835:(DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition. Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition. An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those. This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds. This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing. Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds, as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and
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846:. Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure. In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months. Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an
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International
Dobermann Club (IDC), and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears. In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs. Docking is illegal in all European Union states, as well as Australia. The AKC standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd
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household dogs. This study found that the
Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g.,
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There is some evidence that
Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders. Despite this, the American breed standard states that, for purposes of determining of conformation
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After
Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the
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The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that
Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of
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Ogata, Niwako; Gillis, Timothy E.; Liu, Xiaoxu; Cunningham, Suzanne M.; Lowen, Steven B.; Adams, Bonnie L.; Sutherland-Smith, James; Mintzopoulos, Dionyssios; Janes, Amy C.; Dodman, Nicholas H.; Kaufman, Marc J. (2013). "Brain structural abnormalities in
Dobermann Pinschers with canine compulsive
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There is a great deal of scientific evidence that
Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are
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Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo;
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In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other
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in central
Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the
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techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that
Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness,
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The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the
Dobermann as a breed. The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work. Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and the
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is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist
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Some owners crop Dobermann's ears. The Doberman Pinscher Club of America requires that ears be "normally cropped and carried erect" for conformation. Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.
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are a common problem for the breed. and cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey. Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to
819:. A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall. A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 68% of Dobermann died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.
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with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall. Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and
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White Doberman are cream in color with blue eyes and pink noses, paw pads, and eye rims. The first white Doberman was born in 1976. White Doberman were identified as albino, and the condition is caused by a partial deletion in the
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Sisson D, OâGrady MR, Calvert CA. Myocardial diseases of dogs. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS, editors. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p.
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CCD is highly prevalent among Dobermans, with an estimated incidence of about 28% in a database including over 2300 dogs (personal communication, Andrew Borgman, Statistical Analyst, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids,
767:). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.
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average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability. Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.
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Bellumori, Thomas P.; Famula, Thomas R.; Bannasch, Danika L.; Belanger, Janelle M.; Oberbauer, Anita M. (1 June 2013). "Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995â2010)".
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gene. Although albino Doberman are prone to suffer long term issues including photosensitivity/photophobia, skin lesions/tumors, and solar skin damage, there is no evidence suggesting this mutation causes deafness.
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Witsberger, Tige H.; Villamil, J. Armando; Schultz, Loren G.; Hahn, Allen W.; Cook, James L. (15 June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs".
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coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.
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Calvert CA; Hall G; Jacobs G; Pickus C. (1997). "Clinical and pathologic findings in Dobermanns with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984â1991)".
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The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.
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Glickman, Lawrence T.; Glickman, Nita W.; PĂ©rez, Cynthia M.; Schellenberg, Diana B.; Lantz, Gary C. (1 May 1994). "Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs".
718:). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category, and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability.
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Brockman, Daniel J.; Washabau, Robert J.; Drobatz, Kenneth J. (15 August 1995). "Canine gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986â1992)".
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Martin, M. W. S.; Stafford Johnson, M. J.; Celona, B. (2009). "Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases".
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Jeffrey J. Sacks; Leslie Sinclair; Julie Gilchrist; Gail C. Golab; Randall Lockwood. "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998".
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Domanjko-PetriÄ, Aleksandra; Stabej, Polona; Ćœemva, A. (2002). "Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Dobermann dog: survival, causes of death and a pedigree review in a related line".
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Meurs KM; Fox PR; Norgard M; Spier AW; Lamb A; Koplitz SL; Baumwart RD. (2007). "A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher".
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2002:
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believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.
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938:. A study of 295 cases in America found 6.1% of cases to belong to the Dobermann. Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann.
774:, between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as
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A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of
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Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catherine (2015). "Hypothyroidism". In Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (eds.).
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Adams, V. J.; Evans, K. M.; Sampson, J.; Wood, J. L. N. (1 October 2010). "Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK".
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Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes, and an additional fifty percent die of
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earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.
