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263:
spoken by
Muslims (both sedentary and non-sedentary) in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq. Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non-Muslims of central and southern Iraq (including Baghdad) and by the sedentary population (both Muslims and Non-Muslims) of the rest of
517:
is Iraq's de facto national vernacular, as about half of population speaks it as a mother tongue, and most other Iraqis understand it. It is spreading to northern cities as well. Other Arabic speakers cannot easily understand
Moslawi and
327:), with the exception of urban Non-Muslims who continue to speak pre-1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all, Muslims and Non-Muslims alike.
2998:
315:
killed all
Muslims. However, sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched. In southern Iraq, sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by
3027:
3297:
2911:
3831:
2915:
972:
3287:
1098:
1023:
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from the countryside. This explains the current dialect distribution: in the south, everyone speaks
Bedouin varieties close to
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2603:
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855:
814:
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695:
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4002:
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Procházka, Stephan (2018). "3.2. The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.).
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1110:
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Phonological variation and change in
Mesopotamia: a study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul
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1505:
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720:
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2149:
1628:
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147:
92:
552:
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1960:
958:
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Holes, Clive (2006). Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.).
248:
433:
3938:
3881:
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3113:
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1725:
1668:
1071:
633:
308:
2027:
658:
3404:
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3133:
3108:
2978:
2730:
1833:
1793:
1718:
1713:
1477:
1013:
259:. Their names derive from the form of the word for "I said" in each variety. Gelet Arabic is a
87:
4103:
3769:
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3376:
2988:
2861:
2840:
2760:
2720:
2611:
2559:
2392:
2344:
2154:
2136:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2106:
1926:
1661:
1633:
1623:
1427:
1051:
77:
4098:
4045:
3603:
3485:
3419:
3381:
3277:
3203:
3198:
3123:
2971:
2589:
2295:
2055:
1975:
1455:
504:
265:
1096:
8:
4093:
4088:
3988:
3545:
3503:
3429:
3304:
3226:
2755:
2725:
2710:
2354:
2164:
2037:
1860:
1411:
1325:
1262:
888:
611:
Tafxi:m in the vowels of
Muslawi Qeltu and Baghdadi Gilit dialects of Mesopotamian Arabic
231:
227:
102:
1253:
594:
Hassan, Qasim. "Reconsidering the
Lexical Features of the south-Mesopotamian Dialects."
3931:
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3593:
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2770:
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2124:
1921:
1846:
1585:
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1591:
1388:
1370:
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571:
202:
3745:
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2715:
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1942:
1882:
1645:
1537:
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940:
902:
892:
861:
851:
810:
748:
734:
701:
691:
637:
484:
324:
285:
281:
280:. Geographically, the gelet–qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively
142:
82:
2022:
1552:
1379:
3588:
3523:
3513:
3187:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3098:
3073:
2290:
2088:
2069:
2032:
1911:
1841:
1784:
1696:
1542:
1527:
1472:
1434:
1138:
1081:
1041:
936:
884:
879:
Prochazka, Stephan (2018). "The
Northern Fertile Crescent". In Holes, Clive (ed.).
843:
806:
802:
726:
666:
97:
2432:
1769:
768:
609:
3686:
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3365:
3103:
2956:
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2856:
2780:
2775:
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2700:
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2660:
2647:
2635:
2473:
2402:
2339:
2333:
2202:
2077:
2017:
1877:
1821:
1806:
1801:
1774:
1764:
1708:
1681:
1656:
1557:
1514:
1496:
1086:
1066:
1001:
514:
165:
132:
69:
4029:
3972:
3915:
3858:
3801:
3666:
3641:
2921:
2851:
2553:
2483:
2417:
2322:
2096:
1985:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1916:
1701:
1076:
1018:
847:
831:
