2021:
4953:
4780:
5201:, "a man has come ") This multiplies the number of possible forms by nearly three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong, since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it was originally the second person plural, later came to be used as a formal singular, and then later still the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation.
1059:
1821:
1997:
2082:, 14.1 were fluent Basque speakers, 10.5% passive speakers, and 75.4% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in the Basque-speaking zone in the north (62.3% speakers, including 85.9% of youth) and lowest in the non-Basque-speaking zone in the south (1.6%). The overall proportion of 14.1% represented a slight increase from previous years (12.9% in 2016, 11.1% in 2006,10.3% in 2001, 9.6% in 1996 and 9.5% in 1991). Among age groups, the highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (28%) vs. 8.3% in the 65+ age range.
1939:
6083:
434:
2075:, in 2021, 20.0% were fluent Basque speakers. Because the French Basque Country is not under the influence of the Basque Autonomous Country government, the region has fewer incentives to learn the language by government authorities. As such, these results represent another decrease from previous years (22.5% in 2006, 24.8% in 2001 and 26.4 in 1996 or 56,146 in 1996 to 51,197 in 2016). However, for those in the 16-24 age range, the proportion of Basque speakers increased to 21.5%, from 12.2% 20 years earlier.
1075:
1805:
579:
2401:
4603:
1988:("Law of Basque"), seen as contentious by many Basques, but considered fitting Navarra's linguistic and cultural diversity by some of the main political parties of Navarre, divides Navarre into three language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed. Support for the language and the linguistic rights of citizens vary, depending on the area. Others consider it unfair, since the rights of Basque speakers differ greatly depending on the place they live.
4050:
6274:
2087:
266,000, from 539,110 speakers 30 years previously (430,000 in the BAC, 40,110 in FCN, and 69,000 in the
Northern provinces). This number has tended to increase, as in all regions the age group most likely to speak Basque was those between 16 and 24 years old. In the BAC, the proportion in this age group who spoke the language (74.5%) was nearly triple the comparable figure from 1991, when barely a quarter of the population spoke Basque.
5960:
10154:
4507:
the corresponding affricate. When a plosive follows an affricate, the affricate becomes a sibilant, and a voiced plosive is devoiced. When a voiced plosive follows a sibilant, it is devoiced except in very slow and careful speech. In the central dialects of Basque, a sibilant turns into an affricate when it follows a liquid or a nasal. When a plosive follows a nasal, there is a strong tendency for it to become voiced.
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2169:
2160:
2151:
419:
4031:
2094:. Basque transmission as a sole mother tongue has decreased from 19% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2016, while Basque and another language being used as mother language increased from 3% to 5.4% in the same time period. General public attitude towards efforts to promote the Basque language have also been more positive, with the share of people against these efforts falling from 20.9% in 1991 to 16% in 2016.
6212:
1677:
1067:
1813:
6552:
6532:
6511:
2005:
2098:
and 16% only
Spanish. In Navarre, the family language of 94.3% of the youngest respondents with both Basque parents was Basque. In the Northern Basque Country, however, when both parents were Basque speaking, just two-thirds transmitted only Basque to their offspring, and as age decreased, the transmission rate also decreased.
1673:. Historical work on Basque is challenging since written material and documentation only is available for some few hundred years. Almost all hypotheses concerning the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by mainstream linguists. Some of these hypothetical connections are:
7630:
5084:'you (plural)' has the same form both in the nominative or absolutive case (the subject of an intransitive sentence or direct object of a transitive sentence) and in the ergative case (the subject of a transitive sentence). In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is never dropped even if it is redundant, e.g.
6555:
6554:
6559:
6558:
6553:
4506:
There are some rules which govern the behavior of consonants in contact with each other. These apply both within and between words. When two plosives meet, the first one is dropped, and the second must become voiceless. If a sibilant follows a plosive, the plosive is dropped, and the sibilant becomes
4525:
in the western dialects to a marked stress in central and eastern dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement. Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a
2086:
In 2021, out of a population of 2,634,800 over 16 years of age (1,838,800 in the
Autonomous community, 546,000 in Navarre and 250,000 in the Northern Basque Country), 806,000 spoke Basque, which amounted to 30.6% of the population. Compared to the 1991 figures, this represents an overall increase of
1983:
The positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque is commonly spoken. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque
Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially
1215:
regime suppressed Basque from official discourse, education, and publishing, making it illegal to register newborn babies under Basque names, and even requiring tombstone engravings in Basque to be removed. In some provinces the public use of Basque was suppressed, with people fined for speaking it.
4304:
Basque nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can be expressively palatalized. These express 'smallness', rarely literal and often showing affection, in nouns, and mitigation in adjectives and adverbs. This is often used in the formation of pet names and nicknames. In words containing one or more sibilant,
2097:
In 2021, the study found that in the BAC, when both parents were Basque speakers, 98% of children were only communicated to in Basque, while 2% were communicated to in both Basque and
Spanish. When only one parent was a Basque speaker and their first language was Basque, 84% used Basque and Spanish
2782:
The same change also occurs in parts of
Sardinia, Italy and the Romance languages of the Balkans where no Basque substrate can be reasonably argued for. (On the other hand, the fact that the same change might have occurred elsewhere independently does not disprove substrate influence. Furthermore,
5121:
Modern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the
1251:
in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that the Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media,
6560:
5894:
construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed for thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform
1979:
establishes Basque as the co-official language of the autonomous community. The
Statute of Navarre establishes Spanish as the official language of Navarre, but grants co-official status to the Basque language in the Basque-speaking areas of northern Navarre. Basque has no official status in the
1470:
except by applying it to differences between Basque dialects. Little is known of its origins, but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in and around the area of modern Basque
Country before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in western Europe during the 3rd
6534:
6222:
is mute in most regions, but it is pronounced in many places in the north-east, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. Its acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardisation process because the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place
6538:
6537:
6533:
6514:
1747:
and some similarities in societal practices and agriculture between the two populations. Historical comparisons are difficult due to the dearth of historical material for Basque and several of the
Kartvelian languages. Typological similarities have been proposed for some of the phonological
6513:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6539:
2068:(30.6%) and lowest in Álava (22.4%). These results represent an increase from previous years (33.9% in 2016, 30.1% in 2006, 29.5% in 2001, 27.7% in 1996 and 24.1% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (74.5%) vs. 22.0% in the 65+ age range.
6519:
1748:
characteristics and most importantly for some of the details of the ergative constructions, but these alone cannot prove historical relatedness between languages since such characteristics are found in other languages across the world, even if not in Indo-European. According to
1828:
The region where Basque is spoken has become smaller over centuries, especially at the northern, southern, and eastern borders. Nothing is known about the limits of this region in ancient times, but on the basis of toponyms and epigraphs, it seems that in the beginning of the
1164:. The Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit the Basque Country. The Basque language is spoken by 806,000 Basques in all territories. Of these, 93.7% (756,000) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.3% (50,000) are in the French portion.
2698:) that corresponds almost exactly to areas where heavy Basque bilingualism is assumed, and as a result has been widely postulated (and equally strongly disputed). Substrate theories are often difficult to prove (especially in the case of phonetically plausible changes like
1980:
French Basque
Country and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. However, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is permitted (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border.
7169:
Language technology for language communities: An overview based on our experience. In: FEL XXI : communities in control : learning tools and strategies for multilingual endangered language communities : proceedings of the 21st FEL Conference, 19-21 October
1187:
formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen Basque fluency. By contrast, most of Álava, the westernmost part of Biscay, and central and southern Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of
6557:
7638:
6841:
Santiago de Pablo, "Lengua e identidad nacional en el País Vasco: Del franquismo a la democracia". In 'Le discours sur les langues d'Espagne : Edition français-espagnol', Christian Lagarde ed, Perpignan: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, 2009, pp. 53-64, p.
6308:
shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines. This system is no longer in general use but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes.
2486:, the Biscayan dialect or "Western" is the most widespread dialect, with around 300,000 speakers out of a total of around 660,000 speakers. This dialect is divided in two minor subdialects: the Western Biscayan and Eastern Biscayan, plus transitional dialects.
2010:
2009:
2006:
6536:
6516:
4045:
has a variety of realisations according to the regional dialect: , as pronounced from west to east in south Bizkaia and coastal Lapurdi, central Bizkaia, east Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, south Navarre, inland Lapurdi and Low Navarre, and Zuberoa, respectively.
2011:
9102:: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber):
2012:
4954:
4781:
2448:
The modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence, sometimes making cross-dialect communication difficult. This is especially true in the case of Biscayan and Souletin, which are regarded as the most divergent Basque dialects.
2504:
on the Basque language (especially the lexicon, but also to some degree Basque phonology and grammar) has been much more extensive, it is usually assumed that there has been some feedback from Basque into these languages as well. In particular
4563:(the Academy of the Basque Language) provides only general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a
1794:
and Proto-Indo-European. Such hypotheses are rejected by most reviewers, both including scholars adhering to the mainstream view of Basque as a language isolate (Gorrochategui, Lakarra), as well as proponents of wide-range genetic relations
1625:
Since 1968, Basque has been immersed in a revitalisation process, facing formidable obstacles. However, significant progress has been made in numerous areas. Six main factors have been identified to explain its relative success:
2008:
8718:
6876:
See Communicacion No. 2486, Negociado 4, Excelentisimo Gobierno Civil de Vizcaya, 27 Octubre de 1949". A letter of acknowledgement from the archive of the Alcaldia de Guernica y Lumo, 2 November 2941, is reproduced in
5134:("The hat fell from grandfather"). Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for antipassive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned (Basque lacks a passive voice, and displays instead an
6964:
6281:
Basque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin. In this system the symbols are arranged either along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and
7791:
Corominas, Joan (1960). "La toponymie hispanique prérromane et la survivance du basque jusqu'au bas moyen age" [Pre-Romanesque Hispanic toponymy and the survival of Basque until the late Middle Ages].
1929:
and the Ribera del Ebro in southern Navarre, where it is not known to ever have been widely spoken; and in the French Basque Country, these schools and centres have almost stopped the decline of the language.
9313:
Trask, R.L. (1995): "Origin and Relatives of the Basque Language : Review of the Evidence" in Towards a History of the Basque Language, ed. J. Hualde, J. Lakarra, R.L. Trask, John Benjamins, Amsterdam /
6896:
See for example the letter from the Military Commander of Las Arenas, Biscay, dated 21 October 1938, acknowledging a fine for the public use of a Basque first name on the streets of Las Arenas, reproduced in
2741:). (On the other hand, the occurrence of in these words might be a secondary development from an earlier sound such as or and learned words (or words influenced by written Latin form). Gascon does have
1728:
evidence exists to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of western Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in
1780:, have proposed including Basque in the Dené–Caucasian superfamily of languages, but this proposed superfamily includes languages from North America and Eurasia, and its existence is highly controversial.
6556:
6286:
are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left. As with the Basque system of counting in general, it is
2706:). As a result, although many arguments have been made on both sides, the debate largely comes down to the a priori tendency on the part of particular linguists to accept or reject substrate arguments.
4578:("new Basque-speakers", i.e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, e.g. pronouncing
9288:, edited by William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 27–43. Basque Studies Program Occasional Papers Series, No. 5. Reno: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno.
5230:
A Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by four ways for its definiteness and number (indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural:
1422:, has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well-liked amongst Basque speakers generally. Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in
6515:
9026:
6535:
5185:) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation calls for the familiar masculine, the form is augmented and modified accordingly. Likewise for the familiar feminine. (
9255:
1887:
By the 16th century, the Basque-speaking area was reduced basically to the present-day seven provinces of the Basque Country, excluding the southern part of Navarre, the south-western part of
9067:
1925:, it has recently made a modest comeback. In the Spanish part, Basque-language schools for children and Basque-teaching centres for adults have brought the language to areas such as western
1220:. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called
4217:
can be palatalized even in the absence of a following vowel. After palatalization, the semivowel is usually absorbed by the palatal consonant. This can be seen in older spellings, such as
4471:
Palatalization of the rhotics is rare and only occurs in the eastern dialects. When palatalized, the rhotics become the palatal lateral . Likewise, palatalization of velars, resulting in
2007:
8693:
1696:
substrate: this hypothesis, proposed in the 19th century by d'Arbois de Jubainville, J. Pokorny, P. Kretschmer and several other linguists, encompasses the Basco-Iberian hypothesis.
13136:
2756:
in these words might be a late development. Many languages have come to accept new phonemes from other languages after a period of significant influence. For example, French lost
2550:'puppy', etc.), most of these have more easily explicable Romance etymologies or not particularly convincing derivations from Basque. Ignoring cultural terms, there is one strong
6863:
See "Articulo 1, Orden Ministerial Sobre el Registro Civil, 18 de mayo de 1938". Reproduced in Jordi Busquets, "Casi Tres Siglos de Imposicion", 'El Pais' online, 29 April 2001.
6326:
Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, elkarren artean senide legez jokatu beharra dute.
5246:). These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It has been estimated that, with two levels of
6337:[ɡis̻onemakumeɡus̻tiakas̺kejajots̻endiɾa|duintas̺unetaes̺kubideberbeɾakditus̻tela|etaes̻aɡueɾaetakonts̻ients̻iadutenes̻ɡeɾo|elkarenarteans̺enideleges̻jokatube(h)aradute]
1960:) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries. Basque was allowed in telegraph messages in Spain thanks to the royal decree of 1904.
4770:(all non-Indo-European). The ergative–absolutive alignment is also rare among European languages—occurring only in some languages of the Caucasus—but not infrequent worldwide.
4492:, use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense, the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense:
4065:
is pronounced in the northern dialects, but not pronounced in the southern ones. Unified Basque spells it except when it is predictable, in a position following a consonant.
6344:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
6036:, among other languages. There are a considerable number of Latin loans (sometimes obscured by being subject to Basque phonology and grammar for centuries), for example:
5934:
must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one:
6901:
6881:
957:
6971:
7604:
6291:(base 20). Although it is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100. Fractions are relatively common, especially
1946:
Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognised in some areas. For instance, the
6851:
See Jose Carlos Herreras, Actas XVI Congreso AIH. José Carlos HERRERAS. Políticas de normalización lingüística en la España democrática", 2007, p. 2. Reproduced in
5903:. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance,
4746:, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. Among European languages, this
6677:
7133:
6304:
The exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a
1808:
Geographical traces of the Basque language. Blue dots: place names; red dots: epigraphic traces (gravestones...) in Roman times; blue patch: maximum extension.
1252:
literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school.
1458:, it is a language isolate that is unrelated to them or to any other language. Most scholars believe Basque to be the last remaining descendant of one of the
9441:
8730:
Studies in Basque and historical linguistics in memory of R. L. Trask – R. L. Trasken oroitzapenetan ikerketak euskalaritzaz eta hizkuntzalaritza historikoaz
4922:
is used in the present tense when the verb has a subject (ergative), a direct object (absolutive), and an indirect object, and the object is him/her/it/them.
6261:
A typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions. It derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterised by thick
9633:
Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica: (Colonia 25–28 de Noviembre de 1989)
1606:
became extinct. Through the long contact with Romance languages, Basque adopted a sizeable number of Romance words. Initially the source was Latin, later
13366:
9434:
7836:
Corominas, Joan (1972). "De toponimia vasca y vasco-románica en los Bajos Pirineos" [Basque and Basque-Romanesque toponymy in the Low Pyrenees].
7436:
6995:"Basque Pidgin Vocabulary in European-Algonquian Trade Contacts." In Papers of the Nineteenth Algonquian Conference, edited by William Cowan, pp. 7–13.
1669:, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families. such as
5204:
All the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms in total, called
1429:
Item nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en
7590:
5673:
5181:
This is a property rarely found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for "listener" (the
2386:
Basque is used as a language of commerce both in the Basque Country and in locations around the world where Basques immigrated throughout history.
