551:
559:
413:
29:
3457:
504:, rather than lateral skin margins. If the ratio is greater than 50%, pathology is suspected. The measurement was first proposed in 1919 to screen military recruits. A newer approach to using these x-rays for evaluating heart health takes the ratio of heart area to chest area and has been called the two-dimensional cardiothoracic ratio.
394:
of the muscle fibers, they will not be able to effectively pull on one another. If the heart tissue gets too big and stretches too far, then those filaments cannot effectively pull on one another to shorten the muscle fibers, impacting the heart's sliding filament mechanism. If fibers cannot shorten
767:
Valve surgery: If an enlarged heart is caused by a problem with a heart valve, surgery can remove the valve and replace it with either an artificial valve or a tissue valve from a pig, cow or deceased human donor. If blood leaks backward through a valve (valve regurgitation), the leaky valve may be
353:
In recent years, a consistent theme has occurred in rock and metal drummers dying of drug overdoses and later revealed via autopsy that they were suffering from
Cardiomegaly, which may have been worsened by a mix of drug use and the toll such physical exercise takes on the heart, examples of such
2004:
Mechanisms of Action:ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting one of several proteases responsible for cleaving the decapeptide Ang I to form the octapeptide Ang II. Because ACE is also the enzyme that degrades bradykinin, ACE inhibitors increase circulating and tissue levels of bradykinin (Fig.
512:: This test records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes attached to the skin. Impulses are recorded as waves and displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. This test helps diagnose heart rhythm problems and assess the damage to a person's heart from a heart attack.
406:
Many techniques and tests are used to diagnose an enlarged heart. These tests can be used to see how efficiently the heart is pumping, determine which chambers of the heart are enlarged, look for evidence of prior heart attacks and determine if a person has congenital heart disease.
800:
Heart failure: One of the most serious types of enlarged heart, an enlarged left ventricle, increases the risk of heart failure. In heart failure, the heart muscle weakens, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't pump blood efficiently throughout the
281:
causing the heart muscle to weaken over time), and coronary artery disease. In the latter case, the disease creates blockages in the heart's blood supply, leading to tissue death which causes other areas of the heart to work harder, causing the heart to expand in size.
528:: A stress test, also called an exercise stress test, provides information about how well the heart works during physical activity. It usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while heart rhythm, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored.
804:
Blood clots: If clots enter the bloodstream, they can block blood flow to vital organs, possibly causing a heart attack or stroke. Clots that develop on the right side of the heart may travel to the lungs, a dangerous condition called a
487:
images help to visualize the condition of the lungs and heart. If the heart is enlarged on an X-ray, other tests will usually be needed to find the cause. A useful measurement on X-ray is the cardio-thoracic ratio, which is the
795:
The exact mortality rate for people with cardiomegaly is unknown. However, many people live for a long time with an enlarged heart and, if detected early, treatment can help improve the condition and prolong their lives.
2204:
Agostoni, PierGiuseppe; Cattadori, Gaia; Guazzi, Marco; Palermo, Pietro; Bussotti, Maurizio; Marenzi, Giancarlo (1 November 2000). "Cardiomegaly as a possible cause of lung dysfunction in patients with heart failure".
159:
Cardiomegaly may diminish over time, but many people with an enlarged heart (dilated cardiomyopathy) need lifelong medication. Having a family history of cardiomegaly may indicate an increased risk for this condition.
2166:
Ampanozi, Garyfalia; Krinke, Eileen; Laberke, Patrick; Schweitzer, Wolf; Thali, Michael J.; Ebert, Lars C. (1 September 2018). "Comparing fist size to heart size is not a viable technique to assess cardiomegaly".
2300:
2285:
1672:
1821:
Kumar, Neena
Theresa; Liestøl, Knut; Løberg, Else Marit; Reims, Henrik Mikael; Mæhlen, Jan (2014). "Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer".
163:
Lifestyle factors that can help prevent cardiomegaly include eating a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure, exercise, medications, and not abusing anabolic-androgenic steroids, alcohol and
395:
properly and the heart cannot contract properly, then blood cannot be effectively pumped to the lungs to be re-oxygenated or to the body to deliver oxygen to the working tissues of the body.
573:: In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart, where a biopsy of the heart can be extracted for laboratory analysis.
398:
An enlarged heart is more susceptible to forming blood clots in the heart lining. These clots can form elsewhere in the body, potentially disrupting blood supply to other organs.
