:
694:
674:
670:
630:lexical sets
623:
620:
603:
557:Scotch-Irish
553:
524:
520:
516:
506:
487:conservative
480:
468:
425:Scotch-Irish
421:Ulster Scots
410:
394:
370:is known in
360:
336:U.S. English
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
294:
275:
268:
143:
44:
15726:Philippines
15676:Puerto Rico
15634:South Sudan
15498:New Zealand
15462:Isle of Man
15381:Saint Lucia
15294:The Bahamas
15197:Anglosphere
14967:Philippines
14760:New Zealand
14646:Bay Islands
14626:The Bahamas
14549:Social and
14506:New Orleans
14423:New England
14317:Isle of Man
14262:Port Talbot
14163:East Anglia
14080:Northumbria
13874:Immigration
13805:LGBT rights
13707:Food safety
13542:Video games
13135:Wall Street
13115:Public debt
13018:Agriculture
12954:nationalism
12666:Uniform act
12588:Legislative
12495:Territorial
12453:Coast Guard
12448:Space Force
12198:Legislative
11993:Red (South)
11983:Mississippi
11905:New England
11841:Appalachian
11811:Earthquakes
11708:Discoveries
11703:Demographic
11645:Vietnam War
11588:World War I
11583:Imperialism
11533:Indian Wars
11508:War of 1812
11158:Hindi (0.9)
10966:Angloromani
10918:New Mexican
10847:New England
10488:Coast Miwok
10361:Tübatulabal
10293:Uto-Aztecan
10275:Tsimshianic
10264:Piro Pueblo
10184:Mitchigamea
10140:Omaha–Ponca
10105:Assiniboine
10020:Lushootseed
9872:Palaihnihan
9705:Wenrohronon
9401:Yeniseian?)
9264:Refaluwasch
9151:Gros Ventre
8510:. Pearson.
8217:Linguistics
6684:January 17,
6182:LiveScience
5807:. Scroll.in
5624:January 11,
5598:January 11,
5290:Puerto Rico
5016:Los Angeles
4983:San Antonio
4882:Minneapolis
4687:Accent name
4618:sound like
4549:diphthongal
4424:(including
4382:), and the
4368:New England
4277:Outer Banks
4014:francophile
3949:orthography
3934:to hospital
3868:, known as
3586:wastebasket
3291:disc jockey
3289:hijacking,
3190:bottom line
3153:parking lot
3129:railroading
3112:mobile home
3104:condominium
3070:house style
3060:War of 1812
3047:plant, the
2735:New England
2729:Southern US
2643:set (thus,
2452:began, ran,
2336:Prevocalic
2257:Prevocalic
2218:Minnesota,
2212:, Northern
2188:New England
2168:New Orleans
2094:changes to
2025:, but for
2019:nasal stops
1975:/æ/ raising
1847:New England
1835:high school
1831:high school
1593:what is it?
1211:. The word
1081:Hurry–furry
855:New England
774:, like the
655:lexical set
549:Southerners
445:Great Lakes
431:developing
372:linguistics
356:U.S. states
309:instead of
174:Old English
168:Early forms
86:L2 speakers
15916:Categories
15811:Micronesia
15624:Somaliland
15569:The Gambia
15363:Montserrat
14907:Bangladesh
14899:South Asia
14852:Cape Flats
14802:The Gambia
14727:Aboriginal
14563:vernacular
14528:California
14501:High Tider
14496:Appalachia
14357:Aboriginal
14289:South-West
14133:Birmingham
14090:Sunderland
14075:Manchester
14065:Lancashire
13908:Xenophobia
13697:Disability
13638:Healthcare
13547:Visual art
13492:Philosophy
13438:television
13428:newspapers
13418:journalism
13408:Literature
13320:attainment
12971:Republican
12966:Democratic
12939:Ideologies
12900:Corruption
12465:NOAA Corps
12388:preemption
12383:federalism
11998:Rio Grande
11900:Midwestern
11880:West Coast
11875:East Coast
11718:Inventions
11630:Space Race
11625:Korean War
11608:home front
11543:Gilded Age
11179:Urdu (0.5)
11147:Portuguese
11117:Vietnamese
11007:Protactile
10989:Francosign
10656:Chitimacha
10509:Lake Miwok
10010:Halkomelem
9506:Holikachuk
9381:Purisimeño
9126:Potawatomi
8845:Vernacular
8430:. Berlin:
7943:ACS B16001
7639:Labov 2012
7363:face up to
7159:. Cosimo.
