243:
when a quarter of wheat was sold for three shillings, or three shillings and four-pence, and a quarter of barley for twenty pence or twenty-four pence, and a quarter of oats for fifteen pence, brewers in cities could afford to sell two gallons of ale for a penny, and out of cities three gallons for a
103:
These assizes adjusted the weight of bread according to the price of wheat. The price of bread was always the same, even though the price of grain fluctuated. Instead, when the price of grain increased, the weight of bread was reduced accordingly. For every increase in the price of wheat, the weight
227:
if the pound is taken to be the troy pound). It then graduated the weight of bread according to the price of wheat, and for every six pence added to the quarter of wheat, the weight of the farthing loaf was reduced; until, when the wheat was at twenty shillings a quarter, it directed the weight of
2883:
91:
Bread regulation was the most significant and long-lasting commercial law in medieval
England. The first bread assize law dates back to the 13th century, but its origins are even older. This law can be traced back to proclamations from the reigns of
276:
of each manor, and were sworn "to examine and assay the beer and ale, and to take care that they were good and wholesome, and sold at proper prices according to the assize; and also to present all defaults of brewers to the next court-leet."
457:, vol. I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time, London: Mark Basket for the Crown, pp.
132:, created a commercial market for the goods. This resulted in a perceived need for regulations controlling quality and pricing, and checking weights, to avoid fraudulent activity by food providers.
264:
within whose jurisdiction where the ale-brewers lived. The price of ale was regulated by provisions like those stated above, and the quality was ascertained by officers of great antiquity, called
1176:
49:
manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets. It was the first law in
British history to regulate the production and sale of food. At the local level, this resulted in
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
260:. c. 4) in the 16th century, it was enacted that ale-brewers should charge for their ale such prices as might appear convenient and sufficient in the discretion of the
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1695:
1690:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
786:
781:
776:
75:
The law was amended by the Bread Acts of 1822 and 1836, which stipulated that loaves should be sold by the pound, or multiple thereof, and finally repealed by the
3098:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
2971:
2936:
1685:
3008:
33:
2964:
2911:
3022:
3093:
2947:
1377:
211:
The assize presented an established scale, then of ancient standing, between the prices of wheat and of bread, providing that when the
2952:
715:
239:
In a similar manner, the assize regulated the price of the gallon of ale, by the price of wheat, barley, and oats, stating that,
3052:
2959:
2906:
1705:
544:
425:
244:
penny; and when in a town (in burgo) three gallons are sold for a penny, out of a town they may and ought to sell four.
684:
634:
565:
287:
223:, the farthing loaf of the best white bread should weigh six pounds sixteen shillings (~2.5 kg / 5.6 lb
231:
The assize of bread was in force until the beginning of the 19th century, and was only then abolished in London.
2931:
575:
Davis, James (2004). "Baking for the common good: a reassessment of the assize of bread in
Medieval England".
3103:
3035:
76:
2989:
708:
303:
253:
791:
3030:
724:
112:
loaf of bread. The act reduced competition and was purportedly given at the request of the bakers of
3088:
1393:
738:
701:
109:
2848:
1252:
3083:
3073:
2868:
1677:
458:
2874:
2859:
743:
261:
117:
8:
2943:
1279:
93:
2854:
661:
600:
592:
497:. 30 vols. London: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; {which vol.?} p. 285.
402:
The Metric System, Considered with
Reference to its Introduction into the United States
511:
3078:
2897:
1163:
758:
680:
630:
613:
604:
588:
561:
540:
421:
65:
3045:
3000:
2981:
653:
584:
292:
80:
38:
140:
Some versions of the statute include an explanatory third paragraph which begins:
3040:
674:
624:
555:
534:
452:
415:
157:
97:
2870:
199:
24:
3067:
448:
192:
166:
162:
149:
128:
The expensive equipment associated with brewing and baking, particularly the
298:
170:
748:
224:
216:
188:
184:
175:
2922:
665:
596:
273:
269:
61:
50:
228:
the loaf to be six shillings and three pence (~120 g / 4.1 oz avdp)..