466:
757:
ICDs: Small devices implanted in the chest to monitor heart rhythm and deliver electrical shocks to control abnormal heartbeats. The devices can also work as pacemakers.
1774:"Extraction of the Two-Dimensional Cardiothoracic Ratio from Digital PA Chest Radiographs: Correlation with Cardiac Function and the Traditional Cardiothoracic Ratio"
185:. For others, if the enlarged heart begins to affect the body's ability to pump blood, then symptoms associated with congestive heart failure may arise, including:
546:: Blood tests may be ordered to check the levels of substances in the blood that may show a heart problem. Blood tests can also help rule out other conditions.
3041:
235:
The causes of cardiomegaly are not well understood and many cases have no known cause. Lifestyle-related risk factors include tobacco use and high
670:
is the most common type of cardiomegaly. In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of the heart become thin and stretched.
390:
filaments experience less overlap which increases the size of the myocardial fibers. If there is less overlap of the protein filaments within the
1382:
Tavora F; et al. (2012). "Cardiomegaly is a common arrhythmogenic substrate in adult sudden cardiac deaths and is associated with obesity".
2345:
876:
700:
673:
In the other types, the heart's left ventricle becomes abnormally thick. Hypertrophy is usually what causes left ventricular enlargement.
2682:
780:: (LVAD): to help a weak heart pump, potentially while waiting for a heart transplant or as a long-term treatment for heart failure.
520:: This test uses sound waves to produce a video image of the heart. With this test, the four chambers of the heart can be evaluated.
2372:
1461:
3099:
2416:
751:
2234:
Luedde, Mark; Katus, Hugo; Frey, Norbert (1 January 2006). "Novel
Molecular Targets in the Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy".
1997:
1725:"Cardiothoracic ratio within the 'normal' range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography"
1677:
1487:
98:
2903:
2740:
2094:
685:
Treatments include a combination of medications and medical/surgical procedures. Below are some of the treatment options:
3094:
2908:
2898:
2487:
3205:
3036:
2650:
591:
Cardiomegaly can be classified by the main enlarged location of the heart, and/or by the structure of the enlargement.
277:(patients are born with the condition based on a genetic inheritance), high blood pressure (which can enlarge the left
3076:
3071:
697:: to lower the amount of sodium and water in the body, which can help lower the pressure in the arteries and heart.
2940:
2721:
1723:
Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (1 April 2007).
1000:
1562:
1428:
3016:
3011:
2935:
1660:
777:
3362:
3238:
3167:
2999:
2735:
896:
Types...Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), Intense, prolonged athletic training
823:– may become dilated and not close properly, leading to a backflow of blood. This flow creates sounds called
706:
633:
3357:
3150:
3133:
3066:
2986:
2365:
743:
628:
270:
Research and the evidence of previous cases link the following (below) as possible causes of cardiomegaly.
3200:
2645:
674:
85:
884:
582:
Cardiomegaly is indicated if the heart weighs more than >399 grams in women and >449 grams in men.
419:
3447:
3182:
2670:
2655:
1698:
536:
2729:
3260:
2957:
2925:
2852:
2579:
3384:
3210:
3140:
2930:
2827:
2808:
2638:
2411:
2315:
721:: to help improve heart pumping function and lessen the need for hospitalization for heart failure.
654:
149:
1866:"Association of Cardiomegaly with Coronary Artery Histopathology and its Relationship to Atheroma"
1512:
1357:
554:
Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.
3417:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3352:
3086:
3028:
2832:
2813:
2465:
2405:
2358:
1930:
771:
649:
637:
623:
595:
568:
337:
Pregnancy, with enlarged heart developing around the time of delivery (peripartum cardiomyopathy)
244:
138:
67:
63:
1587:
3006:
2972:
2915:
2893:
2715:
2697:
2633:
2500:
2453:
2381:
1273:
1027:"Massive Cardiomegaly due to Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causing Bronchial Obstruction in an Infant"
667:
252:
130:
81:
125:". It is usually the result of underlying conditions that make the heart work harder, such as
3477:
2770:
2765:
2660:
2575:
2470:
957:
Luk, A; Ahn, E; Soor, G S; Butany, J (18 November 2008). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: a review".
