Fighter aircraft - Knowledge

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projectiles. Modern fighter gun systems also feature ranging radar and lead computing electronic gun sights to ease the problem of aim point to compensate for projectile drop and time of flight (target lead) in the complex three dimensional maneuvering of air-to-air combat. However, getting in position to use the guns is still a challenge. The range of guns is longer than in the past but still quite limited compared to missiles, with modern gun systems having a maximum effective range of approximately 1,000 meters. High probability of kill also requires firing to usually occur from the rear hemisphere of the target. Despite these limits, when pilots are well trained in air-to-air gunnery and these conditions are satisfied, gun systems are tactically effective and highly cost efficient. The cost of a gun firing pass is far less than firing a missile, and the projectiles are not subject to the thermal and electronic countermeasures than can sometimes defeat missiles. When the enemy can be approached to within gun range, the lethality of guns is approximately a 25% to 50% chance of "kill per firing pass".

1654:, began arriving in numbers. These fighters outperformed Japanese fighters in all respects except maneuverability. Other problems with Japan's fighter aircraft also became apparent as the war progressed, such as their lack of armor and light armament, which had been typical of all pre-war fighters worldwide, but the problem was particularly difficult to rectify on the Japanese designs. This made them inadequate as either bomber-interceptors or ground-attack aircraft, roles Allied fighters were still able to fill. Most importantly, Japan's training program failed to provide enough well-trained pilots to replace losses. In contrast, the Allies improved both the quantity and quality of pilots graduating from their training programs. By mid-1944, Allied fighters had gained air superiority throughout the theater, which would not be contested again during the war. The extent of Allied quantitative and qualitative superiority by this point in the war was demonstrated during the 3530:

of kills achieved by radar guided missiles also surpassed 50% of total kills for the first time by 1991. Since 1991, 20 of 61 kills worldwide have been beyond-visual-range using radar missiles. Discounting an accidental friendly fire kill, in operational use the AIM-120D (the current main American radar guided missile) has achieved 9 kills out of 16 shots for a 56% Pk. Six of these kills were BVR, out of 13 shots, for a 46% BVR Pk. Though all these kills were against less capable opponents who were not equipped with operating radar, electronic countermeasures, or a comparable weapon themselves, the BVR Pk was a significant improvement from earlier eras. However, a current concern is electronic countermeasures to radar missiles, which are thought to be reducing the effectiveness of the AIM-120D. Some experts believe that as of 2016 the European

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fire of about 0.4 kg (0.88 lb) per second. In WWII rifle caliber machine guns also remained common, though usually in larger numbers or supplemented with much heavier 0.50 caliber machine guns or cannons. The standard WWII American fighter armament of six 0.50-cal (12.7mm) machine guns fired a bullet weight of approximately 3.7 kg/sec (8.1 lbs/sec), at a muzzle velocity of 856 m/s (2,810 ft/s). British and German aircraft tended to use a mix of machine guns and autocannon, the latter firing explosive projectiles. Later British fighters were exclusively cannon-armed, the US were not able to produce a reliable cannon in high numbers and most fighters remained equipped only with heavy machine guns despite the US Navy pressing for a change to 20 mm.

773:, and an assortment of improvised weapons. Many of these proved ineffective as the pilot had to fly his airplane while attempting to aim a handheld weapon and make a difficult deflection shot. The first step in finding a real solution was to mount the weapon on the aircraft, but the propeller remained a problem since the best direction to shoot is straight ahead. Numerous solutions were tried. A second crew member behind the pilot could aim and fire a swivel-mounted machine gun at enemy airplanes; however, this limited the area of coverage chiefly to the rear hemisphere, and effective coordination of the pilot's maneuvering with the gunner's aiming was difficult. This option was chiefly employed as a defensive measure on two-seater reconnaissance aircraft from 1915 on. Both the 2075: 3124:. Great care has been taken in designing its layout and internal structure to minimize RCS over a broad bandwidth of detection and tracking radar frequencies; furthermore, to maintain its VLO signature during combat operations, primary weapons are carried in internal weapon bays that are only briefly opened to permit weapon launch. Furthermore, stealth technology has advanced to the point where it can be employed without a tradeoff with aerodynamics performance, in contrast to previous stealth efforts. Some attention has also been paid to reducing IR signatures, especially on the F-22. Detailed information on these signature-reduction techniques is classified, but in general includes special shaping approaches, 2177: 3489:

However, only 4 of the 76 radar missile kills were in the beyond-visual-range mode intended to be the strength of radar guided missiles. The United States invested over $ 10 billion in air-to-air radar missile technology from the 1950s to the early 1970s. Amortized over actual kills achieved by the U.S. and its allies, each radar guided missile kill thus cost over $ 130 million. The defeated enemy aircraft were for the most part older MiG-17s, −19s, and −21s, with new cost of $ 0.3 million to $ 3 million each. Thus, the radar missile investment over that period far exceeded the value of enemy aircraft destroyed, and furthermore had very little of the intended BVR effectiveness.

3069: 1080: 1444: 2907:". Air force inventories were cut. Research and development programs working on "fifth-generation" fighters took serious hits. Many programs were canceled during the first half of the 1990s, and those that survived were "stretched out". While the practice of slowing the pace of development reduces annual investment expenses, it comes at the penalty of increased overall program and unit costs over the long-term. In this instance, however, it also permitted designers to make use of the tremendous achievements being made in the fields of computers, avionics and other flight electronics, which had become possible largely due to the advances made in 1271: 2684: 2598: 2990: 1688: 2125:, the world's first jet-fighter wing. It was considerably faster than contemporary piston-driven aircraft, and in the hands of a competent pilot, proved quite difficult for Allied pilots to defeat. The Luftwaffe never deployed the design in numbers sufficient to stop the Allied air campaign, and a combination of fuel shortages, pilot losses, and technical difficulties with the engines kept the number of sorties low. Nevertheless, the Me 262 indicated the obsolescence of piston-driven aircraft. Spurred by reports of the German jets, Britain's 1076:, that is, preset to shoot at an angle by ground crews so that their bullets would converge on a target area a set distance ahead of the fighter. Rifle-caliber .30 and .303 in (7.62 and 7.70 mm) calibre guns remained the norm, with larger weapons either being too heavy and cumbersome or deemed unnecessary against such lightly built aircraft. It was not considered unreasonable to use World War I-style armament to counter enemy fighters as there was insufficient air-to-air combat during most of the period to disprove this notion. 2309: 318:

engines, eliminating sharp corners and diverting any reflections away from the radar sets of opposing forces. Various materials were found to absorb the energy from radar waves, and were incorporated into special finishes that have since found widespread application. Composite structures have become widespread, including major structural components, and have helped to counterbalance the steady increases in aircraft weight—most modern fighters are larger and heavier than World War II medium bombers.

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maximum advantage of complicated missile parameters in both attack and defense against competent opponents does take considerable experience and skill, but against surprised opponents lacking comparable capability and countermeasures, air-to-air missile warfare is relatively simple. By partially automating air-to-air combat and reducing reliance on gun kills mostly achieved by only a small expert fraction of fighter pilots, air-to-air missiles now serve as highly effective force multipliers.

3248:(AMCA), a medium weight stealth fighter jet designated to enter into serial production by late 2030s. India also had initiated a joint fifth generation heavy fighter with Russia called the FGFA. As of 2018 May, the project is suspected to have not yielded desired progress or results for India and has been put on hold or dropped altogether. Other countries considering fielding an indigenous or semi-indigenous advanced fifth generation aircraft include South Korea, Sweden, Turkey and Pakistan. 304: 688: 2422:. With a primary air-defense role, emphasis was placed on the ability to intercept strategic bombers flying at high altitudes. Specialized point-defense interceptors often had limited range and few, if any, ground-attack capabilities. Fighter-bombers could swing between air-superiority and ground-attack roles, and were often designed for a high-speed, low-altitude dash to deliver their ordnance. Television- and IR-guided air-to-surface missiles were introduced to augment traditional 2962:"Half-generation" designs are either based on existing airframes or are based on new airframes following similar design theory to previous iterations; however, these modifications have introduced the structural use of composite materials to reduce weight, greater fuel fractions to increase range, and signature reduction treatments to achieve lower RCS compared to their predecessors. Prime examples of such aircraft, which are based on new airframe designs making extensive use of 3427:

track a target anywhere within the pilot's vision. The AIM-9X development cost was U.S. $ 3 billion in mid to late 1990s dollars, and 2015 per unit procurement cost is $ 0.6 million each. The missile weighs 85.3 kg (188 lbs), and has a maximum range of 35 km (22 miles) at higher altitudes. Like most air-to-air missiles, lower altitude range can be as limited as only about one third of maximum due to higher drag and less ability to coast downward.

2808: 3170: 3357: 1184:. The later German design was earlier in its design cycle, and had more room for development and the lessons learned led to greatly improved models in World War II. The Russians failed to keep up and despite newer models coming into service, I-16s remaining the most common Soviet front-line fighter into 1942 despite being outclassed by the improved Bf 109s in World War II. For their part, the Italians developed several monoplanes such as the 2445: 158: 3493: 211: 1200:(more famous for his 'peace in our time' speech), the entire British aviation industry was retooled, allowing it to change quickly from fabric covered metal framed biplanes to cantilever stressed skin monoplanes in time for the war with Germany, a process that France attempted to emulate, but too late to counter the German invasion. The period of improving the same biplane design over and over was now coming to an end, and the 285:. Wings were made thinner and swept back to reduce transonic drag, which required new manufacturing methods to obtain sufficient strength. Skins were no longer sheet metal riveted to a structure, but milled from large slabs of alloy. The sound barrier was broken, and after a few false starts due to required changes in controls, speeds quickly reached Mach 2, past which aircraft cannot maneuver sufficiently to avoid attack. 3406: 2110:. Guns and cannon remained the principal armament. The need to obtain a decisive advantage in maximum speed pushed the development of turbojet-powered aircraft forward. Top speeds for fighters rose steadily throughout World War II as more powerful piston engines developed, and they approached transonic flight-speeds where the efficiency of propellers drops off, making further speed increases nearly impossible. 3374:

fighters which by surprise or maneuver attain a good firing position have achieved the kill about one third to one half the time, no matter what weapons were carried. The only major historic exception to this has been the low effectiveness shown by guided missiles in the first one to two decades of their existence. From WWI to the present, fighter aircraft have featured machine guns and

3480:, which was first fielded in 1991 as the AIM-7 replacement, and which has no firm retirement date as of 2016. The current AIM-120D version has a maximum high altitude range of greater than 160 km (100 mi), and cost approximately $ 2.4 million each (2016). As is typical with most other missiles, range at lower altitude may be as little as one third that of high altitude. 1907: 2418:, became de-emphasized in both cases. The interceptor was an outgrowth of the vision that guided missiles would completely replace guns and combat would take place at beyond-visual ranges. As a result, strategists designed interceptors with a large missile-payload and a powerful radar, sacrificing agility in favor of high speed, altitude ceiling and 1879:, a purpose-built night fighter, was the only fighter of the war that incorporated radar into its original design. Britain and America cooperated closely in the development of airborne radar, and Germany's radar technology generally lagged slightly behind Anglo-American efforts, while other combatants developed few radar-equipped fighters. 885:. Garros' modified monoplane first flew in March 1915 and he began combat operations soon after. Garros scored three victories in three weeks before he himself was downed on 18 April and his airplane, along with its synchronization gear and propeller was captured by the Germans. Meanwhile, the synchronization gear (called the 1702:, which powered the vast majority of World War II fighters, grew more powerful: at the beginning of the war fighters typically had engines producing between 1,000 hp (750 kW) and 1,400 hp (1,000 kW), while by the end of the war many could produce over 2,000 hp (1,500 kW). For example, the 2736:(IRST) sensors became widespread for air-to-ground weapons delivery, and appeared for air-to-air combat as well. "All-aspect" IR AAM became standard air superiority weapons, which permitted engagement of enemy aircraft from any angle (although the field of view remained relatively limited). The first long-range 3157:(EW) jamming functions. Other technologies common to this latest generation of fighters includes integrated electronic warfare system (INEWS) technology, integrated communications, navigation, and identification (CNI) avionics technology, centralized "vehicle health monitoring" systems for ease of maintenance, 1436:

Soviets increasingly were able to challenge the Luftwaffe, and while the Luftwaffe maintained a qualitative edge over the Red Air Force for much of the war, the increasing numbers and efficacy of the Soviet Air Force were critical to the Red Army's efforts at turning back and eventually annihilating the

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as weapons, and they are still considered as essential back-up weapons today. The power of air-to-air guns has increased greatly over time, and has kept them relevant in the guided missile era. In WWI two rifle (approximately 0.30) caliber machine guns was the typical armament, producing a weight of

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Fighters were typically armed with guns only for air to air combat up through the late 1950s, though unguided rockets for mostly air to ground use and limited air to air use were deployed in WWII. From the late 1950s forward guided missiles came into use for air to air combat. Throughout this history

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However, continuing heavy development investment and rapidly advancing electronic technology led to significant improvement in radar missile reliabilities from the late 1970s onward. Radar guided missiles achieved 75% Pk (9 kills out of 12 shots) in operations in the Gulf War in 1991. The percentage

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used by the USAF had kill rates of approximately 7% and was considered a failure. The AIM-9B Sidewinder introduced later achieved 15% kill rates, and the further improved AIM-9D and J models reached 19%. The AIM-9G used in the last year of the Vietnam air war achieved 40%. Israel used almost totally

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The AESA radar offers unique capabilities for fighters (and it is also quickly becoming essential for Generation 4.5 aircraft designs, as well as being retrofitted onto some fourth-generation aircraft). In addition to its high resistance to ECM and LPI features, it enables the fighter to function as

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sensors incorporated for air-to-air combat as well as for air-to-ground weapons delivery in the 4.5th generation fighters are now fused in with other sensors for Situational Awareness IRST or SAIRST, which constantly tracks all targets of interest around the aircraft so the pilot need not guess when

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Currently the cutting edge of fighter design, fifth-generation fighters are characterized by being designed from the start to operate in a network-centric combat environment, and to feature extremely low, all-aspect, multi-spectral signatures employing advanced materials and shaping techniques. They

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technologies in the 1980s and 1990s. This opportunity enabled designers to develop fourth-generation designs – or redesigns – with significantly enhanced capabilities. These improved designs have become known as "Generation 4.5" fighters, recognizing their intermediate nature between the 4th and 5th