9595:
9476:
13351:
12334:
7933:
7631:"Navarrese Parliament rejects to grant Basque Language co-official status in Spanish-speaking areas by suppressing the linguistic delimitation"
8231:
1902:—and a vast area in central Navarre, but in these two provinces, Basque experienced a rapid decline that pushed its border northwards. In the
10142:
12469:
9794:
2816:
2000:
Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Basque within the context of its linguistic neighbours between the years 1000 and 2000
13186:
10436:
9303:
9292:
10120:
1196:
by Spanish over the centuries (as in most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it may never have been spoken there (as in parts of
7957:
5150:
above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of
1342:
has become common in recent times. Spanish has a greater variety of names for the language. Today, it is most commonly referred to as
6130:⟨Aa, Bb, Cc, (and, as a variant, Çç), Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz⟩
3778:
1921:
spurred increased interest in the language as a sign of ethnic identity, and with the establishment of autonomous governments in the
1710:
and Basque. However, not enough evidence exists to distinguish geographical connections from linguistic ones. Iberian itself remains
9440:
Bengtson, John D.. (2006): "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." (there is also a
8551:
13126:
1045:
3537:
9612:
4567:, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable.
1971:
is the official language of the nation, but allows autonomous communities to provide a co-official language status for the other
9340:
8786:
8782:
8662:
8318:
8310:
5224:
suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfects and in simple tenses in which they are deponent.
4381:
can become palatalized. This palatalization is indicated in writing with a double consonant, except in the case of palatalized
2495:
9580:
6898:
6878:
2752:
continuing to exist long after a Basque substrate might have had any effect on Spanish. (On the other hand, the occurrence of
1665:
Many linguists have tried to link Basque with other languages, but no hypothesis has gained mainstream acceptance. Apart from
9704:
9566:
9379:
9232:
9125:
8804:
8748:
8685:
8631:
8575:
8278:
7820:
7708:
7689:
7556:
7178:
7143:
6592:
2638:
1976:
932:
263:
8896:
Diccionario Retana de autoridades de la lengua vasca: con cientos de miles de nuevas voces y acepciones, Antiguas y modernas
8600:
Uhlenbeck, C. (1947). "La langue basque et la linguistique générale" [The Basque language and general linguistics].
2020:
1714:. Eduardo Orduña Aznar claims to have established correspondences between Basque and Iberian numerals and noun case markers.
13341:
11849:
11430:
5923:. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word
2517:
are thought to have received this influence in the past. In the case of Aragonese and Gascon, this would have been through
1666:
1208:
11959:
7608:
3832:. There is a small number of words which are exceptions to this rule, with de Rijk listing the following ten common ones:
1860:
temporarily counteracted this contracting tendency when the Christian lords called on northern Iberian peoples — Basques,
631:
9821:
8654:
3702:
497:
3944:, the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth. This is the usual
1756:
which is common in Kartvelian. The theory suggested that Basque and Georgian were remnants of a pre-Indo-European group.
914:
10931:
9159:
Dialekte von Labourd, Nieder-Navarra und La Soule. 2 Bde. de Gruyter, Berlin (non-standard etymologies; idiosyncratic).
9111:
8869:
Morris, Mikel (1998): "Morris Student Euskara–Ingelesa Basque–English Dictionary", Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa, Donostia
8355:
Agirre, E.; Alegria, I.; Arregi, X.; Artola, X.; De Ilarraza, A. Díaz; Maritxalar, M.; Sarasola, K.; Urkia, M. (1992).
7091:
3715:
3607:
2643:
8294:
6674:
6658:
2682:
The first two features are common, widespread developments in many Romance (and non-Romance) languages. The change of
12116:
10135:
9640:
9497:
9430:
9326:
9203:
9171:
9143:
8903:
8863:
8841:
8826:
8540:
8519:
8500:
8456:
8427:
8095:
7941:
7912:
7775:
7211:
7041:
6948:
6007:
3953:
1868:" — to colonise the new conquests. The Basque language became the main everyday language, while other languages like
1511:
1284:
9647:
8734:
Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo: International journal of Basque linguistics and philology
7572:
6622:
5989:
13336:
13209:
12462:
12092:
11331:
9787:
5981:
4712:
4439:
3620:
3550:
2665:
1584:
1467:
7391:"Is Basque an Indo-European language? Possibilities and limits of the comparative method when applied to isolates"
2529:
or Basque to a Romance language, affecting all levels of the language, including place names around the Pyrenees.
11250:
11186:
10429:
9447:
Bengtson, John D. (1997): Review of "The History of Basque". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp.xxii,458" by R.L. Trask.
6765:
3581:
2090:
While there is a general increase in the number of Basque-speaking during this period, this is mainly because of
2048:
The 2021 sociolinguistic survey of all Basque-speaking territories showed that, of all people aged 16 and above:
1592:
1216:
Public use of Basque was frowned upon by supporters of the regime, often regarded as a sign of anti-Francoism or
1153:
487:
81:
17:
13051:
13039:
6711:
4945:. A zero suffix in this position indicates that the ergative (the subject) is third person singular (he/she/it).
1816:
Percentage of fluent speakers of Basque (areas where Basque is not spoken are included within the 0–4% interval)
1769:
1295:
languages. Nevertheless, Basque has borrowed up to 40 percent of its vocabulary from Romance languages, and the
11863:
11105:
7421:
5985:
4645:, or it can be lost. Loss is most common in the east, while lowering is most common in the west. For instance,
3084:
There is no distinctive vowel length in Basque, although vowels can be lengthened for emphasis. The mid vowels
1449:
1279:
in particular, as the latter today geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Typologically, with its
992:
681:
11614:
8409:, Arana eta Goiri'tar Sabin, Bilbao, Bizkaya'ren Edestija ta Izkerea Pizkundia, 1896 (Sebastián de Amorrortu).
4928:
means the absolutive (in this case the newspapers) is plural; if it were singular there would be no infix; and
13266:
13256:
13251:
13116:
12944:
12728:
12723:
12329:
11976:
11111:
10936:
10722:
10716:
10640:
6996:
4152:
1759:
1740:
1466:. Consequently, it may be impossible to reconstruct the prehistory of the Basque language by the traditional
860:
409:
326:
9048:
Basque pidgins in Iceland and Canada. Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"
4526:
few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms), e.g.
13356:
13346:
13271:
13241:
13096:
12339:
12324:
12023:
11324:
11311:
11082:
11043:
10128:
10109:
6816:
6675:
VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)
6617:
4681:
is generalised from cases of Romance borrowings in Basque that retained Romance stem alternations, such as
3594:
3524:
3006:
2869:
2654:
1964:
1038:
357:
344:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6173:
6165:
4678:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4489:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4298:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4214:
4210:
4188:
4176:
4172:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4020:
4012:
3965:; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth and friction occurs at the tip (apex). For example,
3945:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3633:
3535:
3258:
3254:
3225:
3202:
3185:
3170:
3153:
3138:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2598:
2583:
1211:. In the Basque Country, "Francoist repression was not only political, but also linguistic and cultural."
13361:
13219:
13121:
12560:
12455:
12319:
12313:
12098:
11371:
11289:
11262:
10966:
10956:
10150:
9780:
7722:"Basque Studies: Commerce, Heritage, And A Language Less Commonly Taught, But Whole-Heartedly Celebrated"
7057:
5891:
5887:
3639:
2934:
2865:
2053:
1693:
1459:
711:
300:
254:
9256:"Advances in Proto-Basque Reconstruction with Evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian Hypothesis"
2799:, just as in Basque and Gascon, which may actually argue for some type of influence between both areas.)
12888:
11885:
11546:
11343:
11141:
11001:
10971:
10961:
10951:
10657:
10422:
3668:
3394:
2057:
1786:: a genetic link between Basque and the Indo-European languages has been proposed by Forni (2013), and
1717:
1563:
mean 'young girl' and 'man', respectively in modern Basque). This language is generally referred to as
106:
9214:
8765:
consists of Acta Palaeohispanica IX, the proceedings of the ninth conference on Paleohispanic studies.
4614:
1324:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13144:
13066:
13061:
12717:
12703:
12478:
12297:
12104:
12080:
12055:
12028:
12011:
11021:
10976:
10946:
10919:
10490:
10445:
10405:
10204:
9710:
Vennemann, Theo (2007): "Basken wie wir: Linguistisches und Genetisches zum europäischen Stammbaum",
9281:
8528:
6864:
6787:
4751:
4437:
4155:, automatic palatalization and expressive palatalization. Automatic palatalization occurs in western
3900:
3776:
3746:
3713:
3700:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3637:
3618:
3605:
3592:
3579:
3548:
3522:
3498:
3485:
3470:
3457:
3433:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3392:
3361:
3348:
3333:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3004:
2982:
2969:
2967:
2947:
2932:
2663:
2652:
2641:
2471:
1292:
1244:
1240:
569:
286:
181:
176:
7928:
7061:
5154:
in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. The most ubiquitous auxiliary,
5096:'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. However, the pronouns are almost always dropped, e.g.
4516:
2102:
Basque speakers (as a % of each region's population), gains/losses compared to previous survey
1824:
Percentage of people fluent in Basque language in Navarre (2001), including second-language speakers
1653:
While those six factors influenced the revitalisation process, the extensive development and use of
13331:
13111:
13056:
12827:
12657:
12546:
12344:
12151:
11788:
11776:
11608:
10670:
10663:
10479:
9761:
9000:
8986:
8972:
8958:
8944:
8930:
8888:
8877:
8479:
8243:
5970:
5799:
Within a noun phrase, modifying adjectives follow the noun. As an example of a Basque noun phrase,
3407:
2949:
2518:
1141:
403:
6852:
6696:
4229:'degree'. That said, the modern orthography for Standard Basque ignores automatic palatalization.
12925:
12820:
12770:
12749:
12740:
12622:
12539:
12499:
11349:
11274:
10677:
10627:
10342:
10332:
10093:
9957:
9730:
9456:
9398:
8911:
6792:
5974:
4089:
3459:
3435:
2671:
2532:
Although a number of words of alleged Basque origin in the Spanish language are circulated (e.g.
2466:
1922:
1783:
1268:
1145:
1031:
891:
171:
9659:
9215:
Buber's Basque Page: The Larry Trask Archive: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)
8777:
Uhlenbeck, C.C. (1909–1910): "Contribution à une phonétique comparative des dialectes basques",
1167:
Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the
13081:
13076:
12841:
12813:
12804:
12763:
12363:
12211:
12006:
11782:
11735:
11365:
11282:
10941:
10925:
10733:
10634:
10497:
10473:
9213:, University of Sussex (unfinished). Also "Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)"
6917:
6489:
6283:
4747:
4453:
3487:
3307:
2984:
2881:
1479:
1436:—essentially penalising the use of Arabic, Hebrew, or Basque in marketplaces with a fine of 30
1280:
987:
595:
12001:
9210:
9020:. San Sebastián: Eusko Ikaskunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Fundación Miguel de Barandiarán.
8673:
8488:
4570:
This scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality that differentiates its sound from the
3047:
2807:
groups of Castile are also said to use or have used Basque words in their jargon, such as the
2482:
These dialects are divided in 11 subdialects, and 24 minor varieties among them. According to
1312:
13233:
13106:
13086:
12834:
12629:
12567:
12409:
12307:
11996:
11799:
11589:
11578:
11540:
11147:
11121:
11026:
11016:
10699:
10615:
10466:
10088:
10083:
9952:
9927:
9488:
9481:
Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vasca de Amigos del País. Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo e Ybarra
7889:
7733:
6800:
6135:
4571:
4564:
4522:
3938:
articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. With the laminal alveolar fricative
3748:
3472:
3350:
3335:
3099:
is elided before any following vowel. This does not prevent the existence of diphthongs with
2838:
2072:
1903:
1791:
1711:
1654:
1536:
1264:
1168:
664:
141:
12110:
11835:
7954:
3043:
3039:
13214:
13204:
13194:
13044:
12898:
12711:
12595:
12384:
12141:
11949:
11922:
11905:
11873:
11771:
11485:
11410:
11337:
11116:
11093:
11065:
10996:
10907:
10688:
10274:
10246:
7907:(in Spanish) (2.ª reimpresión (marzo de 1989) ed.). Madrid: Gredos. pp. 469–472.
6899:
https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/
6879:
https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/
5106:'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. The pronouns are used only to show emphasis:
4755:
3500:
3363:
2885:
1736:
12269:
10286:
9450:
Bengtson, John D., (1996): "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1."
9120:, "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" 131, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam,
8390:
3903:
and are spelled accordingly in Standard Basque. When between vowels, and often when after
2586:
in Gascon could arguably be due to a Basque influence but this issue is under-researched.
1898:
In 1807, Basque was still spoken in the northern half of Álava—including its capital city
701:
8:
13261:
13034:
13019:
12954:
12756:
12678:
12588:
12581:
12532:
12490:
12161:
12065:
11965:
11954:
11916:
11895:
11793:
11752:
11527:
11509:
11503:
11478:
11471:
11464:
11377:
11360:
11099:
10765:
10752:
10646:
10596:
10453:
10256:
10158:
10008:
8270:
7586: heartfelt regards to my friends and compatriots in the wonderful language of Aitor
6612:
6602:
6494:
5900:
5896:
5166:
4759:
3563:
3511:
2526:
1707:
1603:
1564:
922:
855:
669:
146:
10241:
9755:
8639:
8471:
1996:
952:
12995:
12949:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12075:
12070:
12060:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12017:
11986:
11981:
11934:
11928:
11879:
11824:
11747:
11631:
11595:
11556:
11498:
11305:
11300:
11011:
10770:
10739:
10705:
10693:
10652:
10527:
10372:
10023:
9983:
9937:
9891:
9856:
9803:
9758:: Automatic translators for Basque, dictionaries, resources to learn Basque... (~ 2016)
9024:
Bakker, Peter (1987). "A Basque Nautical Pidgin: A Missing Link in the History of Fu".
8995:
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2010): "Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa"
8372:
7256:
6937:
6607:
6582:
5205:
5070:
indicates that the indirect object is me (to me/for me; -t becomes -da- when not final)
4891:
ending, which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is
4763:
4555:
Given its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard
4266:. This type of palatalization is far from general, and is often viewed as substandard.
3297:
2877:
2812:
2572:
2510:
2028:
1972:
1918:
1837:
in the north (including the south-western part of present-day France); at least to the
1820:
1739:
is now widely discredited. The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient
1507:
1463:
1160:
in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. Basque is classified as a
962:
937:
290:
202:
12172:
12135:
8779:
Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques
8668:
Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques
3802:
Basque's two rhotics only contrast when between vowels, where the trill is written as
2566:
1058:
395:
13199:
13176:
13171:
13149:
13091:
12869:
12792:
12685:
12086:
11991:
11971:
11910:
11890:
11601:
11562:
11533:
11521:
11458:
11404:
11382:
11355:
11295:
11268:
11087:
11048:
11038:
11006:
10879:
10805:
10787:
10781:
10683:
10601:
10515:
10367:
10282:
10229:
10013:
9896:
9861:
9700:
9655:
9636:
9562:
9493:
9375:
9322:
9228:
9199:
9167:
9139:
9121:
9107:
8940:
8899:
8859:
8837:
8822:
8800:
8744:
8681:
8627:
8615:
8581:
8571:
8536:
8515:
8496:
8452:
8423:
8274:
8091:
7908:
7849:
7816:
7771:
7704:
7685:
7634:
7552:
7207:
7174:
7139:
7087:
7037:
6944:
6627:
6597:
5606:
5135:
5051:
The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me'
4716:
4270:
3931:
3687:
3650:
3447:
3376:
3317:
3302:
3282:
2660:
2649:
2501:
2461:
1938:
1766:, are seen by some linguists as more likely candidates for a very distant connection.
1732:
1703:
1670:
1615:
1576:
1475:
1455:
1276:
1236:
1217:
881:
659:
523:
166:
12177:
12166:
12146:
10484:
10357:
10352:
9631:
Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica,
8953:
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009–): "Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa, EPD"
8307:
7496:. In Gorrochategui Iván Igartua, Joaquín; Igartua, Iván; Lakarra, Joseba A. (eds.).
7422:"Comments on "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" by Gianfranco Forni"
6082:
5227:
Within a verb phrase, the periphrastic verb comes first, followed by the auxiliary.