7054:January 9,
6714:0618043624
6583:Wells 1982
6502:Wells 1982
6272:Wells 1982
6260:Wells 1982
5974:August 15,
5939:Labov 2012
5877:1707.00781
5572:January 2,
5548:References
5223:Thomasites
5070:pre-nasal
5049:Pittsburgh
5037:pre-nasal
4938:pre-nasal
4837:pre-nasal
4771:pre-nasal
4723:Cot–caught
4517:cot–caught
4511:cot–caught
4482:Pittsburgh
4456:shibboleth
4252:Appalachia
4245:California
4108:burglarize
4071:, called "
4005:travelling
3922:in school,
3918:dove/dived
3748:Vocabulary
3627:soft drink
3522:eyeglasses
3416:weatherize
3348:brainstorm
3141:dirt roads
2983:Algonquian
2947:Vocabulary
2922:Wine–whine
2599:/ɔr/–/oʊr/
2396:Otherwise
2198:Western US
2193:Pittsburgh
2183:Midland US
2154:consonant
2152:Following
2104:homorganic
1930:, and the
1920:California
1597:not at all
1527:becomes a
1423:relatively
1402:relatively
1375:-flapping)
1350:-flapping)
1325:-flapping)
1247:/ˈtjuzdeɪ/
1085:: The pre-
964:cot–caught
818:Cot–caught
753:Unrounded
738:H-dropping
624:cot–caught
429:Appalachia
15886:shown in
15748:Gibraltar
15731:Singapore
15710:Hong Kong
15599:Mauritius
15493:Australia
14972:Singapore
14934:Sri Lanka
14889:Hong Kong
14715:variation
14707:Australia
14618:Caribbean
14484:Baltimore
14367:Lunenburg
14312:Gibraltar
14229:Highlands
14107:Yorkshire
14070:Liverpool
13891:Terrorism
13668:Rationing
13565:Affluence
13512:Sexuality
13480:Uncle Sam
13386:Languages
13315:Education
13258:affluence
13218:Americana
13145:Transport
13043:Insurance
13033:Companies
13013:By sector
12905:Elections
12546:Treasurer
12504:Executive
12443:Air Force
12415:Uniformed
12238:President
12055:Executive
11826:Mountains
11759:Territory
11747:Geography
11571:1954–1968
11566:1896–1954
11561:1865–1896
11523:Civil War
11364:1991–2008
11359:1980–1991
11354:1964–1980
11349:1945–1964
11344:1917–1945
11339:1865–1917
11334:1849–1865
11329:1815–1849
11324:1789–1815
11319:1776–1789
11312:By period
10981:languages
10961:Spanglish
10944:languages
10870:Hutterite
10827:Louisiana
10811:languages
10728:Hand Talk
10720:languages
10675:Languages
10523:Palewyami
10474:Bay Miwok
10443:Yuk-Utian
10321:Kitanemuk
10155:Winnebago
10079:Tillamook
9907:Nez Perce
9861:Apalachee
9833:Chickasaw
9820:Muskogean
9717:Kalapuyan
9664:Tuscarora
9621:Iroquoian
9464:Tanacross
9439:Jicarilla
9414:Deg Xinag
9388:Ventureño
9360:Barbareño
9350:Chumashan
9329:Kathlamet
9321:Chinookan
9274:Tokelauan
9193:Nanticoke
9106:Menominee
9076:Blackfoot
9042:languages
8667:(1977) .
8589:Phonetica
8485:143910740
8375:CiteSeerX
8158:CiteSeerX
8126:146478485
8047:March 23,
8018:March 23,
7949:April 12,
7925:145589555
7911:: 33–45.