2831:, are true multirole warplanes, designed as such from the start. This was facilitated by multimode avionics that could switch seamlessly between air and ground modes. The earlier approaches of adding on strike capabilities or designing separate models specialized for different roles generally became 2751:

Another revolution came in the form of a stronger reliance on ease of maintenance, which led to standardization of parts, reductions in the numbers of access panels and lubrication points, and overall parts reduction in more complicated equipment like the engines. Some early jet fighters required 50

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From the early 1930s the Japanese were at war against both the Chinese Nationalists and the Russians in China, and used the experience to improve both training and aircraft, replacing biplanes with modern cantilever monoplanes and creating a cadre of exceptional pilots. In the United Kingdom, at the

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Because of the importance of air superiority, since the early days of aerial combat armed forces have constantly competed to develop technologically superior fighters and to deploy these fighters in greater numbers, and fielding a viable fighter fleet consumes a substantial proportion of the defense

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are notable exceptions). The continually rising cost of fighters, however, continued to emphasize the value of multirole fighters. The need for both types of fighters led to the "high/low mix" concept, which envisioned a high-capability and high-cost core of dedicated air-superiority fighters (like

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Fighter designs also took advantage of new electronics technologies that made effective radars small enough to carry aboard smaller aircraft. Onboard radars permitted detection of enemy aircraft beyond visual range, thereby improving the handoff of targets by longer-ranged ground-based warning- and

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The timeframes associated with each generation remain inexact and are only indicative of the period during which their design philosophies and technology employment enjoyed a prevailing influence on fighter design and development. These timeframes also encompass the peak period of service entry for

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With the steady improvements in computers, defensive systems have become increasingly efficient. To counter this, stealth technologies have been pursued by the United States, Russia, India and China. The first step was to find ways to reduce the aircraft's reflectivity to radar waves by burying the

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In the 1970s, turbofans replaced turbojets, improving fuel economy enough that the last piston engine support aircraft could be replaced with jets, making multi-role combat aircraft possible. Honeycomb structures began to replace milled structures, and the first composite components began to appear

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and some were capable of speeds approaching 400 mph (640 km/h). Most fighters up to this point had one engine, but a number of twin-engine fighters were built; however they were found to be outmatched against single-engine fighters and were relegated to other tasks, such as night fighters

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In the Vietnam air war radar missile kill reliability was approximately 10% at shorter ranges, and even worse at longer ranges due to reduced radar return and greater time for the target aircraft to detect the incoming missile and take evasive action. At one point in the Vietnam war, the U.S. Navy

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case the missile homes in on radar signals transmitted from launching aircraft and reflected from the target. This has the disadvantage that the firing aircraft must maintain radar lock on the target and is thus less free to maneuver and more vulnerable to attack. A widely deployed missile of this

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capability, the ability to use the lower heat of air to skin friction on the target aircraft to track from the front and sides. The latest (2003 service entry) AIM-9X also features "off-boresight" and "lock on after launch" capabilities, which allow the pilot to make a quick launch of a missile to

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Generation 4.5 fighters first entered service in the early 1990s, and most of them are still being produced and evolved. It is quite possible that they may continue in production alongside fifth-generation fighters due to the expense of developing the advanced level of stealth technology needed to

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Growth in air-combat capability focused on the introduction of improved air-to-air missiles, radar systems, and other avionics. While guns remained standard equipment (early models of F-4 being a notable exception), air-to-air missiles became the primary weapons for air-superiority fighters, which

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The third generation witnessed continued maturation of second-generation innovations, but it is most marked by renewed emphases on maneuverability and on traditional ground-attack capabilities. Over the course of the 1960s, increasing combat experience with guided missiles demonstrated that combat

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Despite their advantages, the early jet-fighters were far from perfect. The operational lifespan of turbines were very short and engines were temperamental, while power could be adjusted only slowly and acceleration was poor (even if top speed was higher) compared to the final generation of piston

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also advanced during the war. The rifle-caliber machine guns that were common on prewar fighters could not easily down the more rugged warplanes of the era. Air forces began to replace or supplement them with cannons, which fired explosive shells that could blast a hole in an enemy aircraft –

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Fighter armament eventually began to be mounted inside the wings, outside the arc of the propeller, though most designs retained two synchronized machine guns directly ahead of the pilot, where they were more accurate (that being the strongest part of the structure, reducing the vibration to which

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engines were replacing piston engines as the means of propulsion, further increasing aircraft speed. Since the weight of the turbojet engine was far less than a piston engine, having two engines was no longer a handicap and one or two were used, depending on requirements. This in turn required the

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the missile is guided to the vicinity of the target by internal data on its projected position, and then "goes active" with an internally carried small radar system to conduct terminal guidance to the target. This eliminates the requirement for the firing aircraft to maintain radar lock, and thus

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proving particularly effective in the lower-altitude combat typical of the Eastern Front. The Soviets were also helped indirectly by the American and British bombing campaigns, which forced the Luftwaffe to shift many of its fighters away from the Eastern Front in defense against these raids. The

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The primary driver of fighter innovation, right up to the period of rapid re-armament in the late 1930s, were not military budgets, but civilian aircraft racing. Aircraft designed for these races introduced innovations like streamlining and more powerful engines that would find their way into the

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Now that higher reliabilities have been achieved, both types of missiles allow the fighter pilot to often avoid the risk of the short-range dogfight, where only the more experienced and skilled fighter pilots tend to prevail, and where even the finest fighter pilot can simply get unlucky. Taking

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radar guided missiles in a row without a hit. Between 1958 and 1982 in five wars there were 2,014 combined heat-seeking and radar guided missile firings by fighter pilots engaged in air-to-air combat, achieving 528 kills, of which 76 were radar missile kills, for a combined effectiveness of 26%.

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20 mm rotary cannon that is standard on current American fighters fires a projectile weight of about 10 kg/s (22 lb/s), nearly three times that of six 0.50-cal machine guns, with higher velocity of 1,052 m/s (3450 ft/s) supporting a flatter trajectory, and with exploding

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unbearable to pilots who attempted maneuvering dogfights typical of the First World War, and their fighters were instead optimized for speed and firepower. In practice, while light, highly maneuverable aircraft did possess some advantages in fighter-versus-fighter combat, those could usually be

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Fighter development stagnated between the wars, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, where budgets were small. In France, Italy and Russia, where large budgets continued to allow major development, both monoplanes and all metal structures were common. By the end of the 1920s,

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built with a wooden frame covered with fabric, and a maximum airspeed of about 100 mph (160 km/h). A successful German biplane, the Albatross, however, was built with a plywood shell, rather than fabric, which created a stronger, faster airplane. As control of the airspace over armies

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of work by a ground crew for every hour the aircraft was in the air; later models substantially reduced this to allow faster turn-around times and more sorties in a day. Some modern military aircraft only require 10-man-hours of work per hour of flight time, and others are even more efficient.

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In the 1950s, the British developed mixed-power jet designs employing both rocket and jet engines to cover the performance gap that existed in turbojet designs. The rocket was the main engine for delivering the speed and height required for high-speed interception of high-level bombers and the

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Attempts were made with handheld weapons such as pistols and rifles and even light machine guns, but these were ineffective and cumbersome. The next advance came with the fixed forward-firing machine gun, so that the pilot pointed the entire aircraft at the target and fired the gun, instead of

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As a part of military nomenclature, a letter is often assigned to various types of aircraft to indicate their use, along with a number to indicate the specific aircraft. The letters used to designate a fighter differ in various countries. In the English-speaking world, "F" is often now used to

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that were no longer competitive as aerial combat fighters were relegated to ground attack. Several aircraft, such as the F-111 and F-117, have received fighter designations though they had no fighter capability due to political or other reasons. The F-111B variant was originally intended for a

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performance. The two aircraft had different strengths and weaknesses, but were similar enough that victory could go either way. While the Sabres focused primarily on downing MiGs and scored favorably against those flown by the poorly-trained North Koreans, the MiGs in turn decimated US bomber

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and even hovering capabilities. Maneuver performance remains important and is enhanced by thrust-vectoring, which also helps reduce takeoff and landing distances. Supercruise may or may not be featured; it permits flight at supersonic speeds without the use of the afterburner – a device that

2200:(soon re-designated F-80) was more prone to wave drag than the swept-wing Me 262, but had a cruise speed (660 km/h (410 mph)) as high as the maximum speed attainable by many piston-engined fighters. The British designed several new jets, including the distinctive single-engined 2086:

It has become common in the aviation community to classify jet fighters by "generations" for historical purposes. No official definitions of these generations exist; rather, they represent the notion of stages in the development of fighter-design approaches, performance capabilities, and

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The U.S. government has defined 4.5 generation fighter aircraft as those that "(1) have advanced capabilities, including— (A) AESA radar; (B) high capacity data-link; and (C) enhanced avionics; and (2) have the ability to deploy current and reasonably foreseeable advanced armaments."

2668:(FLCS), which in turn was enabled by advances in computers and in system-integration techniques. Analog avionics, required to enable FBW operations, became a fundamental requirement, but began to be replaced by digital flight-control systems in the latter half of the 1980s. Likewise, 721:

encountered an enemy airplane while on a reconnaissance flight over Austria-Hungary which fired at his aircraft with a revolver, so Tomić fired back. It was believed to be the first exchange of fire between aircraft. Within weeks, all Serbian and Austro-Hungarian aircraft were armed.

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relative to the target aircraft. The success or failure of a combatant's efforts to gain air superiority hinges on several factors including the skill of its pilots, the tactical soundness of its doctrine for deploying its fighters, and the numbers and performance of those fighters.

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was a successful design, and was planned for production when economics forced the British to curtail most aircraft programs in the late 1950s. Furthermore, rapid advancements in jet engine technology rendered mixed-power aircraft designs like Saunders-Roe's SR.53 (and the following

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with just a few hits, but their slower rate of fire made it difficult to hit fast-moving fighters in a dogfight. Eventually, most fighters mounted cannons, sometimes in combination with machine guns. The British epitomized this shift. Their standard early war fighters mounted eight

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The equipment necessary for daytime flight is inadequate when flying at night or in poor visibility. The night fighter was developed during World War I with additional equipment to aid the pilot in flying straight, navigating and finding the target. From modified variants of the

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to replace the Zero, but only in small numbers, and by then Japan lacked the trained pilots or sufficient fuel to mount an effective challenge to Allied attacks. During the closing stages of the war, Japan's fighter arm could not seriously challenge raids over Japan by American

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projects aimed at developing high speed, point-defense aircraft. Later variants of the Me 262 (C-1a and C-2b) were also fitted with "mixed-power" jet/rocket powerplants, while earlier models were fitted with rocket boosters, but were not mass-produced with these modifications.

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As fighter types have proliferated, the air superiority fighter emerged as a specific role at the pinnacle of speed, maneuverability, and air-to-air weapon systems – able to hold its own against all other fighters and establish its dominance in the skies above the battlefield.

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showed that guns still had a role to play, and most fighters built since then are fitted with cannon (typically between 20 and 30 mm (0.79 and 1.18 in) in caliber) in addition to missiles. Most modern combat aircraft can carry at least a pair of air-to-air missiles.

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versus the more reliable radial models continued, with naval air forces preferring the radial engines, and land-based forces often choosing inlines. Radial designs did not require a separate (and vulnerable) radiator, but had increased drag. Inline engines often had a better

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The primary characteristics of this sub-generation are the application of advanced digital avionics and aerospace materials, modest signature reduction (primarily RF "stealth"), and highly integrated systems and weapons. These fighters have been designed to operate in a

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became increasingly important, all of the major powers developed fighters to support their military operations. Between the wars, wood was largely replaced in part or whole by metal tubing, and finally aluminum stressed skin structures (monocoque) began to predominate.

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The use of metal aircraft structures was pioneered before World War I by Breguet but would find its biggest proponent in Anthony Fokker, who used chrome-molybdenum steel tubing for the fuselage structure of all his fighter designs, while the innovative German engineer

2227:, along with their armament of two 23 mm (0.91 in) cannons and a single 37 mm (1.5 in) cannon. Nevertheless, in the first jet-versus-jet dogfight, which occurred during the Korean War on 8 November 1950, an F-80 shot down two North Korean MiG-15s. 1366:

directing fighters onto German attacks and the advantages of fighting above Britain's home territory allowed the RAF to deny Germany air superiority, saving the UK from possible German invasion and dealing the Axis a major defeat early in the Second World War. On the

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are also seeking a stake in the project. Spain officially joined the Franco-German project to develop a Next-Generation Fighter (NGF) that will form part of a broader Future Combat Air Systems (FCAS) with the signing of a letter of intent (LOI) on February 14, 2019.

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bomber (first flew in 1989). Although no stealthy fighters per se appeared among the fourth generation, some radar-absorbent coatings and other L-O treatments developed for these programs are reported to have been subsequently applied to fourth-generation fighters.

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aircraft. A better solution for a single seat scout was to mount the machine gun (rifles and pistols having been dispensed with) to fire forwards but outside the propeller arc. Wing guns were tried but the unreliable weapons available required frequent clearing of

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of 1916 used this system with considerable success, however, this placement made aiming and reloading difficult but would continue to be used throughout the war as the weapons used were lighter and had a higher rate of fire than synchronized weapons. The British

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bombers, and generally had a shorter range, they were cheaper to produce and maintain and their maneuverability made it easier for them to hit moving targets such as motorized vehicles. Moreover, if they encountered enemy fighters, their ordnance (which reduced

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the guns were subjected). Shooting with this traditional arrangement was also easier because the guns shot directly ahead in the direction of the aircraft's flight, up to the limit of the guns range; unlike wing-mounted guns which to be effective required to be

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also used the same tactics with some success, although they were unable to stem the tide of Japanese advances there. By 1943, the Allies began to gain the upper hand in the Pacific Campaign's air campaigns. Several factors contributed to this shift. First, the

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Accurate data on modern gun pass cost is difficult to acquire, but during the Korean War was approximately $ 120. In 1970 a heat seeking missile shot was approximately $ 7000, and a radar guided missile shot about $ 40,000. (Stevenson, "The Pentagon Paradox",

2579:. Despite numerous shortcomings that would not be fully addressed until newer fighters, the Phantom claimed 280 aerial kills (more than any other U.S. fighter) over Vietnam. With range and payload capabilities that rivaled that of World War II bombers such as 2105:

The first generation of jet fighters comprised the initial, subsonic jet-fighter designs introduced late in World War II (1939–1945) and in the early post-war period. They differed little from their piston-engined counterparts in appearance, and many employed

3402:. There are two main variations, heat-seeking (infrared homing), and radar guided. Radar missiles are typically several times heavier and more expensive than heat-seekers, but with longer range, greater destructive power, and ability to track through clouds. 3447:. In this extensive conflict Israel scored 171 of 261 total kills with heat-seeking missiles (65.5%), 5 kills with radar guided missiles (1.9%), and 85 kills with guns (32.6%). The AIM-9L Sidewinder scored 19 kills out of 26 fired missiles (73%) in the 1982 648:

are vulnerable due to their low speed, large size and poor maneuvrability. The escort fighter was developed during World War II to come between the bombers and enemy attackers as a protective shield. The primary requirement was for long range, with several

750:, but would later modify pre-war racing aircraft into armed single seaters. It was quickly found that these were of little use since the pilot couldn't record what he saw while also flying, while military leaders usually ignored what the pilots reported. 1094:, popular during World War I, quickly disappeared, its development having reached the point where rotational forces prevented more fuel and air from being delivered to the cylinders, which limited horsepower. They were replaced chiefly by the stationary 970:

machine guns, which were easier to synchronize than other types, firing through the propeller arc. Gun breeches were in front of the pilot, with obvious implications in case of accidents, but jams could be cleared in flight, while aiming was simplified.

