2046:
2016:
2031:
337:
2001:
449:
1974:
1943:
1065:
1927:
457:
2061:
784:
seasonal and environmental parameters. Rootings up to 55% are possible when using one-year-old wood, depending on cutting harvest time and substrate used. Propagation from stem cuttings is the standard method for growing 'Mallorquina' and 'Italiana' in Spain and 'Nocella' in the
Aeolian Islands, esp. Salina. Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 15 to 50 cm, and the diameter of the cuttings may range from 1.0 to 2.5 cm. Another possibility is to collect stems during February through the beginning of March, treat them with
542:
40:
1029:
1959:
92:
531:
1989:
67:
1053:
757:
1700:
1041:
854:
793:
achieved. Softwood cuttings are prepared in April from 25- to 30-day shoots. Each cutting should contain at least two nodes and be six to 10 cm long. Basal or subterminal cuttings are more successful than terminal ones. Then, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse under a mist system with bottom heat; 150 to 200 cuttings/m may be planted.
2045:
501:
In southern Europe, it is found in southern
Portugal, southern and eastern Spain including the Balearic Islands, Mediterranean France including Corsica, Italy including Sicily and Sardinia, Croatia's Dalmatian islands, Albania, Greece and the Greek Islands, western and southern Turkey, on Cyprus, and
997:
Capers are categorized and sold by their size, defined as follows, with the smallest sizes being the most desirable: non-pareil (up to 7 mm), surfines (7–8 mm), capucines (8–9 mm), capotes (9–11 mm), fines (11–13 mm), and grusas (14+ mm). If the caper bud is not picked,
792:
and stratify them outdoors or in a chamber at 3–4 °C, covered with sand or plastic. Moisture content and drainage should be carefully monitored and maintained until planting. Using semi-hardwood cuttings collected and planted during August and
September, low survival rates (under 30%) have been
626:
A harvest duration of at least three months is necessary for profitability. Intense daylight and a long growing period are necessary to secure high yields. The caper bush can withstand temperatures over 40 °C in summer, but it is sensitive to frost during its vegetative period. A caper bush can
517:
In western Asia, it is found along the eastern
Mediterranean in Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and western Jordan, and in the southern Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It is also found south of the Caucasus in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey. On the Arabian Peninsula it occurs in Oman, Yemen
577:
The caper bush has been introduced as a specialized culture in some
European countries in the last four decades. The economic importance of the caper plant led to a significant increase in the area under cultivation and production levels during the late 1980s. The main production areas are in harsh
783:
avoids high variability in terms of production and quality. Nevertheless, plants grown from cuttings are more susceptible to drought during the first years after planting. The caper bush is a difficult-to-root woody species, and successful propagation requires careful consideration of biotypes and
801:
Mean annual temperatures in areas under cultivation are over 14 °C (57 °F). A rainy spring and a hot, dry summer are considered advantageous. This drought-tolerant perennial plant is used for landscaping and reducing erosion along highways, steep rocky slopes, dunes or fragile semiarid
805:
Caper plantings over 25 to 30 years old are still productive. Thus, physical properties of the soil (texture and depth) are particularly important. Caper bushes can develop extensive root systems and grow best on deep, non-stratified, medium-textured, loamy soils.
2773:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
505:
In northern Africa, it is found throughout the north and the Atlas
Mountains of Morocco, where it occurs from sea level up to 2000 meters elevation. It is also found in northern Algeria (Kabylie, coastal Algeria, Bouzaréa, and Oran) and the
549:
The caper bush requires a semiarid or arid climate. The caper bush has developed a series of mechanisms that reduce the impact of high radiation levels, high daily temperature, and insufficient soil water during its growing period.
2015:
619:
553:
The caper bush has a curious reaction to sudden increases in humidity; it forms wart-like pockmarks across the leaf surface. This is harmless, as the plant quickly adjusts to the new conditions and produces unaffected leaves.
2030:
2772:
522:, and Asir province of Saudi Arabia. In central Asia, it inhabits the mountains of central Afghanistan, the lower Karakoram range in northern Pakistan and Ladakh, and Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and eastern Uzbekistan.
622:
products. This species has developed special mechanisms to survive in
Mediterranean conditions, and introduction in semiarid lands may help to prevent the disruption of the equilibrium of those fragile ecosystems.
764:
Capers can be grown easily from fresh seeds gathered from ripe fruit and planted into a well-drained seed-raising mix. Seedlings appear in two to four weeks. Old, stored seeds enter a state of
479:, sweetly fragrant, and showy, with four sepals and four white to pinkish-white petals, many long violet-coloured stamens, and a single stigma usually rising well above the stamens.
2751:
2000:
845:
species that look similar. The plant normally has curved thorns that may scratch the people who harvest the buds, although a few spineless varieties have been developed.
776:
seed coats. The seed coats and the mucilage surrounding the seeds may be ecological adaptations to avoid water loss and conserve seed viability during the dry season.
