389:
115:
712:
895:, which is a fully legal marriage that has merely been contracted in an irregular way (including by habit and repute). Only nine U.S. states and the District of Columbia still permit common-law marriage; but common law marriages are otherwise valid and recognised by and in all jurisdictions whose rules of comity mandate the recognition of any marriage that was legally formed in the jurisdiction where it was contracted.
811:. Couples who are living together are generally recognised as a de facto union and thus able to claim many of the rights and benefits of a married couple, even if they have not registered or officially documented their relationship, although this may vary by state. It has been noted that it is harder to prove de facto relationship status, particularly in the case of the death of one of the partners.
568:. Both of these men exercised nearly all control over their respective nations for many years despite not having either legal constitutional office or the legal authority to exercise power. These individuals are today commonly recorded as the "leaders" of their respective nations; recording their legal, correct title would not give an accurate assessment of their power.
538:(3) Those who, as a consequence of these acts, were to assume the powers foreseen for the authorities of this Constitution or for those of the provinces, shall be punished with the same penalties and shall be civil and criminally liable for their acts. The respective actions shall not be subject to prescription.
814:
In April 2014, an
Australian federal court judge ruled that a heterosexual couple who had a child and lived together for 13 years were not in a de facto relationship and thus the court had no jurisdiction to divide up their property under family law following a request for separation. In his ruling,
863:
If an
Australian de facto couple moves out of a state, they do not take the state with them and the new federal law is tied to the territorial limits of a state. The legal status and rights and obligations of the de facto or unmarried couple would then be recognised by the laws of the country where
802:
relationships provide couples who are living together on a genuine domestic basis with many of the same rights and benefits as married couples. Two people can become a de facto couple by entering into a registered relationship (i.e.: civil union or domestic partnership) or by being assessed as such
417:
In politics, a de facto leader of a country or region is one who has assumed authority, regardless of whether by lawful, constitutional, or legitimate means; very frequently, the term is reserved for those whose power is thought by some faction to be held by unlawful, unconstitutional, or otherwise
633:, de facto boundaries may also arise in relatively unpopulated areas in which the border was never formally established or in which the agreed border was never surveyed and its exact position is unclear. The same concepts may also apply to a boundary between provinces or other subdivisions of a
906:
joint custody is comparable to the joint legal decision-making authority a married couple has over their child(ren) in many jurisdictions (Canada as an example). Upon separation, each parent maintains de facto joint custody, until such time a court order awards custody, either sole or joint.
413:
A de facto government is a government wherein all the attributes of sovereignty have, by usurpation, been transferred from those who had been legally invested with them to others, who, sustained by a power above the forms of law, claim to act and do really act in their stead.
275:
A de facto standard is a standard (formal or informal) that has achieved a dominant position by tradition, enforcement, or market dominance. It has not necessarily received formal approval by way of a standardization process, and may not have an official standards document.
508:) formulation which essentially said that the actions and decrees of past de facto governments, although not rooted in legal legitimacy when taken, remained binding until and unless such time as they were revoked or repealed de jure by a subsequent legitimate government.
261:) is used to describe a "non-life sentence" that is long enough to end after the convicted person would have likely died due to old age, or one long enough to cause the convicted person to "live out the vast majority of their life in jail prior to their release."
969:
consists of systems that have been publicly released to a certain degree so that anybody can manufacture equipment supporting the technology. For instance, in cell phone communications, CDMA1X is a de facto technology, while GSM is a standard technology.
2145:
199:
which means "as defined by law" or "as a matter of law." For example, if a particular law exists in one jurisdiction, but is followed in another where it has no legal effect (such as in another country), then the law could be considered a
544:(5) He who, procuring personal enrichment, incurs in serious fraudulent offense against the Nation shall also attempt subversion against the democratic system, and shall be disqualified to hold public office for the term specified by law.
856:, de facto partnerships can only be legally recognised whilst the couple lives within a state in Australia. This is because the power to legislate on de facto matters relies on referrals by States to the Commonwealth in accordance with
1967:
624:
The de facto boundaries of a country are defined by the area that its government is actually able to enforce its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory de jure. The
887:
A de facto relationship is comparable to non-marital relationship contracts (sometimes called "palimony agreements") and certain limited forms of domestic partnership, which are found in many jurisdictions throughout the world.