2226:"Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995â2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death"
2574:"Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers"
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registrations in that year. In the fifteen years from 2009 to 2023 the average number of puppies whelped per year in Germany was approximately
1411:"Colour Dilution Alopecia in Doberman Pinschers with Blue or Fawn Coat Colours: A Study on the Incidence and Histopathology of this Disorder"
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with one US study finding 6.3% of Dobermanns to have the condition compared to 1.54% for mixed-breeds. The Dobermann is also predisposed to
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Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The
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Tortora, D.F. (1980). "Animal behavior therapy: the behavioral diagnosis and treatment of dominance-motivated aggression in canines. 1 ".
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1726:. The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Archived from
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432:. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's
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McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024).
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A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for
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Hart, B.L.; Hart, L.A. (1985). "Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender".
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study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.
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US Centers for Disease Control: Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998
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Bell, Jerold S. (2014). "Inherited and Predisposing Factors in the Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus in Dogs".
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Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive.
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582:(Isabella). The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one
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630:, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.
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Size: "Males, decidedly masculine, without coarseness. Females, decidedly feminine, without over-refinement."
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new registrations per year. Statistics compiled by the AKC for 2009 placed the Doberman Pinscher 15th, with
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It was originally intended as a guard dog, so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance.
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436:(1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed. The
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genetically determined. Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine
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Kenth Svartberg (2006). "Breed-typical behaviour in dogsâHistorical remnants or recent constructs?".
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In 2013 a list of breeds by annual number of registrations, based on a survey of member clubs of the
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Sacks; Lockwood, R; Hornreich, J; Sattini, RW; et al. (1996). "Fatal dog attacks, 1989â1994".
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fault, aggression and belligerence by a Doberman toward other dogs is not counted as viciousness.
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Tidholm, A.; Jönsson, L. (2005). "Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy".
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only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.
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1494:"A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs"
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955:. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.
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2977:"Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds"
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Krawiec DR; Heflin D. (1992). "Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981â1986)".
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based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book
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was found to be prevalent in 28% of Dobermanns in one study. The breed is predisposed to
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A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to
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alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The
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O'Grady, Michael R.; O'Sullivan, M.Lynne (2004). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: an update".
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Doberman Pinschers: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, training and behavior
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15. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived 16 December 2022.
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of the average total number of births for all breeds, recorded at slightly more than
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1310:(in German). Dortmund: Verband fĂŒr das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.
1271:(in German). Dortmund: Verband fĂŒr das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.
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Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024).
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1298:. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
1286:. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
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breeds. This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.
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962:(IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for
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The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a
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2292:(Fourth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. p. 91.
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ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of
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allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as
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Egenvall, A; Bonnett, Bn; Hedhammar, Ă„; Olson, P (30 September 2005).
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Thomas Draper (1995), "Canine analogs of human personality factors",
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Registration figures worldwide â from top thirty to endangered breeds
519:; bitches are considerably smaller, with height and weight ranges of
459:, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.
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Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (24 February 2017).
2133:"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death"
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2948:(12). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1818â1824.
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2364:(11). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1549â1555.
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2912:(9). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1465â1471.
2615:"An update on canine cardiomyopathies â is it all in the genes?"
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Calvert CA; Jacobs GJ; Smith DD; Rathbun SL; Pickus CW (2000).
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Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
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2183:"Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy"
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1668:"Ear cropping and tail docking: Should you or shouldn't you?"
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1259:. New York: The American Kennel Club. Archived 14 July 2023.
340:. It has a long muzzle and â ideally â an even and graceful
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Hnilica, Keith A.; Patterson, Adam P. (19 September 2016).
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Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include:
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Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called
424:. The single exception is the documented crossing with the
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
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Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for
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1355:"Canadian Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard"
1326:"American Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard"
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2000:
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Royal Australian Society for the Protection of Animals
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1617:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125"
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Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped
363:. In Canada and the United States it is known as the
352:, practices which are now illegal in many countries.
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570:(D). There are nine possible combinations of these
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1103:, 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 6 May 2014
2987:(2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918.
1642:"Is the tail docking of dogs legal in Australia?"
531:, and registration is subject to completion of a
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2613:Dutton, E.; LĂłpez-Alvarez, J. (17 April 2018).
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1918:
19:"Doberman" redirects here. For other uses, see
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2143:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
858:The Dobermann is predisposed to the following
610:coloration occurs when the black gene has two
455:adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official
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1804:"The Doberman pinscher: darling...or devil?"
