Climate change in the Philippines

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will stratify the local climate and cause the wet and dry seasons to be wetter and drier, respectively. Most areas in the Philippines will see reduced rainfall from March to May, while Luzon and Visayas will see increased heavy rainfall. There will also be an increase in: the number of days that exceed 35 °C; that have less than 2.5 mm of rainfall; and that have more than 300mm of rainfall. Additionally, climate change will continue to increase the intensity of typhoons and tropical storms. Sea levels around the Philippines are projected to rise 0.48 to 0.65 meters by 2100, which exceeds the global average for rates of sea level rise. Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts. These exacerbate risks to agriculture, energy, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems.

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islands of Samar, Leyte, Cebu, and the Visayan archipelago. Tied for being the strongest landfalling tropical typhoon on record, Typhoon Haiyan had wind speeds of over 300 km/h (almost 190 mph) which triggered major storm surges that wreaked havoc on many places in the country. Leaving over 6,300 dead, 28,688 injured, and 1062 missing, Typhoon Haiyan is the deadliest typhoon on record in the Philippines. More than 16 million people were affected by the storm, suffering from the storm surge, flash floods, landslides, and extreme winds and rainfall that took lives, destroyed homes, and devastated many. Typhoon Haiyan crucially damaged over 1.1 million houses across the country and displaced over 4.1 million people. According to the NDRRMC, the storm cost the Philippines about 3.64 billion US dollars. The typhoon caused significant damage to some agricultural areas farmed by the

264:, the Philippines is ranked third on the World Risk Index for highest disaster risk and exposure to natural disasters. 16 of its provinces, including Manila, Benguet, and Batanes, are included in the top 50 most vulnerable places in Southeast Asia, with Manila being ranked 7th. Four cities in the Philippines—Manila, San Jose, Roxas, and Cotabato—are included in the top 10 cities most vulnerable to sea level rise in the East Asia and Pacific region. The country is consistently at risk from severe natural hazards including typhoons, floods, landslides, and drought. It is located within a region that experiences the highest rate of typhoons in the world, averaging 20 typhoons annually, with about 7–9 that actually make landfall. In 2009, the Philippines had the third highest number of casualties from natural disasters with the second most number of victims. 22: 214: 667:

development, attracting global capital, market oriented policies and decentralization". These cities experience challenges to their own climate resilience due to this double exposure to climate change and globalization, where many cities are most at risk to climate events in addition to having a large percentage of the population live in informal settlements with weak infrastructure. Four million people, or about a third of Manila's population, live in informal settlements that put them at higher risk and danger from tropical storms and flooding, and they often have fewer resources available to recover from damage caused by environmental hazards.

643: 71:. Compounding these issues, the impacts of climate change, such as accelerated sea level rise, exacerbate the state's high susceptibility to natural disasters, like flooding and landslides. Aside from geography, climate change impacts regions with a history of colonization more intensely than regions without a history of colonization. Colonized regions experience the repercussions of climate change most jarringly "because of their high dependence on natural resources, their geographical and climatic conditions and their limited capacity to effectively adapt to a changing climate." Since 227: 531:

is associated with "more conflict related incidents and casualties". The rainfall has a negative effect on rice which is an important crop that a majority of the country depends on as a food source and for employment. A poor rice crop can lead to large impacts on the wellbeing of poor Filipinos and cause widespread contempt for the government and more support for insurgent groups. Climate change is expected to amplify the seasonal variation of rainfall in the Philippines and exacerbate ongoing civil conflict in the country.

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land that would be used for expanding industrialization and urbanization in Metropolitan Manila. Climate change impacts, especially rising sea levels and extreme weather events, have erased physical boundaries on agricultural land, making some areas in the Philippines even more vulnerable to land grabbing. As a hotspot of land grabbing, the Philippines sees the rise of large businesses and authorities like the

3612: 943: 518:, altered agricultural productivity through severe flooding, increased runoff, and soil erosion. Droughts and reduced rainfall lead to increased pest infestations that damage crops as well as an increased need for irrigation. Rising sea levels increases salinity which leads to a loss of arable land and irrigation water. 522:

Typhoon Haiyan alone cost the Philippines' agricultural sector an estimated US$ 724 million after causing 1.1 million tonnes of crop loss and destroying 600,000 ha of farmland. The agricultural sector is expected to see an estimated annual GDP loss of 2.2% by 2100 due to climate impacts on agriculture.

