Yazidis - Knowledge

1175: 3653: 2026:. Ali Beg wished to negotiate, but Muhammad Pasha, influenced by the clerics Mulla Yahya al-Mizuri and Muhammad Khati, rejected any chance of reconciliation. Yezidis of Sheikhan were defeated and subject to devastating massacres where slaughter of both the elderly and young, rape and slavery were some of the tactics. Yezidi property, including gold and silver was plundered and looted, and numerous towns and villages previously inhabited by the Yezidis were demographically islamized. Afterwards, Muhammad Pasha sent a large force to Shingal where he was met with the resistance of the Yezidis under the leadership of Ali Beg's wife. After numerous defeats, Muhammad Pasha's forces eventually succeeded in capturing the district. The Yezidis who survived the massacres took refuge in distant areas including but not limited to 1876:, where one band attacked a caravan in 1782 and seized 30 donkey-loads of cotton goods. Caravans that were escorted by well-armed guards were often able to fight off raiders, whereas fate of other caravans was often a total loss or a ransom. The favourite targets were lightly armed official couriers who relied on speed to reach their destination. In one case, a captured courier was found to be carrying 40,000 carats of high-grade pearls. As a result, several expeditions were launched against the Yezidis; the punitive expeditions from Baghdad, first one launched in 1715 and a later one in 1753, inflicted heavy casualties. However, subsequently, the expeditions launched against Shingal from Mosul and Baghdad became less severe and was counted as a cost of doing business by the raiders. 2988: 45: 1956:, where the residence of the Yezidi princely family is located. It is unknown whether he took a small escort out of disdain for the Yezidi leader, or for the purpose of demonstrating his trust in his host. Upon his arrival, Ali Beg had him and his son, Sinjan Agha, treacherously murdered. This murder which was condemned by the Yazidi clergy and Yazidi chieftains, as it went against Yazidi canons and tribal customs. It also led to a great degree of anger among the Mizuris and provoking them into gathering for great raid against the town of Baadre. In anticipation of the attack, thousands of Yezidi warriors stationed themselves in Baadre. The raid was called off due to fear of 771: 3345: 2157:, demanding a stop to the massacres of Nestorians and removal of Bedirkhan Beg, led to the Ottoman forces, with the support of Yezidi fighters, invading his territories in 1846–1847. At the beginning of the conflict Bedirkhan was able to successfully defeat the Ottoman army sent against him and afterwards, he decided to sever all connections with the Ottoman Empire by proclaiming independence of his state and creating a currency of his own bearing the inscription "Bedirkhan, the Emir Of Bohtan". However, his success did not last for long, Ottomans attacked again and Bedirkhan Beg, despite offering some resistance, vacated 2976: 8731:"Consequently, despite corresponding to isolated and homogenous populations, contemporary Syriacs and Yazidis from Northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations. Such an observation seems to be in line with genetic distance calculations based on a different method, whereby the Northern Iraqi Assyrian and Yazidi populations from the current study were found to position in the middle of a genetic continuum between the Near East and Southeastern Europe." 3452:(2005) records being stationed in northern Iraq near the Syrian border in an area inhabited by "Yezidis". According to Williams, some Yazidis were Kurdish-speaking but did not consider themselves Kurds and expressed to her a fondness for America and Israel. She was able to learn only a little about the nature of their religion: she thought it very ancient, and concerned with angels. She describes a mountain-top Yazidi shrine as "a small rock building with objects dangling from the ceiling" and alcoves for the placement of offerings. She reported that local Muslims considered the Yazidis to be devil worshippers. (See 3125: 3574: 945: 2728:. He stated, "I believe in the principles of the revolt. However, there is no relation between the religion and the revolt. I am Kurdish, and all the Yezidis are Kurdish; this is the reason why I joined this revolt". The journalist asked whether all the Yezidis are participating in the revolt, to which Mîr Tahsin responded: "No, but because their participation in the revolt has not been necessary as of yet. I've not requested their participation, but if I do, at least 95% will join the revolt. By the way, the government executed 20 Yazidis recently in Mosul". 329: 2444: 350: 1828:. The Persians defeated an army of several thousand Yezidis and killed their leader Yezid. As was able to escape, enlist allies and lay siege to a ruined fort where the Persian cavalry had held Yezidi women captive. The defenders were at the edge of being overrun when the shah's nephew brought reinforcements and stopped the siege. As, who was abandoned by his allies, considered committing suicide, but finally surrendered himself to Nadir Shah instead and was eventually appointed the governor of the district. 140: 2904: 224: 1470:. The chief of the Kurds in Aleppo was Qasim Beg, he had long been at odds with the Mamluks who wished to install Sheikh Izz ed-Din, a Yezidi, in his stead. Despite Qasim Beg paying homage to the Sultan, Sheikh Izz ed-Din was still able to have himself named the Emir of the Kurds after persuading the local Ottoman governors to execute Qasim Beg for treason. However, due to Sheikh Izz ed-Din leaving no heirs after his death, the title was returned to the family of Qasim Beg. 3364:, the fourth section, starting with Chapter 14, is devoted to the "Yezidees" and is titled "Among the Yezidees". He describes them as "a mysterious sect scattered throughout the Orient, strongest in North Arabia, feared and hated both by Moslem and Christian, because they are worshippers of Satan." In the three chapters of the book, he completely describes the area, including the fact that this territory, including their holiest city of Sheik-Adi, was not part of "Irak". 17121: 15942: 2620: 1852:

were also involved in several rebellions against Amadiya principality; in 1770–1771, Bedagh Beg, who was Mir of Sheikhan at the time, joined a rebellion against the Prince of Amadiya, Ismail Pasha. Bedagh Beg eventually got captured and fined, and 16 years later, his son and successor, Jolo Beg, was involved in another rebellion, but had to later retreat. In 1789–1790, Jolo still maintained the title of Mir and was involved in battles against the

17131: 15952: 161: 203: 2122:. Yezidis of Tur Abdin had a strong tribal structure and were active participants in the political affairs. One of the largest attacks took place in 1844, when Bedirkhan sent a large army to force Yazidis into accepting Islam, those who refused were captured and killed. Seven Yezidi villages converted to Islam out of fear. The local Christian population also suffered massacres in 1843 and 1846 by the hand of Bedirkhan and his allies 308: 266: 16001: 119: 101: 287: 2203:

Pasha, who had been sent to Mosul by the Sultan for a task involving institutionalization of a conscription system, collection of taxes, resettlement of tribes, and crushing local tribal rebellions. He took the initiative of completing his tasks through violence due to the lack of cooperation from Yezidis. Around 500 Yezidis died in the Shingal campaign of November–December 1892, Lalish was forcibly converted into a

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leadership of Hussein Beg and enjoy a rare period of peace and freedom from persecution. The Muslims of Soran opposed Hussein Beg's rule, and attempted to overthrow the Dasini rulers several times, their initial attempts were unsuccessful and were repelled, until the neighbouring Muslim rulers formed an alliance against Hussein Beg, and captured Erbil while Hussein Beg was absent and on a visit to

2472: 3053: 1385:, and 1414, when a joint army of neighbouring Sunni Kurdish tribes ransacked Lalish. During these conflicts, many important Yezidi chiefs were forcibly converted to Islam, leading to a gradual decline of the Yezidi power from the 15th century. However, Yezidis were also able to establish alliances with the authorities and neighbouring powers at various times, some Yezidi tribes allied with 3205: 2287:, who had established a retreat there and operated an Islamic school. Lalish would later be largely abandoned and left in ruins, with reports of overgrowth of nettles and shrubbery in places where the roofs had fallen in, and the dome above Sheikh Adi's mausoleum smashed, allowing the sun to shine inside, until Yezidis would rebuild and regain the possession of the sanctuary in 1904. 1724:

demand tax payments, the Yezidis replied "if Melek Ahmed Pasha had come back to fight them, they would rub their faces in his footprints, but for Mustafa Pasha, they would only give ten loads of silk", which enraged Mustafa Pasha and provoked him into calling for reinforcements and launching an expedition against the Yezidis of Shingal, the result of this expedition is unknown.

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force to punish the Yezidis. Accounts regarding the manner in which he persuaded Muhammad Pasha vary from him visiting and seeking the aid of the wali of Baghdad, who upon hearing the Mullah's grievances sent a letter to Muhammad Pasha and urged him to punish Yezidis for their misdeeds, to the Mullah directly visiting Muhammad Pasha, with whom he was on very friendly terms.