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1895:Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog
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1451:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
574:, which can result in four different color
383:Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by
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1576:Raymond Gudas; Betsy Sikora Siino (2005).
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550:Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears
387:, a tax collector who ran a dog pound in
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2003:"Breed differences in canine aggression"
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1216:. Dobermann Pinscher Club of America.
1185:. US: Dace Publishing. 1997. pp.
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1566:
1469:. Doberman Pinscher Club of America.
1386:. Doberman Pinscher Club of America.
1257:Dog Registration Statistics 1991â2008
1220:from the original on 18 February 2016
1203:
1072:from the original on 4 September 2014
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1020:
515:, with a weight usually in the range
464:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
282:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
2841:
2740:from the original on 5 November 2013
2718:
2276:
2001:Duffy DL; Hsu Y; Serpell JA (2008).
1742:
1716:
1332:from the original on 9 February 2015
1289:
1262:
1181:Basic Guide to the Doberman Pinscher
1153:. US: T.F.H. Publications. pp.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
16:Black and tan dog breed from Germany
2844:Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
2730:Canine Inherited Disorders Database
2562:
2043:
1592:"Animal Welfare Act 2006 Section 6"
1344:
1313:
1301:
1274:
1126:from the original on 20 August 2018
1114:"Dobermans Suffer From a Bad Press"
1094:"Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher"
913:
206:63 to 68 cm (25 to 27 in)
196:68 to 72 cm (27 to 28 in)
13:
2734:University of Prince Edward Island
2676:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03058.x
2419:
1892:Scott, J.P.; Fuller, J.L. (1966).
1427:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x
1232:
1045:
810:
498:
466:, placed the Dobermann 26th, with
14:
3492:
3476:Dog breeds originating in Germany
1816:from the original on 14 June 2018
1473:from the original on 9 April 2009
1390:from the original on 9 April 2009
822:
2619:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2431:Journal of Veterinary Cardiology
2405:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00659.x
2393:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2327:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x
2315:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2010:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1921:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1409:WILLIAM H. MILLER Jr. 1 (2008).
983:
976:
328:type. It was originally bred in
30:
2968:
2932:
2897:
2862:
2835:
2787:
2704:. St. Louis (Miss.): Saunders.
2606:
2457:
2384:
2333:
2289:Canine and feline endocrinology
2217:
2200:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155
2173:
2124:
2081:
2062:
1912:
1898:. University of Chicago Press.
1863:"The Doberman â Breed Standard"
1855:
1796:
1724:"Ear cropping and tail docking"
1694:"The Doberman â Breed Standard"
1686:
1634:
1609:
1584:
1544:
1485:
892:interdigital haemorrhagic bulla
692:
659:Blue Dobermann with docked tail
41:needs additional citations for
2918:10.2460/javma.1994.204.09.1465
2883:10.2460/javma.1995.207.04.0460
2773:10.2460/javma.1992.200.08.1119
2187:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
2022:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006
1943:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.014
1580:. Barron's Educational Series.
1296:FCI-Standard N° 143: Dobermann
1171:
1138:
1106:
853:
721:
385:Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann
344:. The ears were traditionally
243:black & tan, red & tan
1:
2556:10.2460/javma.1997.210.04.505
2443:10.1016/S1760-2734(06)70019-4
2230:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
1978:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921236
1966:Journal of General Psychology
1838:Why does my dog act that way?
1039:
408:several breeds including the
227:32â35 kg (71â77 lb)
217:40â45 kg (88â99 lb)
2994:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918
1519:10.1371/journal.pone.0092127
1467:"What is an Albino Doberman"
7:
2809:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.002
960:intervertebral disc disease
936:gastric dilatation volvulus
10:
3497:
3103:German Shorthaired Pointer
3098:German Roughhaired Pointer
2856:10.1053/j.tcam.2014.09.002
2478:10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.05.009
2149:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w
1060:"Dobermann breed standard"
708:obedience command training
453:United States Marine Corps
370:
18:
3442:
3414:
3371:
3311:
3230:
3197:
3169:
3146:
3113:German Wirehaired Pointer
3093:German Longhaired Pointer
3083:
3050:
2954:10.2460/javma.232.12.1818
2591:10.2460/javma.2000.216.34
2370:10.2460/javma.242.11.1549
2059:. Retrieved 25 March 2007
805:
733:Doberman Pinscher puppies
484:, representing just over
296:
285:
280:
273:
268:
263:
259:
250:
247:
242:
239:
234:
231:
221:
210:
200:
189:
184:
180:
170:
162:
152:
140:
135:
21:Doberman (disambiguation)
2702:Small Animal Dermatology
2243:10.1186/1751-0147-46-121
1841:. Simon & Schuster.