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Agriculture is one of the Philippines' largest sectors and will continue to be adversely impacted by the effects of climate change. The agriculture sector employs 35% of the working population and generated 13% of the country's GDP in 2009. The two most important crops, rice and corn, account for 67%

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At 04:40 on November 8, 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan, also known locally as "Yolanda", made landfall in the Philippines in the Guiuan municipality. The category 5 typhoon continued to travel west, making landfall in several municipalities, and ultimately devastated enormous stretches of the Philippines

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have a history of colonialism and resource exploitation, their environment lacks the diversity necessary to prevail against natural disasters. A lack of biodiversity reduces the resilience of a specific region, leaving them more susceptible to natural disasters and the effects of climate change. With

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Rising sea levels, heavy rainfall and flooding, and strong typhoons pose an enormous risk to the Philippines' infrastructure. 45% of Philippines' urban population lives in informal settlements with already weak infrastructure and are extremely vulnerable to flooding and typhoons. A giant storm would

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refers to the exploitation and acquisition of land for personal benefit. Like other developing countries, the Philippines have witnessed rapid change in the country's land tenure. For instance, studies have shown that development politics have driven efforts to convert land for rice cultivation into

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In the Philippines, there is a correlation between rainfall and civil conflict, and manifests through agricultural production. The increased rainfall during the wet season in the Philippines is proven to be harmful to agriculture as it leads to flooding and water logging. This above average rainfall

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Future projections for the current trajectory of climate change predict that global warming is likely to exceed 3 °C, potentially 4 °C, by 2060. Specifically in the Philippines, average temperatures are "virtually certain" to see an increase of 1.8 to 2.2 °C. This temperature increase

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Globally, an estimated 150 million people live in communities that will be submerged in water by 2050. The Philippines is among the countries most affected by rising sea levels. Children are the most vulnerable. As of 2023, records from three decades show sea levels rising by 7 to 10 centimeters per

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of vector and waterborne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and diarrhea (WHO). The heavy rains and increased temperatures lead to increased humidity which increases the chance of mosquito breeding and survival. Increased natural disasters not only directly contribute to the loss of human life, but

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Increased mortality among married men would simultaneously widow their wives and leaves them on their own to take care of their children, even when the society and government make it difficult for single mothers to succeed. Women are often relegated to be the caretakers of children, which increases

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Smallholder farmers in the Philippines are expected to be among the most vulnerable and impacted by the effects of climate change in the region. However, there are differences in how men and women experience these impacts and often lead to differences in farming patterns and coping strategies. Some

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All of these factors contribute to higher prices of food and an increased demand for imports, which hurt the general economy as well as individual livelihoods. From 2006 to 2013, the Philippines experienced a total of 75 disasters that cost the agricultural sector $ 3.8 billion in loss and damages.

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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Several factors of climate change are impacting the availability of water in the Philippines. The increasing number of intense droughts are reducing water levels and river flows and thus creating a shortage in water. The floods and landslides caused by extreme rainfall degrade watershed health and

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Some of the problems that disproportionately affect men are linked to increase civil conflict in the Mindanao region which increases the number of casualties and deaths of young men in the area. Men are furthermore more likely to be involved in high-risk rescue operations during natural disasters.

47:(OCHA), the Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. The archipelago is situated along the Pacific Ocean's typhoon belt, leaving the country vulnerable to around 20 typhoons each year, a quarter of which are destructive. The December 2021 typhoon known colloquially as 2425: 633:

which reduces the amount of freshwater available for use. About 25% of coastal municipalities in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao are affected by this and the issue is expected to get worse with sea level rise. Due to changing rainfall patterns and temperature rises, some agricultural practices may

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Climate change could simultaneously reduce the Philippines' supply of energy and increase its demand for energy. The increased chance of extreme weather events would reduce hydropower production, which accounts for 20% of the country's energy supply, as well as cause widespread damage to energy

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Increased disasters not only directly cause more human deaths, but also indirectly cause more deaths by destroying health services and causing food shortages. This disruptions may increase the spread of infectious disease, making recovery and health maintenance much more difficult for impacted

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and loss of land. Coral reefs and mangroves also act as important feeding and spawning areas for many fish species that many fisherfolk depend on for survival. Over 60% of the coastal population depends on marine resources such as coral reefs or mangroves for their contributions to fisheries,

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in coastal megacities. For example, in addition to being one of the world's most vulnerable cities to climate change due to geographical location, Manila has also been shaped by globalization and abides by many tenets of neoliberal urbanism, including "a strong focus on private sector led

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estimated that Typhoon Odette impacted the livelihoods of 13 million people, destroying their homes and leaving them without adequate food or water supplies. More tragically, the physical and economic repercussions of Typhoon Odette led to the death of over 400 people as of December 2021.