2354:

fuselages. Widespread use of afterburning turbojet engines made these the first production aircraft to break the sound barrier, and the ability to sustain supersonic speeds in level flight became a common capability amongst fighters of this generation.

1010:

all-metal airframe technology demonstration aircraft of late 1915. While Fokker would pursue steel tube fuselages with wooden wings until the late 1930s, and Junkers would focus on corrugated sheet metal, Dornier was the first to build a fighter (the

3050:

achieve aircraft designs featuring very low observables (VLO), which is one of the defining features of fifth-generation fighters. Of the 4.5th generation designs, the Strike Eagle, Super Hornet, Typhoon, Gripen, and Rafale have been used in combat.

1041:

In April 1917, during a brief period of German aerial supremacy a British pilot's average life expectancy was calculated to average 93 flying hours, or about three weeks of active service. More than 50,000 airmen from both sides died during the war.

1034:, so in-flight fires or structural failures were often fatal. Parachutes were well-developed by 1918 having previously been used by balloonists, and were adopted by the German flying services during the course of that year. The well known and feared 2567:, the first turbofan equipped with afterburner. The ambitious project sought to create a versatile common fighter for many roles and services. It would serve well as an all-weather bomber, but lacked the performance to defeat other fighters. The 1414:

air forces destroyed large numbers of Red Air Force aircraft on the ground and in one-sided dogfights. In the later stages on the Eastern Front, Soviet training and leadership improved, as did their equipment. By 1942 Soviet designs such as the

1286:

noted the effect of airpower: "Anyone who has to fight, even with the most modern weapons, against an enemy in complete command of the air, fights like a savage…" Throughout the war, fighters performed their conventional role in establishing

962:. The strong box structure of the biplane provided a rigid wing that allowed the accurate control essential for dogfighting. They had a single operator, who flew the aircraft and also controlled its armament. They were armed with one or two 280:

was fitted to day fighters, since due to ever increasing air-to-air weapon ranges, pilots could no longer see far enough ahead to prepare for the opposition. Subsequently, radar capabilities grew enormously and are now the primary method of

3421:

in the 1950s. These small missiles are easily carried by lighter fighters, and provide effective ranges of approximately 10 to 35 kilometres (6 to 20 mi). Beginning with the AIM-9L in 1977, subsequent versions of Sidewinder have added

1839:, F4U Corsair, P-47 Thunderbolt and P-38 Lightning all excelled as fighter-bombers, and since the Second World War ground attack has become an important secondary capability of many fighters. World War II also saw the first use of airborne 2161:

fighters. Many squadrons of piston-engined fighters remained in service until the early to mid-1950s, even in the air forces of the major powers (though the types retained were the best of the World War II designs). Innovations including

2622:" (for "Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action"). This approach emphasized aircraft designs capable of performing "fast transients" – quick changes in speed, altitude, and direction – as opposed to relying chiefly on high speed alone. 1566:, initially enjoying great success, as these fighters generally had better range, maneuverability, speed and climb rates than their Allied counterparts. Additionally, Japanese pilots were well trained and many were combat veterans from 3005:

Apart from these fighter jets, most of the 4.5 generation aircraft are actually modified variants of existing airframes from the earlier fourth generation fighter jets. Such fighter jets are generally heavier and examples include the

2505:(DACT) tactics and techniques. This era also saw an expansion in ground-attack capabilities, principally in guided missiles, and witnessed the introduction of the first truly effective avionics for enhanced ground attack, including 2359:

tracking-radars. Similarly, advances in guided-missile development allowed air-to-air missiles to begin supplementing the gun as the primary offensive weapon for the first time in fighter history. During this period, passive-homing

2087:

technological evolution. Different authors have packed jet fighters into different generations. For example, Richard P. Hallion of the Secretary of the Air Force's Action Group classified the F-16 as a sixth-generation jet fighter.

1936:'Fang', of which nearly 1200 were produced 1947–51. Over the course of the Korean War, however, it became obvious that the day of the piston-engined fighter was coming to a close and that the future would lie with the jet fighter. 592:

aircraft in the point-defence role, built for fast reaction, high performance and with a short range, and heavier aircraft with more comprehensive avionics and designed to fly at night or in all weathers and to operate over longer

2222:

that allowed flying closer to the speed of sound than straight-winged designs such as the F-80. The MiG-15s' top speed of 1,075 km/h (668 mph) proved quite a shock to the American F-80 pilots who encountered them in the

3132:

materials, extensive structural use of advanced composites, conformal sensors, heat-resistant coatings, low-observable wire meshes to cover intake and cooling vents, heat ablating tiles on the exhaust troughs (seen on the

1051:

however, those countries overspent themselves and were overtaken in the 1930s by those powers that hadn't been spending heavily, namely the British, the Americans, the Spanish (in the Spanish civil war) and the Germans.

1054:

Given limited budgets, air forces were conservative in aircraft design, and biplanes remained popular with pilots for their agility, and remained in service long after they ceased to be competitive. Designs such as the

1138:

types. Such designs typically had greater internal fuel capacity (thus longer range) and heavier armament than their single-engine counterparts. In combat, they proved vulnerable to more agile single-engine fighters.

2645:; while the reduced wing loading tends to lower top speed and can cut range, it increases payload capacity and the range reduction can be compensated for by increased fuel in the larger wing. The efforts of Boyd's " 1931:

wing to improve maneuver performance, and increased armament. The La-9 entered service in August 1946 and was produced until 1948; it also served as the basis for the development of a long-range escort fighter, the

1570:. They quickly gained air superiority over the Allies, who at this stage of the war were often disorganized, under-trained and poorly equipped, and Japanese air power contributed significantly to their successes in 2605:

Fourth-generation fighters continued the trend towards multirole configurations, and were equipped with increasingly sophisticated avionics- and weapon-systems. Fighter designs were significantly influenced by the

526:

aircraft, while commonly developing air-to-ground roles late in their careers. An interceptor is generally an aircraft intended to target (or intercept) bombers and so often trades maneuverability for climb rate.

737:

airplane was not expected to carry serious armament, but rather to rely on speed to "scout" a location, and return quickly to report, making it a flying horse. British scout aircraft, in this sense, included the

880:

machine gun he was provided had an erratic rate of fire and it was impossible to synchronize it with the propeller. As an interim measure, the propeller blades were fitted with metal wedges to protect them from

2872:, which involves the use of special "low-observable" (L-O) materials and design techniques to reduce the susceptibility of an aircraft to detection by the enemy's sensor systems, particularly radars. The first 4704: 1914:

Several prototype fighter programs begun early in 1945 continued on after the war and led to advanced piston-engine fighters that entered production and operational service in 1946. A typical example is the

2947:. Thrust vectoring to further improve transient maneuvering capabilities has also been adopted by many 4.5th generation fighters, and uprated powerplants have enabled some designs to achieve a degree of " 2489:

employed more sophisticated radars and medium-range RF AAMs to achieve greater "stand-off" ranges, however, kill probabilities proved unexpectedly low for RF missiles due to poor reliability and improved

1067:

were common even in the late 1930s, and many were still in service as late as 1942. Up until the mid-1930s, the majority of fighters in the US, the UK, Italy and Russia remained fabric-covered biplanes.

1255:

could split up at any time and attack on their own. The finger-four would be widely adopted as the fundamental tactical formation during World War Two, including by the British and later the Americans.

3614: 2375:(SARH) missiles could track and intercept an enemy aircraft "painted" by the launching aircraft's onboard radar. Medium- and long-range RF air-to-air missiles promised to open up a new dimension of 4775: 1847:

locate enemy bombers and fighters. Because of the bulkiness of these radar sets, they could not be carried on conventional single-engined fighters and instead were typically retrofitted to larger

1506:

in June 1944, the Allies had gained near complete air superiority over the Western Front. This cleared the way both for intensified strategic bombing of German cities and industries, and for the

1015:) made with pre-stressed sheet aluminum and having cantilevered wings, a form that would replace all others in the 1930s. As collective combat experience grew, the more successful pilots such as 4583: 451:

classes are dual-role, possessing qualities of the fighter alongside some other battlefield role. Some fighter designs may be developed in variants performing other roles entirely, such as

1955:, with only 66 having been delivered, and the type was withdrawn from service in 1947. The USAAF had ordered its first 13 mixed turboprop-turbojet-powered pre-production prototypes of the 2748:, one of the few variable-sweep-wing fighter designs to enter production. Even with the tremendous advancement of air-to-air missiles in this era, internal guns were standard equipment. 1216:

biplanes but many biplanes remained in front-line service well past the start of World War II. While not a combatant in Spain, they too absorbed many of the lessons in time to use them.

2618:

maintenance as an advantage in fighter combat. Boyd perceived maneuverability as the primary means of getting "inside" an adversary's decision-making cycle, a process Boyd called the "

373:). The UK changed to calling them fighters in the 1920s, while the US Army did so in the 1940s. A short-range fighter designed to defend against incoming enemy aircraft is known as an 3898:, 6 December 1929, Page 1273: "the type of single-seater fighter known as an "Interceptor" is a class of aircraft designed, as the title suggests, for intercepting hostile aircraft." 3755: 3398:

The range limitations of guns, and the desire to overcome large variations in fighter pilot skill and thus achieve higher force effectiveness, led to the development of the guided

4866: 2614:

and mathematician Thomas Christie, based upon Boyd's combat experience in the Korean War and as a fighter-tactics instructor during the 1960s. E-M theory emphasized the value of

4639: 4513: 2540:), and provided greater accuracy and rates of fire. Powerplant reliability increased, and jet engines became "smokeless" to make it harder to sight aircraft at long distances. 725:

Another type of military aircraft formed the basis for an effective "fighter" in the modern sense of the word. It was based on small fast aircraft developed before the war for

4332: 4482: 3262:

As of November 2018, France, Germany, China, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States have announced the development of a sixth-generation aircraft program.

3317:

in 2025–30 period. The USAF seeks a new fighter for the 2030–50 period named the "Next Generation Tactical Aircraft" ("Next Gen TACAIR"). The US Navy looks to replace its

2493:(ECM) for spoofing radar seekers. Infrared-homing AAMs saw their fields of view expand to 45°, which strengthened their tactical usability. Nevertheless, the low dogfight 2009:

turbojet gave increased fuel economy in other parts of flight, most notably to ensure the aircraft was able to make a powered landing rather than risking an unpredictable

4753: 3451:. But, in a conflict against opponents using thermal countermeasures, the United States only scored 11 kills out of 48 fired (Pk = 23%) with the follow-on AIM-9M in the 5227: 5198: 4838: 3724: 3216:

Other countries have initiated fifth-generation fighter development projects. In December 2010, it was discovered that China is developing the 5th generation fighter

849:

with a forward-firing gun whose bullets passed through the propeller arc was evident even before the outbreak of war and inventors in both France and Germany devised

5766: 132:, are designed from the outset for dual roles. Other fighter designs are highly specialized while still filling the main air superiority role, and these include the 4696: 3101:, helmet-mounted sights (not currently on F-22), and improved secure, jamming-resistant LPI datalinks are highly integrated to provide multi-platform, multi-sensor 1820:

and therefore decreased performance) could be jettisoned and they could engage enemy fighters, which eliminated the need for fighter escorts that bombers required.

1322:. In contrast, designers in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States believed that the increased speed of fighter aircraft would create 1613:) to take advantage of these strengths. These changes soon paid dividends, as the Allied ability to deny Japan air superiority was critical to their victories at 2676:

turbofan. The F-16's sole reliance on electronics and wires to relay flight commands, instead of the usual cables and mechanical linkage controls, earned it the

1491:

bombers, however, proved unable to fend off German interceptors (primarily Bf 109s and Fw 190s). With the later arrival of long range fighters, particularly the

491:, but it was canceled. This blurring follows the use of fighters from their earliest days for "attack" or "strike" operations against ground targets by means of 4670: 2866:(F-15C), one strike fighter squadron (F-15E), and two multirole fighter squadrons (F-16C). Perhaps the most novel technology introduced for combat aircraft was 1302:

Fighter design varied widely among combatants. The Japanese and Italians favored lightly armed and armored but highly maneuverable designs such as the Japanese

588:

The interceptor is a fighter designed specifically to intercept and engage approaching enemy aircraft. There are two general classes of interceptor: relatively

4809: 2133:, as they were faster than available piston-engined fighters at the low altitudes used by the flying bombs. Nearer the end of World War II, the first military 828:

and remained impractical until after the war. Mounting the machine gun over the top wing worked well and was used long after the ideal solution was found. The

345:. A given type may be designed for specific combat conditions, and in some cases for additional roles such as air-to-ground fighting. Historically the British 1883: 1330:

overcome by sound tactical doctrine, and the design approach of the Italians and Japanese made their fighters ill-suited as interceptors or attack aircraft.