1496:
1942:
1973:
1064:
916:
or a salt and vinegar solution, and drained. Intense flavour, sometimes described as being similar to black pepper or mustard, is developed as glucocapparin, a
826:
pits for each shrub was found to be the most effective means of cultivating caper in rocky soils. Two planting designs are used, the square/rectangle and the
2491:
Andrade, G.; E. Esteban; L. Velasco; M.J. Lorite; E.J. Bedmar (1997). "Isolation and identification of N2-fixing microorganisms from the rhizosphere of
336:
2944:
1719:(אֲבִיּוֹנָה) for caperberry is closely linked to the Hebrew root אבה (avah), meaning "desire". The word occurs once in the Bible, in the book of
3337:
2609:, caper bush, pp. 227-232. In: J. Janick and R.E. Paull (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
1863:(note the similarity "caper"isin to "caper"); all of which were eaten as seen from the blessing requirement, and declared to be the fruit of the
627:
survive low temperatures in the form of a stump, as happens in the foothills of the Alps. Caper plants are found even 3,500 m above sea level in
428:
to be composed of multiple distinct species, others that the taxon is a single species with multiple varieties or subspecies, or that the taxon
3389:
2080:
3561:
1926:
448:
678:
3461:
2821:
1867:
or caper plant. The "capperisin" mentioned in the Talmud are actually referring to a shell that protected the "abiyyonot" as it grew.
838:
Caper buds are usually picked in the morning. Because the youngest, smallest buds fetch the highest prices, daily picking is typical.
3045:
2780:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3571:
3285:
2743:
3350:
3298:
2161:
2152:
2111:
1015:, are used particularly in salads and fish dishes. They are pickled or boiled and preserved in jars with brine—like caper buds.
2661:
spp.). EUR 13617, Série
Agriculture, Programme de recherche Agrimed. Commission des Communautés européennes, Luxembourg, 63 pp.
912:
and range in size from under 7 mm (0.28 in) to more than 14 mm (0.55 in). They are picked, then pickled in
905:
are prepared similarly and marketed as "caper berries". Fully mature fruit are not preferred, as they contain many hard seeds.
841:
Capers may be harvested from wild plants, in which case it is necessary to know that the plant is not one of the few poisonous
830:
system. Spacing is determined by the vigour of the biotype, soil fertility, equipment used and the irrigation method, if any.
3611:
3381:
2785:
3440:
3355:
2394:
1747:
677:
tolerates silty clay and sandy, rocky, or gravelly surface soils, with less than 1% organic matter. It grows on bare rocks,
3641:
2799:
557:
It also shows characteristics of a plant adapted to poor soils. This shrub has a high root/shoot ratio and the presence of
3631:
810:
plowing and harrowing are usual practices before caper plant establishment. Soil-profile modification practices, such as
3210:
2710:
2181:
1028:
3636:
3055:
2547:
2853:
Mansour, R. B.; Jilani, I. B.; Bouaziz, M; Gargouri, B; Elloumi, N; Attia, H; Ghrabi-Gammar, Z; Lassoued, S (2016).
3621:
3606:
3394:
2219:
2060:
1825:
1802:
3324:
1805:
2968:
3616:
3596:
472:
3479:
2157:
424:
have been common throughout the evolutionary history of the genus. As a result, some authors have considered
1492:
650:
The known distributions of each species can be used to identify the origin of commercially prepared capers.
3267:
3241:
3150:
2739:
2197:
2563:
Inocencio, C.; F. Alcaraz; F. Calderón; C. Obón; D. Rivera (April 2002). "The use of floral characters in
3586:
3487:
3132:
2115:
1958:
1821:
709:
3474:
3113:
2372:
D. Rivera, C. Inocencio, C. Obón, E. Carreño, A. Reales, F. Alcaraz. (2002). "Archaeobotany of capers (
1483:
3303:
2143:
3601:
3376:
1813:
964:
502:
on the
Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine . In Spain it ranges from sea level up to 1300 meters elevation.
91:
1988:
3591:
3466:
3254:
1684:, whose origin (as with that of the plant) is unknown but is probably Asian. Another theory links
1541:
in significant content. In a 100-gram amount, the sodium content is 2960 mg or 197% DV, with
772:
to germinate. The viable embryos germinate within three to four days after partial removal of the
748:). This aggressive pioneering has brought about serious problems for the protection of monuments.
3262:
3176:
2953:
2670:
Luna Lorente, F.; M. Pérez Vicente (1985). "La Tapenera o Alcaparra: Cultivo y Aprovechamiento."
769:
657:
species. It is widespread in rocky areas and is grown on different soil associations, including
3626:
3581:
3368:
3342:
3236:
3075:
3033:
20:
2948:
2700:
1817:
1398:
1411:
990:
and cream cheese. Capers and caper berries are sometimes substituted for olives to garnish a
878:
421:
416:
The taxonomic status of the species is controversial and unsettled. Species within the genus
311:
208:
3515:
2828:
724:. It grows spontaneously in wall joints of antique Roman fortresses, on the Western Wall of
48:
3420:
3184:
2919:
2632:
2256:
998:
it flowers and produces a caper berry. The fruit can be pickled and then served as a Greek
406:
271:
2901:
Fragiska, M. (2005). Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity.
