2057:
2027:
2042:
348:
2012:
460:
1985:
1954:
1076:
1938:
468:
2072:
795:
seasonal and environmental parameters. Rootings up to 55% are possible when using one-year-old wood, depending on cutting harvest time and substrate used. Propagation from stem cuttings is the standard method for growing 'Mallorquina' and 'Italiana' in Spain and 'Nocella' in the
Aeolian Islands, esp. Salina. Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 15 to 50 cm, and the diameter of the cuttings may range from 1.0 to 2.5 cm. Another possibility is to collect stems during February through the beginning of March, treat them with
553:
51:
1040:
1970:
103:
542:
2000:
78:
1064:
768:
1711:
1052:
865:
804:
achieved. Softwood cuttings are prepared in April from 25- to 30-day shoots. Each cutting should contain at least two nodes and be six to 10 cm long. Basal or subterminal cuttings are more successful than terminal ones. Then, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse under a mist system with bottom heat; 150 to 200 cuttings/m may be planted.
2056:
512:
In southern Europe, it is found in southern
Portugal, southern and eastern Spain including the Balearic Islands, Mediterranean France including Corsica, Italy including Sicily and Sardinia, Croatia's Dalmatian islands, Albania, Greece and the Greek Islands, western and southern Turkey, on Cyprus, and
1008:
Capers are categorized and sold by their size, defined as follows, with the smallest sizes being the most desirable: non-pareil (up to 7 mm), surfines (7–8 mm), capucines (8–9 mm), capotes (9–11 mm), fines (11–13 mm), and grusas (14+ mm). If the caper bud is not picked,
803:
and stratify them outdoors or in a chamber at 3–4 °C, covered with sand or plastic. Moisture content and drainage should be carefully monitored and maintained until planting. Using semi-hardwood cuttings collected and planted during August and
September, low survival rates (under 30%) have been
637:
A harvest duration of at least three months is necessary for profitability. Intense daylight and a long growing period are necessary to secure high yields. The caper bush can withstand temperatures over 40 °C in summer, but it is sensitive to frost during its vegetative period. A caper bush can
528:
In western Asia, it is found along the eastern
Mediterranean in Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and western Jordan, and in the southern Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It is also found south of the Caucasus in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey. On the Arabian Peninsula it occurs in Oman, Yemen
588:
The caper bush has been introduced as a specialized culture in some
European countries in the last four decades. The economic importance of the caper plant led to a significant increase in the area under cultivation and production levels during the late 1980s. The main production areas are in harsh
794:
avoids high variability in terms of production and quality. Nevertheless, plants grown from cuttings are more susceptible to drought during the first years after planting. The caper bush is a difficult-to-root woody species, and successful propagation requires careful consideration of biotypes and
812:
Mean annual temperatures in areas under cultivation are over 14 °C (57 °F). A rainy spring and a hot, dry summer are considered advantageous. This drought-tolerant perennial plant is used for landscaping and reducing erosion along highways, steep rocky slopes, dunes or fragile semiarid
816:
Caper plantings over 25 to 30 years old are still productive. Thus, physical properties of the soil (texture and depth) are particularly important. Caper bushes can develop extensive root systems and grow best on deep, non-stratified, medium-textured, loamy soils.
2784:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
516:
In northern Africa, it is found throughout the north and the Atlas
Mountains of Morocco, where it occurs from sea level up to 2000 meters elevation. It is also found in northern Algeria (Kabylie, coastal Algeria, Bouzaréa, and Oran) and the
560:
The caper bush requires a semiarid or arid climate. The caper bush has developed a series of mechanisms that reduce the impact of high radiation levels, high daily temperature, and insufficient soil water during its growing period.
2026:
630:
564:
The caper bush has a curious reaction to sudden increases in humidity; it forms wart-like pockmarks across the leaf surface. This is harmless, as the plant quickly adjusts to the new conditions and produces unaffected leaves.
2041:
2783:
533:, and Asir province of Saudi Arabia. In central Asia, it inhabits the mountains of central Afghanistan, the lower Karakoram range in northern Pakistan and Ladakh, and Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and eastern Uzbekistan.
633:
products. This species has developed special mechanisms to survive in
Mediterranean conditions, and introduction in semiarid lands may help to prevent the disruption of the equilibrium of those fragile ecosystems.
775:
Capers can be grown easily from fresh seeds gathered from ripe fruit and planted into a well-drained seed-raising mix. Seedlings appear in two to four weeks. Old, stored seeds enter a state of
490:, sweetly fragrant, and showy, with four sepals and four white to pinkish-white petals, many long violet-coloured stamens, and a single stigma usually rising well above the stamens.
2762:
2011:
856:
species that look similar. The plant normally has curved thorns that may scratch the people who harvest the buds, although a few spineless varieties have been developed.
787:
seed coats. The seed coats and the mucilage surrounding the seeds may be ecological adaptations to avoid water loss and conserve seed viability during the dry season.