1939:

This period also witnessed experimentation with jet-assisted piston engine aircraft. La-9 derivatives included examples fitted with two underwing auxiliary

2153:. By the end of the war almost all work on piston-powered fighters had ended. A few designs combining piston- and jet-engines for propulsion – such as the 5249: 4781: 3209:(CATOBAR) fighter, each of which has a different unit price and slightly varying specifications in terms of fuel capacity (and therefore range), size and 2457:

began to appear, replacing older "steam-gauge" cockpit instrumentation. Enhancements to the aerodynamic performance of third-generation fighters included

4896: 3117:. Overall, the integration of all these elements is claimed to provide fifth-generation fighters with a "first-look, first-shot, first-kill capability". 1890:

system involved mounting upward-facing cannon turrets, typically twin 20mm or 30mm guns, in the belly of German night fighters such as the Messerschmitt

1711: 4561: 1098:

though major advances led to inline engines gaining ground with several exceptional engines—including the 1,145 cu in (18,760 cm) V-12

4455: 3193:(JSF) program enrolls eight other countries as cost- and risk-sharing partners. Altogether, the nine partner nations anticipate procuring over 3,000 1771:

from a solid bullet striking a critical component of the aircraft, such as a fuel line or control cable, or the pilot. Cannons could bring down even

838: 4591: 4312: 3685: 4726: 1086:, which in various forms would be used through the 20s and into the 1930s by various European air arms, including that of the French and Spanish. 698:

The word "fighter" was first used to describe a two-seat aircraft carrying a machine gun (mounted on a pedestal) and its operator as well as the

5245:"Can U.S. air-to-air missiles hit their targets through today's enemy electronic warfare?", Military and Aerospace Electronics, 12 April 2016, 2033:

in level flight– met a similar fate for the same reason, and no hybrid rocket-and-jet-engine fighter design has ever been placed into service.

2783:

Unlike interceptors of the previous eras, most fourth-generation air-superiority fighters were designed to be agile dogfighters (although the

2501:

fighter-weapons school, which provided a graduate-level curriculum to train fleet fighter-pilots in advanced Air Combat Maneuvering (ACM) and

5759: 5056: 3840: 946:

kicked off a competitive cycle of improvement among the combatants, both sides striving to build ever more capable single-seat fighters. The

4232: 1734:-powered fighters entered combat in 1944, too late to impact the war's outcome. The same year the Allies' only operational jet fighter, the 1513:

Allied fighters, by gaining air superiority over the European battlefield, played a crucial role in the eventual defeat of the Axis, which

1510:

of battlefield targets. With the Luftwaffe largely cleared from the skies, Allied fighters increasingly served as ground attack aircraft.

1251:

was composed of a leader and a wingman. This flexible formation allowed the pilots to maintain greater situational awareness, and the two

4535: 3747: 1784:, and late in the war often only cannons. The Americans, in contrast, had problems producing a cannon design, so instead placed multiple 1379:. This was a result of the tactical surprise at the outset of the campaign, the leadership vacuum within the Soviet military left by the 4860: 2536:

that use an electric motor to drive the mechanism of a cannon. This allowed a plane to carry a single multi-barrel weapon (such as the

1475:

while Allied fighters' main role was as bomber escorts. The RAF raided German cities at night, and both sides developed radar-equipped

857:, a Swiss engineer, had patented such a device in Germany in 1913, but his original work was not followed up. French aircraft designer 4292: 46: 4647: 4505: 3870: 2498: 4613: 4340: 1219:

The Spanish Civil War also provided an opportunity for updating fighter tactics. One of the innovations was the development of the "

5752: 3197:

fighters at an anticipated average FAC of $ 80–85 million. The F-35, however, is designed to be a family of three aircraft, a

1106:

increased in power several-fold over the period, going from a typical 180 hp (130 kW) in the 900 kg (2,000 lb)

858: 788: 781:

added a second crewman ahead of the engine in a pod but this was both hazardous to the second crewman and limited performance. The

2129:

entered production soon after, and the two entered service around the same time in 1944. Meteors commonly served to intercept the

4472: 1947:(the La-138); however, neither of these entered service. One that did enter service – with the U.S. Navy in March 1945 – was the 861:

patented a practical device in April 1914, but trials were unsuccessful because of the propensity of the machine gun employed to

702:. Although the term was coined in the United Kingdom, the first examples were the French Voisin pushers beginning in 1910, and a 291:

largely replaced guns and rockets in the early 1960s since both were believed unusable at the speeds being attained, however the

3240:

became the first fifth-generation fighter jets in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces on 2020, and launch missiles in the

3185:

in late 2005. The U.S. Air Force originally planned to acquire 650 F-22s, but now only 187 will be built. As a result, its unit

3046:

engine nozzles to enhance maneuvering. The upgraded version of F-16 is also considered a member of the 4.5 generation aircraft.

1038:, the "Red Baron", was wearing one when he was killed, but the allied command continued to oppose their use on various grounds. 3785: 3560: 3443:, achieving 60 kills and 10 losses. However, Israel made much more use of steadily improving heat-seeking missiles in the 1973 2848: 1609:

possessed attributes such as superior firepower, ruggedness and dive speed, and the Allies soon developed tactics (such as the

1427:. Also, significant numbers of British, and later U.S., fighter aircraft were supplied to aid the Soviet war effort as part of 4747: 5434: 5308: 5164: 4423: 4373: 4118: 4091: 2650: 1539: 1172:

needed to test their latest aircraft. Each party sent numerous aircraft types to support their sides in the conflict. In the

51: 5224: 5207: 4832: 4140: 2629:, but Boyd and his supporters believed these performance parameters called for a small, lightweight aircraft with a larger, 2386:

featuring large mechanized armies and nuclear-weapon strikes led to a degree of specialization along two design approaches:

1706:, one of the few fighters in continuous production throughout the war, was in 1939 powered by a 1,030 hp (770 kW) 5337: 3948: 3716: 2575:, but emerged as a versatile strike-bomber nimble enough to prevail in air combat, adopted by the U.S. Navy, Air Force and 2294:

whose descendants remain in use as of 2021, were first introduced on swept-wing subsonic Demon and Cutlass naval fighters.

1571: 5654: 5506: 4395:

IBP, Inc (March 2009), US Aviation and Aerospace Industry Handbook Volume 2 Military Equipment and Developments, p. 54–55

3150: 3081: 4926: 4251: 2680:

of "the electric jet". Electronic FLCS and FADEC quickly became essential components of all subsequent fighter designs.

5847: 3146: 1555: 1547: 4185: 2150: 5694: 5643: 5625: 5607: 5584: 5496: 5478: 5459: 5410: 5383: 5359: 5290: 4678: 4276: 4152: 4064: 3519: 3434:

missiles was only 7% early in the Vietnam War, but improved to approximately 15%–40% over the course of the war. The

3224:

took its maiden flight on 31 October 2012, and developed a carrier-based version based on Chinese aircraft carriers.

3194: 2145:(sparrow) to serve as a simple jet fighter for German home defense, with a few examples seeing squadron service with 2074: 1658:, a lopsided Allied victory in which Japanese fliers were shot down in such numbers and with such ease that American 532: 197: 175: 4803: 3244:

in 2022. Japan is exploring its technical feasibility to produce fifth-generation fighters. India is developing the

5546: 2568: 1399: 1130:" (called "destroyers" by the Germans). These were larger, usually twin-engined aircraft, sometimes adaptations of 17: 4407: 3245: 2816: 2726: 2665: 2611: 2146: 1746:

wings, which improved high speed performance, also came into use on fighters such as the P-51 Mustang, while the

496: 4991:

The Machine Gun. History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons, vol I

3189:(FAC) is around US$ 150 million. To spread the development costs – and production base – more broadly, the 1350:—held air superiority, and the Luftwaffe played a major role in German victories in these campaigns. During the 758:

bolted metal deflector plates to the propeller so that it would not shoot itself out of the sky and a number of

746:. The French and the Germans didn't have an equivalent as they used two seaters for reconnaissance, such as the 5796: 5246: 2660:

The F-16's maneuverability was further enhanced by its slight aerodynamic instability. This technique, called "

2502: 2176: 179: 4888: 3068: 2924:" battlefield environment and are principally multirole aircraft. Key weapons technologies introduced include 1726:, and it was apparent that propeller-driven aircraft were approaching the limits of their performance. German 466:

and other "fighting scouts" of World War I performed a great deal of ground-attack work. In World War II, the

5739: 5726: 5599: 3808: 3322: 3210: 3085: 3007: 2859: 2607: 2592: 2555:) offered longer range, more sophisticated night-attack systems or lower cost than supersonic fighters. With 2303: 2254:

as their primary jet fighter in the Korean War period, and it was one of the first jet fighters to employ an

2001:

The USSR experimented with a rocket-powered interceptor in the years immediately following World War II, the

1468: 1282:

World War II featured fighter combat on a larger scale than any other conflict to date. German Field Marshal

837:

and several French mountings were specifically designed for this kind of application, fitted with either the

653:

given the role. However they too proved unwieldy and vulnerable, so as the war progressed techniques such as

613: 4695:

Felix, Bate; Shalal, Andrea; Irish, John; Osmond, Ed; Pomeroy, Robin; Maclean, William (20 November 2018).

3891: 3310: 3257: 3063: 2916:

generations, and their contribution in furthering development of individual fifth-generation technologies.

2626: 2439: 2100: 2026: 1655: 1583: 1456: 1368: 1291:

through combat with other fighters and through bomber interception, and also often performed roles such as

778: 507: 31: 4452: 2513:(ASM) equipped with electro-optical (E-O) contrast seekers – such as the initial model of the widely used 2082:

was one of the fastest aircraft of WWII and the first mass produced aircraft to use jet engine technology.

762:

were modified. The technique proved effective, however the deflected bullets were still highly dangerous.

221:

Since World War I, achieving and maintaining air superiority has been considered essential for victory in

6047: 5917: 5858: 4309: 3504: 3367: 3225: 2925: 2881: 2403: 2376: 2197: 1886:

in 1943 as a response to the increasing threat posed by Allied heavy bombers, particularly at night. The

1651: 1527: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1079: 1027:

developed innovative tactical formations and maneuvers to enhance their air units' combat effectiveness.

905: 877: 511: 236:

over the battlefield. Early fighters were very small and lightly armed by later standards, and most were

63: 329:

at $ 47.2 billion in 2026: 35% modernization programs and 65% aircraft purchases, dominated by the

5375: 3693: 3089: 2894: 2733: 2576: 2490: 2391: 2312: 1662:

likened it to a great 'turkey shoot'. Late in the war, Japan began to produce new fighters such as the

1579: 1479:

for these battles. The Americans, in contrast, flew daylight bombing raids into Germany delivering the

854: 3641:. The English term fell out of favour during the late interwar years, though the designation P, as in 2134: 803:, after clearing the front line of German observation balloons with the first rocket attack in history 597:. Originating during World War I, by 1929 this class of fighters had become known as the interceptor. 459:. This may be for political or national security reasons, for advertising purposes, or other reasons. 6074: 5967: 5351: 3646: 3158: 2933: 2929: 2522: 2497:

experienced by American fighters in the skies over Vietnam led the U.S. Navy to establish its famous

2231: 1956: 1876: 1672: 1647: 1480: 479: 366: 59: 37:

This article is about aircraft designed to combat other aircraft. For other usages of "fighter", see

3471:, which entered service in 1954 and was produced in improving versions until 1997. In more advanced 2262:

became the Royal Navy's first jet fighter. Radar was used on specialized night-fighters such as the

2048:, tested out by both the United States and the Soviet Union, and made obsolete with advancements in 1443: 5962: 4562:"Is China ready for aircraft carrier No 4? Talk swirls over stealth fighter jets at PLA naval base" 3555: 3463: 3409:

AIM-9 Sidewinder (underwing pylon) and AIM-120 AMRAAM (wingtip) carried by lightweight F-16 fighter

3286: 3138: 2956: 2877: 2661: 2615: 2372: 1959:

fighter, but this program was also canceled by VJ Day, with 80% of the engineering work completed.

1718:. Nevertheless, these fighters could only achieve modest increases in top speed due to problems of 1567: 1265: 38: 5053: 3836: 2521:(LGBs) became widespread in an effort to improve precision-attack capabilities. Guidance for such 2371:. Radar-guided (RF) missiles were introduced as well, but early examples proved unreliable. These 6008: 5935: 5816: 4777:

USAF: Next Generation Tactical Aircraft (Next Gen TACAIR) Materiel and Technology Concepts Search

4229: 3328:

The United Kingdom's proposed stealth fighter is being developed by a European consortium called

2921: 2673: 2564: 2506: 2482: 2458: 2395: 2215: 2061: 1974: 1968: 1635: 1614: 1296: 1270: 866: 755: 682: 568: 523: 456: 384: 168: 1495:, American fighters were able to escort far into Germany on daylight raids and by ranging ahead 5907: 3318: 3266: 3233: 2940: 2840: 2773: 2714: 2638: 2560: 2510: 2185: 2049: 2002: 1952: 1792: 1543: 1395: 1292: 1083: 1035: 912:

racing airplane, with poor flight characteristics and a by now mediocre performance. The first

870: 665: 452: 444: 419: 125: 5327: 4363: 4108: 4081: 2113:

The first jets developed during World War II and saw combat in the last two years of the war.

1927:

design bureau sought to replace the La-7's wooden airframe with a metal one, as well as fit a

1471:

against German industry intended to wear down the Luftwaffe. Axis fighter aircraft focused on

893:'s firm was the first system to enter service. It would usher in what the British called the " 6020: 5998: 5925: 5895: 3125: 3106: 2761: 2683: 2368: 2267: 2263: 1864: 1120: 925: 820: 325:

The global combat aircraft market was worth $ 45.75 billion in 2017 and is projected by

311: 5321:. Vol. 9, no. 3. Whittier, California: The Society of World War I Aero Historians. 5223:

The Rand Corporation, "Air Combat, Past, Present, and Future", 2008, slide 20, available at

3934: 2326:

environment shaped the development of second-generation fighters. Technological advances in

1742:

construction, which improved their aerodynamic efficiency while adding structural strength.

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that could time the firing of the individual rounds to avoid hitting the propeller blades.

850: 808: 583: 540: 536: 519: 495:

or dropping small bombs and incendiaries. Versatile multi role fighter-bombers such as the

399: 374: 362: 330: 222: 133: 3862: 3692:. College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education. 22 September 2011. Archived from 3181:

Such aircraft are sophisticated and expensive. The fifth generation was ushered in by the

2532:

The third generation also led to the development of new automatic-fire weapons, primarily

2239:

formations and forced the withdrawal of numerous American types from operational service.