1905:
1537:
1225:"Regression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy: Signaling pathways and therapeutic targets"
910:"Clinical and genetic issues in dilated cardiomyopathy: A review for genetics professionals"
3266:
2794:
2775:
2675:
2586:
2529:
2043:"beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis"
550:
153:
8:
3271:
3128:
3123:
3046:
2950:
2920:
2879:
2505:
2422:
2304:
709:(ARBs): to provide the benefits of ACE inhibitors for patients with ACE inhibitor issues.
524:
497:
489:
3374:
3172:
2994:
2945:
2570:
2517:
2427:
2192:
1798:
1773:
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1724:
1638:
1613:
1407:
1339:
1249:
1224:
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1100:
1075:
1051:
1026:
982:
934:
909:
806:
644:
264:
71:
2309:
1327:
1200:
1175:
1125:"Clinical Utility of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
3434:
3285:
3243:
3158:
2976:
2874:
2591:
2534:
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2326:
2251:
2222:
2184:
2154:
2072:
2067:
2042:
1993:
1887:
1846:
1838:
1803:
1754:
1643:
1399:
1331:
1296:
1254:
1240:
1205:
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974:
939:
508:
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359:
278:
176:
93:
48:
2196:
1411:
1343:
986:
3407:
3299:
3192:
2888:
2243:
2214:
2176:
2062:
2054:
1985:
1955:
1877:
1830:
1793:
1785:
1744:
1736:
1633:
1625:
1391:
1323:
1288:
1244:
1236:
1195:
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1136:
1095:
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1038:
966:
929:
921:
820:
783:
730:
2180:
1834:
1091:
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3429:
2821:
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2789:
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1395:
925:
603:
314:
248:
212:
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1167:
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3118:
2628:
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2608:
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2090:
1772:
Browne, Ronan F. J.; O'Reilly, Geraldine; McInerney, David (18 February 2004).
1629:
1314:
Maron, Barry J; Maron, Martin S (January 2013). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy".
1292:
724:
516:
363:
325:
152:. Recent studies suggest that cardiomegaly is associated with a higher risk of
142:
2294:
2058:
2017:
1789:
558:
3471:
3412:
3323:
2458:
1842:
1042:
824:
712:
493:
329:
2218:
1989:
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1661:
http://www.ddcmultimedia.com/doqit/Care_Management/CM_HeartFailure/L1P4.html
1141:
970:
3318:
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2783:
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1300:
1258:
1160:
1109:
1060:
978:
943:
812:
367:
190:
182:
134:
774:: to address coronary artery disease, which can lead to an enlarged heart.
3279:
3177:
2967:
2884:
2866:
2692:
2665:
2616:
2557:
1209:
1191:
908:
Hershberger, Ray E; Morales, Ana; Siegfried, Jill D (22 September 2010).
611:
471:
MRD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to right heart border
320:
260:
256:
236:
2277:
473:
MLD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to left heart border
3307:
2857:
871:
869:
747:
607:
412:
391:
379:
274:
243:. Non-lifestyle risk factors include a family history of cardiomegaly,
121:
becomes enlarged. It is more commonly referred to simply as "having an
53:
1265:
830:
Cardiomegaly may be a temporary condition that can resolve on its own.
1882:
1865:
694:
500:
using the widest point of the chest and measuring as far as the lung
295:
193:– the irregular beating of the heart, usually associated with a valve
41:
866:
746:: Coordinates contractions between ventricles. In people at risk of
3233:
2390:
2041:
Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (June 1999).
1176:"Thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly: a clinicopathological rarity"
1174:
Almog, C; Weissberg, D; Herczeg, E; Pajewski, M (1 February 1977).
950:
302:
240:
540:(MRI). These techniques create images of the heart for inspection.
255:, exposure to cardiac toxins, sleep-disordered breathing (such as
718:
599:
577:
355:
308:
164:
126:
1025:
Lee, Ji Eun; Oh, Jin-Hee; Lee, Jae Young; Koh, Dae Kyun (2014).
28:
3313:
3293:
2448:
2289:
2165:
816:
475:
ID = internal diameter of chest at level of right hemidiaphragm
387:
2203:
196:
Severe shortness of breath (especially when physically active)
1173:
484:
383:
220:
118:
37:
1307:
2040:
1771:
1067:
907:
1281:
Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
1272:
Luis
Fuentes, Virginia; Wilkie, Lois J. (September 2017).
1216:
852:
Limiting consumption of high-fat and/or high-sugar foods
786:: to provide a final option after other treatments fail.
1820:
1722:
1074:
Marian, Ali J.; Braunwald, Eugene (15 September 2017).