1507:
1953:
1984:
1075:
927:
or a salt and vinegar solution, and drained. Intense flavour, sometimes described as being similar to black pepper or mustard, is developed as glucocapparin, a
837:
pits for each shrub was found to be the most effective means of cultivating caper in rocky soils. Two planting designs are used, the square/rectangle and the
2502:
Andrade, G.; E. Esteban; L. Velasco; M.J. Lorite; E.J. Bedmar (1997). "Isolation and identification of N2-fixing microorganisms from the rhizosphere of
347:
2955:
1730:(אֲבִיּוֹנָה) for caperberry is closely linked to the Hebrew root אבה (avah), meaning "desire". The word occurs once in the Bible, in the book of
3348:
2620:, caper bush, pp. 227-232. In: J. Janick and R.E. Paull (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
1874:(note the similarity "caper"isin to "caper"); all of which were eaten as seen from the blessing requirement, and declared to be the fruit of the
638:
survive low temperatures in the form of a stump, as happens in the foothills of the Alps. Caper plants are found even 3,500 m above sea level in
439:
to be composed of multiple distinct species, others that the taxon is a single species with multiple varieties or subspecies, or that the taxon
3400:
2091:
3572:
1937:
459:
689:
3472:
2832:
1878:
or caper plant. The "capperisin" mentioned in the Talmud are actually referring to a shell that protected the "abiyyonot" as it grew.
849:
Caper buds are usually picked in the morning. Because the youngest, smallest buds fetch the highest prices, daily picking is typical.
3056:
2791:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3582:
3296:
2754:
3361:
3309:
2172:
2163:
2122:
1026:, are used particularly in salads and fish dishes. They are pickled or boiled and preserved in jars with brine—like caper buds.
2672:
spp.). EUR 13617, Série
Agriculture, Programme de recherche Agrimed. Commission des Communautés européennes, Luxembourg, 63 pp.
923:
and range in size from under 7 mm (0.28 in) to more than 14 mm (0.55 in). They are picked, then pickled in
916:
are prepared similarly and marketed as "caper berries". Fully mature fruit are not preferred, as they contain many hard seeds.
852:
Capers may be harvested from wild plants, in which case it is necessary to know that the plant is not one of the few poisonous
841:
system. Spacing is determined by the vigour of the biotype, soil fertility, equipment used and the irrigation method, if any.
3622:
3392:
2796:
3451:
3366:
2405:
1758:
688:
tolerates silty clay and sandy, rocky, or gravelly surface soils, with less than 1% organic matter. It grows on bare rocks,
3652:
2810:
568:
It also shows characteristics of a plant adapted to poor soils. This shrub has a high root/shoot ratio and the presence of
3642:
821:
plowing and harrowing are usual practices before caper plant establishment. Soil-profile modification practices, such as
3221:
2721:
2192:
1039:
3647:
3066:
2558:
2864:
Mansour, R. B.; Jilani, I. B.; Bouaziz, M; Gargouri, B; Elloumi, N; Attia, H; Ghrabi-Gammar, Z; Lassoued, S (2016).
3632:
3617:
17:
3405:
2230:
2071:
1836:
1813:
3335:
1816:
2979:
3627:
3607:
483:
3490:
2168:
435:
have been common throughout the evolutionary history of the genus. As a result, some authors have considered
1503:
661:
The known distributions of each species can be used to identify the origin of commercially prepared capers.
3278:
3252:
3161:
2750:
2208:
2574:
Inocencio, C.; F. Alcaraz; F. Calderón; C. Obón; D. Rivera (April 2002). "The use of floral characters in
3597:
3498:
3143:
2126:
1969:
1832:
720:
3485:
3124:
2383:
D. Rivera, C. Inocencio, C. Obón, E. Carreño, A. Reales, F. Alcaraz. (2002). "Archaeobotany of capers (
1494:
3314:
2154:
3612:
3387:
1824:
975:
513:
on the
Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine . In Spain it ranges from sea level up to 1300 meters elevation.
102:
1999:
3602:
3477:
3265:
1695:, whose origin (as with that of the plant) is unknown but is probably Asian. Another theory links
1552:
in significant content. In a 100-gram amount, the sodium content is 2960 mg or 197% DV, with
783:
to germinate. The viable embryos germinate within three to four days after partial removal of the
759:). This aggressive pioneering has brought about serious problems for the protection of monuments.
3273:
3187:
2964:
2681:
Luna Lorente, F.; M. Pérez Vicente (1985). "La Tapenera o Alcaparra: Cultivo y Aprovechamiento."
780:
668:
species. It is widespread in rocky areas and is grown on different soil associations, including
3637:
3592:
3379:
3353:
3247:
3086:
3044:
31:
2959:
2711:
1828:
1409:
1422:
1001:
and cream cheese. Capers and caper berries are sometimes substituted for olives to garnish a
889:
432:
427:
The taxonomic status of the species is controversial and unsettled. Species within the genus
322:
219:
3526:
2839:
735:. It grows spontaneously in wall joints of antique Roman fortresses, on the Western Wall of
59:
3431:
3195:
2930:
2643:
2267:
1009:
it flowers and produces a caper berry. The fruit can be pickled and then served as a Greek
417:
282:
2912:
Fragiska, M. (2005). Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity.
