74:
388:, and treatise on the subject of hunting. There has also been a collection of letters, written in Greek originally attributed to Callisthenes, yet later disputed as the dates of the letters range far beyond the time period that Callisthenes was alive. Many of these were originally attributed to Callisthenes due to their assumed time period aligning with Callisthenesâs active years as an author, as well as their subject matter being on topics Callisthenes was known to have written about. As of now, there are no intact copies of Callisthenesâs works known to have survived.
171:
opposition to
Alexander won Callisthenes favor by the Macedonians but severely destroyed the relationship between Callisthenes and Alexander. Callisthenes eventually left the kingâs court as he had lost favor with Alexander. After Callisthenes fall from grace, he became increasingly politically isolated from the remaining members of Alexanderâs court. Alexander continued to introduce more Persian recruits, further displeasing the remaining Macedonians in his court.
163:. Callisthenes was sharply critical of Alexanderâs new Persian practices. During a banquet held shortly before Alexanderâs expedition left for India, Callisthenes gave a speech arguing against the adoption of proskynesis. Callisthenes argued that Alexander was not entitled to receive divine honors, such as the proskynesis from his followers. Alexander witnessed this speech and knowing Callisthenes was correct chose not to continue with the practice.
183:, one of Alexanderâs royal pages and Callisthenes former pupil; Hermolaus broke royal protocol and assisted Alexander in killing the boar. For this Hermolaus was publicly humiliated by flogging as well as the removing of his horse. This led Hermolaus and several other royal pages to create a conspiracy to assassinate Alexander. Yet, the conspiracy was discovered, and the young nobles faced arrest, torture and interrogation.
126:
65:. He accompanied Alexander the Great during his Asiatic expedition and served as his historian and publicist. He later opposed Alexanderâs adoption of Persian culture and was arrested after being implicated in a plot on the king's life; he died in prison. During his life, he authored several works on Greek history and a biography of Alexander the Great.
234:(330 BCE) was biographical-style series of works detailing the campaign of Alexander the Great. Although copies of the work do not survive today, some knowledge of it can be inferred from references by other authors. The book was intended as propaganda and glorified Alexander the Greatâs military achievements and claims to divinity as the son of
218:. In this eulogy Theophrastus condemns Alexander for the torture and execution of Callisthenes. He also references the acts of mourning and grief enacted by those who were close to Callisthenes and advises the bereaved on how to cope with the loss. Theophrastus also upholds Callisthenes as a figure of traditional piety and civic freedom.
96:; which made Callisthenes the great-nephew of Aristotle by his sister Arimneste, Callisthenes's grandmother. It is also known that Callisthenes was in the care of Aristotle by 347 BCE and studied under him as his student. Callisthenes spent much of his early life writing and traveling with Aristotle. His first literary work was an
122:
as a historian and antiquarian might have appreciated a chance at traveling. Another potential reason is that
Callisthenesâ birthplace of Olynthus was destroyed by Phillip II of Macedon, and such might have been looking to better himself in the eyes of Alexander and thus Phillip IIâs court, in order to aid in its reconstruction.
133:
During this expedition, Callisthenes was tasked with being the official historian for the campaign. While he occupied this role, he compiled his narrative on the events that transpired during the campaign. Much of the work is dedicated to praising
Alexander and upholding his authority as the king and
108:
for which
Aristotle and Callisthenes are thanked. Based on the fact that a reference by Diodorus Siculus mentions Callisthenesâ historical accounts of Greek history, it can be assumed that Callisthenes was a historian of some repute before he began working with Alexander the Great. Callisthenes first
121:
Around 334 BCE, Callisthenes was invited to accompany
Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition. There were many factors as to why Callisthenes chose to accompany Alexander. First, being that he had already established a relationship with Alexander during their time as students of Aristotle and
150:
The dramatic conflict between
Alexander the Great and Callisthenes was a result of years of tensions between many of Alexanderâs court members, including Callisthenes that came to a head. Throughout Alexanderâs campaign, he acquired an interest in taking on Persian customs and aristocrats. By 328
170:
claims that during this banquet
Alexander offers a cup to a colleague who performs the proskynesis ceremony, kisses Alexander, and then drinks from the cup. While all of the other members of the court performed the ceremony Callisthenes blatantly refused to act out the proskynesis. This direct
155:
an officer in
Alexanderâs army. During a banquet Cleitus expressed his displeasure at the current state of Alexanderâs contingent. An argument broke out between the two, ending in a physical confrontation and Cleitusâ demise at Alexanderâs hand. After this conflict Alexander was distraught and
186:
While under torture, Hermolaus implicated
Callisthenes as a part of the plot against Alexander. Because of Callisthenesâ previous opposition to Alexander, as well as his previous role as Hermolausâs instructor; Alexander found Callisthenes guilty of treason and ordered his subsequent arrest.