8:
2439:
Levizou, E; P. Drilias; A. Kyparissis (2004). "Exceptional photosynthetic performance of
1638:
1600:
1495:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1040:
491:
402:
56:
2636:
2260:
3533:
3525:
3453:
3249:
3228:
2879:
2854:
2588:
2512:
2360:
Heywood V.H. (1993). "Flowering plants of the world." Oxford University Press, New York
2272:
2127:
1906:
1731:
1510:
1378:
1175:
991:
921:
701:, in transitional zones between the littoral salt marsh and the coastal deserts of the
251:
233:
86:
1052:
3576:
3566:
3415:
3158:
3059:
3051:
2884:
2855:"Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Capparis spinosa"
2791:
2781:
2706:
2644:
2543:
2335:
1608:
1424:
1263:
587:
495:
261:
2592:
2516:
1839:) were eaten, as appears from their liability to tithes and the restrictions of the
3646:
3538:
2874:
2866:
2640:
2580:
2535:
2504:
2473:
2276:
2264:
1873:
discusses the eating of caper sepals versus caper berries, both inside the land of
1776:
1596:
1280:
928:, often seen as crystallized white spots on the surfaces of individual caper buds.
815:
780:
541:
507:
281:
3163:
3137:
3124:
1669:, the caper and its relatives in several European languages can be traced back to
413:
could have originated in the tropics and later spread to the Mediterranean basin.
3651:
3492:
2940:
2398:
1670:
1652:
1647:
959:
936:
894:
886:
882:
736:). Clinging caper plants are dominant on the medieval limestone-made ramparts of
733:
611:
562:
476:
456:
361:
321:
291:
129:
39:
654:
3448:
2822:"USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3, page 16"
2775:
1910:
1708:
1677:
1666:
1634:
1623:
1615:
976:
874:
862:
745:
741:
615:
569:, playing a role in maintaining high reserves of that growth-limiting element.
376:
301:
116:
3430:
2870:
2584:
2539:
2508:
2477:
3555:
3363:
3215:
3098:
1829:
1760:
1724:
1627:
1506:
1131:
909:
890:
618:. Capers from Pantelleria and the Aeolian islands are recognized as European
224:
76:
71:
3407:
2674:
37. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, España, 125 pp.
2460:
Pugnaire, F.I.; E. Esteban (1990). "Nutritional adaptations of caper shrub (
1734:
translates based on the Hebrew root (and perhaps the metaphorical meaning):
364:
that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers.
2888:
2795:
1949:
1933:
1870:
1720:
1660:
1107:
983:
972:
811:
729:
3505:
3063:
2738:
2268:
3311:
3107:
2985:
1712:
1619:
1604:
1577:
1534:
1530:
1091:
944:
819:
639:
plantings can withstand strong winds without problems due to the plant's
607:
566:
558:
530:
468:
410:
175:
165:
3277:
2984:
should strictly mean "the desiring thing", rather than "desire" itself.
756:
3290:
1902:
1764:
1573:
1562:
1550:
1297:
1246:
807:
713:
644:
2490:
2116:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T137745831A139593491.en
1070:
Caper leaves, pickled or boiled, can be used as an addition to salads.
931:
Capers are a distinctive ingredient in Italian cuisine, especially in
3316:
3223:
3197:
2562:
2243:
Fici, S. (2001). "Intraspecific variation and evolutionary trends in
2052:
2037:
2022:
2007:
1980:
1840:
1786:
1642:
1569:
1566:
1542:
1538:
1356:
1343:
1330:
917:
870:
773:
725:
721:
666:
640:
636:
599:
511:
3069:
3500:
3092:
2672:
Publicaciones de Extensión Agraria, Colección Agricultura Práctica.
2067:
1772:
1229:
866:
827:
789:
765:
686:
682:
670:
662:
658:
561:
serves to maximize the uptake of minerals in poor soils. Different
461:
380:
341:
185:
142:
3329:
3202:
405:, and is included in the flora of most of them, but whether it is
3402:
3171:
2106:
Rankou, H., M'Sou, S., Diarra, A. & Ait Babahmad, R.A. 2020.
1890:
1844:
1768:
1699:
1209:
955:
823:
737:
705:
698:
583:
519:
3189:
3145:
2980:
Though, as the Jewish Encyclopedia points out, the female form
2571:
to determine the botanical and geographical origin of capers".
1878:
1874:
1848:
1689:
1518:
1313:
1019:
1012:
1008:
979:
951:
932:
785:
717:
628:
595:
591:
535:
395:
plants are used in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics.
155:
2623:
L.) seed germination by breaking seed coat-induced dormancy".
869:
caper bud (simply called a "caper") is used as an ingredient,
3039:
1882:
1780:
1756:
1526:
1522:
1121:
1000:
948:
940:
925:
920:
organosulfur molecule, is released from each caper bud. This
902:
898:
853:
694:
690:
632:
603:
103:
2852:
510:
of the Algerian Sahara, in Tunisia north of the Sahara, and
2530:
Sozzi, G.O. (2001). "Caper bush: botany and horticulture".
1828:
NASB), as did the 1917 Jewish Publication Society version (
1630:
1546:
913:
702:
579:
2766:
2744:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2534:. Vol. 27. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 125–188.
1514:
1151:
987:
720:, and in the central west and northwest coastal dunes of
631:, though they are usually grown at lower altitudes. Some
565:
bacterial strains have been isolated from the caper bush
939:
and southern Italian cooking. They are commonly used in
2619:
Sozzi, G.O.; A. Chiesa (1995). "Improvement of caper (
2443:
L. under adverse conditions of Mediterranean summer."
2316:
in the Mediterranean and the Near Eastern Countries."