441:, which briefly made him de facto leader of Chile, but he later amended the nation's constitution and made himself president until new elections were called, making him the formal and legal ruler of Chile. Similarly,
290:
requirements. The term "de facto standard" is used for both: to contrast obligatory standards (also known as "de jure standards"); or to express a dominant standard, when there is more than one proposed standard.
571:
Another example of a de facto ruler is someone who is not the actual ruler but exerts great or total influence over the true ruler, which is quite common in monarchies. Some examples of these de facto rulers are
952:
A "de facto government" comes into, or remains in, power by means not provided for in the country's constitution, such as a coup d'état, revolution, usurpation, abrogation or suspension of the constitution.
353:, but was not declared de jure state language until 1990. A short-lived law, effected April 24, 1990, installed Russian as the sole de jure official language of the Union prior to its dissolution in 1991.
137:) describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with
1945:
227:
as a proportion of the overall market; wherein the market share is so large that it results in the organization choosing to comply by implementing one standard of business with respect to the given
1886:
1719:
1977:
924:
is a system where many suppliers of a product are allowed but the market is so completely dominated by one that the other players are unable to compete or even survive. The related terms
116:
520:(1) This Constitution shall rule even when its observance is interrupted by acts of force against the institutional order and the democratic system. These acts shall be irreparably
815:
the judge stated "de facto relationship(s) may be described as 'marriage like' but it is not a marriage and has significant differences socially, financially and emotionally."
1639:
965:
is a system in which the intellectual property and know-how is privately held. Usually only the owner of the technology manufactures the related equipment. Meanwhile, a
1907:
860:, where it states the new federal law can only be applied back within a state. There must be a nexus between the de facto relationship itself and the Australian state.
1312:
527:(2) Their authors shall be punished with the penalty foreseen in Section 29, disqualified in perpetuity from holding public offices and excluded from the benefits of
649:
formally began in 1948, de facto racist policies and practices discriminating against black South
Africans, People of Colour, and Indians dated back decades before.
1659:
368:, the official languages are English and Portuguese respectively, together with Chinese. However, no particular variety of Chinese referred to in law is specified.
1684:
1827:
2124:
1937:
231:
law instead of altering standards between different jurisdictions and markets (e.g. data protection, manufacturing, etc.). The decision to voluntarily comply
1261:
1878:
2070:
2059:
2048:
2037:
857:
2000:
1857:
1723:
2100:
694:
refers to a situation where two nations are actively engaging, or are engaged, in aggressive military actions against the other without a formal
1619:
722:
2081:
818:
The above sense of de facto is related to the relationship between common law traditions and formal (statutory, regulatory, civil) law, and
512:
1636:
790:, a de facto relationship is a legally recognized, committed relationship of a couple living together (opposite-sex or same-sex).
400:
365:
1439:
1915:
1535:
1468:
1320:
1655:
822:. Common law norms for settling disputes in practical situations, often worked out over many generations to establishing
1087:
1062:
541:(4) All citizens shall have the right to oppose resistance to those committing the acts of force stated in this section.
334:
in the case of
Morocco), but an additional de facto language is also French. In New Zealand, the official languages are
1676:
808:
1819:
2120:
1786:
1753:
752:
95:
388:
2185:
2180:
847:
473:
613:
485:
315:
Several countries, including
Australia, Japan, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States, have a de facto
838:, while also playing a role in some countries that have mixed systems with significant admixtures of civil law.
585:
493:
377:
876:
867:
This is unlike marriage and "matrimonial causes" which are recognised by sections 51(xxi) and (xxii) of the
468:, the successive military coups that overthrew constitutional governments installed de facto governments in
418:
illegitimate means, often because it had deposed a previous leader or undermined the rule of a current one.
497:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2034:
1376:
1992:
1849:
1021:
933:
659:
in the United States (outside of the South) until the 1950s and 1960s was simply discrimination that was
191:) is a law or regulation that is followed but "is not specifically enumerated by a law." By definition,
1820:"Getting divorced without marriage: Your rights and responsibilities when a de facto relationship ends"
831:
2097:
1616:
1209:
1112:
998:
did not hold the official title of GM, but served as de facto general manager as he had control over
868:
804:
609:
357:
339:
331:
29:
477:
676:
2108:
1401:
1117:
853:
532:
469:
2078:
1778:
1578:
Apartheid South Africa: An
Insider's Overview of the Origin And Effects of Separate Development.
672:
489:
1355:
1343:
834:, this is particularly true in Anglo-American legal traditions and in former colonies of the
589:
345:
Russian was the de facto official language of the central government and, to a large extent,
1288:"The EU's $ 1.3 billion blockbuster Meta fine shows it's the de facto global tech regulator"
496:. The subsequent legal analysis of the validity of such actions led to the formulation of a
991:
597:
573:
481:
458:
299:
8:
1504:
892:
819:
795:
422:
leaders sometimes do not hold a constitutional office and may exercise power informally.
373:
322:
Some countries have a de facto national language in addition to an official language. In
235:
be the result of: a desire to simplify manufacturing processes & cost-effectiveness (
1771:
695:
656:
593:
279:
1782:
1749:
1531:
1351:
983:
690:
Most commonly used to describe large scale conflicts of the 20th century, the phrase
605:
601:
450:
446:
316:
270:
238:
1287:
335:
298:, a voluntary standard that is also a de facto standard, is a typical solution to a
1801:
1635:
Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and
Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986).
1519:
1443:
771:
430:
408:
243:), consumer demand & expectation, or other factors known only to the complier.
43:
730:
2104:
2085:
2074:
2063:
2052:
2041:
1663:
1643:
1623:
1066:
668:
581:
577:
295:
163:
1458:
1235:
1972:
1159:
1131:
1016:
987:
835:
787:
630:
561:
454:
442:
438:
247:
167:
156:
109:
2174:
1059:
734:
667:", which were enacted in the 1870s, brought legal racial segregation against
664:
557:
521:
453:. However, his de facto rule of the nation began earlier: during his time as
346:
287:
174:
1079:
1463:
872:
827:
350:
286:
requirements, but may be obligatory, enforced by government norms, such as
1184:
1262:"The Brussels Effect 2.0: Is the EU Trying to Export Its Rules Globally?"
626:
404:
20:
1968:"De facto couples have differences to married counterparts, judge says"
979:
945:
634:
208:
regulation" is not an officially prescribed legal classification for a
2153:
1938:"Do same-sex couples really have the same rights as married couples?"
999:
929:
925:
823:
646:
505:
465:
369:
223:
be followed by an organization as a result of the market size of the
1313:"The Brussels Effect: The Rise of a Regulatory Superstate in Europe"
212:
in a particular jurisdiction, rather, it is a concept about law(s).
1773:
Separate and
Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government
921:
775:
501:
457:; he exercised a great deal of power at the expense of the elderly
426:
283:
778:
is referred to as a de facto husband or wife by some authorities.
841:
327:
323:
139:
449:
is often recorded as beginning in 1979, the year he assumed the
1496:
565:
548:
528:
932:
are similar in meaning and this is the type of situation that
434:
361:
1993:"The Referral of State Powers Cooperative Federalism lives?"
1011:
87:
78:
69:
49:
1525:
629:
is an example of a de facto boundary. As well as cases of
1154:
1152:
995:
978:
Examples of a de facto
General Manager in sports include
60:
830:
around the world. Because its early forms originated in
1850:"Family Law Act 1975 – Sect 4AA De facto relationships"
1228:
19:"In practice" redirects here. For the publication, see
1677:"Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948"
1149:
701:
96:
63:
57:
1591:
Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.
1493:, James A. Ballentine, Second Edition, 1948, p. 345.
1440:"USSR Law "On the Languages of the Peoples of USSR""
882:
84:
75:
66:
46:
1528:
Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents
1459:"Cantonese: Still the Native Language of Hong Kong"
1429:, Oxford Un. Press, 1977. (or Clarendon Press 1978)
1109:
1056:
Random House
Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
54:
1770:
826:, are a core element informing decision making in
1806:Violence and Exploitation Against Women and Girls
1552:Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African.