257:
that
Alexander had visited. It applauded Alexander as a standard for Greek masculinity; and condemned the Persians as weak and effeminate. It is said to have been used as justification for the Panhellenic crusade and as a means of recruiting potential supporters for Alexanderâs crusade.
879:
134:
his army penetrated further into Asia. While much of his time during the campaign was spent working on his account of the expedition. But, Callisthenes was also sent on scientific expeditions, to places such as Kush or
151:
BCE, Alexander had allowed a handful of Persian aristocrats to join his entourage, a choice that deeply upset the Macedonians who were close to Alexander. That same year a confrontation occurred between Alexander and
138:. Callisthenes had an affinity for the natural sciences and is known to have written several scientific works, including astronomical diaries and his own theories for the source of the
113:
to tutor the young Alexander in Mytilene. While both studying under Aristotle, Callisthenes and Alexander would have come to know each other as fellow students and pupils of Aristotle.
313:
Additionally, many works have been ascribed to Callisthenes mistakenly, resulting in their authorship commonly known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. One of the more well-known examples is the
438:
273:(357 BCE). His other works include; the list of winners from the Pythian games that he co-authored with Aristotle, writings on astronomy including a description of the
1086:
187:
Callisthenes was subsequently thrown into prison where he died seven months later. There are several different accounts of how he died or was executed.
985:
159:
By the next year Alexanderâs fascination with Persian culture had only grown and in 327 BCE, he attempted to introduce the Persian servile ceremony of
1071:
104:, but by 334 BC, he had written a few works including a series on Greek history and antiquarian writings, such as a registry of competitors for the
1076:
242:
claims that Callisthenesâ descriptions of Alexanderâs military are impossible and would not fit in the locations, such as the country outside of
73:
1020:
88:
sometime during 360 BCE. Little is known of his early childhood except that his mother Hero was the niece of Aristotle, and daughter of
1032:
1012:
261:
In addition to his work on Alexander the Great, he also authored another major work, a 10 book long historical anthology of Greece.
109:
met Alexander the Great, when Alexander began being tutored by Aristotle around the age of thirteen. Aristotle had been tasked by
809:
857:
634:
550:
472:
129:
A map of Alexander the Great's empire at its largest extent c.323 BCE including details of key roads, location, and battles.
1061:
226:
Callisthenes' most well-known work was an account of Alexander's expedition up to the time of Callisthenesâ own execution.
658:
329:(early 4th century). The work has also been said to be authored by several other people beyond Callisthenes, including;
156:
brought on his trusted friends, one of which being Callisthenes to provide counsel to the king after he killed Cleitus.
1066:
362:
326:
837:
684:"On Kissing and Making up: Court Protocol and Historiography in Alexander the Great's 'Experiment with "Proskynesis"'"
325:, but in its present form belongs to the 3rd century CE. The Latin translation for the text is usually attributed to
238:. According to Polybius, much of Callisthenes' military accounts were over-glorified to the point of impossibility.
24:
1081:
54:
200:
898:
410:
1056:
1051:
1017:
338:
274:
1029:
180:
110:
89:
380:, Pseudo-Callisthenes is also credited with several other works. Including; a work titled
8:
330:
266:
101:
62:
1030:
Livius.org: Alexander the Great: the 'good' sources â Official propaganda: Callisthenes
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34:
1036:
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354:
80:
presenting the young Alexander the Great to Aristotle by Gerard Hoet, before 1733
350:
289:
to Atarneaus and Assos who were killed by Persians, a book on witty sayings, a
50:
38:
349:. There are also Syrian, Armenian, and Slavonic versions, in addition to four
1045:
947:
786:
747:
707:
591:
528:
366:
105:
482:
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142:. Although these theories later received pushback from Alexander the Great.
644:
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211:
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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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both claim that Callisthenes died of natural causes while in prison.
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versions (two in prose and two in verse) in the Middle Ages (see
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887:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 278.
346:
246:, that Callisthenes describes. It contained many references to
215:
247:
206:
Callisthenes's death was commemorated in a special treatise (
621:(1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. 2016. pp. 247â254.