1018:
382:
tissue increase in size. As the heart works harder the
703:: to lower blood pressure and improve pumping ability.
3445:
2093:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
2018:"Management of Hypertension in Chronic Heart Failure"
1614:"Chagas Heart Failure in Patients from Latin America"
715:: to lower blood pressure and improve heart function.
422:
2267:
2380:
1271:
460:
1485:
1223:Hou, Jianglong; Kang, Y. James (September 2012).
3469:
1814:
956:
849:Increasing fruits and vegetables in a daily diet
834:
737:
606:in which the heart is enlarged, and the resting
2236:Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery
2233:
1716:
1073:
701:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
148:Cardiomegaly can be serious and can result in
2366:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
2144:
1605:
1563:"Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade"
1129:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
378:Within the heart, the working fibers of the
292:Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)
1429:"What Is an Enlarged Heart (Cardiomegaly)?"
1024:
1001:"What Is an Enlarged Heart (Cardiomegaly)?"
662:
273:The most common causes of cardiomegaly are
2683:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
2373:
2359:
1765:
1439:
1313:
1274:"Asymptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
27:
2066:
1982:Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia
1881:
1870:Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
1857:
1797:
1748:
1637:
1248:
1199:
1150:
1140:
1099:
1050:
993:
933:
1611:
1423:
1421:
1381:
557:
549:
492:of the heart, compared with that of the
411:
328:, an important cause of cardiomegaly in
2145:Amin, Hina; Siddiqui, Waqas J. (2019).
1222:
1116:
815:: Two of the heart's four valves – the
617:
3470:
2417:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
1678:Oregon Health & Science University
1486:Mayo Clinic Staff (January 16, 2020).
1462:"Enlarged heart - Symptoms and causes"
761:
752:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
145:is also associated with cardiomegaly.
117:) is a medical condition in which the
2354:
2097:from the original on 21 December 2016
1863:
1418:
1122:
901:
881:Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
677:is typically an inherited condition.
170:
99:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening
2741:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
1960:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1935:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1910:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1592:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1567:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1542:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1517:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1375:
1362:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1031:Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
843:Limiting alcohol and caffeine intake
267:, and cardiomegaly on chest X-ray.
1123:Maron, Martin S (1 February 2012).
562:Weight of the heart versus the body
13:
3037:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
2138:
1612:Bestetti, Reinaldo B. (Nov 2016).
733:: to maintain normal heart rhythm.
461:{\displaystyle {MRD+MLD \over ID}}
14:
3489:
2263:
586:
496:. These diameters are taken from
340:Kidney disease requiring dialysis
247:(CAD), congenital heart failure,
181:For many people, cardiomegaly is
3455:
1241:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.006
768:surgically repaired or replaced.
2722:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
2109:
2083:
2034:
2010:
1974:
1948:
1923:
1898:
1864:Tracy, Richard Everett (2011).
1691:
1665:
1654:
1580:
1555:
1530:
1505:
1479:
1350:
1229:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
790:
532:Cardiac computerized tomography
285:Other possible causes include:
1513:"Overview of Cardiomyopathies"
1358:"Overview of Cardiomyopathies"
855:Getting adequate restful sleep
778:Left ventricular assist device
688:
1:
3239:Pulseless electrical activity
3168:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
3042:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
2181:10.1016/j.carpath.2018.04.009
1931:"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
1835:10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001
1328:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60397-3
1092:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059
1076:"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
959:Journal of Clinical Pathology
859:
835:Recommended lifestyle changes
738:Devices to regulate heartbeat
707:Angiotensin receptor blockers
317:(excessive iron in the blood)
1588:"Hereditary Hemochromatosis"
1396:10.1097/PAT.0b013e3283513f54
926:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181f2481f
846:Maintaining a healthy weight
727:: to reduce blood clot risk.
680:
401:
373:
334:Viral infection of the heart
7:
675:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
602:condition commonly seen in
239:, high blood pressure, and
86:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
10:
3494:
3183:Wandering atrial pacemaker
2730:non-infective endocarditis
2671:Endocardial fibroelastosis
2346:American Heart Association
2248:10.2174/157489006775244290
1778:Journal of Digital Imaging
1293:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.05.002
594:Specific subtypes include
537:magnetic resonance imaging
174:
3400:
3343:
3261:hexaxial reference system
3252:
3219:
3206:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
3191:
3149:
3108:
3085:
3059:
3027:
2985:
2966:
2865:
2851:
2751:
2736:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2705:
2691:
2607:
2556:
2549:
2486:
2441:
2398:
2389:
2271:
2153:. StatPearls Publishing.