1177:
858:Section 51(xxxvii) of the Australian Constitution
342:; however, English is a third de facto language.
330:, Arabic is an official language (in addition to
146:
2172:
2113:
1748:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 7.
437:initially came to power as the chairperson of a
1804:"Battered Woman Syndrome. Empirical Findings."
1744:Woodward, C. Vann; McFeely, William S. (2001).
1743:
1707:Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy.
1285:
781:
675:. These laws were legally ended in 1964 by the
551:which shall rule the exercise of public office.
488:, the last of which combined the powers of the
166:for de facto "regulatory globalisation" by the
2146:"OP 7.30 – Dealings with De Facto Governments"
1136:Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute
842:Relationships not recognised outside Australia
560:of the People's Republic of China and general
380:is the de facto standard in both territories.
1777:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
1406:Van der Veen, Hartshorn, Levin & Lindheim
1259:
1124:
1072:
891:A de facto Relationship is not comparable to
848:Family Court of Australia § Jurisdiction
719:The examples and perspective in this section
383:
1442:(in Russian). April 24, 1990. Archived from
1341:
319:but no official, de jure national language.
2152:. The World Bank. July 2001. Archived from
122:
1626:. Rhodes University. knowledge4africa.com.
737:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1563:Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000).
753:Learn how and when to remove this message
547:(6) Congress shall enact a law on public
305:
16:Practical rather than theoretical reality
1854:Australasian Legal Information Institute
1565:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5.
956:
682:
387:
1617:Chapter 9 The Natives (Urban Areas) Act
1450:
898:
401:List of states with limited recognition
366:special administrative regions of China
2173:
1990:
1948:from the original on 15 September 2017
1817:
1709:Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57.
1419:
264:
1830:from the original on 8 September 2017
1737:
1712:
1687:from the original on 23 February 2015
1674:
1596:
556:Two examples of de facto leaders are
310:
108:
2121:"Hague Convention on Marriages 1978"
1768:
1604:South Africa: no easy path to peace.
1502:
1456:
1090:from the original on 24 January 2021
705:
498:doctrine of the de facto governments
395:political map of the world, May 2019
225:jurisdiction imposing the regulation
1935:
1593:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.
1526:A. Du Toit, H. B. Giliomee (1983).
1402:"What is a De Facto Life Sentence?"
1377:"What is a de facto life sentence?"
1210:"De Facto: Legal Concept Explained"
610:Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily
511:That doctrine was nullified by the
13:
1912:The Law Society of New South Wales
1530:. University of California Press.
794:unions are defined in the federal
702:Marriage and domestic partnerships
645:In South Africa, although de jure
429:are de facto rulers. For example,
14:
2197:
1656:The Representation of Natives Act
1505:"Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law"
883:Non-marital relationship contract
1554:New York University Press. p. 8.
1471:from the original on 4 July 2017
936:laws are intended to eliminate.
765:
710:
42:
2138:
2127:from the original on 2012-02-20
2091:
2027:
2024:(2007) 233 CLR 307, (Kirby J).
2015:
2003:from the original on 2012-02-27
1984:
1976:. 23 April 2014. Archived from
1960:
1929:
1900:
1889:from the original on 2018-09-22
1871:
1860:from the original on 2016-04-12
1842:
1811:
1795:
1762:
1699:
1668:
1649:
1629:
1609:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1483:
1432:
1394:
1369:
1335:
1305:
1279:
1033:
1002:and other personnel decisions.
990:, the former head coach of the
663:segregation by law (de jure). "
614:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
282:are usually voluntary, such as
101:-toh, dee -, də -
1818:Rääbus, Carol (22 June 2017).
1746:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
1253:
1202:
1102:
1049:
864:they are ordinarily resident.
640:
588:(for his former lover Empress
378:traditional Chinese characters
1:
1615:Tankard, Keith (9 May 2004).
1317:Archive - Columbia Law School
1069:." Retrieved January 12, 2018
1042:
877:Hague Convention on Marriages
513:constitutional reform of 1994
1997:Western Australia Law Review
1991:French, Justice (Feb 2003).