417:
Empires of food: feast, famine and the rise and fall of civilizations
257:
249:
148:, the Measure of our Lord the King was made; that is to say: That an
53:
657:
113:
100:
that regulated the purchasing requirements of the royal household.
693:
248:
Over time, this uniform scale of price created opportunities for
252:
that made it extremely inconvenient and oppressive; and by the
41:
England, which regulated the price, weight and quality of the
220:
180:
104:
of a loaf fell. The Assize of Bread and Ale set the price of
69:
42:
129:
46:
352:
340:
316:
215:(~240 L / 6.9 US bushel if the gallon is taken to be the
105:
57:
328:
560:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
472:
369:
367:
379:
2998:
512:"The Assizes of Bread, Beer, & Lucrum Pistoris"
364:
60:, and fines and punishments for lawbreakers (see
3065:
644:Ross, Alan S. C. (1956). "The Assize of Bread".
64:). In rural areas, the statute was enforced by
3099:Standards organisations in the United Kingdom
1712:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
709:
2912:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
2948:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
413:
2972:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
716:
702:
553:
414:Fraser, Evan D. G.; Rimas, Andrew (2011).
334:
679:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
536:Women in the Medieval English Countryside
1710:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
557:Consumer Protection and the Criminal Law
447:
396:
394:
622:
611:
532:
489:
487:
478:
441:
358:
346:
322:
3066:
629:. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
2960:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
697:
574:
539:. New York: Oxford University Press.
391:
373:
144:By the Consent of the whole Realm of
3031:United Kingdom statutory instruments
672:
643:
493:Long, George, ed. (1833) "Ale", in:
484:
420:. London: Arrow Books. p. 200.
385:
612:Gibbins, Henry de Beltgens (1897).
123:
13:
723:
191:, and 8 Gallons of Wine do make a
116:, embracing several ordinances of
56:systems, with arbitrary recurring
14:
3115:
3094:Alcohol law in the United Kingdom
615:The Industrial History of England
288:English Weights and Measures Acts
589:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00285.x
198:, which is the Eighth Part of a
2932:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
504:
135:
3036:Scottish statutory instruments
407:
219:) of wheat was sold at twelve
1:
3053:Church of England instruments
732:Pre-parliamentary legislation
626:A History of Beer and Brewing
86:
77:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
763:the Kingdom of Great Britain
516:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
304:Worshipful Company of Bakers
254:Brewers and Coopers Act 1531
37:) was a 13th-century law in
7:
646:The Economic History Review
618:. London: Methuen & Co.
577:The Economic History Review
533:Bennett, Judith M. (2004).
280:
268:, that is, "aletasters" or
10:
3120:
554:Cartwright, Peter (2001).
518:. Fordham University. 1999
404:. A. S. Barnes and Company
3021:
2980:
2920:
2896:
1704:
1675:
1391:Acts of Parliament of the
1390:
1370:
769:
757:
731:
676:Medieval Economic Thought
272:, chosen annually in the
29:Assisa panis et cervisiae
1708:of the United Kingdom of
1394:Kingdom of Great Britain
739:List of English statutes
309:
206:
187:, and 8 Pound do make a
161:, round and without any
1177:Interregnum (1642–1660)
400:Davies, Charles (1871)
21:Assize of Bread and Ale
16:Law in medieval England
1371:Parliament of Scotland
246:
234:
204:
68:, who held tri-weekly
28:
3023:Secondary legislation
1678:Parliament of Ireland
770:Parliament of England
623:Hornsey, Ian (2004).
454:The Statutes at Large
262:justices of the peace
241:
142:
108:and the weight for a
3104:Henry III of England
2944:Acts of Senedd Cymru
2875:European Communities
744:Charter of Liberties
673:Wood, Diana (2002).