8:
2450:
Levizou, E; P. Drilias; A. Kyparissis (2004). "Exceptional photosynthetic performance of
1649:
1611:
1506:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1051:
502:
413:
67:
2647:
2271:
3544:
3536:
3464:
3260:
3239:
2890:
2865:
2599:
2523:
2371:
Heywood V.H. (1993). "Flowering plants of the world." Oxford University Press, New York
2283:
2138:
1917:
1742:
1521:
1389:
1186:
1002:
932:
712:, in transitional zones between the littoral salt marsh and the coastal deserts of the
262:
244:
97:
1063:
3587:
3577:
3426:
3169:
3070:
3062:
2895:
2866:"Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Capparis spinosa"
2802:
2792:
2717:
2655:
2554:
2346:
1619:
1435:
1274:
598:
506:
272:
2603:
2527:
1850:) were eaten, as appears from their liability to tithes and the restrictions of the
3657:
3549:
2885:
2877:
2651:
2591:
2546:
2515:
2484:
2287:
2275:
1884:
discusses the eating of caper sepals versus caper berries, both inside the land of
1787:
1607:
1291:
939:, often seen as crystallized white spots on the surfaces of individual caper buds.
826:
791:
552:
518:
292:
3174:
3148:
3135:
1680:, the caper and its relatives in several European languages can be traced back to
424:
could have originated in the tropics and later spread to the Mediterranean basin.
3662:
3503:
2951:
2409:
1681:
1663:
1658:
970:
947:
905:
897:
893:
747:). Clinging caper plants are dominant on the medieval limestone-made ramparts of
744:
622:
573:
487:
467:
372:
332:
302:
140:
50:
665:
3459:
2833:"USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3, page 16"
2786:
1921:
1719:
1688:
1677:
1645:
1634:
1626:
987:
885:
873:
756:
752:
626:
580:, playing a role in maintaining high reserves of that growth-limiting element.
387:
312:
127:
3441:
2881:
2595:
2550:
2519:
2488:
3566:
3374:
3226:
3109:
1840:
1771:
1735:
1638:
1517:
1142:
920:
901:
629:. Capers from Pantelleria and the Aeolian islands are recognized as European
235:
87:
82:
3418:
2685:
37. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, España, 125 pp.
2471:
Pugnaire, F.I.; E. Esteban (1990). "Nutritional adaptations of caper shrub (
1745:
translates based on the Hebrew root (and perhaps the metaphorical meaning):
375:
that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers.
2899:
2806:
1960:
1944:
1881:
1731:
1671:
1118:
994:
983:
822:
740:
3516:
3074:
2749:
2279:
3322:
3118:
2996:
1723:
1630:
1615:
1588:
1545:
1541:
1102:
955:
830:
650:
plantings can withstand strong winds without problems due to the plant's
618:
577:
569:
541:
479:
421:
186:
176:
3288:
2995:
should strictly mean "the desiring thing", rather than "desire" itself.
767:
3301:
1913:
1775:
1584:
1573:
1561:
1308:
1257:
818:
724:
655:
2501:
2127:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T137745831A139593491.en
1081:
Caper leaves, pickled or boiled, can be used as an addition to salads.
942:
Capers are a distinctive ingredient in Italian cuisine, especially in
3327:
3234:
3208:
2573:
2254:
Fici, S. (2001). "Intraspecific variation and evolutionary trends in
2063:
2048:
2033:
2018:
1991:
1851:
1797:
1653:
1580:
1577:
1553:
1549:
1367:
1354:
1341:
928:
881:
784:
736:
732:
677:
651:
647:
610:
522:
3080:
3511:
3103:
2683:
Publicaciones de Extensión Agraria, Colección Agricultura Práctica.
2078:
1783:
1240:
877:
838:
800:
776:
697:
693:
681:
673:
669:
572:
serves to maximize the uptake of minerals in poor soils. Different
472:
391:
352:
196:
153:
3340:
3213:
416:, and is included in the flora of most of them, but whether it is
3413:
3182:
2117:
Rankou, H., M'Sou, S., Diarra, A. & Ait Babahmad, R.A. 2020.
1901:
1855:
1779:
1710:
1220:
966:
834:
748:
716:
709:
594:
530:
3200:
3156:
2991:
Though, as the Jewish Encyclopedia points out, the female form
2582:
to determine the botanical and geographical origin of capers".
1889:
1885:
1859:
1700:
1529:
1324:
1030:
1023:
1019:
990:
962:
943:
796:
728:
639:
606:
602:
546:
406:
plants are used in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics.
166:
2634:
L.) seed germination by breaking seed coat-induced dormancy".
880:
caper bud (simply called a "caper") is used as an ingredient,
3050:
1893:
1791:
1767:
1537:
1533:
1132:
1011:
959:
951:
936:
931:
organosulfur molecule, is released from each caper bud. This
913:
909:
864:
705:
701:
643:
614:
114:
2863:
521:
of the Algerian Sahara, in Tunisia north of the Sahara, and
2541:
Sozzi, G.O. (2001). "Caper bush: botany and horticulture".
1839:
NASB), as did the 1917 Jewish Publication Society version (
1641:
1557:
924:
713:
590:
2777:
2755:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2545:. Vol. 27. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 125–188.
1525:
1162:
998:
731:, and in the central west and northwest coastal dunes of
642:, though they are usually grown at lower altitudes. Some
576:
bacterial strains have been isolated from the caper bush
950:
and southern Italian cooking. They are commonly used in
2630:
Sozzi, G.O.; A. Chiesa (1995). "Improvement of caper (
2454:
L. under adverse conditions of Mediterranean summer."
2327:
in the Mediterranean and the Near Eastern Countries."