1888:
Capers are mentioned as a spice in the Roman cookbook
732:, and on the ramparts of the castle of Santa Bárbara (
1018:
Dried caper leaves are also used as a substitute for
2827:. US Department of Agriculture. 2011. Archived from
2705:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 121–123.
2419:
Rhizopoulou, S. (1990). "Physiological responses of
367:
The plant is best known for the edible flower buds (
2392:
2182:Altervista Flora Italiana, Cappero, Kapernstrauch,
1517:(table). Preserved capers are particularly high in
2777:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2459:
2289:
1763:ME). However, ancient translations, including the
760:Flowering caper plant, soon to yield caper berries
371:), used as a seasoning or garnish, and the fruit (
3014:
2290:Pugnaire de Iraola, F.I. (1989). "Nota sobre las
1785:, "caper berry". Thus in the words of one modern
1553:(12% DV) also having appreciable levels (table).
1388:
1219:
3553:
1007:Caper leaves, which are hard to find outside of
1915:buds have sometimes been used as a substitute.
647:consistency of the leaves in some populations.
2939:
2732:
2618:
1086:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2998:
2996:
2994:
2199:
2188:includes photos and European distribution map
2081:List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands
525:
3036: – NewCROP, Purdue University
2340:(Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific"
1651:pays a lot of attention to the caper, as do
498:, and portions of Western and Central Asia.
2318:Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel,
2991:
2740:United States Food and Drug Administration
2368:
2366:
2333:
1843:. They are carefully distinguished in the
1633:and rarely as flower buds and fruits from
954:. Examples of uses in Italian cuisine are
65:
38:
3047:Capers: From Wild Harvest to Gourmet Food
2917:
2878:
1599:evidence of capers has been found in the
1505:Canned, pickled capers are 84% water, 5%
908:The buds, when ready to pick, are a dark
467:The shrubby plant is many-branched, with
391:for their buds or fruits. Other parts of
2920:"Spice Pages: Capers (Capparis spinosa)"
2725:Mike, Tad, "Capers: The Flower Inside",
1698:
1588:Capers are sometimes used in cosmetics.
1525:. In a typical serving of 28 grams (one
852:
796:
755:
708:coast, in the rocky arid bottoms of the
540:
529:
455:
447:
409:to this region is uncertain. The family
335:
2363:
2162:United States Department of Agriculture
2153:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2112:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1711:, the caper berry was supposed to have
1521:due to the amount of salt added to the
685:, in dry calcareous escarpments of the
3554:
2238:
2236:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
1676:, "caper", in turn, borrowed from the
1022:in manufacturing high-quality cheese.
971:Capers are sometimes an ingredient in
375:), both of which are usually consumed
3074:
3073:
2935:
2933:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2573:European Food Research and Technology
2529:
2378:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.
1779:, render the word more concretely as
1739:...the grasshopper shall be a burden,
689:region, in dry coastal ecosystems of
2242:
1794:...the grasshopper loses its spring,
1576:(131 mg per 100 g), as well as
1484:Link to USDA Nutrient Database Entry
1034:Capers for sale in an Italian market
877:. Capers are a common ingredient in
712:, in calcareous sandstone cliffs at
3562:IUCN Red List least concern species
3050:. Ethelton, S. Aust.: Caperplants.
2312:Zohary, M. (1960). "The species of
2233:
2093:
2051:Inside of an unripe caper fruit in
16:Species of plant (Capparis spinosa)
13:
2930:
2754:from the original on 27 March 2024
2677:
2395:"The Families of Flowering Plants"
2393:Watson, L.; M.J. Dallwitz (1992).
2118:. Downloaded on 24 September 2021.
1796:and the caper berry has no effect
14:
3663:
3027:
2464:Desf.) to environmental stress".
1696:), where capers grow abundantly.
3480:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:146789-1
2699:Small, Ernest (23 August 2011).
2657:Barbera, B. (1991). Le câprier (
2208:Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 503. 1753.
2059:
2044:
2029:
2014:
1999:
1987:
1972:
1957:
1941:
1925:
1755:The medieval Jewish commentator
1703:A ripe caper fruit (caper berry)
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
848:
90:
3572:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
3005:
2974:
2961:
2911:
2895:
2846:
2814:
2802:from the original on 9 May 2024
2719:
2664:
2651:
2612:
2599:
2556:
2523:
2484:
2453:
2433:
2413:
2386:
2354:
2327:
2249:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1897:
1537:(DV) for sodium, with no other
814:operating 0.6 to 1 m, can
2924:gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
2306:
2283:
2212:
2191:
2175:
2136:
2121:
2114:2020: e.T137745831A139593491.