80:, the Philippines is not environmentally nor economically equipped to overcome issues it is currently dealing with, such as natural disasters and climate change. This inability to recover exacerbates the problem, creating a cycle of environmental and economic devastation in the country. 267:

Climate change has had and will continue to have drastic effects on the climate of the Philippines. From 1951 to 2010, the Philippines saw its average temperature rise by 0.65 °C, with fewer recorded cold nights and more hot days. Since the 1970s, the number of typhoons during the

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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wreak havoc on these informal settlements and cause the deaths and displacement of millions of people who inhabit 25 different coastline cities. These natural disasters will also cause millions of dollars in damages to urban infrastructure like bridges and roads. In 2009,

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Recognizing the Philippines' considerable disaster risk, there is need for disaster risk reduction and preparedness as well as humanitarian relief efforts. The Philippines institutionalizes the humanitarian cluster approach, and it organises disaster relief through its

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Philippine coastlines, one of the longest in the world, stretch more than 36,000 kilometers. Coastal areas and their communities are threatened by rising sea levels and gradual submersion. These endanger the livelihood of fishing communities as well as the country's

567:, corporations that would like previously inhabited land will offer support to those impacted by the storm. Often these offers are intended to waive current land rights and re-home people to make room for more business development, such was the case for 40:. All of these impacts together have greatly affected the Philippines' agriculture, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems and they are projected to continue having devastating damages to the economy and society of the Philippines. 2412: 889:

Fisherfolk organization Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) protested in Mendiola in 2020 to urge the Philippine government to address the impacts of climate change on fisherfolk. The group also called for an end to

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of the problems caused by extreme climate events in agrarian areas that are prone to civil conflict that disproportionately affect women include loss of customary rights to land, forced migration, increased discrimination, resource poverty and

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of the land under cultivation and stand to see reduced yields from heat and water stress. In addition to these challenges, the agricultural sector in the Philippines has also been significantly impacted by the drought conditions induced by

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Chandra, Alvin; McNamara, Karen E.; Dargusch, Paul; Caspe, Ana Maria; Dalabajan, Dante (February 2017). "Gendered vulnerabilities of smallholder farmers to climate change in conflict-prone areas: A case study from Mindanao, Philippines".

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have called for government action and have organized activities to raise public awareness on climate and related environmental, sociopolitical, and economic issues. Philippine activists have, for example, taken part in the

499:. This phenomenon has led to considerable agricultural losses, estimated at about 4.4 billion pesos ($ 76.2 million). Nearly 78,000 hectares of agricultural land, predominantly used for rice cultivation, have been affected 590:. The effect that the combination of severe climate events and civil conflict has on Filipino women is further exacerbated by discriminatory policies, belief and practices, and restricted access to resources. 927:

In May 2024, Nicol Melgar Marba, a Typhoon Odette survivor, and other victims of climate disasters from around the world filed before the Paris Criminal Court a criminal complaint against French oil company

766:(NDRRMC). NDRRMC also oversees the 18 regional Disaster Risk Reduction Management Councils (LDRRMCs), which in turn supervise disaster risk reduction and management operations at the provincial, city, and 757:

Mangrove forests have proven to be an efficient and environmentally friendly solution to the effects of coastal hazards. Extensive mangrove rehabilitation projects have been undertaken in the Philippines.

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Large cities in the Philippines such as Manila, Quezon City, Cebu, and Davao City see an increased risk from both climate change and globalization. Double exposure, infrastructure planning, and urban

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since 1910, and 0.09 °C increase in ocean temperatures since 1950. During the time period from 1990 to 2006, the Philippines experienced a number of record-breaking weather events, including the

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in the Philippines are rising. Over 41% of the country's GHG emissions come from the burning of coal and fuel oil for electricity generation, with many coal plants being technically unable to

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Garschagen, Matthias; Hagenlocher, Michael; Comes, Martina; Dubbert, Mirjam; Sabelfeld, Robert; Lee, Yew, Jin; Grunewald, Ludwig; Lanzendörfer, Matthias; Mucke, Peter (August 25, 2016).

2876: 1386: 912:, and other grassroots communities organized various protests in 2015 calling on government to end large-scale mining projects and address the root causes of the climate crisis. 825:

Science educators say that the Department of Education needs to provide training for teachers as well as address the shortage of classrooms, textbooks, and science equipment.