2578:
2546:
1267:
and of their language is that early forms of Basque developed before the arrival of
493:
13161:
13154:
13101:
13029:
13024:
12981:
12974:
12904:
12848:
12786:
12692:
12664:
12650:
12636:
12553:
12525:
12513:
12506:
12394:
12254:
12244:
12239:
12193:
12187:
12156:
12049:
11944:
11868:
11806:
11758:
11693:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11665:
11654:
11638:
11573:
11568:
11551:
11492:
11386:
11318:
11229:
11196:
11164:
11060:
11032:
10981:
10902:
10886:
10872:
10854:
10847:
10833:
10793:
10775:
10759:
10745:
10567:
10550:
10377:
10347:
10327:
10278:
10266:
10223:
10219:
10208:
10193:
10188:
10053:
10018:
9993:
9988:
9900:
9866:
9852:
9817:
9549:
9544:
9532:
9522:
9517:
9505:
9411:
9035:
8967:
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2013): "Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa, EKC"
8708:
8611:
8602:
8376:
8364:
7841:
6025:
5690:
5572:
4767:
3935:
3728:
3292:
3287:
3277:
2820:
2675:
2514:
2476:
2456:
1968:
1957:
1869:
1787:
1763:
1699:
1619:
1611:
1599:
1526:
1272:
1256:
1248:
1232:
1212:
1189:
1161:
1088:
1012:
967:
805:
785:
737:
189:
161:
127:
12234:
12182:
11174:
10312:
9947:
9454:
Trask, R.L. (1995). "Basque and Dene–Caucasian: A Critique from the Basque Side".
6781:
5216:). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix
2540:
800:
12988:
12939:
12893:
12776:
12671:
12643:
12602:
12389:
12264:
12249:
12218:
11939:
11900:
11765:
11711:
11583:
11445:
11211:
11206:
11071:
10986:
10867:
10860:
10840:
10727:
10710:
10509:
10322:
10296:
10261:
10214:
10172:
10061:
10003:
9998:
9872:
9681:
9131:
8925:
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2011): "ETC: Egungo Testuen Corpusa"
8314:
7961:
7937:
7721:
7241:
6905:
6885:
6681:
6587:
6577:
6336:
6077:
6033:
6029:
5555:
5158:
can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb.
4872:
is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending
4728:
4720:
4456:
and the corresponding voiced palatal stop, , is absent except as an allophone of
4184:
3957:
3940:
3733:
3324:
3312:
2849:
2760:
but later regained it as a result of Germanic influence, and has recently gained
2561:
2506:
2395:
1899:
1877:
1873:
1842:
1607:
1300:
1221:
1204:
1136:
845:
810:
721:
674:
654:
649:
644:
225:
194:
119:
56:
4305:
these sibilants are palatalized in order to form the palatalized form. That is,
2534:
1660:
13166:
12934:
12447:
12399:
12259:
12228:
12199:
11830:
11716:
11699:
11649:
11644:
11515:
11452:
11222:
11216:
11136:
11131:
11077:
11054:
10799:
10621:
10578:
10561:
10555:
10533:
10521:
10337:
10317:
10270:
10251:
10235:
9099:
8557:
7737:
6123:
4743:
4706:
4560:
3876:
3870:
3763:
2842:
2522:
1777:
1721:
1631:
1580:
1568:
1437:
1288:
1225:
1193:
747:
305:
230:
216:
110:
8939:
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009): "Ereduzko Prosa Gaur, EPG"
8755:
8713:
8357:"XUXEN: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology"
6020:
Through contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has adopted many words from
4574:
patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Some
2400:
1074:
13325:
12283:
12223:
12205:
11721:
11705:
11659:
11416:
11236:
11201:
11191:
11169:
11126:
10991:
10572:
10504:
10362:
10290:
9932:
8585:
8356:
8184:
7853:
7578:
Aitorreu hizcuntz ederrean nere lagun eta erritarrai bistz barrengo eroipenac
7237:
6757:
5656:
5539:
5522:
5489:
5165:(3) for synthetic (or filamentous) verbs because of the two familiar persons—
4732:
4724:
4180:
4135:
assimilates to the place of articulation of following plosives. As a result,
3864:
3569:
3382:
2911:
2834:
2556:
2024:
1838:
1804:
1773:
1749:
942:
927:
790:
706:
578:
10414:
9648:
La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera
9431:
Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)
9350:
Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1964/66): "Les rapports du basque et du berbère",
8770:
8655:
XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology
8482:), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sareko Euskal Gramatika, SEG
6659:"The Basque Language Gains Speakers, but No Surge in Usage – Basque Tribune"
2709:
Examples of arguments against the substrate theory, and possible responses:
13071:
12879:
12613:
11180:
9922:
9581:
De la possibilité d' une parenté entre le basque et les langues caucasiques
9039:
8507:
7703:
Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2003,
7684:
Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2016,
6231:
6140:
6091:
5803:"in the old house" is morphologically analysed as follows by Agirre et al.
4209:, all of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, and almost all of Navarre. In a few regions,
3852:
3840:
3077:
2091:
1296:
900:
870:
865:
795:
770:
726:
433:
8561:
8368:
8361:
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing
8295:"(Basque) INFLECTION §1.4.2.2. Potential paradigms: absolutive and dative"
7575:, at the time a deputy to the Cortes from Gipuzkoa, to Ondarroa; it read:
7302:"Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language: A Reply to the Critics"
6997:
https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/download/967/851/0
5173:
is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a
379:
9699:, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 138, De Gruyter, Berlin,
9608:
9352:
Comptes rendus du GLECS (Groupe Linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques)
9220:
9191:
8792:
7665:
Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2016
7025:
6317:
5589:
4556:
3888:
3858:
3846:
3834:
2923:
2906:
2695:
2594:
2483:
1857:
1646:
collaboration between public institutions and people's organisations, and
1402:
1007:
780:
362:
349:
9506:"Concordances morphologiques entre le basque et les langues caucasiques"
9116:
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A. & R.L. Trask (eds) (1996):
7135:
The basque experience : some keys to language and identity recovery
6183:
4602:
1231:
Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are
1070:
Percentage of students registered in Basque language schools (2000–2005)
13246:
12965:
12915:
12781:
10827:
10028:
5473:
5182:
4877:
4521:
Basque features great dialectal variation in accentuation, from a weak
3924:
3882:
2993:
2916:
1926:
1830:
1197:
1002:
947:
8981:
Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2014): "Goenkale Corpusa"
8174:
8172:
6273:
5930:
In negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle
4049:
2808:
2404:
The modern dialects of Basque according to 21st-century dialectology.
2016:
Testimonies of Basque sociolinguistic dynamics (French Basque Country)
1680:
Inscription with Basque-like lexical forms identified as "UME ZAHAR",
10393:
9772:
8567:
8336:
7845:
7033:
6288:
5721:
5707:
5247:
4731:. The subject of the transitive verb is marked differently, with the
4198:
3250:
2958:
2846:
1953:
1861:
1846:
850:
815:
388:
372:
336:
318:
9572:
Míchelena, Luis (1968): "L'euskaro-caucasien" in Martinet, A. (ed.)
8548:
Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 9. Linguistics in Western Europe
7866:
Rohlfs, Gerhard (1980), Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne.
7493:
5959:
5946:("teaching") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end.
4240:
and especially . It may become indistinguishable from the affricate
2827:
1790:, who has identified potential phonological correspondences between
1772:: based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example
1752:, the hypothesis was also inspired by a Basque place-name ending in
1510:
when those tools were made of stone. Others find this unlikely: see
1148:
that dominate the European continent today. Basque is spoken by the
9508:[Morphological concordances between Basque and languages].
9184:
Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1980. Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne.
8169:
7462:
7390:
7359:
7328:
7301:
7270:
7202:
José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba Lakarra, Robert Lawrence Trask (1995),
7167:
6739:
6211:
5639:
5622:
5146:(absolutive–dative–ergative) paradigm. This last is exemplified by
5058:
indicates that the main verb is transitive and in the present tense
5044:
you-ERG(PL) newspaper-PL buy-GER AUX.3.OBJ-PL.OBJ-me.IO-you(PL).SBJ
4164:
3125:
3114:
3051:
2824:
2784:
2551:
2061:
1850:
1744:
1725:
1598:
Roman neglect of this area allowed Aquitanian to survive while the
1588:
1572:
1378:
1373:
1172:
1157:
1062:
Family transmission of Basque language (Basque as initial language)
820:
775:
505:
9404:
Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory
8692:
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010).
6865:
https://elpais.com/diario/2001/04/29/cultura/988495201_850215.html
6731:
4057:
is only pronounced in the north-east, as the isoglosses here show.
1911:
1892:
1888:
1180:
423:
Dialect areas of Basque. Light-coloured dialects are extinct. See
12482:
9962:
8728:
Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba A.; Hualde, José Ignacio (eds.) (2006):
8472:
Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara
7360:"Why Basque cannot be, unfortunately, an Indo-European language?"
6753:
6749:(Datos sociolingüísticos de Navarra, 2018, Government of Navarre)
6746:
6149:
4160:
4156:
2873:
2804:
2691:
2079:
2065:
1907:
1834:
1685:
1532:
1184:
1149:
1078:
Location of the Basque-language provinces within Spain and France
1017:
997:
840:
765:
617:
609:
536:
501:
259:
91:
12923:
9747:
8451:, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris),
4000:
In the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical
1910:
and some villages around, and including some bordering towns in
12574:
12423:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
12404:
12302:
10153:
9978:
9942:
9767:
7243:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth
6853:
https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/16/aih_16_2_021.pdf
6735:
6715:
5505:
5162:
4168:
3948:
in most European languages. It is written with an orthographic
2861:
1865:
1640:
creation of media in Basque (radio, newspapers, and television)
1423:
1396:
1260:
1176:
755:
281:
71:
9358:
Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1972). "El vascuense y el bereber".
8982:
2060:
and 45.3% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in
1891:, and the western part of Biscay, and including some parts of
8884:
6761:
6262:
6021:
5122:
imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a
4464:
is sometimes the result of an affectionate palatalization of
4206:
1948:
1881:
1681:
1676:
1661:
Hypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages
1454:
Although the Basque language is geographically surrounded by
1390:
1384:
1115:
760:
716:
418:
249:
67:
8968:
7257:
A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1
7173:. Hungerford, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages.
4428:, differ by dialect. In the Gipuzkoan and Biscayan dialects
4030:
2745:
in these words, which might reflect the original situation.)
1853:; the southern and western boundaries are not clear at all.
1066:
9752:– Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language)
5169:
masculine and feminine second person singular. The pronoun
4739:). This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement.
3095:
Basque has an a-Elision Rule, according to which the vowel
1506:), and have therefore concluded that the language dates to
9080:
8858:
16 vols. Real academia de la lengua vasca, Bilbao 1987ff.
7955:"The Basques in the Mexican Regions: 16th–20th Centuries."
6253:
6245:
6175:
6167:
6122:
for native words, but the Basque alphabet (established by
6113:
6105:
6097:
5736:
The proper name "Mikel" (Michael) is declined as follows:
4862:
Martin-ERG newspaper-PL.ABS buy-GER AUX.3.OBJ-PL.OBJ-me.IO
1884:
were preferred for the administration and high education.
1812:
1567:
and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the
1207:, Basque language use was discouraged by the government's
504:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
9596:
L'hypothèse basco-caucasienne dans les travaux de N. Marr
9299:
25, pp. 47–110, (includes review of older theories).
9059:
Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo
8996:
8954:
8926:
8873:
8872:
Sarasola, Ibon (2010–), "Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia EEH"
8483:
8354:
8342:
2864:
have existed. In the 16th century, Basque sailors used a
1906:, Basque was still spoken in all the territory except in
1097:
9065:
Hualde, José Ignacio (1984). "Icelandic Basque pidgin".
8201:
8199:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
7227:
Studia Linguistica 45:1-2. Scandinavian University Press
6699:, Euskal Herriko Soziolinguistikazko II. Inkesta (1996).
5453:
The common noun "liburu" (book) is declined as follows:
4534:("the glass", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish
4232:
In certain regions of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, intervocalic
4205:. This palatalization occurs in a wider area, including
2452:
Modern Basque dialectology distinguishes five dialects:
8068:
8034:
8032:
8030:
7970:
7903:
Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980). "izquierdo".
6164:, which in most dialects palatalises their sounds into
5220:
in the perfect, adapted from the Latin perfect passive
5161:
There are more persons in the singular (5) than in the
4723:(which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the
4191:
and before another vowel. An exception is the loanword
9347:= "Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques" 7:289–340.
9293:
Hizkuntzalaritza konparatua eta aitzineuskararen erroa
8056:
8044:
7905:
Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico
6318:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2589:
The other most commonly claimed substrate influences:
9004:
8990:
8976:
8962:
8948:
8934:
8546:
Lafon, R. (1972): "Basque" In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.)
8211:
8196:
8150:
8138:
8015:
5112:'it is you (pl.) who buys the newspapers for me', or
1121:
1118:
1103:
1100:
8856:
Diccionario General Vasco/Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia.
8774:
PhD Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.
8756:
Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos.
8743:, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Donostia-San Sebastian,
8739:
Lakarra, J. & Ortiz de Urbina, J.(eds.) (1992):
8691:
8190:
8178:
8126:
8114:
8027:
8003:
7357:
6194:
without changing the sound, whereas the proper name
4677:, "kitten". Michelena suggests that the lowering to
1657:
is also considered a significant additional factor.
1112:
1094:
438:
Basque speakers, including second-language speakers
205:
197:
184:
9756:
An overview of language technology tools for Basque
9689:
8915:. Paris/London: Maisonneuve/Williams & Norgate.
8441:
7528:
7504:] (in Spanish). Vitoria-Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco
7358:Gorrochategui, Joaquín; Lakarra, Joseba A. (2013).
6742:(VI Mapa Sociolingüístico, 2016, Basque Government)
6545:
A Basque speaker, recorded in Basque Country, Spain
6277:
An example of the number system employed by millers
4637:vary across the regions of the Basque Country. The
4552:("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case).
4365:'lambkin, young lamb'. In words without sibilants,
3969:"you" (singular, respectful) is distinguished from
2113:
1109:
1091:
9274:
9242:
9181:. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpe.
7991:
7571:The first telegraph message in Basque was sent by
7271:"Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language"
6936:
6780:
6215:The letters of the alphabet in a Basque style font
6086:An example of Basque lettering in a funerary stela
5250:, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms.
2748:Evidence of Arabic loanwords in Spanish points to
1317:In Basque, the name of the language is officially
9209:Trask, R.L. † (edited by Max W. Wheeler) (2008):
9157:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der baskischen Sprache.
8701:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8550:, Mouton, The Hague, Mouton, pp. 1744–1792.
8420:Tratado de Molinología – Los Molinos de Guipúzcoa
8232:"Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey"
7794:IV Congrès International de Sciences Onomastiques
6943:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 149.
5938:"Father teaches French", in the negative becomes
5130:(absolutive–dative) paradigm, as in the sentence
4903:is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary
4197:'lily'. The same palatalization occurs after the
2560:, long considered the source of the Pyrenean and
1942:Official status of the Basque language in Navarre
1427:
1179:, a few municipalities on the northern border of
13323:
12477:
9489:Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft
9435:Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain
9018:Tratado de Molinología: Los molinos en Guipúzcoa
8851:, Geuthner, Bilbao/Paris (reprinted many times).
8847:Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María de (1905):
8533:Grammaire basque – navarro-labourdin littéraire.
8462:de Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María (1969):
7902:
6965:"Navarrese Educational System. Report 2011/2012"
6779:
6566:A Basque speaker, recorded during Wikimania 2019
6268:
1263:. The current mainstream scientific view on the
9764:, The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU
9635:(Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.),
9093:Rommintxela, the language of the Basque gypsies
9003:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8989:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8975:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8961:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8947:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8933:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8090:, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 155–157,
7882:En torno a la toponimia vasca y circumpirenaica
7815:] (in Catalan). Barcino. pp. 153–217.
7165:
7081:
6924:. A&E Television Networks. 9 November 2009.
6653:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6473:The incandescent iron you take out of the oven
5208:: perfect (various suffixes), habitual (suffix
4131:in syllable final position, and syllable-final
3985:"the day after tomorrow" is distinguished from
3973:"fire". The affricate counterparts are written
3270:Table of consonant phonemes of Standard Basque
2489:
2121:
2027:in an exercise book given as punishment during
1975:. Consequently, the Statute of Autonomy of the
9624:Bähr, Gerhard (1948): "Baskisch und Iberisch"
8891:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
8880:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
7930:O latín dos canteiros en Cabana de Bergantiños
7607:. Spanish Constitutional Court. Archived from
7107:Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society
5142:(absolutive–ergative) paradigm and possibly a
4448:does not exist. Likewise, in Goizueta Basque,
2860:A number of Basque-based or Basque-influenced
2690:occurred historically only in a limited area (
1702:: another ancient language once spoken in the
1500:) appear to derive from the word for "stone" (
12463:
10444:
10430:
10136:
9788:
9394:The Comparison of Basque and North Caucasian.