1812:Of other modern versions, the
1556:
751:
572:
403:circum-Mediterranean countries
1:
3002:Talmud Bavli, Brachot 36a-36b
2158:Agricultural Research Service
2086:
1688:to the name of the island of
1583:
975:. They are often served with
3612:Flora of the Hajar Mountains
2645:10.1016/0304-4238(95)00779-S
1759:also gives a similar gloss (
1715:properties; the Hebrew word
1572:(173 mg per 100 g) and
1491:Percentages estimated using
1075:
471:, thick and shiny, round to
401:is native to almost all the
7:
3642:Medicinal plants of Oceania
2425:Journal of Plant Physiology
2074:
1822:New American Standard Bible
387:are also picked along with
340:Capparis spinosa fruits in
10:
3668:
3632:Medicinal plants of Africa
2702:Top 100 Exotic Food Plants
2466:Journal of Plant Nutrition
1948:Caper bush growing on the
1918:
1824:(NASB) has "caper-berry" (
1781:
1591:
924:leads to the formation of
833:
526:Environmental requirements
18:
3082:
2903:Environmental Archaeology
2871:10.1007/s10616-014-9764-6
2585:10.1007/s00217-001-0465-y
2540:10.1002/9780470650813.ch4
2478:10.1080/01904169109364191
2227:Atlas of Living Australia
2200:
1814:New International Version
1490:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1355:
1342:
1329:
1312:
1296:
1279:
1262:
1245:
1228:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1096:96 kJ (23 kcal)
1090:
1085:
965:spaghetti alla puttanesca
420:are highly variable, and
239:
232:
214:
207:
87:Scientific classification
85:
63:
54:
46:
37:
30:
3637:Medicinal plants of Asia
1081:Capers, prepared, canned
482:
443:
3622:Garden plants of Europe
3607:Flora of temperate Asia
2971:, via Blue Letter Bible
2954:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2509:10.1023/A:1004211909641
1994:Capparis spinosa flower
1851:from the caper leaves,
1741:and desire shall fail.
1622:. It is represented in
1493:US recommendations
857:Pickled capers in a jar
681:, cracks, and dunes in
534:Thorny caper flower in
2625:Scientia Horticulturae
1877:, outside the land of
1859:, and the caper buds,
1810:
1753:
1704:
1626:levels in the form of
1614:The caper was used in
1561:Canned capers contain
1497:the National Academies
858:
818:some restrictions. In
761:
578:environments found in
546:
538:
464:
453:
452:Leaves and flower buds
344:
21:Caper (disambiguation)
3617:Garden plants of Asia
3597:Flora of North Africa
2532:Horticultural Reviews
2269:10.1007/s006060170024
1816:(NIV) uses "desire" (
1791:
1736:
1702:
1659:XIX, XLVIII.163) and
1194:Vitamins and minerals
879:Mediterranean cuisine
856:
797:Orchard establishment
759:
643:architecture and the
545:Open ripe caper fruit
544:
533:
459:
451:
422:interspecific hybrids
339:
312:Capparis peduncularis
3044:Brian Noone (2017).
2605:Sozzi, G.O. (2008).
1932:Caper bushes on the
1046:Pickled caperberries
740:and the bastions of
653:The caper bush is a
432:is a hybrid between
272:Capparis microphylla
19:For other uses, see
2637:1995ScHor..62..255S
2334:Jacobs, M. (1965).
2261:2001PSyEv.228..123F
2247:L. (Capparaceae)".
1789:translation (2004)
1639:classical antiquity
1529:), capers supply 6
1281:Pantothenic acid (B
1082:
986:dishes, especially
947:, meat dishes, and
897:food. The immature
586:, the southeastern
492:Mediterranean Basin
383:. Other species of
57:Conservation status
3587:Flora of Australia
2969:Gesenius's lexicon
2729:, Fall/Winter 2006
2727:Epikouria Magazine
2401:on 1 November 2006
2376:) (Capparaceae)."
2320:Section D, Botany
1732:King James Version
1705:
1450:Other constituents
1080:
922:enzymatic reaction
859:
762:
547:
539:
490:ranges around the
475:. The flowers are
465:
454:
345:
252:Blumea grandiflora
49:Otto Wilhelm Thomé
3549:
3548:
3416:Open Tree of Life
3076:Taxon identifiers
3020:Rashi Brachot 36a
2988:suggested "soul".
2787:978-0-309-48834-1
2036:A caper fruit in
2021:A caper fruit in
1609:upper Paleolithic
1503:
1502:
1440:
1439:
768:and require cold
588:Iberian Peninsula
496:Arabian Peninsula
334:
333:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
262:Capparis aculeata
257:
245:
80:
3659:
3602:Flora of Socotra
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3431:Capparis_spinosa
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3255:Capparis spinosa
3245:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3151:capparis-spinosa
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:Capparis spinosa
3103:
3102:
3101:
3084:Capparis spinosa
3071:
3070:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2941:Kohler, Kaufmann
2937:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2621:Capparis spinosa
2616:
2610:
2607:Capparis spinosa
2603:
2597:
2596:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2493:Capparis spinosa
2488:
2482:
2481:
2457:
2451:
2445:Photosynthetica.
2441:Capparis spinosa
2437:
2431:
2423:L. to drought."
2421:Capparis spinosa
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2397:. Archived from
2390:
2384:
2370:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2255:(3–4): 123–141.