353:. This comes at a cost however as the oceans are becoming more and more acidic as they sequester more carbon dioxide. Ocean acidification has dire consequences as it causes 357:

and ultimately leads to the collapse of coral reefs (usaid). Rising sea levels cause increased salinity that can have damaging impacts on the country's extensive system of

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industries sustain growth, the Philippine Coconut Authority aggressively promotes expansion through large scale investors with the support of local government units in

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Philippine Republic Act 9512 or "An Act to Promote Environmental Education and for other Purposes" mandates schools to teach climate change. In 2011, the Philippine

2907: 361:. Both coral reefs and mangroves help reduce coastal erosion and support water quality. Erosion from the loss of coral reefs and mangroves increase the chance of 763: 2750: 44: 594:

Men are also more likely to work in outdoor jobss like construction, for which more frequent heat waves could lead to higher rates of heat-related illnesses.

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Meerow, Sara (November 2017). "Double exposure, infrastructure planning, and urban climate resilience in coastal megacities: A case study of Manila".

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survey conducted in 2018 revealed that 97% of energy consumers in Metro Manila favor the utilization of renewable energy. The government is making an

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to foster economic growth and social inclusivity. "The successful launch of the Green Economy Programme for the Philippines is part of the EU's new

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Rice, wheat, and corn crops are expected to see a 10% decrease in yield for every 1 °C increase over a 30 °C average annual temperature.

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issued a pastoral letter in 2019 instructing dioceses to make caring for the environment a special concern in the face of the climate emergency.

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infrastructure and services. There will be more power outages on average in addition to an increased demand for power, specifically cooling.

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season has increased. The Philippines has not only seen 0.15 meters of sea level rise since 1940, but also seen 0.6 to 1 °C increase in

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As of 2015, there is an estimated 1.9 million fisherfolk in the Philippines. Fisherfolk are among the country's poorest sectors in society.

2868: 2207: 1841: 699: 1361:"IEEFA: Philippines coal moratorium highlights dramatic pivot to renewable energy investment for lower prices and power system resilience" 282:, the most destructive typhoons (damages), the deadliest storm (casualties), and the typhoon with the highest 24-hour rainfall on record. 1751:

Climate change and health in the Western Pacific Region : synthesis of evidence, profiles of selected countries and policy direction

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Strategy and shows our commitment worldwide to combating climate change while promoting inclusive economic development," EU Ambassador

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water quality by increasing runoff and erosion that increases sedimentation in reservoirs. Many freshwater coastal aquifers have seen

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

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caused around a billion dollars (₱51.8 billion) in infrastructure and agricultural damages and displaced about 630,000 people. The

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In addition to the Philippines' close proximity to the Pacific Ocean's typhoon belt, the Philippines is also located within the "

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The Typhoon Haiyan Response: Strengthening Coordination among Philippine Government, Civil Society, and International Actors

3502: 2504: 1623:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 250: 21: 2527:"Sustainable mangrove rehabilitation: Lessons and insights from community-based management in the Philippines and Myanmar" 3256: 739: 2899: 2161:"Natural disasters and land grabs: the politics of their intersection in the Philippines following super typhoon Haiyan" 720: 495: 3647: 2361: 3467: 1686: 1659: 1624: 1335: 1124:

Perez, Rosa T.; et al. (August 1999), "Climate Change Impacts and Responses in the Philippines Coastal Sector",

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office to protest the bank's funding of the coal industry. Standard Chartered is the biggest funder of the

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is having serious impacts in the Philippines such as increased frequency and severity of natural disasters,

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Oil Palm Expansion in South East Asia: Trends and Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples

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issued Memorandum Order No. 52 directing public and private schools to strengthen environmental education.

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the burden and stress placed on them as well as inhibiting them from escaping from conflict ridden areas

68: 2362:"Philippines to build first offshore wind farm | REVE News of the wind sector in Spain and in the world" 875:

As part of its policy advocacy, Greenpeace Philippines released an open letter in 2019 urging President

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to declare a climate change emergency to make climate change and its impacts a top government priority.

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Below are some protest actions and social movements associated with climate change in the Philippines.

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who have occupied vast amounts of land. With beliefs that only through the private sector will

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to preserve the marine ecosystem and protect millions of people from flooding and dislocation.

1075: 902: 2961:"Projected Economic Impact of Climate Change on Marine Capture Fisheries in the Philippines" 1050: 514:. Typhoons (high winds) and heavy rainfall contribute to the destruction of crops, reduced 2301: 2246: 2114: 2020: 1927: 1916:"Climate change, agricultural production and civil conflict: Evidence from the Philippines" 1525: 1462:"Youth climate activists are back with new, sharper demands for countries and corporations" 1133: 350: 92:

is 0.48%. Nevertheless, the country is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

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for earth for millennia and is currently slowing the rate of global warming through the

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Kahana, Ron, et al. "Projections of mean sea level change for the Philippines." (2016).