1899:
Capers are mentioned as a spice in the Roman cookbook
743:, and on the ramparts of the castle of Santa Bárbara (
1029:
Dried caper leaves are also used as a substitute for
2838:. US Department of Agriculture. 2011. Archived from
2716:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 121–123.
2430:
Rhizopoulou, S. (1990). "Physiological responses of
378:
The plant is best known for the edible flower buds (
2403:
2193:Altervista Flora Italiana, Cappero, Kapernstrauch,
1528:(table). Preserved capers are particularly high in
2788:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2470:
2300:
1774:ME). However, ancient translations, including the
771:Flowering caper plant, soon to yield caper berries
382:), used as a seasoning or garnish, and the fruit (
3025:
2301:Pugnaire de Iraola, F.I. (1989). "Nota sobre las
1796:, "caper berry". Thus in the words of one modern
1564:(12% DV) also having appreciable levels (table).
1399:
1230:
3564:
1018:Caper leaves, which are hard to find outside of
1926:buds have sometimes been used as a substitute.
658:consistency of the leaves in some populations.
2950:
2743:
2629:
1097:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3009:
3007:
3005:
2210:
2199:includes photos and European distribution map
2092:List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands
536:
3047: – NewCROP, Purdue University
2351:(Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific"
1662:pays a lot of attention to the caper, as do
509:, and portions of Western and Central Asia.
2329:Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel,
3002:
2751:United States Food and Drug Administration
2379:
2377:
2344:
1854:. They are carefully distinguished in the
1644:and rarely as flower buds and fruits from
965:. Examples of uses in Italian cuisine are
76:
49:
3058:Capers: From Wild Harvest to Gourmet Food
2928:
2889:
1610:evidence of capers has been found in the
1516:Canned, pickled capers are 84% water, 5%
919:The buds, when ready to pick, are a dark
478:The shrubby plant is many-branched, with
402:for their buds or fruits. Other parts of
2931:"Spice Pages: Capers (Capparis spinosa)"
2736:Mike, Tad, "Capers: The Flower Inside",
1709:
1599:Capers are sometimes used in cosmetics.
1536:. In a typical serving of 28 grams (one
863:
807:
766:
719:coast, in the rocky arid bottoms of the
551:
540:
466:
458:
420:to this region is uncertain. The family
346:
2374:
2173:United States Department of Agriculture
2164:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2123:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1722:, the caper berry was supposed to have
1532:due to the amount of salt added to the
696:, in dry calcareous escarpments of the
14:
3565:
2249:
2247:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
1687:, "caper", in turn, borrowed from the
1033:in manufacturing high-quality cheese.
982:Capers are sometimes an ingredient in
386:), both of which are usually consumed
3085:
3084:
2946:
2944:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2584:European Food Research and Technology
2540:
2389:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.
1790:, render the word more concretely as
1750:...the grasshopper shall be a burden,
700:region, in dry coastal ecosystems of
2253:
1805:...the grasshopper loses its spring,
1587:(131 mg per 100 g), as well as
1495:Link to USDA Nutrient Database Entry
1045:Capers for sale in an Italian market
888:. Capers are a common ingredient in
723:, in calcareous sandstone cliffs at
3573:IUCN Red List least concern species
3061:. Ethelton, S. Aust.: Caperplants.
2323:Zohary, M. (1960). "The species of
2244:
2104:
2062:Inside of an unripe caper fruit in
27:Species of plant (Capparis spinosa)
24:
2941:
2765:from the original on 27 March 2024
2688:
2406:"The Families of Flowering Plants"
2404:Watson, L.; M.J. Dallwitz (1992).
2129:. Downloaded on 24 September 2021.
1807:and the caper berry has no effect
25:
3674:
3038:
2475:Desf.) to environmental stress".
1707:), where capers grow abundantly.
3491:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:146789-1
2710:Small, Ernest (23 August 2011).
2668:Barbera, B. (1991). Le câprier (
2219:Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 503. 1753.
2070:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2010:
1998:
1983:
1968:
1952:
1936:
1766:The medieval Jewish commentator
1714:A ripe caper fruit (caper berry)
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
859:
101:
3583:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
3016:
2985:
2972:
2922:
2906:
2857:
2825:
2813:from the original on 9 May 2024
2730:
2675:
2662:
2623:
2610:
2567:
2534:
2495:
2464:
2444:
2424:
2397:
2365:
2338:
2260:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1908:
1548:(DV) for sodium, with no other
825:operating 0.6 to 1 m, can
2935:gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
2317:
2294:
2223:
2202:
2186:
2147:
2132:
2125:2020: e.T137745831A139593491.
