476:
403:
25:
195:
612:
499:
between
Piccolomini and Medici (from 1503 to 1514) is one where the role of the protector was not well-defined. The importance of the office increased significantly with the appointment of Medici in 1514, due in no small part to the friendship between Medici and Wolsey. According to Wilkie, "its importance stemmed from the special relationship of the papacy with England as the most reliable supporter of papal independence".
110:
583:. A threatened excommunication was handed down when Cranmer pronounced Henry VIII's marriage null and void; Henry VIII responded by telling Campeggio's vicar general for Salisbury to stop all revenues from his bishopric until further notice. Henry VIII then claimed the authority to act on behalf of Campeggio in making various ecclesiastical appointments. The fifth session of the
181:, and Ireland were generally chosen exclusively by the pope. The cardinal was "imposed from above, rather than chosen" and often had no direct relationship with the governments of these countries. The English cardinal protector played a large role in English ecclesiastical appointments, and a substantial role in similar appointments in Scotland and Ireland.
440:; although Castellesi "tactually" voted for Bainbridge on the second ballot, the two inevitably came into conflict as "rival representatives of England". The lack of consistorial records, which would list which cardinals referred the nominations of which bishops, are missing for this period, making it impossible to assess the extent of Bainbridge's role.
174:. The terms 'cardinal protector' and 'cardinal procurator' were "used very loosely and sometimes interchangeably during the fifteenth century". The earliest reference to a 'cardinal protector' of England dates from 1492, but according to Wilkie, this results from a confusion between this office and that of cardinal procurator.
432:
Bonvisio disclosed the contents of his discussions with the king to a French agent and confessed his being employed by
Aldiosi under threat of torture; by this point Adiosi was no longer protector. According to a 6 April 1510 letter from the Venetian ambassador, the king dismissed Adiosi as protector
270:
and was close to German princes, although he was not the German protector in any official sense, and his protectorship of
England is "the first official one of any cardinal which can be firmly established". Henry VII did not object to Piccolomini's German connections, even viewing them as an asset
498:
Bainbridge was "short-circuited" by the appointment of Medici, although he continued to play a role until his death on 14 July 1514. Gigli was accused of having played a role in the death of
Bainbridge and Medici was charged with examining the facts, concluding that Gigli was innocent. The period
393:
of his half-brother, was not explicitly named as protector, although he wrote to Henry VII stating his intent to "maintain his brother's friendships". Henry VIII replied to Sisto that he considered his friendship especially valuable, asserting that Sisto had been close to his father. There is no
521:
was close to Medici and served as cardinal protector to
Germany at the time of Medici's election. Campeggio received a variety of appointments from Clement VII before Henry VIII chose him as protector on 22 February 1524 (conditional on the pope's acceptance of Wolsey as legate for life).
660:
and bishops appointed by the pope garnered a larger following than the hierarchy of the church of
Ireland appointed by the crown. According to Wilkie, "the cardinal protectors had assisted in the loss of England to the papacy, and Ireland remained loyal to the papacy in spite of them".
308:. During Julius II's reign, Castellesi, "although neither requesting nor mentioning the office of protector of England, certainly presented himself to Henry VII as the cardinal responsible for English affairs in the Curia". In an attempt to secure his status against the intrigues of
288:
on 22 September 1503, only to die less than a month later, on 18 October; Castellesi did not vote for him and
Piccolomini was chosen for his perceived neutrality rather than for his English connections. According to the account of Castellesi, Pius III acknowledged him as his
594:
According to Wilkie, "years of cooperation from both popes and cardinal protectors had taught a wilful Henry VIII to expect to have his way over the church of
England". Clement VII died on 25 September before learning of the denial of papal authority on 31 March by the
433:
and gave the post to Sisto della Rovere. There is no direct evidence that Sisto ever received the official title before he died in March 1517. Until the death of Julius II, Bainbridge "filled the vacuum, real or in effect, in the protectorship of
England".
537:. Campeggio came out in favour of the legitimacy of the marriage, after considerable delay in travelling and reviewing the canonical evidence. The final sentence in the case was handed down in Rome in 1534, the same year the English Parliament passed the
416:
may have become cardinal protector, but this appointment "cannot be exactly established" as his only surviving letters to
England do not mention the protectorate. Adiosi is explicitly mentioned as protector in a 1509 letter from
382:. The "only man on whose loyalty the king could truly rely" was Christopher Fisher, who was a "single, bumbling amateur" compared to the more seasoned curial diplomats who surrounded him. Henry VII himself died on 21 April 1509.