473:
260:
158:
906:
730:
705:
4072:
3739:
3691:
3681:
3646:
3598:
3575:
3550:
3314:
3143:
3138:
3015:
2816:
2665:
2515:
2510:
2496:
2442:
2377:
2359:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2193:
2012:
2007:
1992:
1955:
1816:
1811:
1735:
1691:
1547:
1521:
1046:
1033:
865:
835:
312:
3789:
671:
3565:
3331:
3128:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2655:
2488:
2447:
2387:
2367:
2327:
2240:
2235:
2002:
1997:
1887:
1610:
1596:
1300:
1210:
1183:
451:
255:
Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties: Gelet
Mesopotamian Arabic and
137:
2313:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1226:
1218:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1154:
540:
185:
3749:
3711:
3560:
3396:
3321:
3118:
2680:
2382:
2312:
2274:
2218:
1970:
1131:
881:
Arabic
Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
688:
Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
500:
320:
1271:
1217:
1190:
2826:
1532:
1441:
1307:
545:
1397:
1343:
1334:
1289:
1282:
1235:
1228:
1199:
3636:
3608:
3555:
3093:
2785:
2745:
2437:
795:"The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq/Die arabische Halbinsel und der Irak"
459:
293:
195:
178:
1361:
1172:
3153:
2983:
2966:
2740:
2735:
2422:
2412:
1115:
316:
297:
2305:
950:
4017:
3613:
3570:
2750:
2695:
2457:
1121:
918:
916:
301:
269:
3960:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
4025:
3903:
3846:
3797:
3493:
3148:
2372:
2300:
996:
981:
762:
760:
758:
289:
913:
3968:
3706:
2690:
2452:
2407:
2397:
1316:
1244:
1126:
777:
52:
830:
Al‐Wer, Enam; Jong, Rudolf (2017). "Dialects of Arabic". In
755:
650:
3911:
3854:
2901:
2878:
2621:
2615:
2427:
455:
48:
44:
659:"The Linguistic Heritage of the Maṣlāwī Dialect in Iraq"
241:
4070:
4053:
3996:
3939:
3882:
3825:
2597:
966:
722:The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia
323:(continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the
801:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter: 1937.
465:Rural dialects of northern and central Iraq.
32:
572:"Glottolog 4.7 - Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic"
4060:
4046:
4003:
3989:
3946:
3932:
3889:
3875:
3832:
3818:
2604:
2590:
973:
959:
829:
799:Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Part 3
2912:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
878:
718:
670:
2736:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
925:"Words of War: The Iraqi Tower of Babel"
883:. Oxford University Press. p. 266.
690:. Oxford University Press. p. 337.
624:
566:
564:
562:
4071:
922:
614:(Thesis thesis). Newcastle University.
3471:
3363:
3185:
3060:
2633:
2585:
954:
792:
766:
685:
656:
607:
559:
536:
534:
532:
382:
365:
348:
288:. The isogloss is between the rivers
4012:
3955:
3898:
3841:
3784:
3765:
3707:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
3755:
980:
773:(PhD thesis). Newcastle University.
478:The surrounding area around Baghdad
410:
396:
33:
13:
2558:Languages between parentheses are
929:International Studies Perspectives
889:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0009
767:Ahmed, Abdulkareem Yaseen (2018).
657:Jasim, Maha Ibrahim (2022-12-15).
529:
242:Relationship to North Mesopotamian
14:
4115:
362:
264:the country. Non-Muslims include
4016:
3959:
3902:
3845:
3788:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3040:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
2614:
2566:
2565:
941:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2009.00375.x
725:. De Gruyter. pp. 243–266.
551:
448:Northwestern Mesopotamian group
432:This section is an excerpt from
379:
247:This section is an excerpt from
3519:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2942:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2932:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
2671:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
923:Collin, Richard Oliver (2009).
872:
823:
249:Mesopotamian Arabic § Varieties
2802:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
2562:of the language on their left.
807:10.1515/9783110184181.3.9.1930
712:
679:
618:
601:
588:
434:Mesopotamian Arabic § Dialects
1:
3061:
522:
4032:. You can help Knowledge by
3975:. You can help Knowledge by
3918:. You can help Knowledge by
3861:. You can help Knowledge by
3804:. You can help Knowledge by
3796:This article related to the
3298:in ISIL-controlled territory
3186:
1057:Ancient South Arabian script
1024:Influence on other languages
840:The Handbook of Dialectology
630:Pronouncing Arabic, Volume 2
608:Jasim, Maha Ibrahim (2020).
278:left Iraq in the 1940s–1950s
7:
3472:
3364:
3209:Council of Representatives
2947:Weapons of mass destruction
2634:
2314:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1097:
426:
331:Gelet/qeltu verb contrasts
62:17 million (2020–2023)
10:
4120:
4011:
3954:
3897:
3840:
3783:
2937:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
848:10.1002/9781118827628.ch32
686:Holes, Clive, ed. (2018).