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Crost, Benjamin; Duquennois, Claire; Felter, Joseph H.; Rees, Daniel I. (March 2018).

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levels (barangay is the lowest level of government, similar to the "village" level).

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Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement

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Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

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Programme for the Philippines" in the form of a grant from 2023 to 2028 to mitigate

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decade along Philippine coasts, which is three times faster than the world average.

2972: 2534: 2309: 2264: 2254: 2172: 2122: 2059: 2032: 2028: 1943: 1935: 1575: 1533: 1242: 1234: 1184: 1141: 898: 857:, joining demands for political leaders to urgently address the climate emergency. 849: 362: 189: 2176: 2605: 2565:

Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda): U.S. and International Response to Philippines Disaster

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also indirectly through food insecurity and the destruction of health services.

226: 3016: 2389: 2235:"Projected Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regimes in the Philippines" 2126: 1939: 1564:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic" 1538: 1513: 798: 794: 782: 658:

often will experience the effects worse than those with the economic mobility.

651: 647: 564: 515: 331: 327: 323: 291: 279: 243: 52: 33: 29: 2103:"The politics of urbanrural relations: land use conversion in the Philippines" 2063: 3641: 2977: 2960: 2313: 2184: 2134: 2071: 1256: 1196: 929: 786: 539: 383: 338: 2985: 2501:"Projects - Philippine Mangroves: Biodiversity, Conservation and Management" 1915: 217:

Visualisation of temperature change in the Philippines between 1901 and 2020

2723: 2335: 2278: 1809:"In Philippines, climate change tests Indigenous farming like never before" 1649: 1547: 1238: 2813:"Caritas Philippines urges government to ban fossil fuels - Vatican News" 2782:"Greenpeace asks Duterte to declare addressing climate change a priority" 2694:"'It's our time to rise up': youth climate strikes held in 100 countries" 2563: 2539: 2526: 556: 346: 48: 2079: 2047: 1948: 1842:"In troubled waters: Rising sea levels threaten sinking town's survival" 1264: 1222: 1204: 1172: 1155: 708: 2751:"Climate protesters gather in person and online for Fridays for Future" 2420: 1305:"This map shows why the Philippines is so vulnerable to climate change" 1247: 932:, demanding compensation for "losses and damages for climate impacts". 747: 611:

cost the Philippines $ 33 million to repair damaged roads and bridges.

390: 261: 64: 2869:"Worsening plight of climate refugees, an alarming trend under Aquino" 270: 1146: 358: 97: 1868:"LOOK: How rising sea levels could affect PHL cities, towns by 2050" 1435:"Philippines raises carbon emission reduction target to 75% by 2030" 1417:

Philippine GHG Inventory and Reporting Protocol: Manual for Business

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and other locations. In the case of extreme weather events, such as

100:. Land, water, and air transport accounts for 35% of GHG emissions. 767: 560: 548: 302: 298: 2844:"Duterte urged to address impacts of climate change on fisherfolk" 2692:

Laville, Sandra; Taylor, Matthew; Hurst, Daniel (March 15, 2019).

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The Philippines is increasingly vulnerable to extreme weather and

2443:"Valuing the Protection Services of Mangroves in the Philippines" 2048:"ASEAN and Regional Responses to the Problem(s) of Land Grabbing" 1647: 394: 1678:

Hotspots! Mapping Climate Change Vulnerability in Southeast Asia

1076:"Information on Disaster Risk Reduction of the Member Countries" 571:, who litigated inhabitants and removed them from the premises. 1046: 942: 897:

Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment joined the 2015

838: 655: 306: 2931:"'Odette' survivor joins global climate lawsuit vs oil giant" 2476:"Philippine mangroves fight floods & provide livelihoods" 1972:"Over 100 Philippine Towns in State of Calamity Amid Drought" 1560: 552: 525: 2009: 1026:"Climate Change Risk in the Philippines: Country Fact Sheet" 681:

Climate change, heavy rains, and increased temperatures are

1783:"Situational Report re Effects of Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)" 1073: 2336:"Sec. Cusi bats for GEOP to push PH clean energy scenario" 253:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely 188:, aims to cut its emissions by 75% by 2030. In 2021 youth 1913: 1514:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 654:. The urban poor in major cities in the Philippines like 196:'s financing of coal companies. Legislation to create an 2958: 1423:. Manila, Philippines: Climate Change Commission. 2017. 1365:

Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis

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National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

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UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

1718:"Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines" 203: 2900:"A world to win: people's actions on climate change" 1505: 2652:Chi, Gaea Katreena Cabico,Cristina (July 9, 2023). 1512:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (January 29, 2020). 574: 389:Among the areas that will be severely affected are 312: 25:

Both floods and droughts are predicted to increase.