1328:. American Kennel Club.
1145:Donnelly, Kerry (1988).
969:
920:von Willebrand's disease
880:colour dilution alopecia
876:cutaneous drug eruptions
848:autosomal dominant trait
844:congestive heart failure
746:or temperament by using
715:The Intelligence of Dogs
651:Dobermann with full tail
578:: black, blue, red, and
541:
403:Dobermann Pinscher, 1915
3161:Old German herding dogs
3075:Westphalian Dachsbracke
3060:Bavarian Mountain Hound
1099:9 February 2015 at the
675:
642:
628:color dilution alopecia
3391:DanishâSwedish Farmdog
1835:Stanley Coren (2006).
1751:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
1554:. American Kennel Club
1415:Veterinary Dermatology
833:dilated cardiomyopathy
734:
685:
660:
652:
559:
551:
527:respectively. It is a
507:type. Dogs stand some
434:The Dobermann Pinscher
404:
380:
3450:Black Russian Terrier
2102:10.1542/peds.97.6.891
1018:German pronunciation:
864:acral lick dermatitis
732:
683:
658:
650:
557:
549:
402:
378:
264:Kennel club standards
3042:Dogs originating in
2748:– via UPEI.ca.
2500:Veterinary Pathology
2055:23 June 2011 at the
1552:"Can dogs be albino"
1122:. 15 February 1993.
888:follicular dysplasia
798:. According to this
780:German Shepherd Dogs
438:American Kennel Club
50:improve this article
3429:Miniature Schnauzer
3238:American Eskimo Dog
3189:Miniature Schnauzer
3133:Small MĂŒnsterlĂ€nder
3118:Large MĂŒnsterlĂ€nder
2726:"Doberman Pinscher"
1730:on 9 September 2011
1510:2014PLoSO...992127W
1492:Winkler PA (2014).
1022:[ËdoËbÉman]
942:Skeletal conditions
928:compulsive disorder
904:pemphigus foliaceus
698:Canine intelligence
3434:Standard Schnauzer
3406:Miniature Pinscher
3303:Standard Schnauzer
3217:Miniature Pinscher
2761:J Am Vet Med Assoc
2632:10.1111/jsap.12841
2544:J Am Vet Med Assoc
2137:Scientific Reports
1809:Sports Illustrated
1596:Legislation.gov.uk
1441:on 5 January 2013.
1361:on 5 December 2014
1149:Doberman Pinschers
1119:The New York Times
735:
686:
661:
653:
560:
552:
430:Manchester Terrier
405:
381:
3463:
3462:
3386:Austrian Pinscher
3327:
3326:
2711:978-0-323-37651-8
2512:10.1354/vp.42-1-1
2299:978-1-4557-4456-5
2096:(6 Pt 1): 891â5.
1905:978-0-226-74338-7
1848:978-0-7432-7706-8
1757:(11): 1181â1185.
1621:Council of Europe
924:prostatic disease
796:Alaskan Malamutes
770:According to the
365:Doberman Pinscher
332:in about 1890 by
310:
309:
292:
291:
255:
254:
158:Doberman Pinscher
126:
125:
118:
100:
3488:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2670:(5): 1016â1020.
2664:J Vet Intern Med
2659:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2472:(5): 1187â1207.
2461:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2245:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2024:. Archived from
2016:(3â4): 441â460.
2007:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1927:(3â4): 293â313.