431:
246:
4079:Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic
3730:
3629:
3484:
3480:
3467:
3372:
3359:
3194:
3181:
3069:
3056:
2877:
2794:
2646:
2642:
2629:
2545:
2538:Islam and Arabic language
2531:
2466:
2353:
2283:
2262:
2187:
2105:
2087:
2048:
1941:
1901:
1868:
1859:
1832:
1792:
1783:
1757:
1644:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1465:
1419:
1410:
1147:
1032:
989:
731:10.1515/9783110421682-008
541:Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic
257:Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic
236:North Mesopotamian Arabic
220:Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic
212:Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic
193:
176:
171:
155:
148:South Mesopotamian Arabic
126:
108:Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic
66:
58:
40:
31:
26:
22:Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic
21:
3288:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
3199:Administrative divisions
2479:Arabic script in Unicode
2214:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
1574:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
838:; Watt, Dominic (eds.).
440:Gelet dialects include:
276:, until most Iraqi Jews
2847:Mandate for Mesopotamia
2721:First Babylonian Empire
1741:Western Egyptian Bedawi
672:10.19088/creid.2022.015
226:is one of the two main
4028:-related article is a
3971:-related article is a
3914:-related article is a
3857:-related article is a
3006:Insurgency (2011–2013)
2927:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2731:Middle Assyrian Empire
842:. Wiley. p. 529.
663:CREID Working Paper 18
4084:Arabic language stubs
3293:in post-invasion Iraq
2999:U.S. troop withdrawal
2761:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2345:Quranic Arabic Corpus
1052:Ancient North Arabian
3242:Council of Ministers
3124:Mesopotamian Marshes
2296:Sun and moon letters
1456:Pre-classical Arabic
505:Mesopotamian Marshes
470:Central Iraqi Group
3504:Mesopotamian Arabic
3310:Freedom of religion
2756:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2726:Old Assyrian Period
2711:Neo-Sumerian Empire
2150:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1629:Judeo-Tripolitanian
483:Southern Iraqi and
332:
232:Mesopotamian Arabic
224:Mesopotamian Arabic
189:Mesopotamian Arabic
103:Mesopotamian Arabic
3435:Telecommunications
3410:Foreign Investment
3347:Wars and conflicts
3283:in pre-Saddam Iraq
3247:Presidency Council
3033:2019–2021 protests
2962:Invasion of Kuwait
2786:Sassanid Asorestan
2781:Parthian Babylonia
2776:Seleucid Babylonia
2771:Achaemenid Assyria
2686:Jemdet Nasr period
2523:MacArabic encoding
497:Marshland dialects
330:
4041:
4040:
3984:
3983:
3927:
3926:
3870:
3869:
3813:
3812:
3778:
3777:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3712:Mandaean New Year
3463:
3462:
3355:
3354:
3337:Political parties
3232:Foreign relations
3177:
3176:
3084:Lower Mesopotamia
3079:Upper Mesopotamia
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
2812:Abbasid Caliphate
2807:Umayyad Caliphate
2716:Isin-Larsa period
2579:
2578:
2554:extinct languages
2493:MS-DOS codepages
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
1937:
1936:
1855:
1854:
1753:
1752:
1449:Old Hijazi Arabic
898:978-0-19-870137-8
857:978-1-118-82755-0
816:978-3-11-019987-1
740:978-3-11-042168-2
697:978-0-19-870137-8
549:(27th ed., 2024)
485:Khuzestani Arabic
422:
421:
325:Arabian Peninsula
286:Lower Mesopotamia
282:Upper Mesopotamia
209:
208:
143:Khuzestani Arabic
4111:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4020:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3792:
3785:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3400:
3361:
3360:
3212:
3183:
3182:
3169:Sinjar Mountains
3159:Zagros Mountains
3099:Hamrin Mountains
3058:
3057:
3021:Mosul liberation
2994:Iraqi insurgency
2916:National Command
2905:
2741:Simurrum culture
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2317:
1866:
1865:
1790:
1789:
1726:Western Algerian
1673:Eastern Algerian
1669:Algerian Saharan
1599:(Lesser Kabylia)
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1435:Nabataean Arabic
1417:
1416:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1294:
1286:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1232:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1139:Maltese alphabet
1102:
1082:Algerian Braille
1072:Eastern numerals
1042:Nabataean script
975:
968:
961:
952:
951:
945:
944:
920:
911:
910:
876:
870:
869:
827:
821:
820:
790:
775:
774:
764:
753:
752:
716:
710:
709:
683:
677:
676:
674:
654:
648:
647:
622:
616:
615:
605:
599:
596:Folia Orientalia
592:
586:
585:
583:
582:
568:
557:
556:
555:
538:
412:
398:
384:
381:
367:
364:
350:
342:Sedentary/qeltu
333:
329:
309:Siege of Baghdad
234:, together with
214:, also known as
205:
188:
181:
161:
72:
36:
35:
19:
18:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4010:
4009:
3953:
3952:
3896:
3895:
3839:
3838:
3798:Arabic language
3781:
3779:
3774:
3718:
3702:Public holidays
3625:
3476:
3459:
3398:
3368:
3351:
3210:
3190:
3173:
3104:Iraqi Kurdistan
3094:Euphrates river
3065:
3044:
3011:War (2014–2017)
2957:Operation Opera
2903:
2873:
2869:Arab Federation
2857:Kingdom of Iraq
2790:
2766:Fall of Babylon
2701:Akkadian Empire
2676:Samarra culture
2661:Hassuna culture
2638:
2625:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2580:
2575:
2541:
2527:
2474:Arabic keyboard
2462:
2357:
2349:
2334:Mater lectionis
2328:Triliteral root
2279:
2250:
2191:
2183:
2101:
2083:
2044:
1933:
1897:
1851:
1828:
1779:
1749:
1640:
1620:Judeo-Maghrebi
1488:
1482:
1478:Modern Standard
1461:
1406:
1143:
1087:Maltese Braille
1067:Arabic numerals
1028:
985:
979:
949:
948:
921:
914:
899:
877:
873:
858:
832:Boberg, Charles
828:
824:
817:
791:
778:
765:
756:
741:
717:
713:
698:
684:
680:
655:
651:
644:
634:Clarendon Press
626:Mitchell, T. F.
623:
619:
606:
602:
593:
589:
580:
578:
570:
569:
560:
550:
539:
530:
525:
520:
519:
515:Baghdadi Arabic
513:
437:
429:
424:
423:
261:Bedouin variety
252:
244:
201:
184:
177:
166:Arabic alphabet
162:
157:
133:Baghdadi Arabic
122:
93:Central Semitic
73:
70:Language family
68:
34:اللهجة العراقية
17:
12:
11:
5:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3907:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3793:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Transportation
3437:
3432:
3430:Stock Exchange
3427:
3425:Reconstruction
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:Infrastructure
3402:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3264:Prime Minister
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2972:1991 uprisings
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Saddam Hussein
2919:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2852:Mandatory Iraq
2849:
2844:
2841:Mamluk dynasty
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Gutian dynasty
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2484:ISO/IEC 8859-6
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Naskh (script)
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2196:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:Judeo-Tunisian
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2137:Judeo-Moroccan
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2120:Judeo-Egyptian
2117:
2115:Judeo-Algerian
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2097:Bedouin Arabic
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1709:Moroccan koiné
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:Tunisian koiné
1678:Eastern Hilal
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:Judeo-Algerian
1657:Algerian koiné
1653:Central Hilal
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:Judeo-Tunisian
1631:
1626:
1624:Judeo-Moroccan
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:Arabic Braille
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
999:
993:
991:
987:
986:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
947:
946:
935:(3): 245–264.
912:
897:
871:
856:
836:Nerbonne, John
822:
815:
776:
754:
739:
711:
696:
678:
649:
642:
636:. p. 37.
617:
600:
587:
558:
527:
526:
524:
521:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
507:
494:
493:Rural dialects
491:
490:Urban dialects
481:
480:
479:
476:
474:Baghdad Arabic
468:
467:
466:
463:
452:Shāwi dialects
442:
438:
430:
428:
425:
420:
419:
416:
413:
406:
405:
402:
399:
392:
391:
388:
385:
375:
374:
371:
368:
358:
357:
354:
351:
344:
343:
340:
337:
253:
245:
243:
240:
207:
206:
199:
191:
190:
182:
174:
173:
172:Language codes
169:
168:
163:
159:Writing system
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
128:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
76:
74:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
16:Arabic dialect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4116:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:Iraqi Turkmen