2157:– saw brief use, but by the end of the 1940s virtually all new fighters were jet-powered. 1981:, which made a successful maiden flight in March 1928. The only pure rocket aircraft ever 1147:

races, where competition grew so fierce, only national governments could afford to enter.

8: 5811: 5225:

https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/files/2008_RAND_Pacific_View_Air_Combat_Briefing.pdf

3511: 3501: 3472: 3274: 3241: 3121: 2967: 2952: 2863: 2737: 2722: 2695: 2597: 2494: 2275: 2251: 2022: 1868: 1715: 1691: 1639: 1626: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1551: 1432: 1311: 1228: 1197: 1030:

Allied and – before 1918 – German pilots of World War I were not equipped with

825: 661: 639: 594: 503: 409: 370: 326: 4239:, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science – Experimental Aircraft. Accessed 5 October 2008. 2363:

became commonplace, but early IR missile sensors had poor sensitivity and a very narrow

5535: 3515: 3507: 3418: 3399: 3314: 3162: 3154: 3015: 2975: 2908: 2868: 2797: 2718: 2698: 2466: 2283: 2271: 2041: 2017: 1948: 1872: 1707: 1643: 1503: 1339: 954:

of 1916 set the classic pattern followed by fighters for about twenty years. Most were

346: 288: 282: 4831:

Trimble, Stephen (May 2010), "Boeing plots return to next-generation fighter market",

2839:

being an exception in this regard). Attack roles were generally assigned to dedicated

2379:(BVR) combat, and much effort concentrated on further development of this technology. 2242:

The world's navies also transitioned to jets during this period, despite the need for

1898:. These guns were angled upwards to target the vulnerable underside of enemy bombers. 1687: 630:

The strategic fighter is a fast, heavily armed and long-range type, able to act as an

228:

Fighters continued to be developed throughout World War I, to deny enemy aircraft and

5945: 5912: 5801: 5776: 5690: 5684: 5639: 5621: 5603: 5580: 5574: 5542: 5492: 5474: 5455: 5445: 5430: 5406: 5379: 5355: 5333: 5304: 5286: 5160: 4369: 4272: 4148: 4114: 4087: 4060: 3944: 3940: 3282: 2777: 2688: 2556: 2518: 2367:(typically no more than 30°), which limited their effective use to only close-range, 2243: 2192:

The Americans began using jet fighters operationally after World War II, the wartime

1824: 1796: 1788: 1496: 1460: 1424: 1383:, and the general inferiority of Soviet designs at the time, such as the obsolescent 1351: 1315: 1209: 1185: 1168: 1162: 1151: 1073: 1056: 873: 782: 759: 747: 625: 424: 342: 106: 82: 78: 5317:

Blume, August G. (1968). Miller, Jr., Thomas G. (ed.). "Cross and Cockade Journal".

3777: 1589:

By mid-1942, the Allies began to regroup and while some Allied aircraft such as the

1517: 1451:, typical World War II fighter optimized for high level speeds and good climb rates. 1224: 792: 616:

in 1915, the night fighter has evolved into the highly capable all-weather fighter.

361:

called them "pursuit" aircraft until the late 1940s (using the designation P, as in

6042: 6037: 6032: 6013: 6003: 5900: 5890: 5824: 4424:"H.R.2647: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 – U.S. Congress" 3634: 3605: 3589: 3531: 3497: 3459: 3414: 3294: 3043: 2873: 2717:(MFD), all essential equipment as of 2019. Aircraft designers began to incorporate 2478: 2287: 2211: 2154: 1940: 1780:

machine guns, but by mid-war they often featured a combination of machine guns and

1618: 1590: 1575: 1507: 1372: 1355: 1343: 1201: 1189: 1144: 1060: 898: 815:, with the propeller mounted behind the pilot. The main drawback was that the high 734: 730: 483: 354: 102: 4473:"Chinese jet fighter 'sighting' raises fears over region's military power balance" 4431: 2989: 1923:'Fin'. Working through a series of prototypes, the La-120, La-126 and La-130, the 1887: 718: 5853: 5806: 5424: 5369: 5253: 5231: 5060: 4459: 4411: 4316: 4296: 4255: 4236: 4189: 4144: 4135: 3618: 3597: 3523: 3431: 3383: 3341: 3278: 3270: 3114: 2994: 2971: 2836: 2788: 2769: 2706: 2654: 2514: 2383: 2360: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2235: 2130: 2045: 1982: 1933: 1719: 1464: 1391: 1384: 1181: 1115: 1103: 1064: 939: 909: 845:, which due to their design were unsuitable for synchronizing. The need to arm a 834: 739: 645: 635: 556: 544: 471: 350: 117: 98: 4989: 2694:

Other innovative technologies introduced in fourth-generation fighters included

2672:(FADEC) to electronically manage powerplant performance was introduced with the 2308: 273:

to counter the much greater forces being applied to the pilot during maneuvers.

5982: 5977: 5950: 5451: 5052:"AIM-9X Sidewinder Air-to-air Missile", Raytheon Systems Company, available at 4640:"India withdraws from FGFA project, leaving Russia to go it alone – Jane's 360" 3626: 3535: 3477: 3444: 3221: 3134: 3129: 3039: 3035: 2904: 2903:

in 1992 led many governments to significantly decrease military spending as a "

2784: 2741: 2634: 2580: 2552: 2548: 2526: 2427: 2399: 2181: 2162: 2138: 2126: 1920: 1916: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1800: 1768: 1735: 1663: 1563: 1559: 1420: 1416: 1403: 1363: 1362:

proved roughly equal to Luftwaffe fighters. Additionally Britain's radar-based

1307: 1303: 1024: 1016: 894: 890: 816: 714: 631: 499:

are a less expensive option than having a range of specialized aircraft types.

448: 440: 432: 428: 389: 233: 129: 5665: 5515: 5137:

The Rand Corporation, "Air Combat, Past, Present, and Future", 2008, slide 28.

5128:

The Rand Corporation, "Air Combat, Past, Present, and Future", 2008, slide 27.

4365:

Shaping U.S. military forces: revolution or relevance in a post–Cold War world

1791:

on their fighters. Fighters were also increasingly fitted with bomb racks and

974: 765:

Soon after the commencement of the war, pilots armed themselves with pistols,

66:(right) fly in a formation representing four generations of American fighters. 6068: 5955: 5885: 4918: 4405:

CRS RL33543, Tactical Aircraft Modernization: Issues for Congress 9 July 2009

4248: 3485: 3468: 3448: 3387: 3098: 3011: 2979: 2646: 2572: 2419: 2364: 2291: 2114: 1978: 1895: 1860: 1848: 1844: 1808: 1723: 1667: 1659: 1630: 1476: 1319: 1288: 1135: 1127: 1095: 1091: 1020: 920: 846: 743: 687: 650: 606: 589: 463: 413: 404: 394: 141: 137: 86: 55: 5247:

http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2016/04/ew-missiles-challenge.html

3542:

are more resistant to countermeasures and more effective than the AIM-120D.

3109:

while easing the pilot's workload. Avionics suites rely on extensive use of

2318:

Technological breakthroughs, lessons learned from the aerial battles of the

1406:, had not yet arrived in numbers and in any case were still inferior to the 5880: 5875: 5420: 4477: 4182: 4164: 3435: 3298: 3237: 3229: 3217: 3186: 3174: 3031: 3027: 3023: 2963: 2951:" ability. Stealth characteristics are focused primarily on frontal-aspect 2936: 2855: 2844: 2642: 2630: 2544: 2423: 2407: 2327: 2065: 1994: 1928: 1852: 1813: 1804: 1777: 1772: 1743: 1283: 1131: 1111: 1107: 1099: 987: 947: 930:

on the Western Front, downed a Morane-Saulnier Type L. His was one of five

515: 475: 245: 2807: 1110:

of 1918 to 900 hp (670 kW) in the 2,500 kg (5,500 lb)

998:

private-venture aircraft, made with steel, and some forty examples of the

713:, front-line aircraft were mostly unarmed and used almost exclusively for 642:

and maintain standing patrols at significant distance from its home base.

6025: 5972: 3440: 3375: 3333: 3182: 3102: 3088:, low-probability of intercept (LPI) data transmission capabilities. The 3072: 2948: 2765: 2745: 2339: 2255: 2030: 1785: 1738:, also entered service. World War II fighters also increasingly featured 1610: 1411: 1380: 1220: 1213: 1007: 999: 995: 979: 951: 829: 796: 710: 657:

were developed to extend the range of more nimble conventional fighters.

303: 292: 253: 90: 4614:"Sukhoi Su-57 stealth fighter jet has been used in Ukraine: TASS report" 3417:

heat-seeking (infrared homing) short-range missile was developed by the

4584:"Sukhoi Su-57 – A significant boost to Russian air combat capabilities" 3778:"Fighter —Definition and More from the Free Merriam Webster Dictionary" 3717:"Xclusive: US Air Force combat fleet's true operational costs revealed" 3423: 3391: 3360: 3169: 3166:

significantly increases IR signature when used in full military power.

3019: 2537: 2470: 2347: 2343: 2319: 2224: 2219: 2170: 2107: 2069: 1755: 1428: 1188:, but being short on funds, were forced to continue operating obsolete 991: 931: 812: 726: 703: 691: 668:

role, and so is able to defend itself while conducting attack sorties.

257: 214: 182: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4404: 3356: 2664:" (RSS), was made possible by introduction of the "fly-by-wire" (FBW) 2230:

The Americans responded by rushing their own swept-wing fighter – the

1714:

produced in 1945 were equipped with the 2,035 hp (1,517 kW)

706:

would be the first to shoot down another aircraft, on 5 October 1914.

124:

Many modern fighter aircraft also have secondary capabilities such as

3909:

Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History', Patrick Stephens.]

3649:, was not formally replaced in the US Air Force until the late 1940s. 2983: 2944: 2820: 2677: 2619: 2533: 2351: 2279: 2247: 2201: 2193: 1924: 1759: 1739: 1522: 1499:

the Luftwaffe to establish control of the skies over Western Europe.

1437: 1156: 1031: 1003: 963: 889:

in German, for "pushrod control system") devised by the engineers of

862: 842: 800: 654: 488: 358: 249: 113: 85:. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish 2444: 2214:

jet-engine to the Soviets, who soon put it to use in their advanced

990:

developed two all-metal, single-seat fighter monoplane designs with

897:" and a period of air superiority for the German forces, making the 157: 3810:

Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1

3452: 3281:

by 2035. The overall development will be led by a collaboration of

3094: 2900: 2753: 2729: 2583:, the Phantom would become a highly successful multirole aircraft. 2454: 2411: 1763: 1676: 1459:

had a much different character. Much of this combat focused on the

1173: 959: 882: 774: 766: 492: 265: 210: 109:

of enemy targets, and helps prevent the enemy from doing the same.

5655:"Comparing the Effectiveness of Air-to-Air Fighters: F-86 to F-18" 3984: 3492: 30:"Jetfighter" and "Jet fighter" redirect here. For other uses, see 5863: 5791: 5596:

Designed for the Kill: The Jet Fighter—Development and Experience

3565: 3405: 3206: 2571:

was designed to capitalize on radar and missile technology as an

2010: 1698:

Fighter technology advanced rapidly during the Second World War.

1387: 1323: 967: 955: 770: 699: 237: 229: 94: 5508:

Promise and Reality: Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air-To-Air Combat

1143:

fighters of World War II. The most significant of these was the

908:, despite its being an adaptation of an obsolete pre-war French 819:

of a pusher type's tail structure made it slower than a similar

5870: 5159:, Chapter 1, Kindle Location 471, Naval Institute Press, 1993, 5054:

http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2000/pdf/navy/00aim9x.pdf

3290: 2801: 2474: 1944: 1795:

such as bombs or rockets beneath their wings, and pressed into

865:

due to unreliable ammunition. In December 1914, French aviator

270: 112:

The key performance features of a fighter include not only its

4727:"Spain Formally Joins Franco-German Future Fighter Initiative" 869:

asked Saulnier to install his synchronization gear on Garros'

4506:"China's New J-31 Stealth Fighter Takes Off on Maiden Flight" 4310:"A Troubling Past: Air Force Fighter Acquisition since 1945." 3539: 3363: 3202: 3110: 2824: 2793: 2710: 2669: 2433: 2266:, which also downed MiGs over Korea, and later fitted to the 1843:

on fighters. The primary purpose of these radars was to help

1840: 1542:

began with the entry of the Western Allies following Japan's

467: 277: 269:

development of ejection seats so the pilot could escape, and

5774: 4994:, Washington, USA: Bureau of Ordnance Department of the Navy 4697:"France, Germany agree on next step for fighter jet program" 3289:, while the engines will reportedly be jointly developed by 2036:

The only operational implementation of mixed propulsion was

938:, and was armed with a synchronized aviation version of the 4210: 3345: 3302: 3198: 2998: 2122: 2040:(RATO), a system rarely used in fighters, such as with the 2037: 1906: 1410:. As a result, during the early months of these campaigns, 1150:

At the very end of the inter-war period in Europe came the

785:

similarly added a pod on the top wing with no better luck.

308: 5740:

Fighter generations comparison chart on theaviationist.com

5329:

Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914

4536:"China's J-31 Stealth Fighter Just Became Carrier-Capable" 3816:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. p. 1 1919:'Fritz', which was an evolution of the successful wartime 539:), though "P" used to be used in the US for pursuit (e.g. 5514:, Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, archived from 2862:

of the period might contain a mix of one air superiority

1901: 1006:, all based on his experience in creating the pioneering 93:. Domination of the airspace above a battlefield permits 5686:

The Pentagon Paradox: The Development of the F-18 Hornet

5089: 5034: 4957: 4945: 3962: 3960: 3748:"Combat aircraft market strong over next decade: report" 3120:

A key attribute of fifth-generation fighters is a small

1722:

created as aircraft and their propellers approached the

3220:. The J-20 took its maiden flight in January 2011. The 1943:(the La-9RD) and a similarly mounted pair of auxiliary 474:

often favored fighters over dedicated light bombers or

5206:, The Rand Corporation, 2008, slide 23, archived from 4694: 3588:

in English and many other European languages, such as

3137:), and coating internal and external metal areas with 2207:

which Britain sold to the air forces of many nations.