2117:"Anticoagulant medicines"
2059:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730
1790:10.1007/s10278-003-1900-3
230:
202:Coughing, when lying down
92:
77:
59:
47:
35:
26:
21:
3141:Ventricular fibrillation
2412:Coronary artery aneurysm
2169:Cardiovascular Pathology
1906:"Dilated Cardiomyopathy"
1823:Cardiovascular Pathology
1538:"Pulmonary Hypertension"
1043:10.4250/jcu.2014.22.2.84
663:Structure of enlargement
356:Jimmy ‘The Rev’ Sullivan
343:Alcohol or cocaine abuse
305:(fluid around the heart)
150:congestive heart failure
3418:Diastolic heart failure
3392:Athletic heart syndrome
3353:Ventricular hypertrophy
3087:Pre-excitation syndrome
2941:Left posterior fascicle
2466:Acute coronary syndrome
2406:Coronary artery disease
2219:10.1067/mhj.2000.110282
1990:10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0
1741:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238
1142:10.1186/1532-429X-14-13
971:10.1136/jcp.2008.060731
772:Coronary bypass surgery
624:Ventricular hypertrophy
596:athletic heart syndrome
569:Cardiac catheterization
416:Cardiothoracic ratio =
245:coronary artery disease
139:coronary artery disease
133:, high blood pressure (
68:Ventricular hypertrophy
64:Athletic heart syndrome
2936:Left anterior fascicle
2716:infective endocarditis
2501:Hibernating myocardium
2382:Cardiovascular disease
2207:American Heart Journal
1699:"cardiothoracic ratio"
1630:10.15420/cfr.2016:14:2
668:Dilated cardiomyopathy
563:
555:
476:
462:
253:valvular heart disease
82:Dilated cardiomyopathy
36:Cardiomegaly on chest
3100:Wolff–Parkinson–White
3060:Premature contraction
2958:Adams–Stokes syndrome
2661:Loeffler endocarditis
2471:Myocardial infarction
1703:thefreedictionary.com
750:, drug therapy or an
561:
553:
463:
415:
259:), sustained cardiac
175:Further information:
3267:Right axis deviation
3229:Sudden cardiac death
2587:Pericardial effusion
2530:Ventricular aneurysm
1673:"Chest Measurements"
1192:10.1136/thx.32.1.116
1080:Circulation Research
914:Genetics in Medicine
618:By enlarged location
420:
154:sudden cardiac death
3272:Left axis deviation
3129:Atrial fibrillation
3124:Ventricular flutter
3047:Torsades de pointes
2921:Bundle branch block
2880:Sick sinus syndrome
2666:Cardiac amyloidosis
2651:Tachycardia-induced
2506:Myocardial stunning
2454:Prinzmetal's angina
2423:Coronary thrombosis
762:Surgical procedures
490:transverse diameter
289:Heart valve disease
131:heart valve disease
3375:Atrial enlargement
3173:Pacemaker syndrome
3095:Lown–Ganong–Levine
3017:Junctional ectopic
3012:AV nodal reentrant
2518:Myocardial rupture
2428:Coronary vasospasm
1984:. Elsevier. 2018.
807:pulmonary embolism
645:Atrial enlargement
564:
556:
477:
458:
265:electrocardiograms
171:Signs and symptoms
72:Atrial enlargement
3443:
3442:
3435:Obstructive shock
3339:
3338:
3286:Short QT syndrome
3253:Other / ungrouped
3244:Sinoatrial arrest
3159:Ectopic pacemaker
3055:
3054:
2875:Sinus bradycardia
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2592:Cardiac tamponade
2545:
2544:
2535:Dressler syndrome
2433:Myocardial bridge
2341:
2340:
2022:Today on Medscape
1999:978-0-323-49798-5
1322:(9862): 242–255.
840:Smoking cessation
598:, which is a non-
509:Electrocardiogram
456:
360:Avenged Sevenfold
177:Cardiogenic shock
104:
103:
94:Diagnostic method
16:Medical condition
3485:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3408:Cardiac fibrosis
3300:T wave alternans
3193:Long QT syndrome
2987:Supraventricular
2983:
2982:
2916:Intraventricular
2863:
2862:
2703:
2702:
2554:
2553:
2399:Coronary disease
2396:
2395:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2230:
2200:
2162:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2053:(7200): 1730–7.