7609:April 18,
7584:March 21,
7365:, etc.)".
7327:April 18,
7287:. Oup.com
7265:. Oup.com
6680:: 116–117
6529:(2015). "
6417:. M-w.com
5811:April 18,
5788:April 18,
5760:April 18,
5755:0013-0613
5727:989790918
5588:"English"
5536:is , but
5502:and like
5411:ISO 639-1
5183:Louisiana
5116:" tensing
5094:rhoticity
5087:In 2010,
5004:Southern
4553:split of
4366:diverse:
4300:Baltimore
4268:Northwest
4122:Varieties
4100:transport
4030:manoeuvre
4022:programme
4001:traveling
3997:catalogue
3926:at school
3706:Keyboards
3606:Bert Vaux
3604:Linguist
3575:presently
3501:("tap"),
3429:enthuse).
3356:hitchhike
3352:bandwagon
3332:landslide
3323:Compounds
3245:hamburger
3161:rest area
3108:townhouse
3102:project,
3093:apartment
3083:log cabin
2703:Received
2573:(a short
2563:" before
2310:bag, drag
2220:Wisconsin
2203:Southern
2173:Baltimore
2054:Baltimore
2011:allophone
1938:as when
1791:/t,k,θ,s/
1713:) and in
1613:impotence
1482:fruitcake
1179:and for
1074:Louisiana
728:trap–bath
497:Rhoticity
451:Phonology
439:bringing
340:varieties
270:Glottolog
258:ISO 639-3
15801:Kiribati
15721:Pakistan
15668:Americas
15659:Zimbabwe
15644:Tanzania
15564:Eswatini
15559:Cameroon
15554:Botswana
15450:Guernsey
15335:Dominica
15299:Barbados
15283:Anguilla
15274:Americas
15170:Articles
15092:Standard
15062:Learning
15050:Nerrière
15041:Globish
14957:Malaysia
14929:Pakistan
14869:Zimbabwe
14797:Cameroon
14631:Barbados
14362:Atlantic
14330:Americas
14247:Abercraf
14216:Scotland
14195:Cornwall
14116:Midlands
14100:Teesside
14095:Tyneside
14085:Pitmatic
14048:Cheshire
13994:Dialects
13947:Category
13643:Abortion
13507:Religion
13465:Columbia
13423:internet
13359:Holidays
13354:Folklore
13325:literacy
13263:eviction
13153:Aviation
13125:Taxation
13080:Currency
13073:by state
12983:Scandals
12853:Township
12611:Judicial
12512:Governor
12275:Judicial
12161:Marshals
12034:Politics
11988:Missouri
11978:Columbia
11973:Colorado
11968:Arkansas
11961:Longest
11940:Southern
11925:Northern
11769:counties
11723:Military
11713:Economic
11691:By topic
11670:Iraq War
11620:Cold War
11378:By event
11228:Armenian
11201:Gujarati
11195:Japanese
11059:Isolates
10885:Alsatian
10837:Missouri
10769:Isolates
10611:Isolates
10571:Maricopa
10566:Kumeyaay
10397:Wakashan
10356:Timbisha
10351:Shoshoni
10316:Kawaiisu
10311:Ivilyuat
10301:Comanche
10072:Quinault
10045:Thompson
10035:Okanagan
10025:Nooksack
9992:Salishan
9912:Sahaptin
9888:Atsugewi
9880:Achumawi
9853:Muscogee
9848:Mikasuki
9741:Yoncalla
9691:Nottoway
9649:Onondaga
9634:Cherokee
9573:Eskaleut
9541:Tsetsaut
9424:Gwich’in
9419:Dena'ina
9374:Obispeño
9259:Hawaiian
9254:Chamorro
9214:Powhatan
9144:Etchemin
9081:Cheyenne
9050:Families
8656:(2003).
8645:(1848).
8634:(2012).
8617:46760239
8535:(1982).
8495:(2004).
8426:(2006).
8409:Archived
8397:40070845
8367:Language
8223:: 29–68.
8184:Archived
8090:Archived
7974:Archived
7751:Archived
7490:Archived
7359:lose out
6469:Archived
6208:25484343
6184:. Purch.