5258: 5022: 4258:. Planes of Fame Air Museum. Accessed 5 October 2008. 4036: 4000: 3957: 3348:. The aircraft is intended to enter service in 2035. 3018:, which is a ground-attack/multi-role variant of the 5301:

The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard

5157:

The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard

4969: 3972: 2959:(RAM), L-O coatings and limited shaping techniques. 2796:) supplemented by a larger contingent of lower-cost 1597:

were hopelessly outclassed by fighters like Japan's

1423:

had performance comparable to the German Bf 109 and

5281:Ahlgren, Jan; Linner, Anders; Wigert, Lars (2002), 5280: 5179: 5077: 4933: 4361: 4198: 4027: 3113:(VHSIC) technology, common modules, and high-speed 2278:as all-weather / night fighters. Early versions of 502:Some of the most expensive fighters such as the US 5534: 5371:Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War 5110: 5010: 4671:"France, Germany to develop joint combat aircraft" 4471:Watts, Jonathan; Borger, Julian (5 January 2011). 4083:The First Air Campaign: August 1914– November 1918 3251: 2234:– into battle against the MiGs, which had similar 1638:and second-generation Allied fighters such as the 4998: 3476:greatly reduces risk. A prominent example is the 2586: 2297: 2117:developed the first operational jet fighter, the 638:, to carry out offensive sorties of its own as a 600: 6066: 5489:The Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security 4889:"Inside Tempest – the fighter jet of the future" 4333:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places" 4183:"Aces of the Eighth Air Force in World War Two." 3207:Catapult Assisted Take Off But Arrested Recovery 3057: 2094: 5566:Fighters Attack and Training Aircraft 1914-1919 3093:he glances. These sensors, along with advanced 2955:(RCS) signature-reduction techniques including 2448:U.S. Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 4805:Air Force Kicks Off Search for 6th-Gen Fighter 4271:. New York City: Peerage Books, 1983, p. 159. 3834: 3784:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 September 2011. 2888: 2625:E-M characteristics were first applied to the 2473:. A number of technologies would be tried for 2453:would devolve into close-in dogfights. Analog 2210:The British transferred the technology of the 1951:; production was halted with the war's end on 1375:were overwhelmed during the opening phases of 1045: 5760: 5618:An Illustrated Guide to Modern Fighter Combat 3075:at the 2008 Joint Services Open House airshow 2880:attack aircraft (introduced in 1983) and the 2815:Most fourth-generation fighters, such as the 341:A fighter aircraft is primarily designed for 5723:Mustang Designer: Edgar Schmued and the P-51 5468: 5443: 4216: 4079: 3745: 2334:and aerospace building-materials (primarily 2322:, and a focus on conducting operations in a 2188:' only jet aircraft used during World War II 1731: 1682: 1394:. More modern Soviet designs, including the 5283:Gripen, the First Fourth Generation Fighter 4470: 4368:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 125. 2543:Dedicated ground-attack aircraft (like the 2426:, and some were also equipped to deliver a 1875:, which then served as night fighters. The 1803:. Although they carried less ordnance than 1154:. This was just the opportunity the German 5767: 5753: 5714:Northrop F-5 Case Study in Aircraft Design 4919:"UK unveils new Tempest fighter jet model" 4299:. Aerospace web. Retrieved 5 October 2008. 3309:Currently at the concept stage, the first 2529:, which were introduced in the mid-1960s. 2434:1960s–1970s: Third-generation jet fighters 2121:A, primarily serving with the Luftwaffe's 1962: 1882:A concept originated from German engineer 1259: 562: 300:on components subjected to little stress. 5682: 4862:Boeing displays manned F/A-XX concept jet 4503: 4012: 3458:Radar guided missiles fall into two main 2943:; and improved secure, jamming-resistant 2525:(PGM) was provided by externally-mounted 2338:) permitted designers to experiment with 2044:, RATO-based takeoff scheme from special 1823:Heavily armed fighters such as Germany's 1727: 676: 671: 198:Learn how and when to remove this message 5532: 5285:, Swedish Air Force and Saab Aerospace, 4288:For one representation, see: Yoon, Joe. 3837:"Non-Standard DOD Aircraft Designations" 3491: 3404: 3355: 3168: 3067: 3042:. The Su-30SM/Su-35S and MiG-35 feature 2988: 2806: 2682: 2596: 2443: 2307: 2184:was Britain's first jet fighter and the 2175: 2073: 1910:North American P-51D Mustang during WWII 1905: 1686: 1442: 1269: 1078: 973: 787: 686: 302: 209: 45: 5702: 5576:Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering 5486: 5241: 5239: 4830: 4668: 4106: 3932: 3714: 3462:types. In the historically more common 2641:, while the larger wing would minimize 2055: 694:S.A.2, with gunner in "basket" up front 380:Recognized classes of fighter include: 27:Military aircraft for air-to-air combat 14: 6067: 5720: 5711: 5563: 5444:Grove, Eric; Ireland, Bernard (1997). 5419: 5325: 5298: 5155:Burton, James (Col., U.S. Air Force), 4853: 4355: 4195:, June 1999. Retrieved: 7 August 2011. 4042: 4028:Angelucci, A.; Matricardi, P. (1977). 4006: 3994: 3990: 3966: 3843:from the original on 27 September 2011 3806: 3715:Trimble, Stephen (22 September 2011). 3561:List of United States fighter aircraft 2670:Full Authority Digital Engine Controls 2290:and radar-guided missiles such as the 1902:1946–present: Post–World War II period 1114:of 1936. The debate between the sleek 5748: 5652: 5633: 5615: 5593: 5504: 5429:. New York, New York: Penguin Books. 5391: 5367: 5316: 5200:Air Combat, Past, Present, and Future 5185: 5116: 5095: 5083: 5040: 4987: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4707:from the original on 22 November 2018 4690: 4688: 4485:from the original on 10 November 2016 4163: 4030:World Aircraft: Origins – World War I 3978: 2651:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon 1530:over Berlin, I knew the jig was up." 1247:, which was a pair of aircraft. Each 1180:fighters did well, as did the Soviet 729:such with the Gordon Bennett Cup and 619: 333:with 3,000 deliveries over 20 years. 232:the ability to gather information by 5572: 5403:The Encyclopedia of Aircraft of WWII 5400: 5348:Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 5345: 5264: 5236: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4975: 4929:from the original on 17 August 2018. 4824: 4752:, Air Force Magazine, October 2009, 4564:. South China Morning Post. May 2022 4269:Fighters and Bombers of World War II 4204: 3835:Andreas Parsch (22 September 2011). 3788:from the original on 9 November 2011 3758:from the original on 19 January 2019 3727:from the original on 29 January 2012 3584:Fighter aircraft was early on named 3313:is expected to enter service in the 2633:wing. The small size would minimize 1526:summed up when he said: "When I saw 1235:) was divided into several flights ( 543:), a translation of the French "C" ( 180:adding citations to reliable sources 151: 5662:U.S. DoD Contract MDA 903-81-C-0312 5554: 5469:Gunston, Bill; Spick, Mike (1983), 4756:from the original on 10 August 2011 4669:Schulte, Sebastian (13 July 2017). 4080:Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2007). 4054: 3203:short take-off and vertical landing 3139:radar-absorbent materials and paint 2608:Energy-Maneuverability (E-M) theory 2601:U.S. Air Force McDonnell F-15 Eagle 2137:design, the Luftwaffe intended the 1346:, Luftwaffe fighters—primarily the 1333: 1126:Some air forces experimented with " 357:" until the early 1920s, while the 24: 5848:Airborne early warning and control 4869:from the original on 21 March 2010 4685: 4590:. 26 February 2021. Archived from 4453:LockMart's 5TH Generation Fighters 3269:to replace their current fleet of 3265:France and Germany will develop a 3183:Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor 3111:very high-speed integrated circuit 3073:Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor 2475:vertical/short takeoff and landing 2173:became widespread in this period. 2029:–the first U.S. fighter to exceed 1894:and later versions of the Junkers 1778:.303 in (7.7 mm) caliber 1556:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 1548:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 1533: 916:victory came on 1 July 1915, when 25: 6086: 5733: 5491:, Smithsonian Institution Press, 4899:from the original on 21 July 2018 4812:from the original on 27 July 2011 4808:, Defense Tech, 5 November 2010, 4516:from the original on 6 April 2015 4136:Air power in the age of total war 3873:from the original on 27 July 2018 3199:conventional take-off and landing 3195:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II 2760:Aerodynamic innovations included 1782:20 mm (0.79 in) cannons 994:wings: the strictly experimental 904:monoplane a feared name over the 876:. Unfortunately the gas-operated 664:is typically also fitted for the 551:while in Russia "I" was used for 533:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II 336: 5394:The Fighter Aircraft Pocket Book 5319:History of the Serbian Air Force 4841:from the original on 10 May 2010 3746:Garrett Reim (18 January 2019). 3366:gun installation on West German 2740:RF AAM entered service with the 2538:20 mm (0.79 in) Vulcan 1473:defending against Allied bombers 1223:" formation by the German pilot 942:machine gun. The success of the 322:budgets of modern armed forces. 156: 5274: 5217: 5191: 5170: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5101: 5065: 5046: 4981: 4911: 4881: 4796: 4768: 4740: 4719: 4662: 4632: 4606: 4576: 4554: 4528: 4497: 4464: 4446: 4416: 4398: 4389: 4325: 4302: 4282: 4261: 4242: 4222: 4175: 4157: 4127: 4100: 4073: 4048: 4021: 3926: 3913: 3901: 3863:"Military Aircraft Terminology" 3652: 3252:2020s–present: Sixth-generation 3246:Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft 3010:, which is an evolution of the 2817:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet 2517:– became standard weapons, and 1993:in 1944, one of several German 497:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet 248:, most fighters were all-metal 167:needs additional citations for 5705:Introduction to Airborne Radar 5638:. Pegasus Publishing Limited. 5568:(Revised ed.). Blandford. 5541:, Airlife Publishing Limited, 4865:, Flight Global, 9 July 2009, 4147:. Taylor & Francis. p.43. 4086:. Da Capo Press. p. 123. 3923:, Macdonald and Jane's. p.573. 3885: 3855: 3828: 3807:Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). 3800: 3770: 3739: 3721:Stephen Trimble's The Dew Line 3708: 3678: 3578: 3267:joint sixth-generation fighter 3159:fiber optics data transmission 2764:wings and exploitation of the 2587:1970s–2000s: Fourth-generation 2503:Dissimilar air combat training 2298:1950s–1960s: Second-generation 958:and only rarely monoplanes or 807:An alternative was to build a 601:Night and all-weather fighters 577: 13: 1: 5727:Smithsonian Institution Press 5600:United States Naval Institute 5559:. William Morrow and Company. 5537:Modern Combat Aircraft Design 5505:Higby, Patrick (March 2005), 5326:Buttar, Prit (20 June 2014). 4504:News Desk (31 October 2012). 3666: 3323:Next Generation Air Dominance 3058:2000s–2020s: Fifth-generation 3008:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet 2711:"hands on throttle-and-stick" 2593:Fourth-generation jet fighter 2361:infrared-guided (IR) missiles 2304:Second-generation jet fighter 2196:having proven a failure. The 2095:1940s–1950s: First-generation 1675:, and was largely reduced to 1455:Meanwhile, air combat on the 614:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c 518:were employed as all-weather 5620:, Salamander Books Limited, 5405:. Amber Books, Ltd, London. 4749:The Sixth Generation Fighter 4362:Duane Robert Worley (2006). 4169:Rommel as Military Commander 4110:Memoirs One: The Flying Game 3921:Warplanes of the Third Reich 3690:Air & Space Power Course 3671: 3390:were introduced. The modern 3311:sixth-generation jet fighter 3258:Sixth-generation jet fighter 3064:Fifth-generation jet fighter 2744:, which solely equipped the 2627:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle 2440:Third-generation jet fighter 2382:The prospect of a potential 2101:First-generation jet fighter 2027:Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor 1656:Battle of the Philippine Sea 1601:, others such as the Army's 1538:Major air combat during the 1485:Consolidated B-24 Liberators 779:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9 754:relying on a second gunner. 508:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle 116:but also its high speed and 32:Jet fighter (disambiguation) 7: 5557:Fighter Facts and Fallacies 4032:. Sampson Low. p. 110. 3549: 3368:Lockheed F-104G Starfighter 3321:beginning in 2025 with the 3226:United Aircraft Corporation 3151:electronic support measures 2889:1990s–2000s: 4.5-generation 2882:Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit 2481:would be successful on the 2404:Republic F-105 Thunderchief 2198:Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star 1673:Boeing B-29 Superfortresses 1652:North American P-51 Mustang 1544:attack against Pearl Harbor 1493:North American P-51 Mustang 1489:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 1046:1919–1938: Inter-war period 709:However at the outbreak of 512:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor 10: 6091: 5487:Hammond, Grant T. (2001), 5376:Little, Brown, and Company 4780:, USA: FBO, archived from 4055:Lee, Arthur Gould (1968). 3936:Pusher Aces of World War I 3782:Merriam Webster Dictionary 3351: 3255: 3090:infra-red search and track 3061: 2895:4.5 generation jet fighter 2892: 2590: 2523:precision-guided munitions 2491:electronic countermeasures 2437: 2392:English Electric Lightning 2313:English Electric Lightning 2301: 2218:fighter, which used fully 2098: 2059: 1966: 1786:.50 in (12.7 mm) 1758:that dramatically reduced 1568:Japan's campaigns in China 1520:, commander of the German 1263: 826:jammed rounds and misfires 680: 623: 604: 581: 566: 261:equipped with radar sets. 147: 36: 29: 5991: 5840: 5833: 5784: 5707:, Hughes Aircraft Company 5689:, Naval Institute Press, 5683:Stevenson, James (1993), 5636:Brassey's Modern Fighters 5579:. Naval Institute Press. 5352:Stanford University Press 5342:– via Google Books. 5303:, Naval Institute Press, 4675:IHS Jane's Defence Weekly 4113:. Trafford. p. 183. 3647:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 3325:air superiority fighter. 3030:modified variants of the 2957:radar-absorbent materials 2930:Global Positioning System 2734:Infrared search-and-track 2723:bonded-aluminum honeycomb 2507:terrain-avoidance systems 2246:of the new aircraft. The 2232:North American F-86 Sabre 2135:jet-powered light-fighter 2025:) obsolete. The American 1957:Consolidated Vultee XP-81 1877:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 1762:at high subsonic speeds. 