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1883:10.5551/jat.5090
1861:
1855:
1854:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1488:"Enlarged heart"
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1458:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1287:(5): 1041–1054.
1278:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
997:
991:
990:
954:
948:
947:
937:
905:
899:
898:
893:
892:
883:. Archived from
877:"Enlarged heart"
873:
821:tricuspid valves
784:Heart transplant
731:Anti-arrhythmics
467:
465:
464:
459:
457:
455:
447:
424:
31:
19:
18:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3430:Rheumatic fever
3396:
3335:
3248:
3215:
3187:
3145:
3104:
3081:
3051:
3023:
2970:
2962:
2856:
2839:
2747:
2696:
2687:
2603:
2597:Hemopericardium
2541:
2482:
2476:Unstable angina
2449:Angina pectoris
2442:Active ischemia
2437:
2385:
2379:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2280:
2266:
2141:
2139:Further reading
2136:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1956:"Cor Pulmonale"
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1862:
1858:
1819:
1815:
1770:
1766:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1312:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1221:
1217:
1172:
1168:
1121:
1117:
1072:
1068:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
999:
998:
994:
955:
951:
920:(11): 655–667.
906:
902:
890:
888:
875:
874:
867:
862:
837:
793:
764:
740:
691:
683:
665:
620:
604:sports medicine
589:
498:PA chest x-rays
474:
472:
470:
468:
448:
425:
423:
421:
418:
417:
404:
376:
315:Hemochromatosis
249:atherosclerotic
233:
213:abdominal girth
179:
173:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3465:
3464:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:Cardiac asthma
3420:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3331:Strain pattern
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3221:Cardiac arrest
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:Andersen–Tawil
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3119:Atrial flutter
3115:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2629:Cardiomyopathy
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:Chagas disease
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2312:
2297:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:Classification
2265:
2264:External links
2262:
2261:
2260:
2231:
2213:(5): A17–A21.
2201:
2163:
2147:"Cardiomegaly"
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2108:
2082:
2033:
2009:
1998:
1973:
1962:. October 2020
1947:
1922:
1897:
1856:
1813:
1784:(2): 120–123.
1764:
1735:(4): 491–494.
1715:
1690:
1664:
1653:
1604:
1579:
1554:
1529:
1504:
1478:
1466:mayoclinic.org
1438:
1417:
1374:
1349:
1306:
1264:
1235:(3): 337–354.
1215:
1186:(1): 116–120.
1166:
1115:
1086:(7): 749–770.
1066:
1017:
992:
965:(3): 219–225.
949:
900:
864:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
810:
802:
792:
789:
788:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
739:
736:
735:
734:
728:
725:Anticoagulants
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
690:
687:
682:
679:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:
657:
652:
642:
641:
640:
631:
619:
616:
588:
587:Classification
585:
584:
583:
574:
548:
547:
541:
529:
521:
517:Echocardiogram
513:
505:
454:
451:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
403:
400:
375:
372:
364:Taylor Hawkins
354:cases include
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
326:Chagas disease
323:
318:
312:
306:
299:
293:
290:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
172:
169:
143:Cardiomyopathy
123:enlarged heart
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3490:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:Heart failure
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:ST depression
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:Trifascicular
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2834:
2833:regurgitation
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:regurgitation
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:regurgitation
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:regurgitation
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:Stable angina
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:Card Fail Rev
1615:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:(3): 187–91.
1389:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
897:
887:on 2019-03-29
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3478:Cardiomegaly
3345:Cardiomegaly
3344:
3319:ST elevation
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3259:
3163:Ectopic beat
3111:fibrillation
2946:Bifascicular
2820:
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2707:Endocarditis
2646:Hypertrophic
2580:Constrictive
2566:Pericarditis
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1876:(1): 32–41.
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1009:. Retrieved
1007:. 2019-01-30
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889:. Retrieved
885:the original
880:
813:Heart murmur
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791:Consequences
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600:pathological
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531:
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368:Foo Fighters
352:
301:Pericardial
298:hypertension
284:
272:
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234:
208:Leg swelling
191:palpitations
183:asymptomatic
180:
162:
158:
147:
135:hypertension
122:
115:megalocardia
114:
110:
107:Cardiomegaly
106:
105:
22:Cardiomegaly
3211:Romano–Ward
3178:Parasystole
3077:Ventricular
3029:Ventricular
2968:Tachycardia
2885:Heart block
2867:Bradycardia
2693:Endocardium
2656:Restrictive
2617:Myocarditis
2558:Pericardium
2242:(1): 1–20.