1823:Of other modern versions, the
1567:
762:
583:
414:circum-Mediterranean countries
13:
1:
3013:Talmud Bavli, Brachot 36a-36b
2169:Agricultural Research Service
2097:
1699:to the name of the island of
1594:
986:. They are often served with
3623:Flora of the Hajar Mountains
2656:10.1016/0304-4238(95)00779-S
1770:also gives a similar gloss (
1726:properties; the Hebrew word
1583:(173 mg per 100 g) and
1502:Percentages estimated using
1086:
482:, thick and shiny, round to
412:is native to almost all the
7:
3653:Medicinal plants of Oceania
2436:Journal of Plant Physiology
2085:
1833:New American Standard Bible
398:are also picked along with
351:Capparis spinosa fruits in
10:
3679:
3643:Medicinal plants of Africa
2713:Top 100 Exotic Food Plants
2477:Journal of Plant Nutrition
1959:Caper bush growing on the
1929:
1835:(NASB) has "caper-berry" (
1792:
1602:
935:leads to the formation of
844:
537:Environmental requirements
29:
3093:
2914:Environmental Archaeology
2882:10.1007/s10616-014-9764-6
2596:10.1007/s00217-001-0465-y
2551:10.1002/9780470650813.ch4
2489:10.1080/01904169109364191
2238:Atlas of Living Australia
2211:
1825:New International Version
1501:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1323:
1307:
1290:
1273:
1256:
1239:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1107:96 kJ (23 kcal)
1101:
1096:
976:spaghetti alla puttanesca
431:are highly variable, and
250:
243:
225:
218:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
57:
48:
41:
3648:Medicinal plants of Asia
1092:Capers, prepared, canned
493:
454:
3633:Garden plants of Europe
3618:Flora of temperate Asia
2982:, via Blue Letter Bible
2965:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2520:10.1023/A:1004211909641
2005:Capparis spinosa flower
1862:from the caper leaves,
1752:and desire shall fail.
1633:. It is represented in
1504:US recommendations
868:Pickled capers in a jar
692:, cracks, and dunes in
545:Thorny caper flower in
2636:Scientia Horticulturae
1888:, outside the land of
1870:, and the caper buds,
1821:
1764:
1715:
1637:levels in the form of
1625:The caper was used in
1572:Canned capers contain
1508:the National Academies
869:
829:some restrictions. In
772:
589:environments found in
557:
549:
475:
464:
463:Leaves and flower buds
355:
32:Caper (disambiguation)
3628:Garden plants of Asia
3608:Flora of North Africa
2543:Horticultural Reviews
2280:10.1007/s006060170024
1827:(NIV) uses "desire" (
1802:
1747:
1713:
1670:XIX, XLVIII.163) and
1205:Vitamins and minerals
890:Mediterranean cuisine
867:
808:Orchard establishment
770:
654:architecture and the
556:Open ripe caper fruit
555:
544:
470:
462:
433:interspecific hybrids
350:
323:Capparis peduncularis
3055:Brian Noone (2017).
2616:Sozzi, G.O. (2008).
1943:Caper bushes on the
1057:Pickled caperberries
751:and the bastions of
664:The caper bush is a
443:is a hybrid between
283:Capparis microphylla
30:For other uses, see
2648:1995ScHor..62..255S
2345:Jacobs, M. (1965).
2272:2001PSyEv.228..123F
2258:L. (Capparaceae)".
1800:translation (2004)
1650:classical antiquity
1540:), capers supply 6
1292:Pantothenic acid (B
1093:
997:dishes, especially
958:, meat dishes, and
908:food. The immature
597:, the southeastern
503:Mediterranean Basin
394:. Other species of
68:Conservation status
3598:Flora of Australia
2980:Gesenius's lexicon
2740:, Fall/Winter 2006
2738:Epikouria Magazine
2412:on 1 November 2006
2387:) (Capparaceae)."
2331:Section D, Botany
1743:King James Version
1716:
1461:Other constituents
1091:
933:enzymatic reaction
870:
773:
558:
550:
501:ranges around the
486:. The flowers are
476:
465:
356:
263:Blumea grandiflora
60:Otto Wilhelm Thomé
3560:
3559:
3427:Open Tree of Life
3087:Taxon identifiers
3031:Rashi Brachot 36a
2999:suggested "soul".
2798:978-0-309-48834-1
2047:A caper fruit in
2032:A caper fruit in
1620:upper Paleolithic
1514:
1513:
1451:
1450:
779:and require cold
599:Iberian Peninsula
507:Arabian Peninsula
345:
344:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
288:
278:
273:Capparis aculeata
268:
256:
91:
16:(Redirected from
3670:
3613:Flora of Socotra
3553:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3442:Capparis_spinosa
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3266:Capparis spinosa
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3162:capparis-spinosa
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:Capparis spinosa
3114:
3113:
3112:
3095:Capparis spinosa
3082:
3081:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3000:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2952:Kohler, Kaufmann
2948:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2707:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2632:Capparis spinosa
2627:
2621:
2618:Capparis spinosa
2614:
2608:
2607:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2504:Capparis spinosa
2499:
2493:
2492:
2468:
2462:
2456:Photosynthetica.
2452:Capparis spinosa
2448:
2442:
2434:L. to drought."
2432:Capparis spinosa
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:. Archived from
2401:
2395:
2381:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2266:(3–4): 123–141.