1883:, led by a young chief named Kor Namir Agha (The Blind Namir Agha) who was blind in one eye. Whilst the Pasha's troops were looting the deserted villages, they were ambushed and the Pasha, together with his brother were killed. The panic-stricken troops fled to Mosul while being pursued by the fighters of the Dina tribe. The sequel of this encounter is not recorded. 3291:. Since 2008, Sweden has seen sizeable growth in its Yazidi emigrant community, which had grown to around 4,000 by 2010, and a smaller community exists in the Netherlands. Other Yazidi diaspora groups live in Belgium, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia; these have a total population of probably less than 5,000. 1356:. This tradition served to preserve the Yezidi faith and doctrine. The Qewals were financed exclusively by the voluntary alms of the faithful. The Qewals and delegates led a Sincaq intended for the region they were visiting and paraded it through the Yazidi villages and areas to maintain the spiritual legitimacy and to symbolize the authority of Lalish and the Mîr. 2608:Şerfedîn is the name of a son of Sheikh Hasan, who lead the Yezidis in the 13th century and under whose rule the final canonization of the Yezidi religion took place. As a result, Şerfedîn is considered the personification of the Yezidi religion as implied in the aforementioned qewls. Likewise with Sultan Ezid, the name of God's manifestation, who personifies 3038:. Population numbers for the Syrian Yazidi community are unclear. In 1963, the community was estimated at 10,000, according to the national census, but numbers for 1987 were unavailable. There may be between about 12,000 and 15,000 Yazidis in Syria today, though more than half of the community may have emigrated from Syria since the 1980s. 2906: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895:. Interestingly, the Kurmanji speakers from Turkey were found to be closer to the Zazaki speakers from Turkey than to the Georgian Kurds. Despite the former speaking the same dialect as the Georgian Kurds. According to the study, the Y-chromosome data suggests that the Kurdish group in Georgia was founded by Kurmanji speakers of Turkey. 421: 2911: 3489:

pain of the world, and cried. His tears, thousands of years' worth, fell on the fires of hell, extinguishing them. If there is evil in the world, it does not come from a fallen angel or from the fires of hell. The evil in this world is man-made. Nevertheless, humans can, like Malak Ta'us, live in this world but still be good.

2430:) and the village of Bardahali, which had by then turned into the headquarters of the Fuqara tribe. Hemoye Shero, the chief of Fuqara, promoted Christian settlement on the Mountain through granting them his protection in accordance with a Shingali custom which encouraged the settlement of Christians if a local Yazidi 2707:, the general leader of the nation and its prince, and the Bāba-Shaykh, the religious head of the Yazidis and when enlarging upon the subject, based on what they have said, we note that the origin of the community is in the Kurdish regions of Northern Iraq. Thus, the nationality of its members is considered Kurdish. 2238:

Shingali affairs. On 9 December 1892, Sultan Abdulhamid sent a telegram in which he dismissed Omar Wehbi Pasha from his post and ordered him to remain in Mosul, pending arrival of a commission of inquiry and to be prepared to answer the charges of using Ottoman troops in combat without being given permission by the

8031: 2207:, sacred objects of the Yezidis were confiscated, mosques built in Yezidi villages and the Yezidi Mir Mirza Beg was provoked into converting to Islam. However, in contrast to the expectations of Ottomans, the campaign of the Pasha had crucial influence in setting a widespread religious revival in motion at 2908: 8719:

Conclusions: The aim was to study a number of genetic parameters of Kurd, Yazidis and Turkmen populations in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The results showed a great convergence between the Kurdish and Yazidi groups, while the Turkmen group was far from them by the discriminating power of high-resolution

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published a report. Despite the oppression Yazidi women sustained, they appeared on the news as examples of retaliation. They received training and taken positions at the frontlines of the fighting, making up about a third of the Kurd–Yazidi coalition forces, and distinguished themselves as soldiers.

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Historically, the Yazidis lived primarily in communities located in present-day Iraq, Turkey, and Syria and also had significant numbers in Armenia and Georgia. However, events since the end of the 20th century have resulted in considerable demographic shift in these areas as well as mass emigration.