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1437:. Archived from
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1357:. Archived from
1351:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1110:
1104:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
980:
914:Other conditions
828:Cardiomyopathies
792:wolf-dog hybrids
566:(B) and one for
526:
522:
518:
510:
494:
493:
487:
483:
479:
478:
472:
471:
361:companion animal
320:of medium-large
305:
299:
261:
260:
182:
181:
163:Common nicknames
155:
145:
133:
132:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3455:Dutch Smoushond
3438:
3424:Giant Schnauzer
3410:
3401:German Pinscher
3367:
3358:
3328:
3323:
3307:
3268:Giant Schnauzer
3258:German Pinscher
3226:
3193:
3165:
3156:German Shepherd
3142:
3079:
3046:
3040:
3010:
2973:
2969:
2937:
2933:
2902:
2898:
2867:
2863:
2840:
2836:
2792:
2788:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2698:
2691:
2660:
2656:
2611:
2607:
2570:
2563:
2539:
2535:
2496:
2485:
2462:
2458:
2427:
2420:
2389:
2385:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2321:(10): 512â524.
2311:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2277:
2222:
2218:
2178:
2174:
2129:
2125:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2057:Wayback Machine
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2031:on 17 July 2011
2028:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1962:
1958:
1934:10.1.1.515.7023
1917:
1913:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1778:Canine Practice
1774:
1770:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1269:Welpenstatistik
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1214:"Breed history"
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1101:Wayback Machine
1092:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1017:
986:
982:
981:
977:
972:
953:elbow dysplasia
944:
916:
856:
825:
813:
811:Life expectancy
808:
724:
695:
678:
645:
592:black and rust,
544:
524:
520:
516:
508:
501:
499:Characteristics
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
414:German Pinscher
379:Dobermann, 1909
373:
334:Louis Dobermann
301:
297:
166:Dobie, Doberman
153:
148:
131:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:KromfohrlÀnder
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Biewer Terrier
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:German Spaniel
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3008:
2967:
2931:
2896:
2877:(4): 460â464.
2861:
2834:
2786:
2767:(8): 1119â22.
2751:
2717:
2710:
2689:
2654:
2625:(8): 455â464.
2605:
2561:
2533:
2483:
2456:
2418:
2383:
2342:
2332:
2305:
2298:
2275:
2216:
2172:
2123:
2080:
2061:
2042:
1990:
1972:(3): 241â252,
1956:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1854:
1847:
1827:
1795:
1768:
1741:
1715:
1685:
1658:
1633:
1608:
1583:
1565:
1543:
1484:
1458:
1421:(3): 113â122.
1401:
1375:
1343:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1273:
1261:
1248:
1244:FCI Newsletter
1231:
1202:
1195:
1170:
1163:
1137:
1105:
1083:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
974:
973:
971:
968:
943:
940:
932:hypothyroidism
915:
912:
860:dermatological
855:
852:
824:
823:Cardiac health
821:
812:
809:
807:
804:
757:Cocker Spaniel
723:
720:
694:
691:
677:
674:
644:
641:
568:color dilution
558:Blue Dobermann
543:
540:
500:
497:
372:
369:
308:
307:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:Life span
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
187:
186:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
150:
149:
146:
138:
137:
129:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3493:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Affenpinscher
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3320:
3319:Bullenbeisser
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Affenpinscher
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
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533:working trial
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521:63â68 cm
517:40â50 kg
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
37:
33:
28:
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3395:
3263:German Spitz
3247:
3148:Herding dogs
3128:Pudelpointer
3065:German Hound
2984:
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2850:(3): 60â63.
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2033:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2013:
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1234:
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1128:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1074:. Retrieved
978:
964:mixed-breeds
957:
945:
917:
896:furunculosis
872:folliculitis
862:conditions:
857:
841:
826:
814:
790:-type dogs,
769:
753:
740:
736:
725:
713:
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696:
693:Intelligence
687:
666:
662:
632:
625:
619:
615:
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603:
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567:
563:
561:
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502:
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449:World War II
446:
442:
433:
406:
382:
364:
354:
316:is a German
313:
311:
303:domestic dog
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3184:Jagdterrier
2795:disorder".