9104:Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik
8512:The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction
6970:. Navarrese Educative Council. Archived from
4535:
4011:Basque also features postalveolar sibilants (
3899:In syllable-final position, all plosives are
3810:. When a suffix is added to a word ending in
2042: "I must not speak in Basque at school"
2032:
1720:: this proposal, made by the German linguist
1637:integration of Basque in the education system
1443:
1411:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1039:
13307:Families with more than 30 languages are in
12433:Families with more than 30 languages are in
9652:Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta
9585:Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos
9386:
8761:5:491–506. This fifth volume of the journal
8484:Aurkezpena [Sareko Euskal Gramatika]
8407:Lecciones de ortografía del euskera bizkaino
7838:Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta
7677:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7658:
7656:
7576:
7329:"On Forni's Basque–Indo-European Hypothesis"
6640:
6351:
6195:
6189:
6181:
5118:'it is me for whom you buy the newspapers'.
5113:
5107:
5101:
5091:
5085:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4493:
4483:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4292:
4286:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4224:
4218:
4192:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3230:
3207:
3190:
3175:
3158:
3143:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1383:, which in turn goes back to the Greek term
1367:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1130:
554:
540:
40:
9726:Basque Parallels to Greenberg's Eurasiatic.
9673:
9611:O родстве баскского языка с кавказскими //
9086:
8997:Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa - UPV/EHU
8832:Aulestia, Gorka & White, Linda (1990):
7976:
7138:. Eskoriatza, Gipuzkoa: Garabide Elkartea.
7131:
6989:
5988:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5890:(unlike Spanish, French or English where a
4171:. As a result of automatic palatalization,
2500:Although the influence of the neighbouring
2056:, 36.2% were fluent Basque speakers, 18.5%
1524:
1417:
1400:
1376:
1330:In French, the language is normally called
1313:Basques § Etymology of the word Basque
1144:, predating the arrival of speakers of the
13367:Languages attested from the 1st century BC
12470:
12456:
10437:
10423:
10143:
10129:
9795:
9781:
9483:vol. III, San Sebastián, pp. 207–232.
9357:
8874:Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) - UPV/EHU
8771:Studies in Basque Syntax: Relative clauses
6665:
6148:All letters and digraphs represent unique
5076:indicates that the subject is you (plural)
5064:indicates that the direct object is plural
4941:in this instance there is no suffix after
3796:
3018:The Basque language features five vowels:
1917:In the 20th century, however, the rise of
1799:
1579:, that the language moved westward during
1156:, a region that straddles the westernmost
1140:) is the only surviving descendant of the
1046:
1032:
432:
417:
9548:
9521:
9333:
9150:Le système du verbe basque au XVIe siècle
8712:
8599:
8596:, U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
7982:
7886:About Basque and circum-Pyrenean toponymy
7835:
7806:
7790:
7755:
7744:
7668:
7653:
7551:. Andoain (Gipuzkoa): Elkar. p. 21.
6502:
6008:Learn how and when to remove this message
5047:"You (plural) buy the newspapers for me."
4633:The combining forms of nominals in final
9579:Uhlenbeck, Christian Cornelius (1924): "
9576:, Paris, pp. 1414–1437 (criticism).
9535:[Basque and Caucasian studies].
9409:
9345:Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos
9118:Towards a History of the Basque Language
9095:] (in Basque). San Sebastián: Argia.
9001:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8987:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8973:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8969:Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa (EKC) - UPV/EHU
8959:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8955:Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa (EPD) - UPV/EHU
8945:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8931:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8889:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8878:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8640:Grammaire comparée des dialectes basques
8480:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)
8466:La Gran enciclopedia vasca, Bilbao 1969.
7879:
7419:
7204:Towards a history of the Basque language
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6939:The Basques: the Franco years and beyond
6623:Wiktionary: Swadesh list of Basque words
6272:
6210:
6180:, even if these are not written. Hence,
6081:
4909:means "he/she (does) them for me". This
4254:'father' may sound like it were spelled
4048:
4029:
2399:
2019:
2003:
1995:
1937:
1849:), including lands on both sides of the
1819:
1811:
1803:
1675:
1306:
1291:remains markedly different from that of
1271:in the area, i.e. before the arrival of
1073:
1065:
1057:
9589:Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques
9469:
9412:"Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology"
9253:
9081:History of the language and etymologies
8556:
8217:
8205:
8163:
8144:
8132:
8120:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8021:
8009:
7947:
7491:
7388:
7326:
7236:
7166:Alegria, Iñaki; Sarasola, Kepa (2017).
6727:The data is the most recent available:
6479:so your people could break the chains,
6465:Captive in the rainforests of the West
6447:s̻uɾe(h)eritarekkateak(h)auts̺dits̻aten
6398:zure herritarrek kateak hauts ditzaten,
6350:
5093:zuek niri egunkariak erosten dizkidazue
5041:Zu-ek egunkari-ak erosten di-zki-da-zue
5027:
4938:means "to me/for me" (indirect object).
4853:
4812:
4068:Unless they are recent loanwords (e.g.
2837:community in the Basque Country speaks
2034:En la escuela no tengo que hablar vasco
1649:campaigns for Basque language literacy.
1482:have noted that the words for "knife" (
1433:: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol
498:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
13324:
9802:
9341:Baskisch-Hamitische wortvergleichungen
9247:
9064:
9027:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
9023:
8927:Egungo Testuen Corpusa (ETC) - UPV/EHU
8898:, Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.
8563:Standard Basque: a progressive grammar
8324:
8301:
8264:
8236:Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo
8229:
7997:
7463:"Is Basque an Indo-European Language?"
6817:"How the Basque language has survived"
5007:
4859:Martin-ek egunkari-ak erosten di-zki-t
4833:
3923:, are pronounced as the corresponding
3054:dialect, extra phonemes are featured:
2496:List of Spanish words of Basque origin
12451:
10418:
10124:
9776:
9665:Schuchardt, Hugo Ernst Mario (1907):
9618:
9530:
9503:
9453:
9219:
9186:Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie
9053:Deen, Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik. 1937.
8647:
8400:
7896:
7868:Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie
7761:
7750:
7546:
7534:
7522:
7299:
7268:
7206:. John Benjamins Publishing Company,
7024:
7001:
6934:
6335:
5915:, but in both cases the question tag
5126:(absolutive) paradigm and possibly a
5031:
5019:
4986:
4974:
4970:
4845:
4808:
4797:
4641:can stay unchanged, be lowered to an
3956:
3939:
2639:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
1135:
933:Basque Country national football team
55:
9628:II, pp. 3–20, 167–194, 381–455.
9321:. New York/London: Routledge, 1996.
9198:. New York/London: Routledge, 1996.
9089:Erromintxela, euskal ijitoen hizkera
9068:Journal of Basque Studies in America
8836:, University of Nevada Press, Reno,
8514:. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
8506:
8330:
7460:
6814:
6801:participating institution membership
6386:Labetik ateratzen duzun burdin goria
5986:adding citations to reliable sources
5953:
5011:
4865:"Martin buys the newspapers for me."
4837:
4597:
4530:("the forest", absolutive case) vs.
4273:Basque, there are a few examples of
3092:are raised before nasal consonants.
2868:in their contacts with Iceland. The
2803:Beyond these arguments, a number of
440:
8941:Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG) - UPV/EHU
8670:12, París. (Study of the dialects.)
8495:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003.
8491:& Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (eds.):
8319:Aditzen aspektua, tempusa eta modua
7719:
7582:
7442:from the original on 9 October 2022
7058:"Diccionario de la lengua española"
6766:L'enquête sociolinguistique de 2016
6406:kateak egiten dituzu, kate gehiago.
6374:Erromara ekarri zinduten, esklabua,
6204:to break the palatalisation of the
6126:) does include them for loanwords:
5023:
5015:
4956:Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue.
4849:
4841:
4783:Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit.
4517:Pitch-accent language § Basque
4510:
3814:, a trill is generally used, as in
2670:; this sound also influenced other
2038:
1952:or charter of the Basque-colonised
1643:the established new legal framework
1539:, for instance, the personal names
24:
9697:Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica
9682:Langue basque et langues finnoises
9302:Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1999): "
9291:Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1998): "
9280:Jacobsen, William H. Jr. (1999): "
9227:. Zarautz (Gipuzkoa): Alberdania.
8821:University of Nevada Press, Reno,
8797:Euskalkiak: euskararen dialektoak.
8741:Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax
8622:Urquizu Sarasúa, Patricio (2007):
8436:
8348:
8191:Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri 2010
8179:Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri 2010
7637:. 16 February 2011. Archived from
7300:Forni, Gianfranco (January 2013).
7225:On the Basque-Caucasian Hypothesis
6469:they gave you the blacksmith work
6435:labetikateɾats̻endus̻unburdinɡoɾia
6419:[s̺artaldekooi(h)anetanɡatibatuɾik
6234:'s (1865–1903) alphabet, digraphs
5115:egunkariak niri erosten dizkidazue
5109:egunkariak zuek erosten dizkidazue
4649:, "head", has the combining forms
4593:
4544:("the forest", ergative case) vs.
4080:... ), words may not have initial
3993:"yesterday" is distinguished from
2872:arose from contact between Basque
2764:as a result of English influence.)
1933:
1706:, shows several similarities with
25:
13378:
9768:Ahotsak.eus - Basque Oral Archive
9739:
9718:
9211:Etymological Dictionary of Basque
8919:
8883:Sarasola, Ibon (2010): "Zehazki"
8849:Diccionario vasco–español–francés
8736:Vol. 40, No. 1–2), San Sebastián.
8724:from the original on 28 May 2018.
7965:Basque Studies Program Newsletter
7942:Universidad Complutense de Madrid
6467:they brought you to Rome, slave,
6455:kateakeɡitenditus̻ukateɡe(h)iaɡo]
6145:are treated as pairs of letters.
6071:
5212:), and future/potential (suffix.
4548:("the glass", ergative case) vs.
4281:, and optional palatalization of
4146:
3954:voiceless apicoalveolar fricative
3930:Basque has a distinction between
2855:
2767:Basque regularly developed Latin
1630:implementation and acceptance of
10152:
9690:Vasconic-Old European hypothesis
9679:Bonaparte, Louis Lucien (1862):
9005:University of the Basque Country
8991:University of the Basque Country
8977:University of the Basque Country
8963:University of the Basque Country
8949:University of the Basque Country
8935:University of the Basque Country
8442:General and descriptive grammars
7809:Estudis de toponímia catalana, I
7494:"Prehistoria de la lengua vasca"
7467:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7429:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7395:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7364:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7333:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7306:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7275:Journal of Indo-European Studies
6550:
6530:
6509:
6378:erremintari ofizioa eman zizuten
6370:Sartaldeko oihanetan gatibaturik
5958:
5940:Aitak ez du frantsesa irakasten,
5895:someone of a fact or event) the
5886:Basic syntactic construction is
4669:, "cat", has the combining form
4601:
4432:is often pronounced the same as
3253:in Basque, all falling and with
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
1585:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1531:preserve a number of words with
1087:
577:
9646:Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002).
9613:Вопросы языкознания. 1955. № 5.
9533:"Études basques et caucasiques"
9282:Basque Language Origin Theories
9275:General reviews of the theories
9243:Relationship to other languages
9057:. Amsterdam. Reprinted 1991 in
8535:Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne,
8412:
8383:
8287:
8258:
8223:
8101:
8080:
7921:
7873:
7860:
7829:
7800:
7784:
7720:Ray, Nina M. (1 January 2009).
7713:
7694:
7623:
7597:
7565:
7540:
7516:
7485:
7454:
7413:
7382:
7351:
7320:
7293:
7262:
7250:
7230:
7217:
7196:
7187:
7159:
7125:
7112:
7109:, volumes 52–56 (1942), page 90
7100:
7075:
7050:
6957:
6928:
6910:
6890:
6870:
6857:
6427:eremintaɾiofis̻ioaemans̻is̻uten
5035:
2852:vocabulary and Basque grammar.
2648:, a sound transitional between
2427: Lower Navarrese–Lapurdian
2105:
1991:
1372:, are inherited from the Latin
9550:10.1080/00437956.1952.11659423
9523:10.1080/00437956.1951.11659408
9164:La langue basque au Moyen-Age.
9016:Agirre Sorondo, Antxon. 1988.
8894:Sota, M. de la, et al., 1976:
8653:Agirre, Eneko, et al. (1992):
7813:Studies of Catalan toponymy, I
7764:Euskalkiak. Herriaren lekukoak
7573:Teodoro de Arana y Beláustegui
7502:History of the Basque language
7389:Prósper, Blanca María (2013).
6845:
6835:
6808:
6773:
6721:
6702:
6687:
6483:you make chains, more chains.
6423:eromaɾaekaris̻indutenes̺klabua
5919:immediately precedes the verb
4997:
4823:
4750:is found only in Basque, some
2544:'dashing, gallant, spirited',
1575:. Some authors even argue for
1450:History of the Basque language
1440:(the equivalent of 30 sheep).
682:History of the Basque language
13:
1:
13352:Subject–object–verb languages
9559:Le origini della lingua basca
9372:Le origini della lingua basca
9055:Glossaria duo vasco-islandica
8754:Orduña Aznar, Eduardo. 2005.
8663:Eléments de phonetique basque
8552:Part 2 The study of languages
8265:Hualde, Jose Ignacio (1991).
7663:VI. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa
6633:
6269:Number system used by millers
6152:. The main exception is when
6120:⟨c, q, v, w, y⟩
5949:
5936:Aitak frantsesa irakasten du,
5447:of the houses (belonging to)
5103:egunkariak erosten dizkidazue
4685:, "song" with combining form
4187:respectively after the vowel
3264:
3069:, graphically represented as
2608:the simple five vowel system.
1967:states in Article 3 that the
1760:Northeast Caucasian languages
1285:ergative–absolutive alignment
1255:Basque is the only surviving
861:Maskarada (carnival of Soule)
424:
27:Language of the Basque people
10110:Andalusian language movement
9437:(CILL) 30.4, pp. 33–54.
9046:Bakker, Peter, et al. 1991.
8999:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8985:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8971:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8957:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8943:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8929:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8912:Dictionnaire basque–français
8887:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8876:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua
8624:Gramática de la lengua vasca
8616:10.1016/0024-3841(49)90045-5
8242:(3): 867–896. Archived from
7840:(in Spanish) (12): 299–320.
7768:Dialects. People's witnesses
7701:V. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa
7682:Sixth Sociolinguistic Survey
6618:List of ideophones in Basque
6475:can be adapted as you wish,
6134:The phonetically meaningful
6090:Basque is written using the
5433:of the house (belonging to)
4713:ergative–absolutive language
4482:A few common words, such as
4413:'grey and pretty, greyish'.
3038:(the same that are found in
2891:
2721:, instead, it has preserved
2713:Spanish did not fully shift
2490:Influence on other languages
2100:
1965:Spanish Constitution of 1978
1667:pseudoscientific comparisons
1571:'s conquests in the western
1391:
1200:and south-eastern Navarre).
7:
13342:Language isolates of Europe
9557:Trombetti, Alfredo (1925):
9486:Klimov, Georgij A. (1994):
9429:Bengtson, John D. (2004): "
9370:Trombetti, Alfredo (1925):
8811:
8637:van Eys, Willem J. (1879):
7498:Historia de la lengua vasca
7492:Lakarra, Joseba A. (2017).
7327:Kassian, Alexander (2013).
7084:A History of Medieval Spain
6571:
6493:
6488:
6312:
5132:Aititeri txapela erori zaio
4236:is often palatalized after
4004:and the alveolar affricate
2389:
2054:Basque Autonomous Community
1977:Basque Autonomous Community
1460:pre-Indo-European languages
1152:and other residents of the
712:Pastoral (theatre of Soule)
255:Basque Autonomous Community
10:
13383:
13127:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
9602:, N° 20, pp. 363–381.
9392:Bengtson, John D. (1999):
9339:Schuchardt, Hugo (1913): "
9254:Blevins, Juliette (2018).
9225:El euskera y sus dialectos
9177:Pagola, Rosa Miren. 1984.
9155:Löpelmann, Martin (1968):
9087:Agirrezabal, Lore (2003).