5914:29799872
5864:PLOS ONE
5642:(1997).
5532:; thus,
5300:See also
5193:people.
5189:by some
5177:by some
5168:American
5164:Yinglish
4978:Southern
4804:general
4718:fronting
4711:fronting
4704:fronting
4697:fronting
4560:phonemes
4392:fronting
4360:leveling
4334:, etc.).
4310:all caps
4266:Pacific
4110:and BrE
4098:and BrE
4034:maneuver
3741:Spelling
3648:sneakers
3635:you guys
3528:obligate
3385:makeover
3381:shootout
3342:teenager
3338:backdrop
3328:foothill
3319:, major,
3317:vacation
3231:chutzpah
3206:gasoline
3200:elevator
3186:downsize
3157:overpass
3146:freeways
3123:backyard
3119:driveway
3000:en masse
2994:moccasin
2712:American
2710:General
2469:bad, mad
2402:locality
2157:Example
1942:("short
1922:, other
1890:dinosaur
1843:Northern
1640:flapping
1609:monotone
1517:Flapping
1461:syllabic
1269:mountain
1251:/əˈsjum/
1231:alveolar
1187:. Also,
966:merger,
926:, while
471:unmarked
417:de facto
405:leveling
352:de facto
315:Help:IPA
109:Germanic
15888:italics
15865:Vanuatu
15854:Tokelau
15770:Oceania
15609:Nigeria
15604:Namibia
15589:Liberia
15584:Lesotho
15485:Oceania
15456:Ireland
15357:Jamaica
15347:Grenada
15310:Bermuda
15022:Engrish
15017:E-Prime
14990:Related
14977:Vietnam
14962:Myanmar
14832:Nigeria
14827:Namibia
14817:Liberia
14699:Oceania
14681:Bermuda
14653:Jamaica
14580:Chicano
14418:Midland
14404:United
14340:America
14276:Ireland
14252:Cardiff
14224:Glasgow
14173:Cockney
14053:Cumbria
14031:England
14022:Britain
13998:accents
13931:Outline
13879:illegal
13864:Smoking
13727:Obesity
13610:Poverty
13532:Theater
13522:Society
13376:Housing
13337:Fashion
13293:poverty
13238:Cuisine
13210:Culture
13197:Society
13158:Driving
13085:Exports
13063:Tourism
13023:Banking
13001:Economy
12961:Parties
12805:Charter
12769:Sheriff
12216:Speaker
12084:Cabinet
12047:Federal
11955:Western
11920:Eastern
11915:Central
11910:Pacific
11870:Regions
11821:Islands
11304:History
11219:Punjabi
11207:Bengali
11183:Persian
11174:Italian
11153:Haitian
11141:Russian
11111:Tagalog
11105:Chinese
11099:Spanish
11040:Kentish
10900:Spanish
10880:Bernese
10842:Muskrat
10663:Tonkawa
10633:Siuslaw
10628:Kutenai
10591:Yavapai
10581:Quechan
10551:Cocopah
10543:Cochimí
10423:Nomlaki
10415:Wintuan
10346:Serrano
10341:O'odham
10326:Luiseño
10241:Picuris
10191:Moneton
10177:Chiwere
10170:Catawba
10120:Hidatsa
10058:Cowlitz
10015:Klallam
9956:Kashaya
9920:Klamath
9843:Koasati
9838:Choctaw
9828:Alabama
9801:Nisenan
9783:Maiduan
9752:Keresan
9669:Wyandot
9596:Alutiiq
9586:Inupiat
9562:Wailaki
9548:Tututni
9527:Mattole
9444:Koyukon
9367:Cruzeño
9302:Wichita
9292:Arikara
9284:Caddoan
9221:Quiripi
9207:Pamlico
9172:Mahican
9131:Shawnee
9111:Mi'kmaq
9071:Arapaho
9066:Abenaki
8927:Western
8922:Eastern
8818:English
8809:italics
8733:at the
8609:7443796
8477:4139476
8405:6255506
8180:9193061
8150:Bibcode
7994:, 2022.