1457:Mair, Victor (1 July 2017).
948:has a pertinent definition:
782:In Australia and New Zealand
7:
1589:Nojeim, Michael J. (2004).
1022:Convention (political norm)
1005:
982:who acted as the GM of the
915:
910:
733:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2202:
1720:"Civil Rights Act of 1964"
1567:Popular Prakashan. p. 142.
939:
845:
832:England in the Middle Ages
655:racial discrimination and
619:
398:
384:Governance and sovereignty
349:governments of the former
268:
161:
154:
27:
18:
1883:Family Court of Australia
1705:Ambrosio, Thomas (2002).
1507:. Oxford, Clarendon Press
1113:Oxford English Dictionary
973:
869:Constitution of Australia
461:, the de jure president.
340:New Zealand Sign Language
30:De facto (disambiguation)
1908:"De facto Relationships"
1879:"De facto Relationships"
1808:, November 2006, p. 142.
1622:20 November 2008 at the
1348:SSRN Columbia Law School
1027:
677:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2186:Latin words and phrases
2181:Latin legal terminology
2109:Australian Constitution
1662:13 October 2006 at the
1425:Edna Ullmann-Margalit:
1118:Oxford University Press
986:between 1999 and 2002.
871:and internationally by
604:(for her husband, King
259:"virtual" life sentence
1769:King, Desmond (1995).
1602:Leach, Graham (1986).
1427:The Emergence of Norms
954:
612:(for her husband King
554:
396:
306:Government and culture
288:drinking water quality
1550:Gish, Steven (2000).
1344:"The Brussels Effect"
1342:Anu Bradford (2012).
1286:CHRIS STOKEL-WALKER.
957:Intellectual property
950:
854:Australian federalism
846:Further information:
809:Federal Circuit Court
692:de facto state of war
590:Catherine I of Russia
517:
515:. Article 36 states:
399:Further information:
391:
155:Not be confused with
1576:Allen, John (2005).
992:New England Patriots
899:Family law – custody
820:common-law marriages
731:improve this section
721:may not represent a
574:Empress Dowager Cixi
459:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
300:coordination problem
110:[deːˈfaktoː]
28:For other uses, see
1675:Reddy, E.S (n.d.).
1260:Linda A. Thompson.
967:standard technology
963:de facto technology
893:common-law marriage
796:Family Law Act 1975
586:Alexander Menshikov
490:presidential office
374:Hong Kong Cantonese
280:Technical standards
265:Technical standards
237:such as adopting a
2150:Operational Manual
2103:2009-04-11 at the
2084:2012-03-09 at the
2073:2012-04-16 at the
2062:2012-04-16 at the
2051:2012-04-16 at the
2040:2012-04-16 at the
1642:2016-03-26 at the
1637:vol 477 cc1159-250
1240:Cornell Law School
1216:. 27 December 2023
1189:Cornell Law School
1164:Cornell Law School
1065:2021-01-24 at the
696:declaration of war
602:Elisabeth of Parma
594:Cardinal Richelieu
576:of China (for son
492:with those of the
451:Presidency of Iraq
445:'s formal rule of
397:
311:National languages
147:Jurisprudence and
1606:Routledge. p. 68.
1580:iUniverse. p. xi.
1537:978-0-520-04319-0
984:Baltimore Orioles
875:and conventions,
763:
762:
755:
494:National Congress
317:national language
271:De facto standard
257:(also known as a
239:one size fits all
184:(also known as a
2193:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2095:
2089:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1815:
1809:
1802:Walker Lenore E.
1799:
1793:
1792:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1722:. Archived from
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1681:sahistory.org.za
1672:
1666:
1658:. sahistory.org
1653:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1487:
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1480:
1478:
1476:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:. Archived from
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:(2nd ed.).
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1053:
1037:
961:In engineering,
944:In finance, the
772:domestic partner
758:
751:
747:
744:
738:
714:
713:
706:
671:residing in the
431:Augusto Pinochet
409:De facto embassy
248:prison sentences
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
120:
119:
118:
112:
107:
100:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
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