1683:Technological innovations 1648:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 1481:Combined Bomber Offensive 1239:) of four aircraft. Each 1166:, and the Soviet Union's 537:Supermarine Spitfire F.22 531:indicate a fighter (e.g. 480:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 367:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 5721:Wagner, Raymond (2000), 5712:Stuart, William (1978), 5703:Stimson, George (1983), 5564:Munson, Kenneth (1976). 5533:Huenecke, Klaus (1987), 5396:, Jarrold and Sons, Ltd. 4337:Air & Space Magazine 4315:11 December 2016 at the 4217:Grove & Ireland 1997 4171:. Batsford. p. 162. 3571: 3556:List of fighter aircraft 3464:semi-active radar homing 3177:of the Russian Air Force 3038:upgraded version of the 2878:Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk 2772:through the addition of 2732:skins to reduce weight. 2725:structural elements and 2674:Pratt & Whitney F100 2662:relaxed static stability 2616:aircraft-specific energy 2565:Pratt & Whitney TF30 2373:semi-active radar homing 2260:de Havilland Sea Vampire 2038:Rocket-Assisted Take Off 1266:Aviation in World War II 1208:started to supplant the 934:K/MG prototypes for the 478:, and types such as the 252:armed with batteries of 128:and some types, such as 5252:31 January 2017 at the 5059:1 February 2017 at the 4295:10 October 2008 at the 4107:Furniss, Harry (2000). 3867:www.northcentralwis.net 3382:Post war 20–30 mm 3319:F/A-18E/F Super Hornets 3205:(STOVL) fighter, and a 3149:", providing high-gain 2964:carbon-fiber composites 2715:multi-function displays 2573:all-weather interceptor 2511:Air-to-surface missiles 2459:flight control surfaces 2396:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 2216:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 2062:Jet fighter generations 2005:. Only two were built. 1975:rocket-powered aircraft 1969:Rocket-powered aircraft 1963:Rocket-powered fighters 1793:air-to-surface ordnance 1767:rather than relying on 1636:Lockheed P-38 Lightning 1550:primarily operated the 1260:1939–1945: World War II 1176:over Spain, the latest 1002:, made with corrugated 683:Aviation in World War I 569:Air superiority fighter 563:Air superiority fighter 524:air superiority fighter 385:Air superiority fighter 264:By the end of the war, 81:designed primarily for 5653:Sprey, Pierre (1982), 5426:The Balkans: 1804–2012 5368:Coram, Robert (2002), 5299:Burton, James (1993), 4410:30 August 2009 at the 4133:John Buckley (1998). " 3933:Guttman, John (2009). 3919:Gunston, Bill (1970), 3907:Gunston, Bill (1976), 3638: 3630: 3622: 3609: 3601: 3593: 3526: 3413:The highly successful 3410: 3370: 3234:Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate 3178: 3076: 3002: 2932:(GPS)–guided weapons, 2841:ground-attack aircraft 2812: 2800:(such as the F-16 and 2774:leading-edge extension 2713:(HOTAS) controls, and 2691: 2649:" would result in the 2639:thrust-to-weight ratio 2602: 2559:wings, the supersonic 2449: 2369:tail-chase engagements 2315: 2189: 2083: 2050:surface-to-air missile 2003:Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270 1911: 1716:Rolls-Royce Griffon 61 1695: 1576:Malaysia and Singapore 1452: 1396:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 1279: 1169:Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily 1087: 1084:Nieuport-Delage NiD.52 1036:Manfred von Richthofen 982: 871:Morane-Saulnier Type L 804: 695: 677:1914–1918: World War I 672:Piston engine fighters 487:fighter role with the 445:reconnaissance fighter 420:Reconnaissance fighter 314: 218: 67: 5573:Shaw, Robert (1985). 5072:Modern Fighter Combat 4988:Chinn, G. M. (1951), 4458:6 August 2009 at the 4290:"Fighter Generations" 4235:14 March 2008 at the 4188:8 August 2011 at the 4143:29 March 2017 at the 3495: 3430:The effectiveness of 3408: 3359: 3172: 3107:situational awareness 3071: 2992: 2941:helmet-mounted sights 2810: 2686: 2666:flight-control system 2610:developed by Colonel 2600: 2569:McDonnell F-4 Phantom 2447: 2377:"beyond-visual-range" 2311: 2268:McDonnell F2H Banshee 2264:Douglas F3D Skyknight 2179: 2171:all-moving tailplanes 2077: 1909: 1865:de Havilland Mosquito 1692:Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat 1690: 1580:the Dutch East Indies 1446: 1373:Soviet fighter forces 1278:warbird demonstrator 1276:Messerschmitt Bf 109E 1273: 1264:Further information: 1243:was divided into two 1121:power-to-weight ratio 1082: 977: 926:Feldflieger Abteilung 791: 717:. On 15 August 1914, 690: 681:Further information: 353:referred to them as " 312:Lockheed Martin F-35A 306: 213: 49: 5634:Spick, Mike (2000). 5616:Spick, Mike (1987), 5594:Spick, Mike (1995), 5346:Coox, Alvin (1985), 4784:on 28 September 2011 4540:nationalinterest.org 4308:Hallion, Richard P. 4254:20 July 2016 at the 4059:. London: Jarrolds. 4018:Woodman, 1989, p. 33 3643:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 3520:Lockheed Martin F-35 3275:Eurofighter Typhoons 3191:Joint Strike Fighter 3105:for vastly improved 2876:introduced were the 2829:Dassault Mirage 2000 2703:look-down/shoot-down 2545:Grumman A-6 Intruder 2495:loss-exchange ratios 2342:innovations such as 2205:de Havilland Vampire 2080:Messerschmitt Me 262 2056:Jet-powered fighters 1987:Messerschmitt Me 163 1857:Messerschmitt Bf 110 1752:Messerschmitt Me 163 1748:Messerschmitt Me 262 1603:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 1449:Supermarine Spitfire 1408:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1377:Operation Barbarossa 1348:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1293:tactical air support 1206:Supermarine Spitfire 1178:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1013:Dornier-Zeppelin D.I 584:Interceptor aircraft 541:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 363:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 331:Lockheed Martin F-35 327:Frost & Sullivan 223:conventional warfare 176:improve this article 52:F-16 Fighting Falcon 5918:Electronic warfare 5401:Eden, Paul (2004). 5392:Cross, Roy (1962), 5230:19 May 2017 at the 5098:, pp. 116–118. 5074:, Mike Spick, p.14. 5043:, pp. 113–116. 4966:, pp. 3, 7–14. 4954:, pp. 116–132. 4588:Airforce Technology 3686:"Mitchell's Theory" 3512:Eurofighter Typhoon 3473:active radar homing 3242:Russo-Ukrainian War 3122:radar cross-section 3080:have multifunction 2968:Eurofighter Typhoon 2953:radar cross section 2926:beyond-visual-range 2849:A-10 Thunderbolt II 2798:multi-role fighters 2789:Panavia Tornado ADV 2746:Grumman F-14 Tomcat 2738:active-radar-homing 2719:composite materials 2699:fire-control radars 2286:(AAMs) such as the 2284:air-to-air missiles 2276:McDonnell F3H Demon 2252:Grumman F9F Panther 1884:Bernhard J. Schrage 1869:Bristol Beaufighter 1607:Grumman F4F Wildcat 1599:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 1552:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 1433:Bell P-39 Airacobra 1354:, however, British 1312:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 1198:Neville Chamberlain 662:penetration fighter 640:penetration fighter 555:, or exterminator ( 545:Dewoitine D.520 C.1 504:Grumman F-14 Tomcat 410:All-weather fighter 371:Bell P-63 Kingcobra 289:Air-to-air missiles 5859:Counter-insurgency 5725:, Washington, DC: 5555:Lee, John (1942). 5521:on 31 January 2017 5473:, Crescent Books, 5332:. Bloomsbury USA. 4510:defense-update.com 4434:on 3 November 2013 3696:on 20 January 2012 3538:, and the Chinese 3527: 3516:Saab JAS 39 Gripen 3419:United States Navy 3411: 3400:air-to-air missile 3371: 3315:United States Navy 3201:(CTOL) fighter, a 3179: 3163:stealth technology 3155:electronic warfare 3077: 3016:F-15E Strike Eagle 3003: 2976:Saab JAS 39 Gripen 2813: 2768:to achieve higher 2766:vortex lift effect 2692: 2603: 2553:LTV A-7 Corsair II 2519:laser-guided bombs 2450: 2316: 2272:Vought F7U Cutlass 2244:catapult-launching 2190: 2084: 2042:zero-length launch 2018:Saunders-Roe SR.53 1949:Ryan FR-1 Fireball 1912: 1855:such as Germany's 1789:heavy machine guns 1696: 1640:Grumman F6 Hellcat 1540:war in the Pacific 1504:Operation Overlord 1453: 1340:invasion of Poland 1280: 1088: 983: 811:scout such as the 805: 760:Morane-Saulnier Ns 696: 620:Strategic fighters 347:Royal Flying Corps 315: 283:target acquisition 219: 68: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6055: 5913:Close air support 5777:military aircraft 5671:on 27 August 2021 5471:Modern Air Combat 5447:Jane's War at Sea 5436:978-1-77089-273-6 5310:978-1-61251-369-0 5267:, pp. 45–61. 5176:Stevenson, p. 36. 5165:978-1-61251-369-0 5031:, pp. 16–24. 4837:, Flight Global, 4542:. 30 October 2021 4375:978-0-275-99031-2 4267:Munson, Kenneth. 4181:Sherman, Steven. 4120:978-1-55212-513-7 4093:978-0-306-81668-0 3941:Osprey Publishing 3892:The Gloster S.S.8 3723:. Flight Global. 3439:guns in the 1967 3376:automatic cannons 2984:HAL Tejas Mark 1A 2811:An F/A-18C Hornet 2689:Russian Air Force 2637:and increase the 2557:variable-geometry 1825:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1797:close air support 1644:Vought F4 Corsair 1463:campaigns of the 1461:strategic bombing 1425:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1352:Battle of Britain 1316:Fiat G.50 Freccia 1210:Gloster Gladiator 1186:Fiat G.50 Freccia 1163:Regia Aeronautica 1152:Spanish Civil War 1057:Gloster Gladiator 978:A replica German 874:parasol monoplane 843:Lewis Machine gun 783:Sopwith L.R.T.Tr. 748:Morane-Saulnier L 626:Strategic fighter 425:Strategic fighter 343:air-to-air combat 208: 207: 200: 107:strategic bombing 83:air-to-air combat 79:military aircraft 16:(Redirected from 6082: 6075:Fighter aircraft 5921: 5838: 5837: 5820: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5729: 5717: 5716:, Northrop Corp. 5708: 5699: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5670: 5664:, archived from 5659: 5649: 5630: 5612: 5590: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5540: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5501: 5483: 5465: 5440: 5416: 5397: 5388: 5364: 5343: 5339:978-1-78200648-0 5322: 5313: 5295: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5243: 5234: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5205: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5146:Stevenson, p. 9. 5144: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4978:, pp. 1–21. 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4925:. 16 July 2018. 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4681:on 14 June 2018. 4677:. Archived from 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4646:. Archived from 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4594:on 16 April 2022 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4468: 4462: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4430:. Archived from 4420: 4414: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4339:. Archived from 4329: 4323: 4320:Airpower Journal 4306: 4300: 4286: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4240: 4228:Darling, David. 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4161: 4155: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950:978-1-84603417-6 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3682: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3617: 3586:pursuit aircraft 3582: 3460:missile guidance 3415:AIM-9 Sidewinder 3332:, consisting of 3295:MTU Aero Engines 3279:Panavia Tornados 3271:Dassault Rafales 3145:a sort of "mini- 3044:thrust vectoring 2874:stealth aircraft 2776:devices such as 2770:angles of attack 2707:head-up displays 2687:A MiG-31 of the 2479:thrust vectoring 2288:AIM-9 Sidewinder 2212:Rolls-Royce Nene 2155:Ryan FR Fireball 2046:launch platforms 1941:pulsejet engines 1871:, and America's 1835:, and America's 1629:. In China, the 1591:Brewster Buffalo 1508:tactical bombing 1344:Battle of France 1334:European theater 1314:and the Italian 1202:Hawker Hurricane 1190:Fiat CR.42 Falco 1145:Schneider Trophy 1104:Aircraft engines 1061:Fiat CR.42 Falco 887:Stangensteuerung 859:Raymond Saulnier 731:Schneider Trophy 484:Hawker Hurricane 203: 196: 192: 189: 183: 160: 152: 75:pursuit aircraft 71:Fighter aircraft 21: 18:Fighter Aircraft 6090: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6052: 5987: 5963:Maritime patrol 5936:Air superiority 5919: 5829: 5818: 5780: 5779:types and roles 5773: 5736: 5697: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5657: 5646: 5628: 5610: 5587: 5549: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5499: 5481: 5462: 5437: 5413: 5386: 5362: 5340: 5311: 5293: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5254:Wayback Machine 5244: 5237: 5232:Wayback Machine 5222: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5061:Wayback Machine 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4686: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4469: 4465: 4460:Wayback Machine 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4412:Wayback Machine 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4317:Wayback Machine 4307: 4303: 4297:Wayback Machine 4287: 4283: 4266: 4262: 4256:Wayback Machine 4247: 4243: 4237:Wayback Machine 4230:"Lippisch Ente" 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4190:Wayback Machine 4180: 4176: 4162: 4158: 4145:Wayback Machine 4132: 4128: 4121: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993:, p. 316; 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3613: 3610:aereo da caccia 3602:avion de chasse 3583: 3579: 3574: 3552: 3524:Dassault Rafale 3432:infrared homing 3384:revolver cannon 3354: 3342:Leonardo S.p.A. 3260: 3254: 3066: 3060: 2995:Dassault Rafale 2972:Dassault Rafale 2922:network-centric 2899:The end of the 2897: 2891: 2837:Panavia Tornado 2762:variable-camber 2721:in the form of 2705:" capability), 2655:Lockheed Martin 2595: 2589: 2563:introduced the 2515:AGM-65 Maverick 2442: 2436: 2400:fighter-bombers 2384:third world war 2336:aluminum alloys 2324:nuclear warfare 2306: 2300: 2270:and swept-wing 2131:V-1 flying bomb 2103: 2097: 2091:such aircraft. 