7471:May 29,
7445:May 29,
7419:May 29,
7409:"angry"
7355:win out
7291:May 29,
7269:May 29,
7235:May 29,
7196:center,
7172:June 1,
7138:June 1,
7113:June 1,
7079:June 1,
7025:June 1,
6421:May 29,
6399:May 29,
6373:May 29,
6138:July 4,
6101:June 1,
5905:5969760
5882:Bibcode
5685:May 13,
5397:is the
5011:Western
4811:Midland
4783:Chicago
4731:Pin–pen
4714:Strong
4707:Strong
4700:Strong
4693:Strong
4676:Midland
4570:versus
4521:THOUGHT
4500:vowel (
4498:THOUGHT
4450:before
4432:of the
4405:of the
4403:tensing
4394:of the
4293:Orleans
4220:MIDLAND
4116:burglar
4050:realize
4026:program
3993:catalog
3989:licence
3985:license
3981:analyse
3977:analyze
3973:defence
3969:defense
3957:flavour
3898:learned
3713:Grammar
3562:baggage
3553:I guess
3516:skillet
3464:through
3226:Yiddish
3035:Spanish
3013:, from
3003:, from
2968:raccoon
2964:opossum
2908:before
2854:, etc.
2831:, etc.
2595:warrant
2559:"Short
2526:imagine
2381:/f,θ,s/
2361:/b,d,ʃ/
2267:Spanish
2142:raising
2098:before
2070:plan it
1968:codeine
1954:("long
1904:), and
1759:Raising
1739:and so
1294:partner
1169:tensing
1148:miracle
1064:(as in
1060:), and
1015:because
905:central
805:), the
788:phoneme
701:(as in
693:(as in
679:THOUGHT
667:THOUGHT
637:THOUGHT
443:to the
413:de jure
391:History
368:markers
342:of the
311:Unicode
244:article
134:English
15860:Tuvalu
15740:Europe
15654:Zambia
15649:Uganda
15614:Rwanda
15594:Malawi
15547:Africa
15526:
15469:Jersey
15441:Europe
15352:Guyana
15323:Canada
15304:Belize
15254:Africa
15232:
15045:Gogate
14952:Brunei
14864:Uganda
14847:accent
14822:Malawi
14790:Africa
14765:accent
14720:accent
14663:Samaná
14636:Bequia
14455:accent
14428:Boston
14406:States
14389:Quebec
14349:Canada
14338:North
14294:Ulster
14284:Dublin
14200:Dorset
14058:Barrow
14020:Great
14011:Europe
13952:Portal
13859:Hunger
13810:racism
13751:Issues
13625:Health
13527:Sports
13487:People
13332:Family
13303:wealth
13228:Cinema
13053:Mining
13038:Energy
12783:Cities
12751:County
12685:Tribal
12223:Senate
12067:powers
11963:rivers
11836:ranges
11804:states
11728:Postal
11246:Hebrew
11189:Telugu
11168:Polish
11162:German
11135:Korean
11129:French
11123:Arabic
11101:(41.3)
11022:BANZSL
10951:Gullah
10938:Creole
10913:Isleño
10857:German
10819:French
10692:Michif
10604:Others
10586:Tiipai
10576:Mojave
10541:Yuman–
10428:Patwin
10386:Tongva
10379:Cupeño
10223:Tanoan
10212:Woccon
10163:Biloxi
10150:Stoney
10145:Quapaw
10135:Mandan
10130:Lakota
10115:Dakota
10097:Siouan
10040:Salish
9938:Pomoan
9927:Molala
9791:Konkow
9659:Seneca
9644:Oneida
9639:Mohawk
9629:Cayuga
9469:Tolowa
9459:Navajo
9399:Dené(–
9334:Tsinúk
9310:Kitsai
9269:Samoan
9121:Ojibwe
9116:Munsee
8716:et al.
8615:
8607:
8579:
8573:,
8570:
8564:,
8561:
8555:
8547:,
8514:
8483:
8475:
8438:
8403:
8395:
8377:
8339:
8311:
8283:
8204:Boston
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42:.
20:)
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