495:The Penny Cyclopædia
295:- origin of the term
266:gustatores cervisiae
183:, and 12 Ounces one
169:in the midst of the
2849:Halsbury's Statutes
761:of states preceding
759:Acts of parliaments
361:, pp. 292–296.
349:, pp. 233–236.
325:, pp. 245–246.
2855:Legislation.gov.uk
1706:Acts of Parliament
3061:
3060:
3046:Acts of Adjournal
3017:
3016:
3009:1972–2009/2015–16
2982:Orders in Council
2898:Church of England
2892:
2891:
1386:
1385:
1253:Habeas Corpus Act
1164:Petition of Right
388:, pp. 97–98.
165:, shall weigh 32
120:'s predecessors.
81:26 & 27 Vict.
3111:
3041:Acts of Sederunt
3001:Northern Ireland
2996:
2995:
2869:relating to the
2866:
2865:
767:
766:
718:
711:
704:
695:
694:
690:
669:
640:
619:
608:
571:
550:
527:
525:
523:
498:
491:
482:
476:
470:
469:
465:
461:
445:
439:
438:
436:
434:
411:
405:
398:
389:
383:
377:
371:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
124:Economic context
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3089:1266 in England
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3013:
2994:
2976:
2921:Legislation of
2916:
2888:
2864:
2844:
2716:
2213:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1671:
1392:
1382:
1366:
762:
753:
727:
722:
687:
658:10.2307/2591750
637:
568:
547:
521:
519:
510:
507:
502:
501:
492:
485:
477:
473:
467:
463:
446:
442:
432:
430:
428:
412:
408:
399:
392:
384:
380:
372:
365:
357:
353:
345:
341:
335:Cartwright 2001
333:
329:
321:
317:
312:
283:
245:
237:
209:
203:
138:
126:
89:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2871:European Union
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1280:Bill of Rights
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
789:
784:
779:
773:
771:
764:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
735:
733:
729:
728:
725:UK legislation
721:
720:
713:
706:
698:
692:
691:
685:
670:
652:(2): 332–342.
641:
635:
620:
609:
583:(3): 464–502.
572:
566:
551:
546:978-0195045611
545:
530:
506:
503:
500:
499:
483:
481:, p. 229.
471:
451:, ed. (1763),
449:Ruffhead, Owen
440:
427:978-0099534723
426:
406:
390:
378:
376:, p. 464.
363:
351:
339:
337:, p. 152.
327:
314:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
290:
282:
279:
242:
236:
233:
208:
205:
189:Gallon of Wine
143:
137:
134:
125:
122:
88:
85:
66:manorial lords
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:
793:Temp. incert.
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
772:
768:
765:
760:
756:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
734:
730:
726:
719:
714:
712:
707:
705:
700:
699:
696:
688:
686:0-521-45893-5
682:
678:
677:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
638:
636:0-85404-630-5
632:
628:
627:
621:
617:
616:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
567:0-521-59080-9
563:
559:
558:
552:
548:
542:
538:
537:
531:
529:
517:
513:
509:
508:
496:
490:
488:
480:
475:
460:
456:
455:
450:
444:
429:
423:
419:
418:
410:
403:
397:
395:
387:
382:
375:
370:
368:
360:
355:
348:
343:
336:
331:
324:
319:
315:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
293:Baker's dozen
291:
289:
285:
284:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
240:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
201:
197:
195:
190:
186:
182:
179:. do make an
178:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:
154:
152:
147:
141:
133:
131:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
99:
95:
84:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:high medieval
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3084:1260s in law
3074:English laws
2990:1994 to date
2925:institutions
2884:1972 to date
2860:Short titles
2847:
1676:Acts of the
1175:
792:
675:
649:
645:
625:
614:
580:
576:
556:
535:
528:
520:. Retrieved
515:
505:Bibliography
494:
479:Gibbins 1897
474:
466: &
464:(in English)
453:
443:
431:. Retrieved
416:
409:
401:
381:
359:Hornsey 2004
354:
347:Bennett 2004
342:
330:
323:Gibbins 1897
318:
299:Vantage loaf
265:
247:
238:
230:
212:
210:
193:
174:
156:
150:
145:
139:
136:Declarations
127:
102:
90:
74:
34:temp. incert
32:
20:
18:
749:Magna Carta
270:ale-conners
217:wine gallon
167:Wheat Corns
155:, called a
3068:Categories
2873:(formerly
468:(in Latin)
374:Davis 2004
274:court-leet
87:Background
72:sessions.