8983:Goenkale Corpusa - UPV/EHU
8447:Allières, Jacques (1979):
7880:Irigoyen, Alfonso (1986).
7770:] (in Basque). Elkar.
7420:Bengtson, John D. (2013).
7269:Forni, Gianfranco (2013).
7132:Agirrezabal, Lore (2010).
6402:baina zuk, esklabu horrek,
6075:
5899:is stated first, then the
5138:paradigm), and also has a
4704:
4700:
4514:
4084:. In older loans, initial
2725:before consonants such as
2627:, with Old Basque lacking
2493:
2393:
1833:it stretched to the river
1718:Vasconic substratum theory
1587:into the northern part of
1447:
1444:History and classification
1385:
1310:
13295:
13232:
13185:
13135:
13015:
13008:
12963:
12914:
12878:
12803:
12739:
12702:
12612:
12489:
12418:
12377:
12354:
12293:
12282:
12126:
11859:
11848:
11816:
11743:
11734:
11623:
11440:
11429:
11396:
11258:
11249:
11157:
10915:
10901:
10815:
10610:
10592:
10543:
10461:
10452:
10446:Primary language families
10406:Language policy in France
10402:
10386:
10305:
10205:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect
10181:
10165:
10102:
10076:
10046:
9971:
9923:Gomeran whistled language
9918:
9909:
9884:
9840:
9831:
9810:
9667:Die Iberische Deklination
9594:Zelikov, Mixail (2005): "
9410:Bengtson, John D (2003).
9387:Dené–Caucasian hypothesis
9260:Routledge & CRC Press
8834:English–Basque dictionary
8819:Basque–English dictionary
8714:10.1017/S0025100309990260
8449:Manuel pratique de basque
7944:. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
7726:Global Business Languages
6788:Oxford English Dictionary
6439:na(h)ieɾanmoldas̻enes̻ake
6382:eta kateak egiten dituzu.
4752:languages of the Caucasus
4586:(– – ´ –), instead of as
4501:
4139:is pronounced like , and
4034:Regional realisations of
3727:
3686:
3661:
3562:
3510:
3375:
3323:
3274:
3231:
3208:
3191:
3176:
3159:
3144:
3060:close front rounded vowel
2896:
2564:words for "left (side)" (
2513:, and to a lesser degree
2439: other Basque areas
2433: Souletin (Zuberoan)
2415: Central (Gipuzkoan)
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2106:
1293:Standard Average European
1183:and the northern area of
1169:three "ancient provinces"
570:Culture of Basque Country
549:
532:
522:
516:
484:
431:
416:
402:
386:
370:
334:
316:
311:
299:
272:
245:Official language in
243:
238:
213:
155:
134:
116:
97:
87:
77:
63:
48:
39:
34:
11263:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
9735:Gloucester, Mass., 2002.
9695:Vennemann, Theo (2003):
9674:Uralic-Altaic hypothesis
9654:, 90, pp. 197–218,
9162:Orpustan, J. B. (1999):
9136:Fonética histórica vasca
9010:
8817:Aulestia, Gorka (1989):
8680:, Taylor & Francis,
8592:Tovar, Antonio, (1957):
8469:Campion, Arturo (1884):
8193:, p. 113, 119, 121.
7927:Varela Pose, F.J. (2004)
7807:Corominas, Joan (1965).
6697:Egoera soziolinguistikoa
6451:bainas̻ukes̺klabu(h)orek
6390:nahieran molda zenezake,
6143:, ts, tt, tx, tz⟩
4915:can be split like this:
4689:, borrowed from Romance
4347:'crazy, insane' becomes
4291:'seedbed' becomes , and
4277:being palatalized after
4151:Basque has two types of
2870:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2409: Western (Biscayan)
1735:: linking Basque to the
1281:agglutinative morphology
1192:, either because Basque
1142:Paleo-European languages
13337:Agglutinative languages
13304:have no living members.
13187:East and Southeast Asia
12430:have no living members.
10094:Valencian Sign Language
9958:Roquetas Pidgin Spanish
9724:Thornton, R.W. (2002):
9286:Basque Cultural Studies
9106:, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997.
8313:2 February 2007 at the
7082:O'Callaghan, J (1983).
6793:Oxford University Press
6443:es̻patakeɡindits̻akes̻u
5177:, the feminine uses an
4424:, and the existence of
4104:"Russia"), more rarely
3820:'more beautiful', from
3261:as the second element.
2866:Basque–Icelandic pidgin
2672:Ibero-Romance languages
2582:). The lack of initial
2521:interference following
1923:Southern Basque Country
1800:Geographic distribution
1428:
1395:), an ethnonym used by
1269:Indo-European languages
1224:, was developed by the
1146:Indo-European languages
12410:Unclassified languages
12364:list of sign languages
11332:Northeastern Tasmanian
9334:Afroasiatic hypothesis
9040:10.1075/jpcl.2.1.02bak
8422:Eusko Ikaskuntza 1988
8308:Aspecto, tiempo y modo
7605:"Spanish Constitution"
7577:
7461:Koch, John T. (2013).
7435:(1 & 2): 246–254.
7223:Natela Sturua (1991),
7062:Real Academia Española
6935:Clark, Robert (1979).
6680:21 August 2018 at the
6503:Language video gallery
6477:you could make swords
6431:etakateakeɡitenditus̻u
6394:ezpatak egin ditzakezu
6352:
6278:
6216:
6196:
6190:
6182:
6118:. Basque does not use
6087:
5864:determinate, singular
5851:epenthetical elements
5114:
5108:
5102:
5092:
5086:
5003:
4992:
4981:
4965:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4829:
4818:
4803:
4792:
4748:polypersonal agreement
4536:
4494:
4484:
4460:. In Goizueta Basque,
4454:voiceless palatal stop
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4361:
4355:
4353:'silly, foolish', and
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4293:
4287:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4225:
4219:
4193:
4058:
4038:
3911:, the voiced plosives
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3816:
2882:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
2577:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2462:Gipuzkoan or "Central"
2445:
2045:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1943:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1689:
1618:in the south-east and
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1523:Latin inscriptions in
1514:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1480:Louis Lucien Bonaparte
1418:
1412:
1401:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1319:
1131:
1079:
1071:
1063:
596:History of the Basques
555:
541:
486:This article contains
41:
12385:Constructed languages
10089:Catalan Sign Language
10084:Spanish Sign Language
9591:15, pp. 565–588.
9561:, Bologna, (new edit
9475:Bouda, Karl (1950): "
9374:, Bologna, (new edit
8909:Van Eys, W. J. 1873.
8660:Gavel, Henri (1921):
8558:de Rijk, Rudolf P. G.
8369:10.3115/974499.974520
8230:Hualde, J.I. (1986).
8109:The History of Basque
8088:The History of Basque
8086:Trask, R. L. (1997).
7890:Universidad de Deusto
7762:Zuazo, Koldo (2003).
7547:Zuazo, Koldo (2012).
7030:The History of Basque
6904:20 April 2019 at the
6884:20 April 2019 at the
6471:and you make chains.
6333:Basque pronunciation:
6276:
6214:
6085:
5907:can be translated as
5199:gizon bat etorri duzu
5197:, "a man has come ",
5193:, "a man has come ",
4773:Consider the phrase:
4735:(shown by the suffix
4416:The pronunciation of
4127:Basque does not have
4052:
4033:
3076:a set of contrasting
2457:Biscayan or "Western"
2421: Upper Navarrese
2403:
2073:French Basque Country
2064:(51.8% speakers) and
2023:
2015:
1999:
1941:
1904:French Basque Country
1823:
1815:
1807:
1724:, claims that enough
1679:
1655:language technologies
1614:) in the north-east,
1591:into what is now the
1537:proto-Basque language
1535:in the reconstructed
1416:, derived from Latin
1307:Names of the language
1265:origin of the Basques
1077:
1069:
1061:
10932:Binanderean–Goilalan
10247:French Sign Language
9531:Lafon, René (1952).
9504:Lafon, René (1951).
9477:L'Euskaro-Caucasique
9470:Caucasian hypothesis
9148:Lafon, René (1944):
8768:de Rijk, R. (1972):
8674:Hualde, José Ignacio
8489:Hualde, José Ignacio
8478:Euskara Institutua (
8363:. pp. 119–125.
8271:Taylor & Francis
7953:Olaetxe, J. Mallea.
7936:3 April 2010 at the
7888:] (in Spanish).
7473:(1 & 2): 255–267
7401:(1 & 2): 238–245
7370:(1 & 2): 203–237
7339:(1 & 2): 181–201
7246:. Thames and Hudson.
6462:The blacksmith slave
6365:Esklabu erremintaria
6353:Esklabu erremintaria
6188:can also be written
5982:improve this section
5195:gizon bat etorri dun
5191:gizon bat etorri duk
5189:, "a man has come";
4756:Kartvelian languages
4715:. The subject of an
4665:, "pillow", whereas
4167:, and nearly all of
4092:vowel, resulting in
2886:Strait of Belle Isle
2787:also have prothetic
1737:Kartvelian languages
1604:Tartessian languages
1471:millennium BC.
1426:in 1349 stated that
287:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
264:Basque-speaking area
262:(co-official in the
13357:Synthetic languages
13347:Languages of France
12945:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
12729:Northwest Caucasian
12724:Northeast Caucasian
12214:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
12117:Tequiraca–Canichana
11960:Harákmbut–Katukinan
10723:Northwest Caucasian
10717:Northeast Caucasian
10641:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
10257:Lorraine Franconian
10159:Languages of France
10066:Catalan / Valencian
9972:Immigrant languages
9832:Regional / minority
9811:Official / national
9643:, pp. 609–634.
9500:; pp. 208–215.
9406:. Gloucester, Mass.
9329:; pp. 358–414.
9310:31, pp. 15–84.
9248:Proto-Indo-European
9152:, Delmas, Bordeaux.
8785:pp. 465–503 4
8594:The Basque Language
8493:A Grammar of Basque
7960:9 June 2010 at the
7281:(1 & 2): 39–180
7259:(John D. Bengston).
6791:(Online ed.).
6613:Aquitanian language
6603:Languages of France
6495:Joseba Sarrionandia
6490:Joseba Sarrionandia
6481:but you, o, slave,
6242:were replaced with
6227:, silent for them.
5892:subject–verb–object
5888:subject–object–verb
5187:Gizon bat etorri da
4760:Mordvinic languages
3952:. By contrast, the
3271:
3110:
2477:Souletin (Zuberoan)
2103:
1841:in the east (now a
1622:in the south-west.
1407:(23 CE, Book III).
1323:(alongside various
1245:Navarrese–Lapurdian
1228:in the late 1960s.
1209:repressive policies
1137:[eus̺ˈkaɾa]
923:Basque rural sports
894:and performing arts
670:Aquitanian language
274:Recognised minority
190:Souletin (Zuberoan)
103:806,000 (2021)
57:[eus̺ˈkaɾa]
13362:Languages of Spain
13210:Austronesian–Ongan
13009:Proposed groupings
11836:Tarascan/Purépecha
11325:Northern Tasmanian
11083:South Bougainville
11044:North Bougainville
10306:Overseas languages
10182:Regional languages
9804:Languages of Spain
9762:Euskara Institutua
9619:Iberian hypothesis
9492:, Buske, Hamburg,
9179:Euskalkiz Euskalki
8648:Linguistic studies
8343:Agirre et al. 1992
6918:"Francisco Franco"
6821:The World from PRX
6608:Languages of Spain
6583:Vasconic languages
6279:
6240:⟨rr⟩
6236:⟨ll⟩
6217:
6200:requires the mute
6088:
5699:liburu-e-ta-raino
5682:liburu-e-ta-rantz
5595:liburu-a-rengatik
4613:. You can help by
4488:'dog', pronounced
4246:⟨tx⟩
4223:instead of modern
4201:of the diphthongs
4059:
4039:
4025:⟨tx⟩
4006:⟨tz⟩
3979:⟨ts⟩
3975:⟨tz⟩
3269:
3106:
2878:Algonquian peoples
2841:, which is a rare
2611:change of initial
2446:
2101:
2046:
2018:
2002:
1973:languages of Spain
1944:
1919:Basque nationalism
1845:-speaking part of
1826:
1818:
1810:
1690:
1508:prehistoric Europe
1468:comparative method
1464:prehistoric Europe
1080:
1072:
1064:
963:Biarritz Olympique
958:Basque Rugby union
938:Athletic de Bilbao
291:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
13319:
13318:
13228:
13227:
13220:Sino-Austronesian
13004:
13003:
12479:Language families
12445:
12444:
12395:Language isolates
12373:
12372:
12278:
12277:
11844:
11843:
11730:
11729:
11425:
11424:
11372:Western Tasmanian
11290:Eastern Tasmanian
11245:
11244:
10967:East Geelvink Bay
10897:
10896:
10588:
10587:
10412:
10411:
10166:Official language
10118:
10117:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10037:
9875:
9705:978-3-11-017054-2
9600:Cahiers de l'ILSL
9567:978-88-271-0062-2
9442:preliminary draft
9380:978-88-271-0062-2
9319:History of Basque
9234:978-84-9868-202-1
9196:History of Basque
9126:978-1-55619-585-3
8885:Zehazki - UPV/EHU
8854:Michelena, Luis:
8805:978-84-9783-626-5
8749:978-84-7907-094-6
8694:"Goizueta Basque"
8686:978-0-415-05655-7
8632:978-84-362-3442-8
8577:978-0-262-04242-0
8566:. Cambridge, MA:
8464:Morfología vasca.
8391:"Basque alphabet"
8280:978-0-415-05655-7
7822:978-84-7226-080-1
7709:978-84-457-3303-5
7690:978-84-457-3502-2
7635:Diario de Navarra
7558:978-84-15337-72-0
7180:978-0-9560210-9-0
7145:978-84-613-6835-8
7086:. Cornell Press.
6799:(Subscription or
6628:Basque literature
6598:Late Basquisation
6561:
6540:
6520:
6500:
6499:
6414:IPA pronunciation
6348:
6347:
6225:⟨h⟩
6220:⟨h⟩
6206:⟨n⟩
6202:⟨h⟩
6162:⟨n⟩
6158:⟨l⟩
6154:⟨i⟩
6018:
6017:
6010:
5927:(focus) is used.
5884:
5883:
5797:
5796:
5734:
5733:
5659:(where to: 'to')
5578:liburu-a-rentzat
5451:
5450:
5391:until the houses
5136:antipassive voice
4717:intransitive verb
4631:
4630:
4576:Euskaldun berriak
4479:, is quite rare.
4387:⟨ñ⟩
4385:which is written
4341:'little fellow',
4143:is realized as .
4082:⟨r⟩
4063:⟨h⟩
4055:⟨h⟩
4043:⟨j⟩
4036:⟨j⟩
4017:⟨x⟩
4002:⟨s⟩
3963:⟨s⟩
3950:⟨z⟩
3792:
3791:
3653:
3572:
3450:
3385:
3247:
3246:
3108:Basque diphthongs
3071:⟨ü⟩
3016:
3015:
2502:Romance languages
2472:Navarro-Lapurdian
2384:
2383:
2013:
1986:Ley del Vascuence
1741:Kingdom of Iberia
1704:Iberian Peninsula
1616:Navarro-Aragonese
1577:late Basquisation
1476:Miguel de Unamuno
1456:Romance languages
1410:The Spanish term
1277:Romance languages
1056:
1055:
660:Navarro-Aragonese
563:
562:
512:
511:
494:rendering support
490:phonetic symbols.
478:
477:
301:Regulated by
182:Eastern Navarrese
177:Navarro-Lapurdian
16:(Redirected from
13374:
13287:Proto-Euphratean
13013:
13012:
12921:
12920:
12889:Great Andamanese
12472:
12465:
12458:
12449:
12448:
12291:
12290:
12245:Huaorani/Waorani
12129:(extant in 2000)
12093:Esmeralda–Yaruro
11864:Andoque–Urequena
11857:
11856:
11741:
11740:
11547:Plateau Penutian
11438:
11437:
11413:(Northern Daly?)