2245:Capparis spinosa
2240:
2231:
2230:
2222:Capparis spinosa
2216:
2210:
2206:Capparis spinosa
2203:
2202:
2198:Flora of China,
2195:
2189:
2184:Capparis spinosa
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2146:Capparis spinosa
2140:
2134:
2130:Capparis spinosa
2128:The Plant List,
2125:
2119:
2108:Capparis spinosa
2104:
2066:Caper flower in
2063:
2048:
2033:
2018:
2003:
1991:
1979:Caper flower in
1976:
1965:Capparis spinosa
1961:
1945:
1929:
1820:NIV), while the
1808:
1784:
1783:
1751:
1607:as early as the
1597:Archaeobotanical
1565:, including the
1392:
1317:
1301:
1284:
1267:
1250:
1233:
1223:
1190:
1189:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
508:Hoggar Mountains
488:Capparis spinosa
469:alternate leaves
460:Caper flower in
399:Capparis spinosa
349:Capparis spinosa
325:
315:
305:
295:
286:Stewart ex Dalz.
285:
282:Capparis murrayi
275:
265:
255:
243:
220:
218:Capparis spinosa
95:
94:
74:
69:
68:
47:Illustration by
42:
32:Capparis spinosa
28:
27:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3592:Flora of Europe
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3078:
3034:Caper factsheet
3030:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:Kaf HaChaim 208
3010:
3006:
3001:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2945:Hyvernat, Henry
2938:
2931:
2918:Gernot Katzer.
2916:
2912:
2900:
2896:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2834:on 16 July 2012
2831:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2697:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2528:
2524:
2489:
2485:
2458:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2387:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2332:
2328:
2311:
2307:
2288:
2284:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2105:
2094:
2089:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1900:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1671:Classical Latin
1648:Deipnosophistae
1594:
1586:
1559:
1533:and 35% of the
1486:
1481:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1393:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1224:
1195:
1184:
1179:
1160:
1155:
1116:
1111:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1032:
960:vitello tonnato
851:
836:
799:
754:
734:Alicante, Spain
612:Aeolian Islands
575:
563:nitrogen-fixing
528:
485:
446:
362:perennial plant
330:
322:Capparis sativa
292:Capparis ovalis
247:
246:
228:
222:
216:
203:
200:C. spinosa
89:
81:
70:
66:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:wfo-0000029724
3530:
3520:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3272:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3155:
3142:
3129:
3119:
3104:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3028:External links
3026:
3023:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2990:
2973:
2960:
2929:
2910:
2894:
2859:Cytotechnology
2845:
2813:
2786:
2765:
2731:
2718:
2712:978-1439856888
2711:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2631:(4): 255–261.
2611:
2598:
2579:(4): 335–339.
2555:
2548:
2522:
2497:Plant and Soil
2483:
2472:(2): 151–161.
2462:Capparis ovata
2452:
2432:
2412:
2385:
2362:
2353:
2326:
2305:
2282:
2232:
2211:
2190:
2174:
2135:
2120:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2006:Caper bush in
2005:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1899:
1896:
1799:
1792:
1744:
1737:
1709:Biblical times
1667:Etymologically
1624:archaeological
1616:ancient Greece
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1558:
1555:
1549:(13% DV), and
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1026:
850:
847:
835:
832:
798:
795:
770:stratification
753:
750:
746:Majorca, Spain
574:
571:
527:
524:
484:
481:
445:
442:
356:, also called
332:
331:
329:
328:
318:
308:
302:Capparis ovata
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
256:Zipp. ex Span.
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
223:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
195:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
140:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
64:
61:
60:
55:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3664:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Indian spices
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Edible plants
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:9780995353008
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2949:"Caper-berry"
2946:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:(1): 135–42.
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2549:9780471387909
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:The berries (
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:Mediterranean
1598:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:carbohydrates
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1247:Riboflavin (B
1244:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:Dietary fiber
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:Carbohydrates
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1066:
1061:
1058:Salted capers
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
901:of the caper
900:
896:
892:
891:Aeolian Greek
888:
884:
881:, especially
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
855:
849:Culinary uses
846:
844:
839:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
794:
791:
787:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
758:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:Jordan valley
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
621:
617:
614:, especially
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
543:
537:
532:
523:
521:
515:
513:
509:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
480:
478:
474:
470:
463:
458:
450:
441:
439:
435:
434:C. orientalis
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:caper berries
370:
365:
363:
359:
358:Flinders rose
355:
351:
350:
343:
338:
324:
323:
319:
314:
313:
309:
304:
303:
299:
294:
293:
289:
284:
283:
279:
274:
273:
269:
264:
263:
259:
254:
253:
249:
248:
238:
235:
231:
226:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Tracheophytes
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
73:
72:Least Concern
62:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
3083:
3046:
3016:
3007:
2981:
2976:
2963:
2952:
2923:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2829:the original
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2776:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2747:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2701:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2531:
2525:
2503:(1): 19–23.
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2388:
2383:(4): 295–313
2380:
2377:
2373:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2151:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2107:
1964:
1950:Western Wall
1936:in Jerusalem
1934:Western Wall
1911:
1901:
1898:Alternatives
1889:
1887:
1871:Talmud Bavli
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1836:
1834:
1811:
1793:
1754:
1738:
1729:
1721:Ecclesiastes
1716:
1706:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1661:Theophrastus
1656:
1646:
1613:
1595:
1587:
1578:anthocyanins
1560:
1504:
1454:
1449:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1174:
1150:
1106:
1017:
1006:
999:
996:
984:cured salmon
973:tartar sauce
970:
963:
945:pasta salads
930:
907:
860:
842:
840:
837:
812:deep plowing
804:
802:ecosystems.