2256:Capparis spinosa
2251:
2242:
2241:
2233:Capparis spinosa
2227:
2221:
2217:Capparis spinosa
2214:
2213:
2209:Flora of China,
2206:
2200:
2195:Capparis spinosa
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2157:Capparis spinosa
2151:
2145:
2141:Capparis spinosa
2139:The Plant List,
2136:
2130:
2119:Capparis spinosa
2115:
2077:Caper flower in
2074:
2059:
2044:
2029:
2014:
2002:
1990:Caper flower in
1987:
1976:Capparis spinosa
1972:
1956:
1940:
1831:NIV), while the
1819:
1795:
1794:
1762:
1618:as early as the
1608:Archaeobotanical
1576:, including the
1403:
1328:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1261:
1244:
1234:
1201:
1200:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
519:Hoggar Mountains
499:Capparis spinosa
480:alternate leaves
471:Caper flower in
410:Capparis spinosa
360:Capparis spinosa
336:
326:
316:
306:
297:Stewart ex Dalz.
296:
293:Capparis murrayi
286:
276:
266:
254:
231:
229:Capparis spinosa
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
58:Illustration by
53:
43:Capparis spinosa
39:
38:
21:
18:Capparis murrayi
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3603:Flora of Europe
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3089:
3045:Caper factsheet
3041:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:Kaf HaChaim 208
3021:
3017:
3012:
3003:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2956:Hyvernat, Henry
2949:
2942:
2929:Gernot Katzer.
2927:
2923:
2911:
2907:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2845:on 16 July 2012
2842:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2708:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2539:
2535:
2500:
2496:
2469:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2299:
2295:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2133:
2116:
2105:
2100:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1911:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1682:Classical Latin
1659:Deipnosophistae
1605:
1597:
1570:
1544:and 35% of the
1497:
1492:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1404:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1206:
1195:
1190:
1171:
1166:
1127:
1122:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
971:vitello tonnato
862:
847:
810:
765:
745:Alicante, Spain
623:Aeolian Islands
586:
574:nitrogen-fixing
539:
496:
457:
373:perennial plant
341:
333:Capparis sativa
303:Capparis ovalis
258:
257:
239:
233:
227:
214:
211:C. spinosa
100:
92:
81:
77:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:wfo-0000029724
3541:
3531:
3521:
3508:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3293:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3130:
3115:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3039:External links
3037:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3001:
2984:
2971:
2940:
2921:
2905:
2870:Cytotechnology
2856:
2824:
2797:
2776:
2742:
2729:
2723:978-1439856888
2722:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2642:(4): 255–261.
2622:
2609:
2590:(4): 335–339.
2566:
2559:
2533:
2508:Plant and Soil
2494:
2483:(2): 151–161.
2473:Capparis ovata
2463:
2443:
2423:
2396:
2373:
2364:
2337:
2316:
2293:
2243:
2222:
2201:
2185:
2146:
2131:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2017:Caper bush in
2016:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1910:
1907:
1810:
1803:
1755:
1748:
1720:Biblical times
1678:Etymologically
1635:archaeological
1627:ancient Greece
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1569:
1566:
1560:(13% DV), and
1512:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1037:
861:
858:
846:
843:
809:
806:
781:stratification
764:
761:
757:Majorca, Spain
585:
582:
538:
535:
495:
492:
456:
453:
367:, also called
343:
342:
340:
339:
329:
319:
313:Capparis ovata
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
267:Zipp. ex Span.
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
208:
206:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
157:
156:
151:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3675:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Indian spices
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Edible plants
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:9780995353008
3064:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2960:"Caper-berry"
2957:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:(1): 135–42.
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2560:9780471387909
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:The berries (
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Mediterranean
1609:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:carbohydrates
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1258:Riboflavin (B
1255:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:Dietary fiber
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:Carbohydrates
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1077:
1072:
1069:Salted capers
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
980:
978:
977:
972:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
912:of the caper
911:
907:
903:
902:Aeolian Greek
899:
895:
892:, especially
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
866:
860:Culinary uses
857:
855:
850:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:
805:
802:
798:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
769:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Jordan valley
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
632:
628:
625:, especially
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
554:
548:
543:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
491:
489:
485:
481:
474:
469:
461:
452:
450:
446:
445:C. orientalis
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:caper berries
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:Flinders rose
366:
362:
361:
354:
349:
335:
334:
330:
325:
324:
320:
315:
314:
310:
305:
304:
300:
295:
294:
290:
285:
284:
280:
275:
274:
270:
265:
264:
260:
259:
249:
246:
242:
237:
232:
230:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Tracheophytes
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
84:
83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3094:
3057:
3027:
3018:
2992:
2987:
2974:
2963:
2934:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2787:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2758:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2712:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2542:
2536:
2514:(1): 19–23.
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2399:
2394:(4): 295–313
2391:
2388:
2384:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2162:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2118:
1975:
1961:Western Wall
1947:in Jerusalem
1945:Western Wall
1922:
1912:
1909:Alternatives
1900:
1898:
1882:Talmud Bavli
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1847:
1845:
1822:
1804:
1765:
1749:
1740:
1732:Ecclesiastes
1727:
1717:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1672:Theophrastus
1667:
1657:
1624:
1606:
1598:
1589:anthocyanins
1571:
1515:
1465:
1460:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1185:
1161:
1117:
1028:
1017:
1010:
1007:
995:cured salmon
984:tartar sauce
981:
974:
956:pasta salads
941:
918:
871:
853:
851:
848:
823:deep plowing
815:
813:ecosystems.