235:
139:
811:
Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology
618:
Alexander the Great and the East: History, Art, Tradition
443:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
179:
During an incident during a royal boar hunt in which
659:"Arrian on the introduction of proskynesis - Livius"
365:'s translation was completely superseded by that of
145:
116:
924:"Callisthenes, the Original Historian of Alexander"
551:"Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XIV, chapter 117"
1043:
317:, the basis of all the Alexander legends of the
838:"Chapter Twelve. Theophrastus And Callisthenes"
214:, whose acquaintance he made during a visit to
1087:Historians who accompanied Alexander the Great
688:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
968:
877:
814:. Vol. 1. p. 576. Archived from
580:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂźr Alte Geschichte
436:
1072:Conspirators against Alexander the Great
921:
573:
124:
72:
359:Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur
321:. It originated during the time of the
1077:People executed by Alexander the Great
1044:
983:
971:Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur
768:
681:
308:
986:"Encyclopaedia Iranica. Callisthenes"
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1018:Livius.org: Callisthenes of Olynthus
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432:
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253:and also described locations in the
984:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
411:"Callisthenes of Olynthus - Livius"
369:in the 10th century, the so-called
208:Callisthenes or a Treatise on Grief
13:
842:Influences on Peripatetic Rhetoric
722:
459:. Oxbow Books. 2015. p. 114.
384:, a work on Macedonian history, a
327:Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius
14:
1098:
1006:
850:10.1163/ej.9789004156685.i-286.49
606:
509:The American Journal of Philology
489:
427:
398:
146:Opposition to Alexander the Great
117:Campaign with Alexander the Great
922:Prentice, William Kelly (1923).
836:White, Stephen A. (2007-01-01),
700:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00058.x
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962:
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881:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
871:
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899:"Polybius. Histories. Book 12"
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447:
269:(387 BCE) to the start of the
1:
969:Von Christ, Whilhelm (1898).
771:"The Conspiracy of Hermolaus"
391:
293:which covers ships in Homers
265:covered the periods from the
68:
46:
42:
25:Callisthenes (disambiguation)
17:
576:"Aristotle and Callisthenes"
505:"Callisthenes and Alexander"
503:Brown, Truesdell S. (1949).
7:
1062:4th-century BC Greek people
844:, Brill, pp. 211â230,
736:"Callisthenes on Alexander"
221:
191:is the method suggested by
10:
1103:
878:Hornblower, Simon (1999).
769:Carney, Elizabeth (1981).
456:Greece, Macedon and Persia
201:Aristobulus of Cassandreia
22:
1067:4th-century BC historians
740:Mediterranean Archaeology
734:Milns, Robert D. (2006).
367:Leo, archpriest of Naples
84:Callisthenes was born in
57:with connections to both
1013:Pothos.org: Callisthenes
574:Bosworth, A. B. (1970).
437:Chrisholm, Hugh (1911).
174:
31:Callisthenes of Olynthus
808:Smith, William (1870).
440:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
361:, 1897, p. 849).
291:Diakosmos Battle Order
277:, a work covering the
130:
81:
903:penelope.uchicago.edu
775:The Classical Journal
682:Bowden, Hugh (2013).
555:www.perseus.tufts.edu
275:Great Comet of 371 BC
128:
76:
465:10.2307/j.ctt19893tw
181:Hermolaus of Macedon
111:Philip II of Macedon
90:Proxenus of Atarneus
23:For other uses, see
627:10.2307/j.ctvckq3sm
376:In addition to the
371:Historia de Preliis
309:Pseudo-Callisthenes
267:Peace of Antalcidas
166:Another account by
102:Hermias of Atarneus
63:Alexander the Great
1082:Ancient Olynthians
1035:2016-12-04 at the
1023:2014-11-04 at the
742:. 19/20: 233â237.
281:of 600 BCE titled
232:Praxeis Alexandrou
228:Deeds of Alexander
197:Chares of Mytilene
131:
82:
990:iranicaonline.org
859:978-90-474-1952-5
636:978-3-447-10710-5
474:978-1-78297-923-4
386:History of Thrace
378:Alexander Romance
315:Alexander Romance
283:On the Sacred War
153:Cleitus the Black
16:Greek historian (
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343:Onesicritus
339:Antisthenes
319:Middle Ages
271:Phocian war
189:Crucifixion
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1046:Categories
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908:2023-06-05
865:2023-06-05
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392:References
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69:Early life
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748:1030-8482
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363:Valerius
299:Periplus
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240:Polybius
222:Writings
168:Plutarch
98:encomium
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