1678:1 September
1651:19 February
1626:19 February
1601:19 February
884:demodicosis
870:, acne, or
854:Dermatology
817:crossbreeds
784:Rottweilers
748:statistical
744:personality
722:Temperament
529:working dog
322:working dog
154:Other names
147:Adult bitch
65:"Dobermann"
3481:FCI breeds
3470:Categories
3365:Schnauzers
3298:Rottweiler
3293:Leonberger
3273:Great Dane
3222:Pomeranian
3171:Earth dogs
3138:Weimaraner
2506:(1): 1â8.
2193:: 106155.
2090:Pediatrics
1877:14 January
1734:29 October
1708:14 January
1666:Pagan, C.
1336:4 February
1076:21 January
1040:References
765:Great Dane
576:phenotypes
495:per year.
422:Weimaraner
418:Rottweiler
251:11.2 years
106:March 2018
76:newspapers
3416:Schnauzer
3396:Dobermann
3361:Pinschers
3248:Dobermann
3179:Dachshund
3003:1932-6203
2962:0003-1488
2926:0003-1488
2891:0003-1488
2641:0022-4510
2413:0022-4510
2378:0003-1488
2252:1751-0147
2157:2045-2322
2118:245088140
2035:24 August
1929:CiteSeerX
1790:0094-4904
1670:. WebMD.
1558:31 August
1308:Dobermann
1224:24 August
1130:20 August
926:. Canine
776:Pit bulls
761:Dalmatian
612:recessive
604:red rust,
426:Greyhound
410:Beauceron
393:Thuringia
357:guard dog
330:Thuringia
314:Dobermann
136:Dobermann
130:Dog breed
3373:Pinscher
3283:Keeshond
3278:Hovawart
3253:Eurasier
3199:Toy dogs
2981:PLOS ONE
2817:23590875
2744:25 March
2738:Archived
2684:17939558
2649:29665072
2600:10638315
2528:15431327
2520:15657266
2451:19081342
2270:16261925
2166:10834484
2053:Archived
1871:Archived
1814:Archived
1702:Archived
1672:Archived
1538:24647637
1498:PLOS ONE
1477:25 March
1471:Archived
1435:34644836
1394:23 March
1388:Archived
1330:Archived
1255:(2016).
1238:(2013).
1218:Archived
1124:Archived
1097:Archived
1067:Archived
908:vitiligo
894:, pedal
670:vertebra
584:dominant
505:pinscher
359:or as a
326:pinscher
287:standard
275:standard
3312:Extinct
3085:Gundogs
3044:Germany
2825:4107434
2803:: 1â6.
2781:1376729
2340:581â619
2261:1624818
2110:8657532
1986:7650520
1820:14 June
1763:4008297
1529:3960214
1506:Bibcode
1065:. FCI.
636:SLC45A2
572:alleles
513:withers
511:at the
457:war dog
447:During
371:History
346:cropped
224:Females
203:Females
175:Germany
90:scholar
3231:Others
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806:Health
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389:Apolda
350:docked
211:Weight
190:Height
185:Traits
171:Origin
92:
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3443:Other
3243:Boxer
2821:S2CID
2524:S2CID
2236:(3).
2114:S2CID
2071:JAVMA
2029:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1947:S2CID
1365:2 May
1189:â11.
1157:â11.
1070:(PDF)
1063:(PDF)
970:Notes
837:Boxer
788:Husky
608:brown
588:black
564:black
542:Color
391:, in
318:breed
240:Color
235:short
214:Males
193:Males
97:JSTOR
83:books
3363:and
2999:ISSN
2958:ISSN
2922:ISSN
2887:ISSN
2813:PMID
2777:PMID
2746:2007
2706:ISBN
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2106:PMID
2037:2010
1982:PMID
1900:ISBN
1879:2013
1867:DPCA
1843:ISBN
1822:2018
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1736:2016
1710:2013
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1680:2016
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1628:2024
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1560:2024
1534:PMID
1479:2007
1453:link
1431:PMID
1396:2007
1367:2007
1338:2009
1226:2016
1191:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1132:2018
1078:2015
900:cyst
794:and
676:Ears
643:Tail
620:fawn
616:blue
580:fawn
523:and
428:and
420:and
342:gait
336:, a
312:The
232:Coat
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