2691: 2393:. Philippine Business Daily Mirror Publishing, Inc 1920:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 104:Carbon dioxide emissions from energy, 2011-2021 ( 3639: 1754:. World Health Organization. November 25, 2015. 1511: 1336:"Greenhouse gas emissions in PH rising: report" 884:Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines 775:Department of Environment and Natural Resources 260:Due to its geographical location, climate, and 476: 3015: 3001: 2294:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 901:protests to raise concern over the plight of 63:" which makes the country prone to recurrent 2959:David Suh; Robert Pomeroy (April 16, 2020). 2677:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2561: 1592: 700:Climate change adaptation in the Philippines 693: 36:, extreme rainfall, resource shortages, and 2628:"DepEd strengthens environmental education" 301:indigenous people in the Jayubo village of 83: 16:Impact of climate change on the Philippines 3008: 2994: 2842:Ellao, Janess Ann J. (February 24, 2020). 2780:Cabico, Gaea Katreena (December 4, 2019). 2626:Ronda, Rainier Allan (September 4, 2011). 2599: 2580: 2205: 1568:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1554: 1039: 785:launched the €60 million (P3.67 billion) " 526:Agricultural production and civil conflict 2976: 2538: 2268: 2258: 2232: 1947: 1807:Keith Anthony S. Fabro (August 4, 2023). 1654:. Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and UNU-EHS. 1579: 1537: 1333: 1246: 1223:"Population, Poverty, and Climate Change" 1220: 1145: 1117: 677:Effects of climate change on human health 464:Learn how and when to remove this message 2562:Lum, T.; Margesson, R. (February 2014), 2555: 2159:Uson, Maria Angelina M. (July 3, 2017). 1866:Garcia, Ma Angelica (November 4, 2019). 1598: 832: 641: 436:Relevant discussion may be found on the 251:the most intense climate change scenario 212: 20: 3653:Environmental issues in the Philippines 2574: 2382: 1613:from the original on September 20, 2023 1334:Jalandoni, Apples (November 20, 2018). 285: 3640: 2929:Cabico, Gaea Katreena (May 23, 2024). 2928: 2910:from the original on November 25, 2020 2779: 2748: 2507:from the original on February 10, 2016 2473: 2291: 2154: 2152: 2045: 1865: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1302: 1069: 1067: 1045: 808: 683:linked with the increased transmission 448:to additional sources at this section. 337:in the atmosphere have contributed to 2989: 2897: 2879:from the original on November 1, 2020 2841: 2810: 2792:from the original on December 4, 2019 2625: 2600:Sadongdong, Martin (March 11, 2024). 2431:from the original on October 9, 2021. 2100: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1674: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1581:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 1216: 1214: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1123: 1094: 1092: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 864:In 2021, activists stood outside the 400: 235:map for the Philippines for 1980–2016 3611: 2823:from the original on October 5, 2020 2158: 1839: 1459: 1387:"Statistical Review of World Energy" 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 848:Activist groups associated with the 703: 413: 409: 184:The Philippines, a signatory of the 2761:from the original on March 19, 2021 2704:from the original on March 15, 2019 2651: 2581:Dy, P.; Stephens, T. (March 2016), 2383:Lectura, Lenie (December 6, 2019). 2149: 2094: 2039: 1826: 1322: 1064: 740:Renewable energy in the Philippines 13: 2952: 2285: 1990: 1894: 1885: 1768: 1735: 1695: 1668: 1636: 1211: 1161: 1089: 429:relies largely or entirely upon a 208: 204:Impacts on the natural environment 14: 3674: 3663:Climate change in the Philippines 2898:Dulce, Leon (November 26, 2015). 2455:from the original on May 25, 2021 1625:The Australian Academy of Science 1599:Phiddian, Ellen (April 5, 2022). 1303:Fisher, Max (November 13, 2013). 1074:Asian Disaster Reduction Center. 961: 948:Climate change in the Philippines 742:is being expanded including with 670: 601: 372: 3621: 3610: 3600: 3599: 2811:Gomes, Robin (October 2, 2020). 2749:Vinter, Robyn (March 19, 2021). 2474:Martin, Ben (November 8, 2018). 1227:The World Bank Research Observer 941: 870:coal industry in the Philippines 707: 575:Gender disparities among farmers 534: 418: 313:Coastal ecosystems and fisheries 242: 225: 2922: 2891: 2861: 2835: 2804: 2773: 2742: 2716: 2685: 2645: 2619: 2593: 2519: 2493: 2467: 2435: 2405: 2376: 2354: 2328: 2226: 2199: 1964: 1859: 1800: 1479: 1453: 1427: 1408: 1379: 1353: 1051:"About OCHA in The Philippines" 366:tourism, and storm protection. 