283:
as cardinal on 31 May 1503 "eclipsed England's cardinal protector", with appointments to the English sees thereafter being referred through Castellesi instead of through Piccolomini. Piccolomini was himself elected as
630:. The execution of Fisher prompted Paul III to excommunicate and purportedly depose Henry VIII. While Campeggio lived, no attempt was made in Rome to fill any of the thirteen episcopal vacancies in England.
541:. Henry VIII was particularly displeased by Campeggio's "constant company with the emperor" in the years prior to his verdict and Campeggio's rapidly growing income, having been granted the bishopric of
556:
In January 1531, Campeggio was dismissed as cardinal protector, although it did not become public knowledge until May. At first it was unclear whether Henry VIII intended to appoint a successor, with
212:, and also the first officially approved cardinal protector of "any nation whatever". Henry VII viewed good relations with Rome as a protection against domestic and foreign enemies and sent
591:
of their English sees (unless they swore loyalty to the king). Unaware of this statute, two days later on 23 March 1534 Campeggio entered Consistory for the final ruling against annulment.
367:
as cardinal protector; the letter does not mention Castellesi. della Rovere's selection was likely arranged by Gigli. Castellesi was compensated by being promoted to the wealthier See of
351:
155:, the cardinal protector "indueth as it were our owne Person, for the defence of Us and our Realme in al matiers ...touching the same". The cardinal protector represented the monarch in
603:, Campeggio was the only cardinal to oppose Farnese's proposal for non-secret voting and the only cardinal not to kiss the feet of the newly elected Farnese as Paul III.
147:
within the College developed during the fifteenth century, due to developments in the emergence of national monarchies and Renaissance diplomacy. Cardinal protectors of
452:(future Pope Clement VII) to be cardinal protector of England. Medici's letter of appointment makes no reference to Sisto della Rovere. An 8 February 1514 letter from
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426:
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54:
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Although earlier cardinals had filled similar roles, "the existence of national protectorships was first openly and regularly recognized only" by
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70:
342:, the master of papal ceremonies, referred to Castellesi as "Regis Protector" in his notes of a meeting between the embassy and the pope.
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as archbishop of Canterbury. However, "papal restoration in England was doomed even before it was accomplished" when Mary I married
1607:
865:
1515:
737:
653:, but the queen did not confirm the nomination and Campeggio remained the last cardinal protector "chosen by the crown".
224:. When Henry VII first sought a cardinal protector in 1492, he feared that many of the English bishops would support his
1496:
525:
Campeggio found his loyalty divided when he was appointed with Wolsey to judge the issue of the requested annulment of
461:
320:, to Henry VII. In 1504, Henry VII named six official members of his embassy, headed by Castellesi, and also including
255:. Piccolomini's creation as cardinal protector was requested by Henry VII in a letter congratulating the newly elected
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1591:
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694:
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46:
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Many in Rome still thought reconciliation with England was possible, and Paul III elevated two English cardinals,
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564:(future Pope Paul III), and instructed his ambassadors on 21 March to offer it to Farnese, and then de Cupis or
59:
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546:
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534:
460:
flatters the king for having elevated the pope's cardinal-nephew and cousin as protector. The pope's brother
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557:
469:
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A letter from Julius II to Henry VII dated 6 July 1504, remarks that the king had chosen the pope's
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50:
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267:
252:
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510:, much to the "discomfiture of England". Medici was elected Clement VII on 19 November 1523.
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374:
Rovere died on 11 September 1508, leaving England without a cardinal protector. Sherbone and
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354:
152:
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448:
In 1514, Gigli (as the agent of Wolsey and Henry VIII) arranged for another cardinal-nephew
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251:, the English ambassador in Rome, been created a cardinal in 1484, despite the request of
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35:
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371:. Castellesi lost favour with the king and fled Rome until the death of Julius II.
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63:
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Castellesi returned to Rome on the death of Julius II on 21 February 1513 for the
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568:(future Pope Julius III) in the event that Farnese declined or was not approved.
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and trusted councillor" to Rome after receiving a bull of dispensation to marry
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576:
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260:
194:
177:
Unlike other national cardinal protectors, the cardinal protectors of England,
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16:
Roman Catholic Church title for a particular Cardinal representative of England
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656:
Meanwhile, loyalty to the pope became a defining feature of the movement for
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561:
325:
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208:, was the first cardinal protector of England, elevated on the initiative of
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1480:
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is the representative of a Roman Catholic nation or organisation within the
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572:
422:
160:
350:
854:
Signorotto, Gianvittorio; Visceglia, Maria Antonietta (21 March 2002).
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453:
163:
was divided between the pope and the monarch, and also led the English
571:
Not knowing that Henry VIII had already secretly married the pregnant
502:
Medici accepted the protectorship of France as well in 1516, meeting
375:
297:
136:, appointed by the pope. The role was terminated as a result of the
109:
390:
178:
626:(at the time imprisoned and sentenced to death by Henry VIII) and
1567:
Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002.