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3211:(legislative)
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Syrian Desert
3142:
3140:
3139:Shatt al-Arab
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Faw peninsula
3072:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Fall of Mosul
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:U.S. invasion
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Iran–Iraq War
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Buyid dynasty
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Halaf culture
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Sini (script)
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Ruqʿah script
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Hijazi script
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:Central Asian
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Taʽizzi-Adeni
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
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1047:Arabic script
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339:Bedouin/gelet
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20:
4104:Turkey stubs
4034:expanding it
4023:
3977:expanding it
3966:
3920:expanding it
3909:
3863:expanding it
3852:
3806:expanding it
3795:
3780:
3604:Christianity
3486:Demographics
3420:Oil reserves
3415:Oil Industry
3382:Central Bank
3278:Human rights
3204:Constitution
3149:Tigris river
3129:Persian Gulf
2837:Ottoman Iraq
2822:Qara Qoyunlu
2656:Ubaid period
2549:
2489:Windows-1256
2448:Taliq script
2388:Jeli Thuluth
2368:Ajami script
2332:
2236:Pidgin madam
2223:
2201:
2165:Judeo-Yemeni
2107:Judeo-Arabic
2089:Sociological
2076:
2038:Judeo-Yemeni
1869:
1861:Mesopotamian
1736:Libyan koiné
1520:
1513:
1506:Pre-Hilalian
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1428:Proto-Arabic
1426:
1061:Zabūr script
1014:Romanization
932:
928:
880:
874:
839:
825:
798:
769:
721:
714:
687:
681:
662:
652:
629:
620:
610:
603:
595:
590:
579:. Retrieved
575:
544:
439:
311:(1258), the
306:
254:
223:
222:, or simply
219:
216:Iraqi Arabic
215:
211:
210:
194:
138:Shawi Arabic
107:
88:West Semitic
78:Afro-Asiatic
27:Gilit Arabic
4099:Syria stubs
3760:WikiProject
3561:Marsh Arabs
3546:Circassians
3227:Foreign aid
3119:Mesopotamia
2681:Uruk period
2383:Jawi script
2355:Calligraphy
2284:Linguistics
2209:Gulf Pidgin
2125:Judeo-Iraqi
2066:Kashkadarya
1922:Judeo-Iraqi
1847:Palestinian
1758:Nile Valley
1420:Pre-Islamic
1132:Dagger alif
501:Marsh Arabs
454:(including
321:Gulf Arabic
307:During the
4094:Iran stubs
4089:Iraq stubs
4073:Categories
3677:Television
3657:Literature
3619:Irreligion
3594:Secularism
3531:Minorities
3399:(currency)
3392:Corruption
3237:Government
3028:Insurgency
2827:Aq Qoyunlu
2648:Chronology
2270:Literature
1943:Peninsular
1883:Khuzestani
1613:(Mountain)
1533:Australian
1442:Old Arabic
1092:Diacritics
1019:Numerology
907:1059441655
706:1059441655
598:56 (2019).
581:2023-01-01
546:Ethnologue
523:References
418:yǝšrab-ūn
404:tǝšrab-ūn
390:tǝšrab-īn
266:Christians
3697:Squatting
3662:Education
3609:Mandaeism
3578:/Turkoman
3556:Mandaeans
3541:Assyrians
3536:Armenians
3499:Languages
3387:Companies
3342:Judiciary
3252:President
3222:Elections
3217:Democracy
3063:Geography
2979:Sanctions
2897:2003–2011
2892:1968–2003
2887:1958–1968
2746:Babylonia
2560:varieties
2552:indicate
2467:Technical
2438:Shahmukhi
2393:Kairouani
2291:Phonology
2070:Khorasani
2060:Bakhtiari
1912:Anatolian
1842:Jordanian
1822:Damascene
1785:Levantine
1697:Hassaniya
1538:Cottenera
1473:Classical
1412:Varieties
990:Overviews
866:989950951
749:134361362
518:Baghdadi.
460:al-Raqqah
415:yišṛab-ūn
401:tišṛab-ūn
387:tišṛab-īn
356:fataḥ-tu
296:, around
294:Euphrates
228:varieties
196:Glottolog
179:ISO 639-3
3740:Category
3589:Religion
3566:Persians
3450:Railways
3445:Airlines
3327:Military
3188:Politics
3164:Wildlife
3154:Umm Qasr
2984:Iraq War
2967:Gulf War
2879:Republic
2832:Safavids
2795:638–1958
2571:Category
2423:Nastaliq
2413:Muhaqqaq
2403:Maghrebi
2263:Academic
2203:Bimbashi
2159:Tunisene
2130:Baghdadi
2078:Shirvani
2018:Hadhrami
1976:Bahraini
1927:Baghdadi
1878:Baghdadi
1817:Aleppine
1807:Lebanese
1802:Cilician
1775:Sudanese
1765:Egyptian
1646:Hilalian
1604:Western
1582:Eastern
1579:Village
1558:Żurrieqi
1522:Sicilian
1515:Andalusi
1497:Maghrebi
1466:Literary
1118:(tanwin)
1116:Nunation
1002:Alphabet
997:Language
984:language
628:(1990).