280:strongest typhoon (wind speeds) 2033:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.12.011 1840:Ines, Jezreel (July 4, 2023). 1296: 1271: 899:International Human Rights Day 843:September 2019 climate strikes 487: 90:greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 1: 2177:10.1080/02255189.2017.1308316 1675:Yusuf, Arief Anshory (2010). 1460:Pike, Lili (March 20, 2021). 954: 916: 510:events will have devastating 233:Köppen climate classification 88:Philippines share of global 2260:10.1371/journal.pone.0163941 2212:. Forest Peoples Programme. 2107:Environment and Urbanization 813: 545:Philippine Coconut Authority 319:Climate change and fisheries 7: 2965:Frontiers in Marine Science 2206:Colchester, Marcus (2011). 1601:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 1177:Contemporary Southeast Asia 935: 828: 477:Economic and social impacts 345:. The ocean has acted as a 102: 10: 3679: 2233:Tolentino, Pamela (2016). 2127:10.1177/095624789801000116 1940:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.01.005 1539:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 1221:Das Gupta, Monica (2014). 920: 697: 674: 578: 483:Climate change and poverty 480: 330:and the rising amounts of 316: 289: 3648:Climate change by country 3594: 3573: 3552: 3511: 3413: 3270: 3194: 3046: 3024: 2101:Kelly, Philip F. (1998). 2064:10.1163/19426720-02401004 923:Climate change litigation 791:environmental degradation 694:Mitigation and adaptation 638:Risk to "double exposure" 614: 581:Climate change and gender 38:environmental degradation 3027:Greenhouse gas emissions 2978:10.3389/fmars.2020.00232 2314:10.1177/0308518x17723630 2013:Journal of Rural Studies 623: 276:sea surface temperatures 198:emissions trading system 84:Greenhouse gas emissions 2480:Green Economy Coalition 1171:SMITH, PAUL J. (2007). 820:Department of Education 773:On March 11, 2024, the 650:, which both can cause 634:become unsustainable. 351:sequestration of carbon 3658:Climate change in Asia 3581:Small island countries 2046:Gilson, Julie (2018). 1651:World Risk Report 2016 1629:Climate Action Tracker 908:Peasants, fisherfolk, 845: 659: 609:Tropical Storm Ketsana 512:effects on agriculture 218: 26: 2875:. December 12, 2015. 855:global climate strike 836: 698:Further information: 675:Further information: 645: 579:Further information: 481:Further information: 317:Further information: 216: 200:is being considered. 24: 2730:. September 21, 2021 2540:10.30852/sb.2020.946 2531:APN Science Bulletin 2503:. October 28, 2014. 1283:UNDP Climate Promise 950:at Wikimedia Commons 892:reclamation projects 442:improve this article 393:and Isla Pamarawan, 286:Super typhoon Haiyan 249:2071–2100 map under 186:Paris climate accord 78:Spanish colonization 73:low-income countries 61:Pacific Ring of Fire 2306:2017EnPlA..49.2649M 2251:2016PLoSO..1163941T 2119:1998EnUrb..10...35K 2025:2017JRurS..50...45C 1932:2018JEEM...88..379C 1530:2020Natur.577..618H 1239:10.1093/wbro/lkt009 1138:1999ClRes..12...97P 841:taking part in the 809:Society and culture 744:offshore wind power 631:saltwater intrusion 343:ocean acidification 109: 1367:. November 3, 2020 910:Indigenous peoples 866:Standard Chartered 846: 719:. You can help by 664:climate resilience 660: 401:Future projections 219: 194:Standard Chartered 103: 69:volcanic eruptions 27: 3635: 3634: 3616:Wikimedia Commons 3257:the United States 2533:. April 7, 2020. 2300:(11): 2649–2672. 2219:978-979-15188-6-4 2052:Global Governance 1761:978-92-9061-737-2 1491:Climate Home News 946:Media related to 779:Toni Yulo-Loyzaga 737: 736: 569:Ayala Corporation 474: 473: 466: 410:Impacts on people 190:climate activists 182: 181: 43:According to the 3670: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3602: 3529:Marshall Islands 3010: 3003: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2364:. March 31, 2021 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2342:. March 10, 2021 2332: 2326: 2325: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2272: 2262: 2245:(10): e0163941. 2230: 2224: 2223: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2007: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1978:. April 30, 2024 1968: 1962: 1961: 1951: 1911: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1837: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1779: 1766: 1765: 1746: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1714: 1693: 1692: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1645: 1634: 1633: 1620: 1618: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1541: 1524:(7792): 618–20. 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1493:. March 24, 2021 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1441:. 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February 2017. 