800:
779:Use of stem
778:
763:
730:Temple Mount
674:
652:
649:
625:
576:
556:
552:
548:
516:
504:
500:
487:
486:
466:
437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
415:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
372:
368:
366:
357:
353:
348:
347:
346:
320:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
260:
250:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
149:
136:
123:
110:
31:
25:
3312:iNaturalist
3108:Wikispecies
3040:Caperplants
2405:21 November
2336:"The genus
2294:ibéricas".
2292:Capparaceae
2167:11 December
1952:, Jerusalem
1723:, at verse
1713:aphrodisiac
1620:carminative
1605:Mesopotamia
1603:region and
1563:polyphenols
1557:Polyphenols
1535:Daily Value
1230:Thiamine (B
977:cold smoked
910:olive green
820:Pantelleria
752:Propagation
673:locations,
669:. In other
608:Pantelleria
606:islands of
573:Cultivation
567:rhizosphere
559:mycorrhizae
411:Capparaceae
176:Capparaceae
166:Brassicales
130:Angiosperms
3556:Categories
3454:gcc-128727
3449:Plant List
2967:See, e.g.
2908:(1): 73–82
2430:: 341–348.
2350:: 385–541.
2324:(2): 49-64
2302:: 121–122.
2204:shan gan,
2087:References
1903:Nasturtium
1861:capperisin
1855:, shoots,
1765:Septuagint
1680:κάππαρις,
1641:contexts.
1628:carbonised
1584:Other uses
1574:kaempferol
1567:flavonoids
1551:riboflavin
1545:(23% DV),
822:, digging
816:ameliorate
808:Mouldboard
714:Ramat Aviv
675:C. spinosa
655:rupicolous
645:coriaceous
620:PGI or PDO
602:, and the
598:island of
518:including
514:in Libya.
430:C. spinosa
426:C. spinosa
407:indigenous
389:C. spinosa
354:caper bush
3369:137745831
3268:200009171
3242:200009171
3224:FloraBase
3064:962480826
2982:aviyyonah
2450:: 229–235
2296:Blancoana
2053:Ab Pakhsh
2038:Ab Pakhsh
2023:Ab Pakhsh
2008:Ab Pakhsh
1981:Ab Pakhsh
1881:, and in
1837:abiyyonot
1787:idiomatic
1717:aviyyonah
1692:(Κύπρος,
1643:Athenaeus
1570:quercetin
1543:vitamin K
1539:nutrients
1513:, and 1%
1357:Vitamin K
1344:Vitamin E
1331:Vitamin C
1314:Folate (B
1298:Vitamin B
1264:Niacin (B
1076:Nutrition
918:glycoside
871:seasoning
774:lignified
726:Jerusalem
722:Australia
671:Himalayan
667:lithosols
641:decumbent
637:Argentine
600:Santorini
512:Cyrenaica
438:C. sicula
194:Species:
100:Kingdom:
3577:Bushfood
3567:Capparis
3501:Tropicos
3428:PalDat:
3343:10205939
3330:146789-1
3093:Wikidata
2947:(1906).
2889:25377263
2800:Archived
2796:30844154
2758:28 March
2752:Archived
2742:(2024).
2659:Capparis
2593:84708281
2569:Capparis
2565:Capparis
2517:40662617
2374:Capparis
2338:Capparis
2314:Capparis
2075:See also
2068:Behbahan
1907:marigold
1847:and the
1800:—
1782:κάππαρις
1773:Peshitta
1745:—
1686:kápparis
1682:kápparis
1674:capparis
1611:period.
1469:Selenium
1455:Quantity
1385:Quantity
1379:Minerals
1308:0.023 mg
1292:0.027 mg
1275:0.652 mg
1258:0.139 mg
1241:0.018 mg
1216:Quantity
1210:Vitamins
958:dishes,
933:Sicilian
843:Capparis
828:hedgerow
790:captafol
781:cuttings
766:dormancy
687:Adriatic
683:Pakistan
679:crevices
663:regosols
659:alfisols
610:and the
477:complete
462:Behbahan
418:Capparis
393:Capparis
385:Capparis
342:Behbahan
244:Synonymy
234:Synonyms
225:Linnaeus
187:Capparis
172:Family:
143:Eudicots
77:IUCN 3.1
3647:Pickles
3506:5900240
3403:NTFlora
3377:MoBotPF
3291:6370689
3172:Ecocrop
3099:Q156251
2880:4698273
2838:12 July
2806:21 June
2633:Bibcode
2495:(L.)".
2277:8713605
2257:Bibcode
1919:Gallery
1891:Apicius
1857:temarot
1845:Mishnah
1769:Vulgate
1635:archaic
1592:History
1511:protein
1432:2960 mg
1399:Calcium
1364:24.6 μg
1351:0.88 mg
1176:Protein
992:martini
956:piccata
937:Aeolian
895:Maltese
887:Italian
883:Cypriot
875:garnish
867:pickled
834:Harvest
824:backhoe
738:Alcudia
706:Red Sea
699:Tunisia
633:Italian
604:Italian
584:Morocco
520:Socotra
381:pickled
360:, is a
316:C.Presl
182:Genus:
162:Order:
104:Plantae
75: (
3652:Spices
3516:476661
3513:uBio:
3467:CASP28
3462:PLANTS
3382:278921
3356:505885
3278:CAPZOH
3275:FoIO:
3216:164704
3190:590839
3146:ARKive
3138:107795
3125:129554
3122:APDB:
3062:
3054:
2887:
2877:
2794:
2784:
2709:
2591:
2567:sect.