811:
790:Use of stem
789:
774:
741:Temple Mount
685:
663:
660:
636:
587:
567:
563:
559:
527:
515:
511:
498:
497:
477:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
383:
379:
377:
368:
364:
359:
358:
357:
331:
321:
311:
301:
291:
281:
271:
261:
228:
226:
210:
209:
197:
160:
147:
134:
121:
42:
36:
3323:iNaturalist
3119:Wikispecies
3051:Caperplants
2416:21 November
2347:"The genus
2305:ibéricas".
2303:Capparaceae
2178:11 December
1963:, Jerusalem
1734:, at verse
1724:aphrodisiac
1631:carminative
1616:Mesopotamia
1614:region and
1574:polyphenols
1568:Polyphenols
1546:Daily Value
1241:Thiamine (B
988:cold smoked
921:olive green
831:Pantelleria
763:Propagation
684:locations,
680:. In other
619:Pantelleria
617:islands of
584:Cultivation
578:rhizosphere
570:mycorrhizae
422:Capparaceae
187:Capparaceae
177:Brassicales
141:Angiosperms
3567:Categories
3465:gcc-128727
3460:Plant List
2978:See, e.g.
2919:(1): 73–82
2441:: 341–348.
2361:: 385–541.
2335:(2): 49-64
2313:: 121–122.
2215:shan gan,
2098:References
1914:Nasturtium
1872:capperisin
1866:, shoots,
1776:Septuagint
1691:κάππαρις,
1652:contexts.
1639:carbonised
1595:Other uses
1585:kaempferol
1578:flavonoids
1562:riboflavin
1556:(23% DV),
833:, digging
827:ameliorate
819:Mouldboard
725:Ramat Aviv
686:C. spinosa
666:rupicolous
656:coriaceous
631:PGI or PDO
613:, and the
609:island of
529:including
525:in Libya.
441:C. spinosa
437:C. spinosa
418:indigenous
400:C. spinosa
365:caper bush
3380:137745831
3279:200009171
3253:200009171
3235:FloraBase
3075:962480826
2993:aviyyonah
2461:: 229–235
2307:Blancoana
2064:Ab Pakhsh
2049:Ab Pakhsh
2034:Ab Pakhsh
2019:Ab Pakhsh
1992:Ab Pakhsh
1892:, and in
1848:abiyyonot
1798:idiomatic
1728:aviyyonah
1703:(Κύπρος,
1654:Athenaeus
1581:quercetin
1554:vitamin K
1550:nutrients
1524:, and 1%
1368:Vitamin K
1355:Vitamin E
1342:Vitamin C
1325:Folate (B
1309:Vitamin B
1275:Niacin (B
1087:Nutrition
929:glycoside
882:seasoning
785:lignified
737:Jerusalem
733:Australia
682:Himalayan
678:lithosols
652:decumbent
648:Argentine
611:Santorini
523:Cyrenaica
449:C. sicula
205:Species:
111:Kingdom:
3588:Bushfood
3578:Capparis
3512:Tropicos
3439:PalDat:
3354:10205939
3341:146789-1
3104:Wikidata
2958:(1906).
2900:25377263
2811:Archived
2807:30844154
2769:28 March
2763:Archived
2753:(2024).
2670:Capparis
2604:84708281
2580:Capparis
2576:Capparis
2528:40662617
2385:Capparis
2349:Capparis
2325:Capparis
2086:See also
2079:Behbahan
1918:marigold
1858:and the
1811:—
1793:κάππαρις
1784:Peshitta
1756:—
1697:kápparis
1693:kápparis
1685:capparis
1622:period.
1480:Selenium
1466:Quantity
1396:Quantity
1390:Minerals
1319:0.023 mg
1303:0.027 mg
1286:0.652 mg
1269:0.139 mg
1252:0.018 mg
1227:Quantity
1221:Vitamins
969:dishes,
944:Sicilian
854:Capparis
839:hedgerow
801:captafol
792:cuttings
777:dormancy
698:Adriatic
694:Pakistan
690:crevices
674:regosols
670:alfisols
621:and the
488:complete
473:Behbahan
429:Capparis
404:Capparis
396:Capparis
353:Behbahan
255:Synonymy
245:Synonyms
236:Linnaeus
198:Capparis
183:Family:
154:Eudicots
88:IUCN 3.1
3658:Pickles
3517:5900240
3414:NTFlora
3388:MoBotPF
3302:6370689
3183:Ecocrop
3110:Q156251
2891:4698273
2849:12 July
2817:21 June
2644:Bibcode
2506:(L.)".
2288:8713605
2268:Bibcode
1930:Gallery
1902:Apicius
1868:temarot
1856:Mishnah
1780:Vulgate
1646:archaic
1603:History
1522:protein
1443:2960 mg
1410:Calcium
1375:24.6 μg
1362:0.88 mg
1187:Protein
1003:martini
967:piccata
948:Aeolian
906:Maltese
898:Italian
894:Cypriot
886:garnish
878:pickled
845:Harvest
835:backhoe
749:Alcudia
717:Red Sea
710:Tunisia
644:Italian
615:Italian
595:Morocco
531:Socotra
392:pickled
371:, is a
327:C.Presl
193:Genus:
173:Order:
115:Plantae
86: (
3663:Spices
3527:476661
3524:uBio:
3478:CASP28
3473:PLANTS
3393:278921
3367:505885
3289:CAPZOH
3286:FoIO:
3227:164704
3201:590839
3157:ARKive
3149:107795
3136:129554
3133:APDB:
3073:
3065:
2898:
2888:
2805:
2795:
2720:
2602:
2578:sect.