1030: 1022: 945: 903:climate refugees 850:climate movement 732: 729: 711: 704: 469: 462: 458: 455: 449: 422: 421: 414: 363:coastal flooding 246: 229: 110: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3590: 3569: 3548: 3539:Solomon Islands 3507: 3468:the Netherlands 3409: 3375:the Philippines 3266: 3190: 3042: 3041:in each country 3020: 3014: 2955: 2953:Further reading 2950: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2935:Philippine Star 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2686: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2658:Philippine Star 2650: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2632:Philippine Star 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2606:Manila Bulletin 2598: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2290: 2286: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2157: 2150: 2099: 2095: 2044: 2040: 2008: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1912: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1872:GMA News Online 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1838: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1769: 1762: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1696: 1689: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1646: 1637: 1616: 1614: 1597: 1593: 1559: 1555: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1332: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1309:Washington Post 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1219: 1212: 1189:10.1355/CS29-2C 1169: 1162: 1132:(2/3): 97–107, 1122: 1118: 1109: 1107: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1028: 1024: 1023: 962: 957: 938: 925: 919: 877:Rodrigo Duterte 831: 816: 811: 733: 727: 724: 717:needs expansion 702: 696: 679: 673: 640: 626: 617: 604: 588:food insecurity 583: 577: 537: 528: 508:extreme weather 490: 485: 479: 470: 459: 453: 450: 444:by introducing 435: 423: 419: 412: 403: 375: 355:coral bleaching 335: 321: 315: 294: 288: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 247: 238: 237: 236: 230: 211: 209:Climate history 206: 86: 76:its history of 17: 12: 11: 5: 3676: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3618: 3607: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3503:United Kingdom 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017:Climate change 3013: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2921: 2890: 2860: 2834: 2803: 2772: 2741: 2715: 2684: 2644: 2618: 2592: 2573: 2554: 2518: 2492: 2466: 2434: 2404: 2390:BusinessMirror 2375: 2353: 2327: 2284: 2225: 2218: 2198: 2171:(3): 414–430. 2148: 2093: 2038: 1989: 1963: 1893: 1884: 1858: 1825: 1799: 1767: 1760: 1734: 1694: 1687: 1667: 1660: 1635: 1591: 1553: 1504: 1478: 1452: 1426: 1407: 1378: 1352: 1321: 1295: 1270: 1210: 1183:(2): 264–285. 1160: 1116: 1106:, May 10, 2022 1088: 1063: 1049:(March 2019). 1038: 959: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 937: 934: 921:Main article: 918: 915: 914: 913: 906: 895: 887: 880: 873: 837:Protesters in 830: 827: 815: 812: 810: 807: 799:Global Gateway 795:climate change 783:European Union 735: 734: 714: 712: 695: 692: 672: 671:Health impacts 669: 652:urban flooding 648:sea level rise 639: 636: 625: 622: 616: 613: 603: 602:Infrastructure 600: 576: 573: 565:Typhoon Haiyan 536: 533: 527: 524: 516:soil fertility 489: 486: 478: 475: 472: 471: 440:. Please help 426: 424: 417: 411: 408: 402: 399: 374: 373:Sea level rise 371: 333: 328:global warming 324:Climate change 314: 311: 292:Typhoon Haiyan 290:Main article: 287: 284: 248: 241: 240: 239: 231: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 210: 207: 205: 202: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 85: 82: 53:United Nations 49:Typhoon Odette 34:sea level rise 30:Climate change 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3675: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574:Other regions 3572: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553:Polar regions 3551: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 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1955: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1888: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1788: 1787:ndrrmc.gov.ph 1784: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1690: 1688:9789810862930 1684: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1663: 1661:9783946785026 1657: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1617:September 30, 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1284: 1280: 1279:"Philippines" 1274: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233:(1): 83–108. 1232: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 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