11256:
11255:
11142:Northwest Papuan
11106:Trans–New Guinea
10972:East New Britain
10947:Central Solomons
10913:
10912:
10658:Great Andamanese
10608:
10607:
10459:
10458:
10439:
10432:
10425:
10416:
10415:
10242:Franco-Provençal
10224:Northern Catalan
10209:Souletin dialect
10194:Alsatian dialect
10189:Alemannic German
10157:
10156:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10122:
10121:
9916:
9915:
9871:
9838:
9837:
9822:a.k.a. Castilian
9797:
9790:
9783:
9774:
9773:
9751:
9750:
9748:Official website
9607:
9554:
9552:
9527:
9525:
9465:
9426:
9416:
9367:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9238:
9096:
9076:
9061:, 25(2):321–426.
9043:
8789:pp. 65–120.
8725:
8723:
8716:
8698:
8678:Basque phonology
8626:. UNED, Madrid,
8619:
8589:
8525:
8430:
8418:Aguirre Sorondo
8416:
8410:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8267:Basque Phonology
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8246:on 18 April 2018
8227:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8167:
8161:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8105:
8099:
8084:
8078:
8077:, pp. 9–10.
8072:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7986:
7980:
7977:Agirrezabal 2003
7974:
7968:
7951:
7945:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7877:
7871:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7846:10.35462/flv12.2
7833:
7827:
7826:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7717:
7711:
7698:
7692:
7679:
7666:
7660:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7601:
7595:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7441:
7426:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7234:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7129:
7123:
7122:(2005), page 457
7118:Kelly Lipscomb,
7116:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7022:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6942:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6914:
6908:
6894:
6888:
6874:
6868:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6815:Porzucki, Nina.
6812:
6806:
6804:
6796:
6784:
6777:
6771:
6725:
6719:
6712:Berezko hiztunak
6710:
6706:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6655:
6563:
6562:
6542:
6541:
6525:A Basque speaker
6522:
6521:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6339:
6334:
6322:
6321:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6258:, respectively.
6257:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6226:
6221:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6144:
6139:⟨dd, ll,
6121:
6117:
6109:
6101:
6040:("flower", from
6013:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5993:
5962:
5954:
5806:
5805:
5739:
5738:
5648:liburu-e-ta-tik
5601:liburu-rengatik
5598:liburu-e-ngatik
5456:
5455:
5377:until the house
5363:from the houses
5253:
5252:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5095:
5089:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4988:
4976:
4972:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4814:
4810:
4799:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4754:(especially the
4680:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4623:
4605:
4598:
4539:
4511:Stress and pitch
4497:
4491:
4487:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4443:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4196:
4190:
4178:
4174:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4083:
4064:
4056:
4044:
4037:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4003:
3980:
3976:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3831:
3826:'beautiful' and
3825:
3819:
3800:
3782:
3752:
3719:
3706:
3680:
3672:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3585:
3568:
3554:
3541:
3528:
3504:
3491:
3476:
3463:
3446:
3439:
3426:
3411:
3398:
3381:
3367:
3354:
3339:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3072:
3068:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3010:
2988:
2973:
2953:
2938:
2901:
2900:
2821:fala dos arxinas
2798:
2794:
2790:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2634:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2443:1850 (Bonaparte)
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2123:
2115:
2104:
2058:passive speakers
2043:
2040:
2036:
2014:
1984:in Navarre. The
1969:Spanish language
1788:Juliette Blevins
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1530:
1527:Gallia Aquitania
1517:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1474:Authors such as
1435:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1299:is used for the
1257:language isolate
1162:language isolate
1139:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1013:Gernikako Arbola
968:Aviron Bayonnais
953:Deportivo Alavés
856:Saint John's Eve
846:Basque festivals
806:Espelette pepper
801:Irouléguy (wine)
786:Idiazabal cheese
581:
572:
565:
564:
558:
544:
526:
514:
513:
467:
461:
453:
447:
441:
436:
421:
412:
398:
382:
375:
366:
360:
353:
347:
339:
330:
329:
321:
276:language in
219:
207:
199:
186:
128:Language isolate
122:
107:passive speakers
59:
54:
44:
32:
31:
21:
13382:
13381:
13377:
13376:
13375:
13373:
13372:
13371:
13332:Basque language
13322:
13321:
13320:
13315:
13314:
13291:
13282:Paleo-Laplandic
13277:Pre-Finno-Ugric
13224:
13181:
13145:Greater Siangic
13131:
13117:Uralic–Yukaghir
13067:Ibero-Caucasian
13062:Elamo-Dravidian
13000:
12959:
12910:
12874:
12799:
12735:
12718:North Caucasian
12698:
12608:
12547:Paleo-Sardinian
12485:
12476:
12446:
12441:
12440:
12414:
12400:Mixed languages
12369:
12350:
12285:
12274:
12128:
12122:
11977:Katembri–Taruma
11851:
11840:
11812:
11726:
11619:
11432:
11421:
11392:
11241:
11153:
11112:Turama–Kikorian
11022:Lower Mamberamo
10977:East Strickland
10905:
10893:
10811:
10599:
10594:
10584:
10539:
10448:
10443:
10413:
10408:
10398:
10382:
10301:
10177:
10161:
10151:
10149:
10119:
10114:
10098:
10072:
10034:
9967:
9911:
9905:
9880:
9833:
9827:
9806:
9801:
9746:
9745:
9742:
9721:
9692:
9676:
9621:
9605:
9472:
9414:
9389:
9336:
9306:" (in Basque),
9295:" (in Basque),
9277:
9264:
9262:
9250:
9245:
9235:
9132:Michelena, Luis
9100:Azurmendi, Joxe
9083:
9013:
8922:
8814:
8787:Wayback Machine
8783:Wayback Machine
8763:Palaeohispanica
8759:Palaeohispanica
8721:
8696:
8650:
8578:
8529:Lafitte, Pierre
8522:
8444:
8439:
8437:Further reading
8434:
8433:
8417:
8413:
8405:
8401:
8393:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8353:
8349:
8341:
8337:
8329:
8325:
8315:Wayback Machine
8306:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8228:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8204:
8197:
8189:
8185:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8151:
8143:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8106:
8102:
8085:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8065:, pp. 8–9.
8061:
8057:
8053:, pp. 7–8.
8049:
8045:
8037:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8008:
8004:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7962:Wayback Machine
7952:
7948:
7938:Wayback Machine
7926:
7922:
7915:
7901:
7897:
7878:
7874:
7865:
7861:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7805:
7801:
7789:
7785:
7778:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7745:
7718:
7714:
7699:
7695:
7680:
7669:
7661:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7614:
7612:
7611:on 20 June 2013
7603:
7602:
7598:
7585:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7549:Arabako euskara
7545:
7541:
7533:
7529:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7505:
7490:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7459:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7424:
7418:
7414:
7404:
7402:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7309:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7282:
7267:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7235:
7231:
7222:
7218:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7164:
7160:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7130:
7126:
7117:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7080:
7076:
7066:
7064:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7023:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6933:
6929:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6906:Wayback Machine
6895:
6891:
6886:Wayback Machine
6875:
6871:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6813:
6809:
6798:
6778:
6774:
6726:
6722:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6682:Wayback Machine
6671:
6670:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6641:
6636:
6588:List of Basques
6578:Basque dialects
6574:
6567:
6564:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6531:
6526:
6523:
6510:
6505:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6357:
6332:
6320:
6315:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6271:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6224:
6219:
6205:
6201:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6138:
6119:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6080:
6078:Basque alphabet
6074:
6064:("thing", from
6014:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5979:
5963:
5952:
5702:liburu-taraino
5685:liburu-tarantz
5665:liburu-e-ta-ra
5584:liburu-rentzat
5581:liburu-e-ntzat
5561:liburu-a-rekin
5530:liburu-e-ta-ko
5349:from the house
5049:
5039:
5001:
4990:
4979:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4867:
4857:
4827:
4816:
4801:
4790:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4729:transitive verb
4721:absolutive case
4709:
4703:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4611:needs expansion
4596:
4594:Morphophonology
4519:
4513:
4504:
4407:'grey' becomes
4401:'droplet', and
4395:'drop' becomes
4386:
4359:'lamb' becomes
4329:. As a result,
4285:. For example,
4245:
4185:palatal lateral
4149:
4081:
4062:
4054:
4042:
4035:
4024:
4016:
4005:
4001:
3978:
3974:
3962:
3949:
3897:
3896:
3806:and the tap as
3801:
3797:
3775:
3745:
3712:
3699:
3665:
3632:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3547:
3534:
3521:
3497:
3484:
3469:
3456:
3432:
3419:
3404:
3391:
3360:
3347:
3332:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3267:
3070:
3003:
2981:
2966:
2946:
2931:
2899:
2894:
2858:
2819:, the Galician
2795:before initial
2562:Iberian Romance
2498:
2492:
2467:Upper Navarrese
2444:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2396:Basque dialects
2392:
2041:
2031:. The line is "
2029:Franco's regime
2004:
1994:
1936:
1934:Official status
1900:Vitoria-Gasteiz
1802:
1663:
1452:
1446:
1315:
1309:
1301:Basque alphabet
1241:Upper Navarrese
1205:Francoist Spain
1108:
1090:
1086:
1052:
1023:
1022:
983:
982:
973:
972:
918:
917:
906:
905:
896:
895:
876:
875:
836:
835:
826:
825:
811:Piquillo pepper
751:
750:
732:
731:
722:Mus (card game)
697:
696:
687:
686:
675:Basque surnames
650:Basque dialects
645:Standard Basque
635:
634:
623:
622:
613:
612:
601:
600:
591:
590:
568:
492:Without proper
480:
479:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
427:
425:§ Dialects
408:
394:
378:
371:
356:
355:
354:
343:
342:
335:
325:
324:
317:
295:
277:
275:
246:
239:Official status
226:Basque alphabet
220:
215:
172:Upper Navarrese
151:
137:
130:
123:
120:Language family
118:
104:
100:
99:Native speakers
52:
28:
23:
22:
18:Basque Language
15:
12:
11:
5:
13380:
13370:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13317:
13316:
13313:
13312:
13305:
13297:
13296:
13293:
13292:
13290:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13238:
13236:
13230:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13223:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13191:
13189:
13183:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13158:
13157:
13152:
13141:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13112:Uralo-Siberian
13109:
13104:
13099:
13097:Serbi–Mongolic
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13057:Dravido-Korean
13054:
13052:Dené–Yeniseian
13049:
13048:
13047:
13042:
13040:Dené–Caucasian
13037:
13027:
13022:
13016:
13010:
13006:
13005:
13002:
13001:
12999:
12998:
12993:
12985:
12978:
12970:
12968:
12961:
12960:
12958:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12931:
12929:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12908:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12885:
12883:
12876:
12875:
12873:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12845:
12838:
12831:
12824:
12817:
12809:
12807:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12797:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12753:
12745:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12731:
12726:
12714:
12708:
12706:
12700:
12699:
12697:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12658:Hurro-Urartian
12654:
12647:
12640:
12633:
12626:
12618:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12585:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12550:
12543:
12540:Paleo-Corsican
12536:
12529:
12522:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12495:
12493:
12487:
12486:
12475:
12474:
12467:
12460:
12452:
12443:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12431:
12424:
12420:
12419:
12416:
12415:
12413:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12381:
12379:
12375:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12367:
12358:
12356:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12348:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12325:Indo-Pakistani
12322:
12317:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12294:
12288:
12280:
12279:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12208:
12203:
12196:
12191:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12132:
12130:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12114:
12108:
12102:
12096:
12090:
12084:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12024:Piaroa–Saliban
12021:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11925:
11920:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11860:
11854:
11846:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11820:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11803:
11796:
11791:
11789:Tequistlatecan
11786:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11762:
11755:
11750:
11744:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11702:
11697:
11690:
11683:
11676:
11669:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11635:
11627:
11625:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11605:
11598:
11593:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11537:
11530:
11525:
11518:
11513:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11475:
11468:
11461:
11456:
11449:
11441:
11435:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11408:
11400:
11398:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11390:
11380:
11375:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11347:
11340:
11335:
11328:
11321:
11316:
11312:Marrku–Wurrugu
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11286:
11279:
11271:
11266:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11239:
11234:
11226:
11220:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11178:
11172:
11167:
11161:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11151:
11145:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11102:
11097:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10922:
10916:
10910:
10899:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10883:
10876:
10870:
10865:
10857:
10852:
10844:
10837:
10830:
10825:
10819:
10817:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10756:
10749:
10742:
10737:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10674:
10671:Hurro-Urartian
10667:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10643:
10638:
10631:
10624:
10619:
10611:
10605:
10590:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10582:
10576:
10570:
10565:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10545:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10519:
10513:
10507:
10502:
10494:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10470:
10462:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10442:
10441:
10434:
10427:
10419:
10410:
10409:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10396:
10390:
10388:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10299:
10294:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10236:French Flemish
10232:
10227:
10217:
10212:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10175:
10169:
10167:
10163:
10162:
10148:
10147:
10140:
10133:
10125:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10112:
10106:
10104:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10080:
10078:
10077:Sign languages
10074:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10067:
10064:
10059:
10056:
10050:
10048:
10047:Standard forms
10044:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10032:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9919:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9894:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9864:
9859:
9850:
9844:
9842:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9825:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9807:
9800:
9799:
9792:
9785:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9741:
9740:External links
9738:
9737:
9736:
9720:
9719:Other theories
9717:
9716:
9715:
9708:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9663:
9644:
9629:
9626:Eusko Jakintza
9620:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9603:
9592:
9577:
9570:
9555:
9528:
9516:(3): 227–244.
9501:
9484:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9438:
9427:
9407:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9368:
9355:
9348:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9315:
9311:
9300:
9289:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9233:
9217:
9207:
9189:
9182:
9175:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9129:
9114:
9112:978-3537864192
9097:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9062:
9051:
9044:
9021:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
8993:
8979:
8965:
8951:
8937:
8921:
8920:Basque corpora
8918:
8917:
8916:
8907:
8892:
8881:
8870:
8867:
8852:
8845:
8830:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8790:
8775:
8766:
8752:
8737:
8726:
8689:
8671:
8658:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8635:
8620:
8597:
8590:
8576:
8554:
8544:
8543:. (Dialectal.)
8526:
8520:
8504:
8486:
8476:
8467:
8460:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8411:
8399:
8382:
8347:
8335:
8323:
8300:
8286:
8279:
8257:
8222:
8210:
8195:
8183:
8181:, p. 119.
8168:
8149:
8137:
8125:
8113:
8111:, pp. 157–163.
8100:
8079:
8067:
8055:
8043:
8026:
8014:
8002:
7990:
7981:
7969:
7967:No. 51 (1995).
7946:
7920:
7913:
7895:
7872:
7859:
7828:
7821:
7799:
7783:
7776:
7754:
7743:
7712:
7693:
7667:
7652:
7641:on 6 July 2014
7622:
7596:
7591:Diario de Reus
7564:
7557:
7539:
7527:
7515:
7484:
7453:
7412:
7381:
7350:
7319:
7292:
7261:
7249:
7238:Mallory, J. P.