2546:
2515:
2344:Blumea
2275:
1912:Cassia
1909:, and
1879:Israel
1875:Israel
1849:Talmud
1841:'Orlah
1777:Aquila
1694:Kýpros
1690:Cyprus
1519:sodium
1472:1.2 μg
1464:83.8 g
1425:Sodium
1419:1.7 mg
1122:Sugars
1092:Energy
1020:rennet
1013:Cyprus
1009:Greece
980:salmon
952:sauces
941:salads
893:, and
863:salted
786:captan
718:Israel
697:, and
665:, and
629:Ladakh
616:Salina
594:, the
592:Turkey
536:Israel
377:salted
369:capers
352:, the
276:Ledeb.
266:Steud.
227:, 1753
156:Rosids
3523:WoI:
3493:92942
3438:PFI:
3421:97170
3395:65558
3338:IRMNG
3317:67715
3250:FoAO2
3211:EUNIS
3203:CPPSP
2986:Kimhi
2832:(PDF)
2825:(PDF)
2589:S2CID
2513:S2CID
2273:S2CID
1967:fruit
1883:Syria
1865:ẓelaf
1757:Rashi
1678:Greek
1653:Pliny
1631:seeds
1618:as a
1527:ounce
1523:brine
1509:, 2%
1461:Water
1406:40 mg
1325:23 μg
1159:0.9 g
1126:0.4 g
1001:mezze
949:pasta
926:rutin
903:shrub
899:fruit
873:, or
742:Palma
703:Asian
695:Libya
691:Egypt
596:Greek
483:Range
473:ovate
444:Plant
326:Pers.
306:Desf.
296:Risso
150:Clade
137:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
3475:POWO
3441:1312
3408:1029
3390:NCBI
3364:IUCN
3351:ITIS
3325:IPNI
3304:8897
3299:GRIN
3286:GBIF
3229:2981
3198:EPPO
3177:4159
3164:QS24
3133:APNI
3060:OCLC
3052:ISBN
2885:PMID
2840:2016
2808:2024
2792:PMID
2782:ISBN
2760:2024
2707:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2407:2006
2169:2017
1853:alin
1830:12:5
1826:12:5
1818:12:5
1806:HCSB
1803:12:5
1775:and
1761:12:5
1748:12:5
1730:The
1725:12:5
1637:and
1547:iron
1531:kcal
1430:129%
1412:Iron
1338:4 mg
962:and
914:salt
865:and
861:The
635:and
580:Iraq
436:and
3534:WFO
3488:RHS
3263:FoC
3237:FNA
3185:EoL
3159:CoL
2875:PMC
2867:doi
2748:FDA
2641:doi
2581:doi
2577:214
2536:doi
2505:doi
2501:197
2474:doi
2428:136
2265:doi
2253:228
2224:L."
1832:).
1750:KJV
1707:In
1645:in
1515:fat
1390:%DV
1362:21%
1256:11%
1221:%DV
1183:2 g
1152:Fat
1136:3 g
1115:5 g
1011:or
988:lox
982:or
788:or
728:'s
379:or
3558::
3536::
3503::
3490::
3477::
3464::
3451::
3418::
3405::
3392::
3379::
3366::
3353::
3340::
3327::
3314::
3301::
3288::
3265::
3252::
3239::
3226::
3213::
3200::
3187::
3174::
3161::
3148::
3135::
3110::
3095::
3058:.
2993:^
2951:.
2943:;
2932:^
2922:.
2906:10
2883:.
2873:.
2863:68
2861:.
2857:.
2798:.
2790:.
2750:.
2746:.
2679:^
2639:.
2629:62
2627:.
2587:.
2575:.
2542:.
2511:.
2499:.
2470:14
2468:.
2448:42
2381:11
2365:^
2348:12
2346:.
2342:.
2298:.
2271:.
2263:.
2251:.
2235:^
2201:山柑
2186:L.
2160:,
2156:.
2150:.
2110:.
2095:^
1905:,
1894:.
1885:.
1771:,
1767:,
1727:.
1663:.
1657:NH
1580:.
1417:9%
1404:3%
1349:6%
1336:4%
1323:6%
1306:1%
1290:1%
1273:4%
1239:2%
1004:.
994:.
968:.
943:,
935:,
889:,
885:,
716:,
693:,
661:,
590:,
582:,
494:,
440:.
152::
139::
126::
113::
3526:1
3066:.
2957:.
2926:.
2891:.
2869::
2842:.
2810:.
2762:.
2715:.
2647:.
2643::
2635::
2595:.
2583::
2552:.
2538::
2519:.
2507::
2480:.
2476::
2409:.
2322:8
2300:7
2279:.
2267::
2259::
2229:.
2220:"
2171:.
2148:"
2144:"
2132:L
1655:(
1499:.
1318:)
1316:9
1300:6
1285:)
1283:5
1268:)
1266:3
1251:)
1249:2
1234:)
1232:1
744:(
79:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