427:Dialects
373:fataḥ-t
317:Bedouins
298:Fallujah
203:meso1252
127:Dialects
59:Speakers
3770:Commons
3687:Smoking
3652:Culture
3647:Cuisine
3630:General
3614:Yazidis
3571:Solluba
3524:Persian
3514:Kurdish
3509:Aramaic
3474:Society
3455:Tourism
3366:Economy
3114:Islands
3089:Borders
2914: (
2904:present
2839:(incl.
2751:Assyria
2696:Subartu
2636:History
2550:Italics
2458:Thuluth
2323:Grammar
2194:pidgins
2189:Creoles
2178:Sanʽani
2063:Bukhara
2023:Sanʽani
1986:Kuwaiti
1981:Emirati
1966:Dhofari
1951:Bahrani
1917:Cypriot
1905:(Qeltu)
1732:Sulaym
1719:Western
1714:Eastern
1592:Sfaxian
1588:(Sahel)
1543:Gozitan
1528:Maltese
1148:Letters
1122:Shaddah
1111:Harakat
1106:Tashkil
1034:Scripts
1007:History
503:of the
499:of the
370:ḏạrab-t
353:ḏạrab-t
313:Mongols
302:Samarra
270:Yazidis
83:Semitic
4026:Turkey
3750:Portal
3692:Sports
3667:Health
3642:Cinema
3494:Iraqis
3397:Dinar
3332:Police
3134:Places
2624:topics
2373:Diwani
2360:Script
2318:(case)
2315:ʾIʿrāb
2301:Tajwid
2246:Bongor
2225:Maridi
2175:Habban
2049:Others
2033:Tihami
2013:Yemeni
2008:Shihhi
1993:Hejazi
1961:Bedawi
1956:Bareqi
1812:Syrian
1770:Saʽidi
1702:Nemadi
1688:Maqil
1586:Sahili
1553:Żejtun
1489:spoken
1487:Modern
982:Arabic
905:
895:
864:
854:
813:
747:
737:
704:
694:
640:
487:group
445:Gilit
336:s-stem
290:Tigris
272:, and
98:Arabic
4024:This
3969:Syria
3967:This
3910:This
3853:This
3800:is a
3682:Music
3672:Media
3599:Islam
3551:Kurds
3377:Banks
3315:Women
3109:Lakes
2902:2011–
2862:Kings
2691:Sumer
2532:Other
2453:Tawqi
2408:Mashq
2398:Kufic
2306:Imāla
2275:Names
2241:Turku
2169:Adeni
2003:Omani
1998:Najdi
1903:North
1893:South
1888:Shawi
1870:Gilit
1834:South
1794:North
1692:Fessi
1611:Jebli
1597:Jijel
1572:Tunis
1567:Urban
1548:Qormi
1157:ʾAlif
1127:Hamza
1099:i‘jām
745:S2CID
53:Syria
4030:stub
3973:stub
3916:stub
3912:Iran
3859:stub
3855:Iraq
3802:stub
3582:Jews
3305:LGBT
3269:List
3257:List
2622:Iraq
2428:Rasm
2231:Nubi
2219:Juba
2192:and
2172:Beda
2144:Wqal
2141:Kjal
1971:Gulf
1319:Ġayn
1310:ʿAyn
903:OCLC
893:ISBN
862:OCLC
852:ISBN
811:ISBN
735:ISBN
702:OCLC
692:ISBN
638:ISBN
458:and
456:Urfa
409:3rd
395:2nd
378:2nd
361:2nd
347:1st
300:and
292:and
284:and
274:Jews
49:Iran
45:Iraq
3637:Art
3322:Law
2516:864
2511:720
2507:711
2504:710
2501:709
2497:708
2340:IPA
1400:Yāʾ
1391:Wāw
1382:Hāʾ
1373:Nūn
1364:Mīm
1355:Lām
1346:Kāf
1337:Qāf
1328:Fāʾ
1301:Ẓāʾ
1292:Ṭāʾ
1283:Ḍād
1274:Ṣād
1265:Šīn
1256:Sīn
1247:Zāy
1238:Rāʾ
1229:Ḏāl
1220:Dāl
1211:Ḫāʾ
1202:Ḥāʾ
1193:Ǧīm
1184:Ṯāʾ
1175:Tāʾ
1166:Bāʾ
937:doi
885:doi
844:doi
803:doi
727:doi
667:doi
543:at
411:pl.
397:pl.
383:sg.
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230:of
186:acm
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