7229:
7216:
7195:
7186:
7179:
7158:
7144:
7124:
7111:
7099:
7093:978-0801492648
7092:
7074:
7049:
7042:
7000:
6988:
6977:on 9 June 2013
6956:
6949:
6927:
6909:
6889:
6869:
6856:
6844:
6834:
6823:. theworld.org
6807:
6805:; US; or UK
6772:
6770:
6769:
6752:from 2016 for
6750:
6745:from 2018 for
6743:
6730:from 2016 for
6720:
6701:
6686:
6664:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6593:Basque Country
6590:
6585:
6580:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6458:
6409:
6356:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6270:
6267:
6132:
6131:
6124:Euskaltzaindia
6102:and sometimes
6076:Main article:
6073:
6072:Writing system
6070:
6056:("room", from
6048:("mill", from
6016:
6015:
5966:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:inessive case
5875:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5801:etxe zaharrean
5795:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:liburu-e-ta-n
5629:
5626:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5419:in the houses
5417:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5335:to the houses
5333:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5002:
4991:
4980:
4964:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4929:
4923:
4894:erosten dizkit
4828:
4817:
4802:
4791:
4776:
4775:
4744:auxiliary verb
4707:Basque grammar
4705:Main article:
4702:
4699:
4629:
4628:
4608:
4606:
4595:
4592:
4582:("my mum") as
4561:Euskaltzaindia
4515:Main article:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4436:, that is, as
4335:'man' becomes
4297:'lamb' can be
4203:ai, ei, oi, ui
4153:palatalization
4148:
4147:Palatalization
4145:
3989:"to give up";
3895:
3894:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3627:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3479:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3427:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3249:There are six
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3014:
3013:
3011:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2976:
2974:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2857:
2856:Basque pidgins
2854:
2843:mixed language
2801:
2800:
2780:
2765:
2746:
2680:
2679:
2636:
2609:
2606:
2523:language shift
2491:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2394:Main article:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
1993:
1990:
1935:
1932:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1781:
1778:Merritt Ruhlen
1770:Dené–Caucasian
1767:
1757:
1730:
1722:Theo Vennemann
1715:
1697:
1662:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:Unified Basque
1593:Basque Country
1581:Late Antiquity
1569:Roman Republic
1494:), and "hoe" (
1448:Main article:
1445:
1442:
1360:. Both terms,
1308:
1305:
1289:Basque grammar
1226:Euskaltzaindia
1154:Basque Country
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
980:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
913:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
897:
890:
889:
888:
885:
884:
878:
877:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
833:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
752:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
694:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
614:
608:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
592:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:
574:
573:
561:
560:
551:
547:
546:
534:
530:
529:
518:
510:
509:
496:, you may see
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
464:
458:
456:
450:
444:
439:
437:
429:
428:
422:
414:
413:
406:
400:
399:
392:
384:
383:
376:
368:
367:
340:
332:
331:
322:
314:
313:
312:Language codes
309:
308:
306:Euskaltzaindia
303:
297:
296:
294:
293:
280:
278:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
257:
247:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
234:
233:
231:Basque Braille
228:
221:
217:Writing system
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
200:
192:
187:
179:
174:
169:
164:
157:
153:
152:
150:
149:
140:
138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
124:
117:
114:
113:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
82:Basque Country
79:
75:
74:
65:
64:Native to
61:
60:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13379:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13310:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13298:
13294:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13239:
13237:
13235:
13231:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13192:
13190:
13188:
13184:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13147:
13146:
13143:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13134:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13122:Eskimo–Uralic
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13032:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13014:
13011:
13007:
12997:
12994:
12991:
12990:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12979:
12977:
12976:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12967:
12962:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12926:Paleosiberian
12922:
12919:
12917:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12877:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12850:
12846:
12844:
12843:
12839:
12837:
12836:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12825:
12823:
12822:
12821:Austroasiatic
12818:
12816:
12815:
12811:
12810:
12808:
12806:
12802:
12795:
12794:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12771:Austroasiatic
12768:
12766:
12765:
12761:
12759:
12758:
12754:
12752:
12751:
12750:Indo-European
12747:
12746:
12744:
12742:
12738:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12721:
12720:
12719:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12709:
12707:
12705:
12701:
12695:
12694:
12690:
12688:
12687:
12683:
12681:
12680:
12676:
12674:
12673:
12669:
12667:
12666:
12662:
12660:
12659:
12655:
12653:
12652:
12648:
12646:
12645:
12641:
12639:
12638:
12634:
12632:
12631:
12627:
12625:
12624:
12623:Indo-European
12620:
12619:
12617:
12615:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12600:
12598:
12597:
12593:
12591:
12590:
12586:
12584:
12583:
12579:
12577:
12576:
12572:
12570:
12569:
12565:
12563:
12562:
12558:
12556:
12555:
12551:
12549:
12548:
12544:
12542:
12541:
12537:
12535:
12534:
12530:
12528:
12527:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12515:
12511:
12509:
12508:
12504:
12502:
12501:
12500:Indo-European
12497:
12496:
12494:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12473:
12468:
12466:
12461:
12459:
12454:
12453:
12450:
12436:
12432:
12429:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12417:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12366:
12365:
12360:
12359:
12357:
12353:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12335:Original Thai
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12315:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12295:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12281:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12137:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12125:
12118:
12115:
12112:
12109:
12106:
12103:
12100:
12099:Hibito–Cholón
12097:
12094:
12091:
12088:
12085:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12051:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11967:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11930:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11918:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11881:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11847:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11826:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11815:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11802:
11801:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11784:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11763:
11761:
11760:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11733:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11707:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11695:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11684:
11682:
11681:
11677:
11675:
11674:
11670:
11668:
11667:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11640:
11636:
11634:
11633:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11616:
11615:Yuman–Cochimí
11613:
11611:
11610:
11606:
11604:
11603:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11591:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11564:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11542:
11538:
11536:
11535:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11523:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11494:
11490:
11488:
11487:
11483:
11481:
11480:
11476:
11474:
11473:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11443:
11442:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11428:
11418:
11415:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11406:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11395:
11388:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11373:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11351:
11350:Southern Daly
11348:
11346:
11345:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11329:
11327:
11326:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11275:Darwin Region
11272:
11270:
11267:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11248:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11227:
11224:
11221:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11182:
11179:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11160:
11156:
11149:
11146:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11095:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11056:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11034:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10957:Demta–Sentani
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10927:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10904:
10900:
10890:
10888:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10862:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10849:
10845:
10843:
10842:
10838:
10836:
10835:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10807:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10792:
10789:
10786:
10783:
10780:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10761:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10750:
10748:
10747:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10735:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10718:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10701:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10678:Indo-European
10675:
10673:
10672:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10648:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10632:
10630:
10629:
10628:Austroasiatic
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10613:
10612:
10609:
10606:
10603:
10598:
10591:
10580:
10577:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10563:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10535:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10517:
10514:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10471:
10469:
10468:
10464:
10463:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10440:
10435:
10433:
10428:
10426:
10421:
10420:
10417:
10407:
10401:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10291:Vivaro-Alpine
10288:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10225:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10146:
10141:
10139:
10134:
10132:
10127:
10126:
10123:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10075:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10045:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9917:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9883:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9830:
9823:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9798:
9793:
9791:
9786:
9784:
9779:
9778:
9775:
9769:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9743:
9734:
9732:
9731:Mother Tongue
9727:
9723:
9722:
9713:
9712:BiologenHeute
9709:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9677:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9642:
9641:84-7481-736-6
9638:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9575:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9539:(in French).
9538:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9515:
9512:(in French).
9511:
9507:
9502:
9499:
9498:3-87548-060-0
9495:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9463:
9459:
9458:
9457:Mother Tongue
9452:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9439:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9419:Mother Tongue
9413:
9408:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9399:Mother Tongue
9395:
9391:
9390:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9356:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9328:
9327:0-415-13116-2
9324:
9320:
9317:Trask, R.L.:
9316:
9314:Philadelphia.
9312:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9261:
9257:
9252:
9251:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9204:0-415-13116-2
9201:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9176:
9173:
9172:2-909262-22-7
9169:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9147:
9145:
9144:84-7907-016-1
9141:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9085:
9084:
9074:
9070:
9069:
9063:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8923:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8905:
8904:84-248-0248-9
8901:
8897:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8864:84-271-1493-1
8861:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8842:0-87417-156-3
8839:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8827:0-87417-126-1
8824:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8753:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8695:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8606:(in French).
8605:
8604:
8598:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8541:2-913156-10-X
8538:
8534:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8521:0-87417-155-5
8517:
8513:
8509:
8508:King, Alan R.
8505:
8502:
8501:3-11-017683-1
8498:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8465:
8461:
8458:
8457:2-7084-0038-X
8454:
8450:
8446:
8445:
8429:
8428:84-86240-66-2
8425:
8421:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8392:
8386:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8351:
8344:
8339:
8333:, p. 393
8332:
8327:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8304:
8296:
8290:
8282:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8220:, p. 16.
8219:
8214:
8208:, p. 15.
8207:
8202:
8200:
8192:
8187:
8180:
8175:
8173:
8166:, p. 14.
8165:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8147:, p. 13.
8146:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8117:
8110:
8104:
8097:
8096:0-415-13116-2
8093:
8089:
8083:
8076:
8071:
8064:
8059:
8052:
8047:
8040:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8024:, p. 17.
8023:
8018:
8011:
8006:
7999:
7994:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7950:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7914:84-249-1365-5
7910:
7906:
7899:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7824:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7787:
7779:
7777:9788497830614
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7752:
7747:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7664:
7659:
7657:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7593:
7592:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7560:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7537:, p. 17.
7536:
7531:
7524:
7519:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7488:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7354:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7253:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7226:
7220:
7213:
7212:90-272-3634-8
7209:
7205:
7199:
7190:
7182:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7162:
7147:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7128:
7121:
7115:
7108:
7103:
7095:
7089:
7085:
7078:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7045:
7043:0-415-13116-2
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6998:
6992:
6973:
6966:
6960:
6952:
6950:0-874-17057-5
6946:
6941:
6940:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6838:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6783:
6776:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6758:Lower Navarre
6755:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6668:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6639:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6548:
6528:
6507:
6506:
6496:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6463:
6459:
6457:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6354:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6310:
6307:
6302:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6247:
6233:
6228:
6213:
6209:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6169:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6115:
6107:
6099:
6093:
6084:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6052:, " wheel"),
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6012:
6009:
6001:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5967:This section
5965:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5905:What is this?
5902:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:liburu-raino
5695:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:liburu-rantz
5678:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5651:liburu-tatik
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5592:(because of)
5591:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5567:liburu-rekin
5566:
5564:liburu-e-kin
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:liburu-a-ren
5543:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:Undetermined
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5405:in the house
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:etxeetaraino
5387:
5385:ak + (r)aino
5384:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5321:to the house
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:nor-nori-nork
5149:
5145:
5144:nor-nori-nork
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5083:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5005:
5004:di-zki-da-zue
5000:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:ergative case
4730:
4726:
4725:direct object
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:Basque is an
4708:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4661:, "cap", and
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4625:
4622:November 2016
4616:
4612:
4609:This section
4607:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4508:
4499:
4496:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4186:
4182:
4181:palatal nasal
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4125:
4124:"rational").
4123:
4120:(for example
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:(for example
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4051:
4047:
4032:
4028:
4009:
3998:
3997:"old woman".
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3902:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3262:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3093:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2786:
2781:
2766:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2697:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2626:
2622:
2610:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:'anchovies',
2537:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2442:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:Indo-European
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:John Bengtson
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:J. P. Mallory
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:(a branch of
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:in Spain and
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:Euskara Batua
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:Basque stella
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
977:
976:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Real Sociedad
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Basque pelota
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
910:
909:
902:
899:
898:
893:
887:
886:
883:
880:
879:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
830:
829:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Gateau Basque
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
743:
742:
739:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:Bertsolaritza
705:
703:
700:
699:
691:
690:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
627:
626:
619:
616:
615:
611:
605:
604:
597:
594:
593:
585:
584:
580:
576:
575:
571:
567:
566:
557:
552:
548:
543:
538:
535:
531:
527:
525:
519:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
489:
483:
474:
471:
457:
448: 80–100%
443:
442:
435:
430:
426:
420:
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
374:
369:
364:
359:
351:
346:
341:
338:
333:
328:
323:
320:
315:
310:
307:
304:
302:
298:
292:
288:
285:
284:
283:
279:
271:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
218:
212:
204:
201:
196:
193:
191:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
154:
148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
133:
129:
125:
121:
115:
112:
108:
102:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
51:
49:Pronunciation
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
13308:
13301:
13300:Families in
13257:Pre-Goidelic
13252:Pre-Germanic
13082:Indo-Semitic
13077:Indo-Pacific
13072:Indo-Hittite
12987:
12980:
12973:
12903:
12880:Indian Ocean
12847:
12842:Austronesian
12840:
12833:
12826:
12819:
12814:Sino-Tibetan
12812:
12791:
12769:
12764:Sino-Tibetan
12762:
12755:
12748:
12716:
12691:
12684:
12677:
12670:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12642:
12635:
12628:
12621:
12601:
12594:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12568:North Picene
12566:
12559:
12552:
12545:
12538:
12531:
12524:
12519:
12512:
12505:
12498:
12434:
12427:
12426:Families in
12361:
12312:
12210:
12198:
12048:
12016:
12007:Pano-Tacanan
11964:
11927:
11915:
11886:Arutani–Sape
11878:
11823:
11805:
11798:
11783:Oto-Manguean
11781:
11764:
11757:
11704:
11692:
11685:
11678:
11671:
11664:
11637:
11630:
11607:
11600:
11588:
11561:
11539:
11532:
11520:
11508:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11451:
11444:
11403:
11370:
11366:Western Daly
11344:Pama–Nyungan
11342:
11330:
11323:
11310:
11288:
11283:Eastern Daly
11281:
11273:
11228:
11104:
11092:
11070:
11053:
11031:
11002:Kaure–Kosare
10962:Doso–Turumsa
10952:Chimbu–Wahgi
10942:Bulaka River
10926:Austronesian
10924:
10885:
10878:
10859:
10846:
10839:
10832:
10822:
10758:
10751:
10744:
10734:Sino-Tibetan
10732:
10715:
10698:
10676:
10669:
10662:
10645:
10635:Austronesian
10633:
10626:
10614:
10560:
10498:Nilo-Saharan
10496:
10489:
10474:Austronesian
10472:
10465:
10333:Guadeloupean
10275:Languedocian
10200:
9953:Erromintxela
9910:Unrecognised
9847:
9729:
9725:
9711:
9696:
9680:
9666:
9651:
9632:
9625:
9609:Зыцарь Ю. В.
9606:(in Russian)
9599:
9588:
9584:
9573:
9558:
9540:
9536:
9513:
9509:
9487:
9480:
9461:
9455:
9422:
9418:
9403:
9397:
9393:
9371:
9363:
9359:
9351:
9344:
9318:
9307:
9296:
9285:
9263:. Retrieved
9259:
9224:
9221:Zuazo, Koldo
9195:
9185:
9178:
9163:
9156:
9149:
9135:
9117:
9103:
9092:
9088:
9072:
9066:
9058:
9054:
9047:
9031:
9025:
9017:
8910:
8895:
8855:
8848:
8833:
8818:
8796:
8793:Zuazo, Koldo
8778:
8769:
8762:
8758:
8740:
8733:
8729:
8704:
8700:
8677:
8667:
8661:
8638:
8623:
8607:
8601:
8593:
8562:
8547:
8532:
8511:
8492:
8470:
8463:
8448:
8419:
8414:
8406:
8402:
8385:
8360:
8350:
8338:
8326:
8317:in Spanish,
8303:
8289:
8266:
8260:
8248:. Retrieved
8244:the original
8239:
8235:
8225:
8218:de Rijk 2008
8213:
8206:de Rijk 2008
8186:
8164:de Rijk 2008
8145:de Rijk 2008
8140:
8135:, p. 6.
8133:de Rijk 2008
8128:
8123:, p. 8.
8121:de Rijk 2008
8116:
8108:
8103:
8087:
8082:
8075:de Rijk 2008
8070:
8063:de Rijk 2008
8058:
8051:de Rijk 2008
8046:
8041:, p. 5.
8039:de Rijk 2008
8022:de Rijk 2008
8017:
8012:, p. 4.
8010:de Rijk 2008
8005:
7993:
7984:
7972:
7964:
7949:
7929:
7923:
7904:
7898:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7867:
7862:
7837:
7831:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7796:(in French).
7793:
7786:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7746:
7729:
7725:
7715:
7700:
7696:
7681:
7662:
7643:. Retrieved
7639:the original
7625:
7613:. Retrieved
7609:the original
7599:
7589:
7567:
7548:
7542:
7530:
7525:, p. 16
7518:
7506:. Retrieved
7501:
7497:
7487:
7475:. Retrieved
7470:
7466:
7456:
7444:. Retrieved
7432:
7428:
7415:
7403:. Retrieved
7398:
7394:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7367:
7363:
7353:
7341:. Retrieved
7336:
7332:
7322:
7310:. Retrieved
7305:
7295:
7283:. Retrieved
7278:
7274:
7264:
7252:
7242:
7232:
7224:
7219:
7203:
7198:
7193:Orduña 2005.