2072: 2058: 1971: 1965: 1904: 1801:fighter-bombers 1720:compressibility 1685: 1605:and the Navy's 1572:the Philippines 1536: 1534:Pacific theater 1502:By the time of 1385:Polikarpov I-15 1336: 1289:air superiority 1268: 1262: 1227:. Each fighter 1182:Polikarpov I-16 1116:in-line engines 1065:Polikarpov I-15 1048: 940:Parabellum MG14 910:Morane-Saulnier 855:Franz Schneider 835:Foster mounting 799:, armed with a 740:Sopwith Tabloid 733:. The military 685: 679: 674: 628: 622: 609: 603: 586: 580: 571: 565: 557:Polikarpov I-16 427:(including the 412:(including the 351:Royal Air Force 339: 204: 193: 187: 184: 173: 161: 150: 130:fighter-bombers 118:maneuverability 99:attack aircraft 87:air superiority 73:(early on also 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6088: 6078: 6077: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6009:Reconnaissance 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5983:Strike fighter 5980: 5978:Fighter-bomber 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5844: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5734:External links 5732: 5731: 5730: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5695: 5680: 5650: 5644: 5631: 5626: 5613: 5608: 5591: 5585: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5547: 5530: 5502: 5497: 5484: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5452:Harper Collins 5441: 5435: 5417: 5411: 5398: 5389: 5384: 5365: 5360: 5338: 5323: 5314: 5309: 5296: 5291: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5257: 5235: 5216: 5213:on 19 May 2017 5190: 5178: 5169: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5109: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4910: 4880: 4852: 4823: 4795: 4767: 4739: 4718: 4684: 4661: 4650:on 23 May 2018 4631: 4605: 4575: 4553: 4527: 4496: 4463: 4445: 4415: 4397: 4388: 4374: 4354: 4343:on 12 May 2013 4324: 4322:, Winter 1990. 4301: 4281: 4260: 4249:"Me-163 Komet" 4241: 4221: 4219:, p. 182. 4209: 4207:, p. 370. 4197: 4174: 4156: 4126: 4119: 4099: 4092: 4072: 4065: 4047: 4045:, p. 161. 4035: 4020: 4011: 4009:, p. 298. 3999: 3997:, p. 298. 3983: 3981:, p. 291. 3971: 3969:, p. 316. 3956: 3949: 3925: 3912: 3900: 3884: 3854: 3827: 3799: 3769: 3738: 3707: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3651: 3631:jachtvliegtuig 3576: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3534:, the Russian 3532:Meteor missile 3478:AIM-120 AMRAAM 3445:Yom Kippur War 3353: 3350: 3256:Main article: 3253: 3250: 3228:with Russia's 3222:Shenyang FC-31 3135:Northrop YF-23 3099:glass cockpits 3086:high-bandwidth 3062:Main article: 3059: 3056: 3040:Mikoyan MiG-29 2966:, include the 2905:peace dividend 2893:Main article: 2890: 2887: 2785:Mikoyan MiG-31 2742:AIM-54 Phoenix 2727:graphite epoxy 2701:(providing a " 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2581:B-24 Liberator 2549:SEPECAT Jaguar 2527:targeting pods 2438:Main article: 2435: 2432: 2402:, such as the 2390:, such as the 2302:Main article: 2299: 2296: 2182:Gloster Meteor 2163:ejection seats 2139:Heinkel He 162 2127:Gloster Meteor 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2057: 2054: 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1945:ramjet engines 1921:Lavochkin La-7 1917:Lavochkin La-9 1903: 1900: 1849:heavy fighters 1845:night fighters 1833:Hawker Tempest 1829:Hawker Typhoon 1816:and increased 1769:kinetic energy 1736:Gloster Meteor 1700:Piston-engines 1684: 1681: 1664:Nakajima Ki-84 1660:fighter pilots 1642:and later the 1595:P-39 Airacobra 1564:Nakajima Ki-43 1560:Nakajima Ki-27 1535: 1532: 1518:Hermann Göring 1477:night fighters 1421:Lavochkin La-5 1417:Yakovlev Yak-9 1364:Dowding system 1335: 1332: 1308:Nakajima Ki-43 1304:Nakajima Ki-27 1297:reconnaissance 1261: 1258: 1225:Werner Mölders 1128:heavy fighters 1047: 1044: 1025:Edward Mannock 1017:Oswald Boelcke 895:Fokker scourge 891:Anthony Fokker 793:Jules Védrines 715:reconnaissance 678: 675: 673: 670: 651:heavy fighters 632:escort fighter 624:Main article: 621: 618: 605:Main article: 602: 599: 582:Main article: 579: 576: 567:Main article: 564: 561: 457:reconnaissance 449:strike fighter 441:Fighter-bomber 439:Of these, the 437: 436: 433:strike fighter 429:escort fighter 422: 417: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Fighter-bomber 387: 338: 337:Classification 335: 276:In the 1950s, 234:reconnaissance 217:"pusher" scout 206: 205: 164: 162: 155: 149: 146: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6087: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6063: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Medium bomber 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5698: 5696:1-55750-775-9 5692: 5688: 5687: 5681: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5645:1-57488-247-3 5641: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5627:0-86101-319-0 5623: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5609:0-87021-059-9 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5586:0-87021-059-9 5582: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498:1-56098-941-6 5494: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5480:91-972803-8-0 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5461:0-00-472065-2 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5421:Glenny, Misha 5418: 5414: 5412:1-904687-07-5 5408: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5385:0-316-88146-5 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361:0-8047-1160-7 5357: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5292:91-972803-8-0 5288: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5209: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5188:, p. 13. 5187: 5182: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5086:, p. 82. 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5019:, p. 15. 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4942:, p. 54. 4941: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4644:www.janes.com 4641: 4635: 4620:. 20 May 2022 4619: 4615: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4392: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4277:0-907408-37-0 4274: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4193:acepilots.com 4191: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4165:Lewin, Ronald 4160: 4154: 4153:1-85728-589-1 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4066:0-09-086590-1 4062: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3943:. p. 9. 3942: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594:avión de caza 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3486:AIM-7 Sparrow 3481: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3469:AIM-7 Sparrow 3467:type was the 3465: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3453:1991 Gulf War 3450: 3449:Falklands War 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388:rotary cannon 3385: 3380: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3130:thermoplastic 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:F/A-18 Hornet 3009: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2980:JF-17 Thunder 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913:semiconductor 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2792:the F-15 and 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2696:pulse-Doppler 2690: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:Fighter mafia 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2424:gravity bombs 2421: 2420:rate of climb 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:field of view 2362: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2292:AIM-7 Sparrow 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115:Messerschmitt 2111: 2109: 2108:unswept wings 2102: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:mass-produced 1980: 1979:Lippisch Ente 1976: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:Schrage Musik 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:Junkers Ju 88 1858: 1854: 1853:light bombers 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1773:heavy bombers 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:sound barrier 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1668:Kawanishi N1K 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1631:Flying Tigers 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483:. Unescorted 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Western Front 1450: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:Yakolev Yak-1 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Eastern Front 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1320:Macchi MC.200 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1136:medium bomber 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:radial engine 1093: 1092:rotary engine 1085: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021:Max Immelmann 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 976: 972: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 927: 922: 921:Kurt Wintgens 919: 915: 911: 907: 906:Western Front 903: 902: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 875: 872: 868: 867:Roland Garros 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:tractor scout 844: 840: 836: 831: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 756:Roland Garros 751: 749: 745: 744:Bristol Scout 741: 736: 732: 728: 723: 720: 719:Miodrag Tomić 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 693: 689: 684: 669: 667: 666:ground-attack 663: 658: 656: 652: 647: 643: 641: 637: 633: 627: 617: 615: 608: 607:Night fighter 598: 596: 591: 585: 575: 570: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 528: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464:Sopwith Camel 460: 458: 454: 453:ground attack 450: 446: 442: 434: 430: 426: 423: 421: 418: 415: 414:night fighter 411: 408: 406: 405:Light fighter 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Heavy fighter 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 334: 332: 328: 323: 319: 313: 310: 305: 301: 297: 294: 290: 286: 284: 279: 274: 272: 267: 262: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 216: 212: 202: 199: 191: 181: 177: 171: 170: 165:This section 163: 159: 154: 153: 145: 143: 142:night fighter 139: 138:heavy fighter 135: 131: 127: 126:ground attack 122: 119: 115: 110: 108: 104: 101:to engage in 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 65: 61: 57: 56:P-51D Mustang 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6062: 6021:Surveillance 5999:Experimental 5930: 5881:Light bomber 5876:Heavy bomber 5722: 5713: 5704: 5685: 5673:, retrieved 5666:the original 5661: 5635: 5617: 5595: 5575: 5565: 5556: 5548:0-517-412659 5536: 5523:, retrieved 5516:the original 5507: 5488: 5470: 5446: 5425: 5402: 5393: 5370: 5347: 5328: 5318: 5300: 5282: 5275:Bibliography 5260: 5219: 5208:the original 5199: 5193: 5181: 5172: 5156: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5119:, p. 8. 5112: 5107:Coram, p.219 5103: 5091: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5007:, p. 6. 5000: 4990: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4922: 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4892: 4883: 4871:, retrieved 4861: 4855: 4843:, retrieved 4833: 4826: 4814:, retrieved 4804: 4798: 4786:, retrieved 4782:the original 4776: 4770: 4758:, retrieved 4748: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4721: 4709:. Retrieved 4700: 4679:the original 4674: 4664: 4652:. Retrieved 4648:the original 4643: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4618:AeroTime Hub 4617: 4608: 4596:. Retrieved 4592:the original 4587: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4539: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4509: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4478:The Guardian 4476: 4466: 4448: 4436:. Retrieved 4432:the original 4428:OpenCongress 4427: 4418: 4400: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4364: 4357: 4345:. Retrieved 4341:the original 4336: 4327: 4319: 4304: 4284: 4268: 4263: 4244: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4192: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4134: 4129: 4109: 4102: 4082: 4075: 4057:No Parachute 4056: 4050: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4014: 4002: 3986: 3974: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3875:. Retrieved 3866: 3857: 3847:25 September 3845:. Retrieved 3830: 3818:. Retrieved 3809: 3802: 3792:25 September 3790:. Retrieved 3781: 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3752:Flightglobal 3751: 3741: 3731:25 September 3729:. Retrieved 3720: 3710: 3700:25 September 3698:. Retrieved 3694:the original 3689: 3680: 3654: 3639:jaktflygplan 3623:Jagdflugzeug 3585: 3580: 3544: 3528: 3510:used on the 3482: 3457: 3436:AIM-4 Falcon 3429: 3412: 3397: 3381: 3372: 3330:Team Tempest 3329: 3327: 3308: 3264: 3261: 3238:Sukhoi Su-57 3230:Mikoyan LMFS 3218:Chengdu J-20 3215: 3187:flyaway cost 3180: 3175:Sukhoi Su-57 3143: 3119: 3084:radars with 3078: 3052: 3048: 3032:Sukhoi Su-27 3004: 2961: 2937:phased-array 2928:(BVR) AAMs; 2918: 2898: 2867: 2856:US Air Force 2853: 2845:Sukhoi Su-25 2843:such as the 2832: 2814: 2782: 2759: 2750: 2693: 2659: 2643:wing loading 2624: 2604: 2577:Marine Corps 2542: 2531: 2487: 2451: 2428:nuclear bomb 2415: 2408:Sukhoi Su-7B 2388:interceptors 2381: 2357: 2340:aeronautical 2328:aerodynamics 2317: 2250:adopted the 2241: 2229: 2209: 2191: 2159: 2142: 2112: 2104: 2089: 2085: 2066:Jet aircraft 2052:technology. 2035: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1995:World War II 1990: 1972: 1938: 1929:laminar flow 1913: 1881: 1873:Douglas A-20 1863:, Britain's 1837:Curtiss P-40 1827:, Britain's 1822: 1744:Laminar flow 1697: 1694:, early 1942 1588: 1537: 1521: 1515:Reichmarshal 1514: 1512: 1501: 1454: 1337: 1324: 1301: 1284:Erwin Rommel 1281: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1218: 1194: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1141: 1125: 1112:Curtiss P-36 1108:Fokker D.VII 1100:Curtiss D-12 1089: 1070: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1029: 988:Hugo Junkers 984: 948:Albatros D.I 943: 935: 924: 917: 913: 900: 886: 806: 764: 752: 724: 708: 697: 659: 644: 629: 610: 587: 572: 552: 548: 529: 520:interceptors 516:Sukhoi Su-27 514:and Russian 501: 476:dive bombers 461: 438: 379: 340: 324: 320: 316: 298: 287: 275: 263: 254:machine guns 246:World War II 243: 227: 220: 194: 188:October 2021 185: 174:Please help 169:verification 166: 123: 111: 74: 70: 69: 43: 5973:Interdictor 5941:Interceptor 5850:(AEW&C) 5525:24 December 4834:The Dewline 4732:22 December 4711:21 November 4598:26 February 4489:17 December 4043:Munson 1976 4007:Buttar 2014 3995:Buttar 2014 3991:Glenny 2012 3967:Glenny 2012 3498:MBDA Meteor 3441:Six-Day War 3338:Rolls-Royce 3334:BAE Systems 3141:(RAM/RAP). 3103:data fusion 2949:supercruise 2934:solid-state 2631:higher-lift 2471:blown flaps 2412:Dogfighting 2348:delta wings 2344:swept wings 2256:afterburner 2220:swept wings 1756:swept wings 1623:Guadalcanal 1611:Thach Weave 1431:, with the 1381:Great Purge 1338:During the 1221:finger-four 1214:Hawker Fury 1008:Junkers J 1 1000:Junkers D.I 996:Junkers J 2 980:Fokker Dr.I 952:Sopwith Pup 830:Nieuport 11 797:Nieuport 16 711:World War I 634:protecting 590:lightweight 578:Interceptor 522:as well as 455:or unarmed 400:Interceptor 375:interceptor 293:Vietnam War 134:interceptor 91:battlespace 64:F-22 Raptor 62:(top), and 5992:Non-combat 5968:Multi-role 5901:Pathfinder 5896:Penetrator 5812:Helicopter 5802:Fixed-wing 5186:Higby 2005 5117:Higby 2005 5096:Sprey 1982 5084:Sprey 1982 5041:Sprey 1982 4964:Higby 2005 4952:Sprey 1982 4940:Sprey 1982 4546:30 October 4481:. 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