1829:(1): 5–11.
1492:Mayo Clinic
1037:(2): 84–7.
748:arrhythmias
689:Medications
544:Blood tests
525:Stress test
481:Chest X-ray
321:Amyloidosis
263:, abnormal
261:arrhythmias
257:sleep apnea
237:cholesterol
217:Weight gain
109:(sometimes
3109:Flutter /
3072:Junctional
3007:Junctional
3000:Multifocal
2973:paroxysmal
2889:Sinoatrial
2858:arrhythmia
2853:Conduction
2609:Myocardium
2327:DiseasesDB
2151:StatPearls
2127:2020-01-23
2101:8 December
2027:2019-02-03
1684:2017-01-13
1316:The Lancet
1011:2019-03-29
891:2019-03-29
860:References
608:heart rate
571:and biopsy
392:sarcomeres
380:myocardial
275:congenital
223:– swelling
211:Increased
199:Chest pain
111:megacardia
54:Cardiology
3368:Pulmonary
3151:Pacemaker
2822:pulmonary
2803:tricuspid
2639:Alcoholic
2091:"Digoxin"
1940:25 August
1915:25 August
1843:1054-8807
1597:25 August
1572:25 August
1547:25 August
1522:25 August
1384:Pathology
1367:25 August
1135:(1): 13.
744:Pacemaker
695:Diuretics
681:Treatment
402:Diagnosis
374:Mechanism
311:Disorders
296:Pulmonary
279:ventricle
251:disease,
49:Specialty
42:pacemaker
3472:Category
3462:Medicine
3234:Asystole
3134:Familial
2828:stenosis
2809:stenosis
2790:stenosis
2771:stenosis
2766:prolapse
2488:Sequelae
2391:Ischemia
2256:18221071
2227:11054632
2197:44086023
2189:29859507
2159:31194436
2095:Archived
2077:10381708
1892:20953090
1851:24121021
1808:15188777
1759:17164481
1708:19 March
1648:28785459
1471:19 March
1412:25422195
1404:22406485
1344:38333896
1336:22874472
1301:28662873
1259:22750195
1161:22296938
1110:28912181
1061:25031799
987:28182534
979:19017683
944:20864896
534:(CT) or
349:Diabetes
303:effusion
241:diabetes
226:Fainting
2634:Dilated
2576:Chronic
2384:(heart)
2321:D006332
2175:: 1–5.
1966:10 July
1799:3043971
1750:1861494
1639:5490952
1497:May 12,
1250:3458709
1152:3293092
1101:5654557
1052:4096670
935:3118426
719:Digoxin
578:Autopsy
469:where:
309:Thyroid
205:Fatigue
165:cocaine
137:), and
127:obesity
40:with a
3448:Portal
3314:J wave
3067:Atrial
2995:Atrial
2784:aortic
2760:mitral
2752:Valves
2698:valves
2550:Layers
2419:(SCAD)
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2121:nhs.uk
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817:mitral
754:(ICD).
502:pleura
388:myosin
362:) and
231:Causes
189:Heart
78:Causes
3401:Other
3385:Right
3363:Right
2977:sinus
2926:Right
2676:Viral
2571:Acute
2525:weeks
2496:hours
2408:(CAD)
2332:30769
2310:429.3
2295:I51.7
2193:S2CID
2068:31101
2005:8.4).
1729:Heart
1433:WebMD
1408:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1277:(PDF)
1005:WebMD
983:S2CID
801:body.
655:Right
634:Right
612:lower
485:X-ray
384:actin
221:Edema
119:heart
60:Types
38:X-ray
3380:Left
3358:Left
2975:and
2931:Left
2513:days
2316:MeSH
2305:9-CM
2252:PMID
2223:PMID
2185:PMID
2155:PMID
2103:2016
2073:PMID
1994:ISBN
1968:2021
1942:2021
1917:2021
1888:PMID
1847:PMID
1839:ISSN
1804:PMID
1755:PMID
1710:2018
1644:PMID
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1499:2020
1473:2018
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1369:2021
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940:PMID
819:and
650:Left
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386:and
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2286:ICD
2244:doi
2215:doi
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2177:doi
2063:PMC
2055:doi
2051:318
2047:BMJ
1986:doi
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