7189:
7168:
7161:
7149:. Retrieved
7134:
7127:
7119:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7083:
7077:
7065:. Retrieved
7052:
7029:
6991:
6979:. Retrieved
6972:the original
6959:
6938:
6930:
6921:
6912:
6892:
6872:
6859:
6847:
6837:
6825:. Retrieved
6820:
6810:
6786:
6775:
6768:, Mintzaira)
6723:
6704:
6689:
6667:
6461:
6460:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6325:
6305:
6303:
6280:
6260:
6232:Sabino Arana
6229:
6218:
6147:
6133:
6092:Latin script
6089:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6019:
6004:
5995:
5980:Please help
5968:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5885:
5872:
5859:
5846:
5833:
5820:
5800:
5798:
5776:Mikelengana
5735:
5712:liburu-tzat
5676:('towards')
5668:liburu-tara
5614:liburu-etaz
5607:Instrumental
5533:liburu-tako
5510:liburu-a-ri
5459:Case/Number
5452:
5371:a + (r)aino
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5097:
5081:
5080:The pronoun
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5006:
4995:
4984:
4968:
4950:
4942:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4832:
4821:
4806:
4795:
4777:
4772:
4741:
4736:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4632:
4619:
4615:adding to it
4610:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4527:
4523:pitch accent
4520:
4505:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4449:
4445:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4268:
4231:
4202:
4150:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4116:"rice") and
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4040:
4010:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3970:
3966:
3958:[s̺]
3941:[s̻]
3929:
3898:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3772:
3743:r-, -rr-, -r
3742:
3709:
3696:
3662:
3629:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3494:
3481:
3466:
3453:
3429:
3416:
3401:
3388:
3357:
3344:
3329:
3308:postalveolar
3248:
3107:
3094:
3083:
3078:nasal vowels
3017:
3000:
2978:
2963:
2943:
2928:
2859:
2839:Erromintxela
2833:Part of the
2832:
2802:
2738:
2734:
2708:
2681:
2650:laminodental
2624:
2620:
2588:
2531:
2499:
2481:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2385:
2096:
2092:bilingualism
2089:
2085:
2047:
1992:Demographics
1985:
1982:
1962:
1947:
1945:
1916:
1897:
1886:
1855:
1827:
1792:Proto-Basque
1753:
1712:unclassified
1664:
1652:
1624:
1597:
1522:
1473:
1453:
1430:
1409:
1351:lengua vasca
1329:
1316:
1297:Latin script
1254:
1230:
1202:
1194:was replaced
1166:
1082:
1081:
993:Coat of arms
901:Basque music
871:Aberri Eguna
866:Herri Urrats
796:Rioja (wine)
771:Basque cider
727:Basque dance
665:Erromintxela
639:
521:
485:
472:
462: 20–50%
454: 50–80%
404:Linguasphere
387:
142:Proto-Basque
29:
13107:Ural-Altaic
13087:Indo-Uralic
12899:Sentinelese
12630:Afroasiatic
12596:Eteocypriot
12320:Germanosign
12224:Mura-Pirahã
12105:Lule–Vilela
12081:Bora-Witoto
12056:Uru–Chipaya
12029:Ticuna–Yuri
12012:Peba–Yaguan
11997:Nambikwaran
11800:Uto-Aztecan
11736:Mesoamerica
11590:Uto-Aztecan
11579:Tsimshianic
11541:Palaihnihan
11411:Malak-Malak
11148:Papuan Gulf
11122:West Papuan
11027:Lower Sepik
11017:Lakes Plain
10920:Arai–Samaia
10908:the Pacific
10616:Afroasiatic
10491:Niger–Congo
10467:Afroasiatic
10343:Martiniquan
9841:Co-official
9354:10:177–184.
9192:Trask, R.L.
9034:(1): 1–30.
8707:: 113–127.
7998:Bakker 1987
7067:22 November
7026:Trask, R.L.
6709:(in Basque)
6694:(in Basque)
6672:(in French)
5913:Hau zer da?
5909:Zer da hau?
5793:with Mikel
5726:liburu-rik
5691:Terminative
5645:liburu-tik
5634:liburu-tan
5628:liburu-a-n
5617:liburu-taz
5611:liburu-a-z
5573:Benefactive
5550:liburu-ren
5547:liburu-e-n
5538:Possessive
5513:liburu-e-i
5497:liburu-e-k
5494:liburu-a-k
5478:liburu-a-Ø
5360:etxeetatik
5307:the houses
5244:euskaldunok
5240:euskaldunak
4982:egunkari-ak
4897:, in which
4804:egunkari-ak
4590:(– ´ – `).
4557:orthography
4498:'big dog'.
4179:become the
4061:The letter
4041:The letter
3961:is written
2696:Old Castile
2631:but having
2595:Old Spanish
2554:candidate,
2484:Koldo Zuazo
2110:Across all
1858:Reconquista
1795:(Bengtson).
1726:toponymical
1518:controversy
1403:Geographica
1171:in France.
1008:Zazpiak Bat
781:Cider house
542:Euskaldunak
500:instead of
468: 0–20%
266:of Navarre)
136:Early forms
13326:Categories
13247:Pre-Celtic
13215:East Asian
13205:Austro-Tai
13195:Andamanese
13045:Eurasiatic
12966:North Asia
12916:North Asia
12828:Hmong–Mien
12782:Burushaski
12741:South Asia
12712:Kartvelian
12679:Philistine
12589:Eteocretan
12533:Tartessian
12314:Francosign
12162:Chiquitano
12142:Alacalufan
11950:Guaicuruan
11923:Chapacuran
11906:Cahuapanan
11874:Araucanian
11777:Mixe–Zoque
11772:Misumalpan
11486:Comecrudan
11338:Nyulnyulan
11117:Upper Yuat
11094:Torricelli
11066:Senu River
10997:Foja Range
10903:New Guinea
10828:Burushaski
10689:Kartvelian
10664:Hmong–Mien
10480:Khoe–Kwadi
10404:See also:
10009:Portuguese
9938:Cantabrian
9885:Recognised
9714:5/6, 6–11.
9574:Le langage
9166:Baïgorri,
9138:. Bilbao.
8321:in Basque.
7988:Deen 1937.
7751:Zuazo 2010
7535:Zuazo 2010
7523:Zuazo 2010
7508:4 November
7477:4 November
7446:4 November
7405:4 November
7374:4 November
7343:4 November
7312:4 November
7285:4 November
6827:16 October
6803:required.)
6716:Berria.eus
6634:References
6094:including
5998:March 2022
5950:Vocabulary
5838:adjective
5790:Mikelekin
5773:(r)engana
5662:liburu-ra
5556:Comitative
5527:liburu-ko
5516:liburu-ri
5481:liburu-ak
5474:Absolutive
5444:etxeetako
5374:etxeraino
5332:etxeetara
5293:the house
5236:euskalduna
5183:allocutive
5148:dizkidazue
5087:dizkidazue
4985:newspaper-
4885:Egunkariak
4878:epenthetic
4807:newspaper-
4719:is in the
4572:prosodical
4244:, spelled
4159:, much of
4122:arrazional
4090:prosthetic
4072:"Rwanda",
4023:, written
4015:, written
4008:are used.
3927:, , and .
3925:fricatives
3265:Consonants
3251:diphthongs
3050:). In the
2597:merger of
2527:Aquitanian
2494:See also:
1927:Enkarterri
1839:Val d'Aran
1831:Common Era
1762:, such as
1708:Aquitanian
1583:after the
1565:Aquitanian
1488:), "axe" (
1311:See also:
1218:separatism
1198:Enkarterri
1175:, most of
1003:Laurak Bat
948:CA Osasuna
882:Literature
695:Traditions
203:Salazarese
147:Aquitanian
109:and 6,000
13272:Pre-Vedic
13262:Pre-Greek
13234:Substrata
13137:Arunachal
13035:Nostratic
13020:Alarodian
12955:Yeniseian
12805:East Asia
12757:Dravidian
12614:West Asia
12582:Tyrsenian
12345:Tanzanian
12286:languages
12183:Hodï/Joti
12127:Isolates
12066:Yanomaman
12002:Otomákoan
11966:Jirajaran
11955:Guajiboan
11917:Catacaoan
11896:Barbacoan
11825:Cuitlatec
11794:Totonacan
11753:Jicaquean
11632:Chimariko
11528:Muskogean
11510:Kalapuyan
11504:Iroquoian
11479:Chumashan
11472:Chinookan
11465:Chimakuan
11383:Yangmanic
11378:Worrorran
11361:Wagaydyic
11251:Australia
11100:Trans-Fly
10766:Yeniseian
10753:Tyrsenian
10647:Dravidian
10394:Guillemet
10373:Wallisian
10287:Provençal
10283:Auvergnat
10024:Ukrainian
9984:Bulgarian
9928:Estremeñu
9912:languages
9892:Aragonese
9857:Valencian
9834:languages
9685:, London.
9660:0046-435X
9543:: 80–94.
8610:: 59–76.
8586:636283146
8568:MIT Press
8475:, Tolosa.
8331:King 1994
7854:0046-435X
7308:: 268–310
7034:Routledge
6289:vigesimal
6284:fractions
6156:precedes
5969:does not
5944:irakasten
5942:in which
5779:to Mikel
5765:of Mikel
5722:Partitive
5708:Prolative
5674:Directive
5625:(in, on)
5500:liburu-k
5484:liburu-Ø
5462:Singular
5416:etxeetan
5357:ak + tik
5248:recursion
5232:euskaldun
4876:(with an
4870:Martin-ek
4793:Martin-ek
4764:Hungarian
4299:/biʎots̺/
4199:semivowel
4163:, all of
4112:"radio",
3649:(mostly)
3570:voiceless
3564:Fricative
3512:Affricate
3383:voiceless
3103:present.
3048:Aragonese
2892:Phonology
2847:Kalderash
2845:, with a
2783:parts of
2567:izquierdo
2519:substrate
2511:Aragonese
1954:Ojacastro
1862:Asturians
1847:Catalonia
1419:vasconĭce
1413:Vascuence
1392:ouaskōnes
1386:Οὐάσκωνες
1336:, though
1237:Gipuzkoan
851:Olentzero
834:Festivals
816:Marmitako
738:Mythology
632:Languages
524:Euskaldun
389:Glottolog
373:ISO 639-3
337:ISO 639-2
319:ISO 639-1
167:Gipuzkoan
111:monoglots
88:Ethnicity
13267:Vasconic
13242:Atlantic
12996:Eskaleut
12950:Yukaghir
12865:Koreanic
12860:Tungusic
12855:Mongolic
12793:Harappan
12704:Caucasus
12686:Sumerian
12561:Ligurian
12378:See also
12355:Isolates
12330:Japanese
12270:Yuracaré
12152:Candoshi
12111:Macro-Jê
12076:Zaparoan
12071:Zamucoan
12061:Witotoan
12044:Tucanoan
12039:Tiniguan
12034:Timotean
12018:Quechuan
11987:Matacoan
11982:Mascoian
11972:Jivaroan
11935:Chibchan
11929:Charruan
11880:Arawakan
11817:Isolates
11748:Chibchan
11624:Isolates
11596:Wakashan
11557:Salishan
11499:Eskaleut
11405:Giimbiyu
11397:Isolates
11306:Jarrakan
11301:Iwaidjan
11158:Isolates
11012:Kutubuan
10880:Sumerian
10816:Isolates
10771:Yukaghir
10740:Tungusic
10706:Mongolic
10694:Koreanic
10653:Eskaleut
10544:Isolates
10528:Ubangian
10387:See also
10368:Tahitian
10363:Shimaore
10323:Guianese
10279:Limousin
10238:dialect)
10230:Corsican
10226:dialect)
10103:See also
10069:Galician
10058:Asturian
10014:Romanian
9897:Asturian
9862:Galician
9425:: 23–39.
9304:Ná-De-Ná
9265:27 March
9223:(2010).
9134:, 1990.
9075:: 41–59.
9050:, XXIII.
8812:Lexicons
8795:(2008):
8719:Archived
8676:(1991):
8643:, Paris.
8560:(2008).
8531:(1962):
8510:(1994).
8311:Archived
8250:22 April
7958:Archived
7934:Archived
7738:85685222
7734:ProQuest
7594:26.06.04
7437:Archived
7240:(1991).
7214:, p. 81.
7028:(1997).
6902:Archived
6882:Archived
6782:"Basque"
6740:Gipuzkoa
6684:(2016).)
6678:Archived
6572:See also
6313:Examples
6256:⟩
6252:⟨
6248:⟩
6244:⟨
6191:Ikurrina
6184:Ikurriña
6150:phonemes
6136:digraphs
6116:⟩
6112:⟨
6108:⟩
6104:⟨
6100:⟩
6096:⟨
5925:galdegai
5815:Meaning
5787:(r)ekin
5762:Mikelen
5751:meaning
5693:(up to)
5657:Allative
5640:Ablative
5623:Inessive
5540:genitive
5523:genitive
5490:Ergative
5441:ak + ko
5346:etxetik
5343:a + tik
5329:ak + ra
5265:meaning
5167:informal
5140:nor-nork
5128:nor-nori
4830:di-zki-t
4675:katakume
4673:, as in
4657:, as in
4588:niré amà
4584:nire áma
4580:nire ama
4565:syntagma
4490:/tʃakur/
4389:. Thus,
4271:Goizueta
4183:and the
4165:Gipuzkoa
4100:"Rome",
3901:devoiced
3817:ederrago
3710:ll, -il-
3482:dd, -id-
3417:tt, -it-
3298:alveolar
3133:Meaning
3130:Example
3122:Meaning
3119:Example
3052:Zuberoan
3044:Asturian
2876:and the
2825:Asturian
2823:and the
2785:Sardinia
2579:esquerre
2573:esquerdo
2552:loanword
2547:cachorro
2390:Dialects
2118:Navarre
2062:Gipuzkoa
1958:La Rioja
1956:(now in
1851:Pyrenees
1745:Caucasus
1733:Georgian
1694:Ligurian
1671:Georgian
1634:(Batua),
1589:Hispania
1573:Pyrenees
1533:cognates
1431:basquenç
1379:Vascones
1374:ethnonym
1327:forms).
1249:Souletin
1233:Biscayan
1213:Franco's
1173:Gipuzkoa
1158:Pyrenees
821:Piperade
776:Patxaran
553:Basque (
550:Language
520:Basque (
506:Help:IPA
410:40-AAA-a
396:basq1248
162:Biscayan
156:Dialects
105:434,000
13302:italics
13200:Austric
13177:Kho-Bwa
13172:Hrusish
13150:Siangic
13092:Karasuk
12992: ?
12905:Kenaboi
12870:Japonic
12835:Kra–Dai
12796: ?
12787:Kusunda
12693:Elamite
12665:Kassite
12651:Kaskian
12554:Camunic
12526:Iberian
12483:Eurasia
12428:italics
12405:Pidgins
12390:Creoles
12340:Swedish
12308:Chinese
12255:Urarina
12240:Puinave
12194:Itonama
12188:Irantxe
12157:Chimane
12087:Chimuan
11992:Nadahup
11911:Cariban
11891:Aymaran
11852:America
11694:Waikuri
11687:Tonkawa
11680:Timucua
11673:Takelma
11666:Siuslaw
11655:Kutenai
11639:Esselen
11602:Wintuan
11563:Shastan
11534:Na-Dene
11522:Maiduan
11459:Caddoan
11433:America
11387:Wagiman
11385:(incl.
11356:Tangkic
11296:Garawan
11269:Bunuban
11230:Tambora
11197:Maybrat
11165:Abinomn
11088:Teberan
11049:Pauwasi
11039:Mairasi
11007:Kiwaian
10887:Tambora
10873:Shompen
10855:Kusunda
10848:Kenaboi
10834:Elamite
10806:Siangic
10788:Kho-Bwa
10782:Hrusish
10700:Kra–Dai
10684:Japonic
10593:Eurasia
10568:Sandawe
10551:Bangime
10516:Songhay
10378:Xaracuu
10358:Réunion
10348:Nengone
10338:Kibushi
10328:Futunan
10267:Occitan
10234:Dutch (
10220:Catalan
10054:Spanish
10019:Russian
9994:Italian
9989:English
9963:Tarifit
9901:Leonese
9873:Aranese
9867:Occitan
9853:Catalan
9818:Spanish
9669:, Wien.
9464:: 3–82.
9366:: 5–48.
9360:Euskera
8799:Elkar.
8377:1844637
8107:Trask,
7940:. (pdf)
7645:11 June
7583:transl.
7151:15 July
6922:HISTORY
6754:Labourd
6747:Navarre
6296:⁄
6026:Spanish
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2333:20.5% (
2324:12.9% (
2315:33.9% (
2306:28.4% (
2292:21.4% (
2283:11.7% (
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2251:22.5% (
2242:11.1% (
2233:30.1% (
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2192:29.4% (
2183:25.4% (
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2148:24.4% (
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2080:Navarre
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