560:
emerging as an active candidate in March 1532. The king favoured
507:
225:
217:
575:, Clement VII decided to reach out to the monarch by appointing
259:, and was confirmed in a response which was probably written by
379:
243:, a cardinal; Innocent VII had passed over Morton in his first
116:, the last cardinal protector of England confirmed by the crown
378:
were back in England; Scott was dead; Gigli was in England as
673:(future Pope Pius III), first cardinal protector of England (
472:
had been made when della Rovere had been made protector).
151:
date back farther to the thirteenth century. According to
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
618:, the only cardinal recognised by the church as a martyr
579:, an outspoken proponent of Henry VIII's annulment, as
691:
protector of England and official protector of Germany
421:(the first English curial cardinal since the death of
231:
A variety of other disagreements existed, such as the
1544:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
853:
394:evidence that Sisto was offered the protectorship.
389:, who received the vice-chancellorship and all the
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1450:
1448:
1446:
228:opponents (to whom they owed their appointments).
247:, despite creating two French cardinals. Nor had
1599:
1443:
425:in 1397), by which point Adiosi and go-between
304:, which became a liability during the reign of
1513:http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1305.htm#Jorz
664:
606:
266:Piccolomini was already the protector of the
1423:Nenner, Howard A. 1977, March. Book Review.
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
1569:Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700
1564:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
1425:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
857:Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700
637:briefly reconciled with Rome and appointed
345:
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
1456:
189:
1419:
1417:
274:
159:, especially in cases where the right of
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
1486:
610:
513:
474:
401:
349:
312:, Castellesi donated his residence, the
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967:
844:Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 163
397:
235:and the refusal of the pope to create
1393:Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29
709:(1514–1523) (future Pope Clement VII)
443:
1469:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1460:"The English College, in Rome"
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1638:Diplomats of the Kingdom of England
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901:
128:of England from 1492 until 1539. A
45:Please consider converting them to
13:
1584:The cardinal protectors of England
892:
883:
838:
204:Francesco Piccolomini, the future
14:
1664:
1648:History of Catholicism in England
1623:Catholicism-related controversies
1613:1539 disestablishments in England
1457:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
826:
817:
805:
793:
429:were on the "brink of disgrace".
1628:Christianity in medieval England
1481:Consistory of June 2, 1542 (VII)
695:Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere
649:named a new cardinal protector,
23:
1542:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
1524:
1506:
1494:Consistory of May 17, 1706 (II)
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493:(left, future Pope Clement VII)
149:Roman Catholic religious orders
1608:1492 establishments in England
1586:. Cambridge University Press.
1571:. Cambridge University Press.
874:
860:. Cambridge University Press.
847:
49:to ensure the article remains
1:
1536:
535:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
122:Cardinal protector of England
553:in 1532, both by Charles V.
7:
665:List of Cardinal protectors
10:
1669:
1492:Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "
1479:Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "
1315:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 218–219.
1297:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 214–215.
1288:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 213–214.
1279:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 210–211.
1249:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 203–205.
1231:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 190–199.
1222:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 176–190.
720:Not confirmed by the crown
607:Attempts at reconciliation
558:Giovanni Domenico de Cupis
470:Guidobaldo II della Rovere
184:
1582:Wilkie, William E. 1974.
1213:Wilkie, 1974, p. 143–144.
870:– via Google Books.
738:Filippo Antonio Gualterio
677:8 February 1492 – 1503),
597:Convocation of Canterbury
385:Another cardinal-nephew,
1653:Lists of Roman Catholics
1530:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 10–11.
1411:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 27–28.
1165:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 50–51.
1156:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 49–50.
1058:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 35–36.
1031:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 31–34.
994:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 29–30.
961:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 25–26.
943:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 20–21.
880:Wilkie, 1974, pp. 53–73.
787:
697:(1505–11 September 1508)
581:archbishop of Canterbury
346:della Rovere (1504–1508)
293:successor as protector.
241:archbishop of Canterbury
746:(circa 4 November 1797)
587:deprived Campeggio and
318:Via della Conciliazione
314:Palazzo Giraud Torlonia
190:Piccolomini (1492–1503)
1546:. Palgrave Macmillan.
779:, employed in Rome by
715:(1523–1534, died 1539)
619:
585:Reformation Parliament
539:First Act of Supremacy
495:
419:Christopher Bainbridge
409:
357:
275:Castellesi (1503–1504)
268:Camaldese Benedictines
201:
117:
1466:Catholic Encyclopedia
1440:Wilkie, 1974, p. vii.