62:amercement
51:regulatory
1696:1751–1800
1691:1701–1750
1487:1760–1764
1482:1755–1759
1477:1750–1754
1472:1745–1749
1467:1740–1744
1462:1735–1739
1457:1730–1734
1452:1725–1729
1447:1720–1724
1442:1715–1719
819:1422–1460
814:1413–1421
809:1399–1411
804:1377–1397
799:1327–1376
787:1308–1325
782:1275–1307
777:1225–1267
605:154643188
386:Wood 2002
258:23 Hen. 8
250:arbitrage
173:, and 20
118:Henry III
83:c. 125).
54:licensing
3079:Food law
2923:devolved
2900:measures
281:See also
163:clipping
158:Sterling
114:Coventry
110:farthing
94:Henry II
1686:to 1700
1378:to 1707
666:2591750
597:3698543
522:9 April
213:quarter
200:Quarter
151:English
146:England
683:
664:
633:
603:
595:
564:
543:
433:28 May
424:
286:Other
196:Bushel
194:London
662:JSTOR
601:S2CID
593:JSTOR
310:Notes
221:pence
207:Bread
185:Pound
181:Ounce
70:court
43:bread
25:Latin
2999:for
2965:List
2953:List
2946:and
2937:List
2907:List
2840:2024
2835:2023
2830:2022
2825:2021
2820:2020
2815:2019
2810:2018
2805:2017
2800:2016
2795:2015
2790:2014
2785:2013
2780:2012
2775:2011
2770:2010
2765:2009
2760:2008
2755:2007
2750:2006
2745:2005
2740:2004
2735:2003
2730:2002
2725:2001
2720:2000
2712:1999
2707:1998
2702:1997
2697:1996
2692:1995
2687:1994
2682:1993
2677:1992
2672:1991
2667:1990
2662:1989
2657:1988
2652:1987
2647:1986
2642:1985
2637:1984
2632:1983
2627:1982
2622:1981
2617:1980
2612:1979
2607:1978
2602:1977
2597:1976
2592:1975
2587:1974
2582:1973
2577:1972
2572:1971
2567:1970
2562:1969
2557:1968
2552:1967
2547:1966
2542:1965
2537:1964
2532:1963
2527:1962
2522:1961
2517:1960
2512:1959
2507:1958
2502:1957
2497:1956
2492:1955
2487:1954
2482:1953
2477:1952
2472:1951
2467:1950
2462:1949
2457:1948
2452:1947
2447:1946
2442:1945
2437:1944
2432:1943
2427:1942
2422:1941
2417:1940
2412:1939
2407:1938
2402:1937
2397:1936
2392:1935
2387:1934
2382:1933
2377:1932
2372:1931
2367:1930
2362:1929
2357:1928
2352:1927
2347:1926
2342:1925
2337:1924
2332:1923
2327:1922
2322:1921
2317:1920
2312:1919
2307:1918
2302:1917
2297:1916
2292:1915
2287:1914
2282:1913
2277:1912
2272:1911
2267:1910
2262:1909
2257:1908
2252:1907
2247:1906
2242:1905
2237:1904
2232:1903
2227:1902
2222:1901
2217:1900
2209:1899
2204:1898
2199:1897
2194:1896
2189:1895
2184:1894
2179:1893
2174:1892
2169:1891
2164:1890
2159:1889
2154:1888
2149:1887
2144:1886
2139:1885
2134:1884
2129:1883
2124:1882
2119:1881
2114:1880
2109:1879
2104:1878
2099:1877
2094:1876
2089:1875
2084:1874
2079:1873
2074:1872
2069:1871
2064:1870
2059:1869
2054:1868
2049:1867
2044:1866
2039:1865