2557:
2526:
2355:Blumea
2286:
1923:Cassia
1920:, and
1890:Israel
1886:Israel
1860:Talmud
1852:'Orlah
1788:Aquila
1705:Kýpros
1701:Cyprus
1530:sodium
1483:1.2 μg
1475:83.8 g
1436:Sodium
1430:1.7 mg
1133:Sugars
1103:Energy
1031:rennet
1024:Cyprus
1020:Greece
991:salmon
963:sauces
952:salads
904:, and
874:salted
797:captan
729:Israel
708:, and
676:, and
640:Ladakh
627:Salina
605:, the
603:Turkey
547:Israel
388:salted
380:capers
363:, the
287:Ledeb.
277:Steud.
238:, 1753
167:Rosids
3534:WoI:
3504:92942
3449:PFI:
3432:97170
3406:65558
3349:IRMNG
3328:67715
3261:FoAO2
3222:EUNIS
3214:CPPSP
2997:Kimhi
2843:(PDF)
2836:(PDF)
2600:S2CID
2524:S2CID
2284:S2CID
1978:fruit
1894:Syria
1876:ẓelaf
1768:Rashi
1689:Greek
1664:Pliny
1642:seeds
1629:as a
1538:ounce
1534:brine
1520:, 2%
1472:Water
1417:40 mg
1336:23 μg
1170:0.9 g
1137:0.4 g
1012:mezze
960:pasta
937:rutin
914:shrub
910:fruit
884:, or
753:Palma
714:Asian
706:Libya
702:Egypt
607:Greek
494:Range
484:ovate
455:Plant
337:Pers.
317:Desf.
307:Risso
161:Clade
148:Clade
135:Clade
122:Clade
3486:POWO
3452:1312
3419:1029
3401:NCBI
3375:IUCN
3362:ITIS
3336:IPNI
3315:8897
3310:GRIN
3297:GBIF
3240:2981
3209:EPPO
3188:4159
3175:QS24
3144:APNI
3071:OCLC
3063:ISBN
2896:PMID
2851:2016
2819:2024
2803:PMID
2793:ISBN
2771:2024
2718:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2418:2006
2180:2017
1864:alin
1841:12:5
1837:12:5
1829:12:5
1817:HCSB
1814:12:5
1786:and
1772:12:5
1759:12:5
1741:The
1736:12:5
1648:and
1558:iron
1542:kcal
1441:129%
1423:Iron
1349:4 mg
973:and
925:salt
876:and
872:The
646:and
591:Iraq
447:and
3545:WFO
3499:RHS
3274:FoC
3248:FNA
3196:EoL
3170:CoL
2886:PMC
2878:doi
2759:FDA
2652:doi
2592:doi
2588:214
2547:doi
2516:doi
2512:197
2485:doi
2439:136
2276:doi
2264:228
2235:L."
1843:).
1761:KJV
1718:In
1656:in
1526:fat
1401:%DV
1373:21%
1267:11%
1232:%DV
1194:2 g
1163:Fat
1147:3 g
1126:5 g
1022:or
999:lox
993:or
799:or
739:'s
390:or
3569::
3547::
3514::
3501::
3488::
3475::
3462::
3429::
3416::
3403::
3390::
3377::
3364::
3351::
3338::
3325::
3312::
3299::
3276::
3263::
3250::
3237::
3224::
3211::
3198::
3185::
3172::
3159::
3146::
3121::
3106::
3069:.
3004:^
2962:.
2954:;
2943:^
2933:.
2917:10
2894:.
2884:.
2874:68
2872:.
2868:.
2809:.
2801:.
2761:.
2757:.
2690:^
2650:.
2640:62
2638:.
2598:.
2586:.
2553:.
2522:.
2510:.
2481:14
2479:.
2459:42
2392:11
2376:^
2359:12
2357:.
2353:.
2309:.
2282:.
2274:.
2262:.
2246:^
2212:山柑
2197:L.
2171:,
2167:.
2161:.
2121:.
2106:^
1916:,
1905:.
1896:.
1782:,
1778:,
1738:.
1674:.
1668:NH
1591:.
1428:9%
1415:3%
1360:6%
1347:4%
1334:6%
1317:1%
1301:1%
1284:4%
1250:2%
1015:.
1005:.
979:.
954:,
946:,
900:,
896:,
727:,
704:,
672:,
601:,
593:,
505:,
451:.
163::
150::
137::
124::
3537:1
3077:.
2968:.
2937:.
2902:.
2880::
2853:.
2821:.
2773:.
2726:.
2658:.
2654::
2646::
2606:.
2594::
2563:.
2549::
2530:.
2518::
2491:.
2487::
2420:.
2333:8
2311:7
2290:.
2278::
2270::
2240:.
2231:"
2182:.
2159:"
2155:"
2143:L
1666:(
1510:.
1329:)
1327:9
1311:6
1296:)
1294:5
1279:)
1277:3
1262:)
1260:2
1245:)
1243:1
755:(
90:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