1384:Wilkie, 1974, p. 239.
1372:Wilkie, 1974, p. 238.
1363:Wilkie, 1974, p. 234.
1354:Wilkie, 1974, p. 224.
1342:Wilkie, 1974, p. 220.
1333:Wilkie, 1974, p. 219.
1324:Wilkie, 1974, p. 217.
1306:Wilkie, 1974, p. 216.
1270:Wilkie, 1974, p. 208.
1258:Wilkie, 1974, p. 207.
1240:Wilkie, 1974, p. 200.
1204:Wilkie, 1974, p. 141.
1195:Wilkie, 1974, p. 201.
757:Similar prior offices
671:Francesco Piccolomini
614:
551:bishopric of Mallorca
527:Henry VIII of England
514:Campeggio (1524–1539)
478:
458:Henry VIII of England
405:
365:Galeotto della Rovere
355:Galeotto della Rovere
353:
197:
143:The role of national
112:
1562:The History of Popes
1518:8 March 2009 at the
1402:Wilkie, 1974, p. 20.
1186:Wilkie, 1974, p. 81.
1174:Wilkie, 1974, p. 73.
1147:Wilkie, 1974, p. 48.
1135:Wilkie, 1974, p. 74.
1126:Wilkie, 1974, p. 45.
1117:Wilkie, 1974, p. 39.
1103:Wilkie, 1974, p. 38.
1091:Wilkie, 1974, p. 40.
1079:Wilkie, 1974, p. 37.
1070:Wilkie, 1974, p. 36.
1049:Wilkie, 1974, p. 35.
1022:Wilkie, 1974, p. 31.
1006:Wilkie, 1974, p. 30.
985:Wilkie, 1974, p. 28.
973:Wilkie, 1974, p. 27.
952:Wilkie, 1974, p. 21.
934:Wilkie, 1974, p. 18.
925:Wilkie, 1974, p. 17.
916:Wilkie, 1974, p. 16.
907:Wilkie, 1974, p. 15.
898:Wilkie, 1974, p. 11.
889:Wilkie, 1974, p. 10.
781:Edward IV of England
771:Edward II of England
765:, proctor for Kings
752:(circa 1817, acting)
681:protector of Germany
466:Knight of the Garter
438:papal conclave, 1513
336:, and Edward Scott.
271:against the French.
134:College of Cardinals
1643:English Reformation
1618:Cardinal protectors
1499:12 May 2010 at the
835:Wilkie, 1974, p. 8.
823:Wilkie, 1974, p. 7.
814:Wilkie, 1974, p. 6.
802:Wilkie, 1974, p. 5.
601:1534 papal conclave
531:Catherine of Aragon
504:Francis I of France
462:Giuliano de' Medici
398:Aldiosi (1509–1510)
279:The appointment of
214:Christopher Urswick
138:English Reformation
685:Adriano Castellesi
643:Philip II of Spain
620:
566:Giovanni del Monte
562:Alessandro Farnese
496:
444:Medici (1514–1523)
410:
387:Sisto della Rovere
358:
322:Sir Gilbert Talbot
281:Adriano Castellesi
202:
130:cardinal protector
118:
1633:English cardinals
867:978-1-139-43141-5
713:Lorenzo Campeggio
658:Irish nationalism
635:Mary I of England
628:Girolamo Ghinucci
589:Girolamo Ghinucci
549:in 1530, and the
519:Lorenzo Campeggio
427:Girolamo Bonvisio
302:Pope Alexander VI
296:Castellesi was a
257:Pope Alexander VI
222:Elizabeth of York
124:was an appointed
114:Lorenzo Campeggio
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726:Giovanni Morone
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609:
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645:. In 1555,
624:John Fisher
616:John Fisher
573:Anne Boleyn
423:Adam Easton
237:John Morton
161:investiture
1602:Categories
1537:References
480:Pope Leo X
454:Pope Leo X
245:consistory
157:consistory
51:verifiable
1431:, 1: 101.
783:(d. 1483)
599:. In the
485:with his
468:(just as
412:Cardinal
391:benefices
376:Hugh Inge
298:favourite
167:in Rome.
36:bare URLs
1560:. 1902.
1516:Archived
1497:Archived
767:Edward I
689:de facto
679:de facto
483:(center)
291:de facto
179:Scotland
40:link rot
508:Bologna
226:Yorkist
218:almoner
216:, his "
185:History
1590:
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864:
633:Queen
543:Huesca
380:nuncio
239:, the
60:reFill
788:Notes
529:from
34:uses
1588:ISBN
1573:ISBN
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862:ISBN
769:and
675:ante
547:Jaca
545:and
120:The
68:and
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300:of
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