2034:1864
2029:1863
2024:1862
2019:1861
2014:1860
2009:1859
2004:1858
1999:1857
1994:1856
1989:1855
1984:1854
1979:1853
1974:1852
1969:1851
1964:1850
1959:1849
1954:1848
1949:1847
1944:1846
1939:1845
1934:1844
1929:1843
1924:1842
1919:1841
1914:1840
1909:1839
1904:1838
1899:1837
1894:1836
1889:1835
1884:1834
1879:1833
1874:1832
1869:1831
1864:1830
1859:1829
1854:1828
1849:1827
1844:1826
1839:1825
1834:1824
1829:1823
1824:1822
1819:1821
1814:1820
1809:1819
1804:1818
1799:1817
1794:1816
1789:1815
1784:1814
1779:1813
1774:1812
1769:1811
1764:1810
1759:1809
1754:1808
1749:1807
1744:1806
1739:1805
1734:1804
1729:1803
1724:1802
1719:1801
1667:1800
1662:1799
1657:1798
1652:1797
1647:1796
1642:1795
1637:1794
1632:1793
1627:1792
1622:1791
1617:1790
1612:1789
1607:1788
1602:1787
1597:1786
1592:1785
1587:1784
1582:1783
1577:1782
1572:1781
1567:1780
1562:1779
1557:1778
1552:1777
1547:1776
1542:1775
1537:1774
1532:1773
1527:1772
1522:1771
1517:1770
1512:1769
1507:1768
1502:1767
1497:1766
1492:1765
1437:1714
1432:1713
1427:1712
1422:1711
1417:1710
1412:1709
1407:1708
1402:1707
1362:1706
1357:1705
1352:1704
1347:1703
1342:1702
1337:1701
1332:1700
1327:1698
1322:1697
1317:1696
1312:1695
1307:1694
1302:1693
1297:1692
1292:1691
1287:1690
1275:1689
1270:1688
1265:1685
1260:1680
1248:1679
1243:1678
1238:1677
1233:1675
1228:1672
1223:1670
1218:1667
1213:1666
1208:1665
1203:1664
1198:1663
1193:1662
1188:1661
1183:1660
1171:1640
1159:1627
1154:1625
1149:1623
1144:1620
1139:1609
1134:1606
1129:1605
1124:1603
1119:1601
1114:1597
1109:1592
1104:1588
1099:1586
1094:1584
1089:1580
1084:1575
1079:1572
1074:1571
1069:1566
1064:1562
1059:1558
1054:1557
1049:1555
1044:1554
1039:1553
1034:1551
1029:1549
1024:1548
1019:1547
1014:1546
1009:1545
1004:1543
999:1542
994:1541
989:1540
984:1539
979:1536
974:1535
969:1534
964:1533
959:1532
954:1531
949:1530
944:1529
939:1523
934:1515
929:1514
924:1513
919:1512
914:1511
909:1509
904:1503
899:1496
894:1495
889:1491
884:1488
879:1487
874:1485
869:1483
864:1482
859:1477
854:1474
849:1472
844:1468
839:1467
834:1464
829:1463
824:1461
681:ISBN
631:ISBN
562:ISBN
541:ISBN
524:2017
435:2024
422:ISBN
225:avdp
153:peny
130:oven
98:John
96:and
58:fees
47:beer
45:and
19:The
654:doi
585:doi
235:Ale
171:Ear
106:ale
31:) (
3070::
660:.
648:.
599:.
591:.
581:57
579:.
514:.
486:^
462:.
459:22
393:^
366:^
27::
2877:)
717:e
710:t
703:v
689:.
668:.
656::
650:9
639:.
607:.
587::
570:.
549:.
526:.
437:.
256:(
202:.
176:d
79:(
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.