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Furthermore, the Yezidi religious authorities, including Baba Sheikh, the Mîr and the Peshimam, frequently have emphasized the Kurdish ethnicity of the Yezidis. As according to letter from mayor of Shekhan to Mosul in 1966, after carrying out investigations and personal meetings with Yezidi religious

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and their stories about the atrocities in Sheikhan that were committed by Muslims facilitated the vigoruous millenarian and anti-Muslim propaganda that were carried out by two religious personalities from Sheikhan who had settled in Shingal, Mirza al-Kabari and Alias Khallu. Slogans about an imminent

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to his domains and also intended to seize the Bahdinan emirate and Yazidi lands. In 1815, for the sake of power, he executed his two uncles, Timur Khan and Wahbi Beg, along with their sons, to rid himself of contenders for the rulership. Knowing this, Mulla Yahya persuaded him into sending a punitive

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who came to the aid of Melek Ahmed Pasha, all the Kurdistan soldiery who participated in plundering the money and food and drink and copper vessels and household furnishings and the like which emerged over ten days from the Saçlı Dağı caves, could not carry away more than a drop in the sea and a mote

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There's a lot of mystery surrounding the Yazidi, and a lot of contradictory information. But I was drawn to this aspect of their beliefs: Yazidi don't have a Satan. Malak Ta'us, an archangel, God's favorite, was not thrown out of heaven the way Satan was. Instead, he descended, saw the suffering and

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and making huge achievements in preserving and institutionalizing Kurdish culture, folklore and language already in the early 20th century. Soviet Yazidis were able to establish the first Kurdish theatre and radio station in history, in addition, the first Kurdish Latin-based alphabet was created by

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as their mother language, however, the now Arab-speaking tribes in Bashiqa and Bahzani, including but not limited to Xaltî, Dumilî and Hekarî, have historically been classified as Kurdish tribes. Although almost all Yezidis speak in Kurmanji, their exact origin is a matter of dispute among scholars,

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of his son. However, another prince of Bahdinan, Said Pasha, persuaded Mîr Elî Beg to kill the Mizuri chieftain and rid everyone of him, intending to put another tribal leader in his position. Some sources report that he threatened Mîr Elî Beg that he would kill his entire family if he refused to do

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who with one of their clerics had issued in a fatwa in 1724 that Yezidis were infidels and apostates and that killing them was a religious duty. Yezidi women and the Yezidi property were to be considered spoils of war. In another encounter in 1802, the Alghushiyya branch of Mizuris raided the Yezidi

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In 1655, Evliya Çelebi revisited Shingal to catch up with Firari Mustafa Pasha, the governor of Diyarbekir whom Evliya had been ordered to collect an old debt from. Firari Mustafa Pasha had encamped in Shingal to collect taxes from the Yezidis, when he sent a delegation to parley with the locals and

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populations revealed that the genetic distance between Yazidis and Kurds was found to be closer than the genetic distance between the Kurdish and the Turkmen population, meaning that the Yazidis were found to be genetically closer to Kurds, indicating a long-shared history between Yazidis and Kurds

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In Mosul, a new Governor by the name of Aziz Pasha was appointed; he had arranged a peace settlement in Shingal and allowed Yezidis of Sheikhan to practice their religion again. The Yezidi Mir, Mirza Beg, among other prominent converts to Islam, resumed their old faith. However, the price for these

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city, Ibn-i Nuh, which was about the history of Van. The report describes an Ottoman attack on the Yezidis of Van which took place in 1715. It addresses Yezidi victory during the first waves of attacks and Yezidis capturing the Pasha of the city of Van during the battle. Under the section titled as

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and stormed Yezidi positions. Despite heavy casualties, the Ottomans eventually succeeded in capturing the mountain. Evliya Çelebi, who was an eyewitness of the event, reports that 3,060 Yezidis were killed on the Shingal mountain, and writes about the wealth of the Yezidis and the abundance of the

3319:. It is thought that Nebraska has the largest settlement (an estimated number of at least 10,000) of Yazidis in the United States, with a history of immigration to the state under refugee settlement programs starting in the late 1990s. Many of the men of the community served as translators for the 3064:

has been dwindling since the 1990s, mostly due to economic migration to Russia and the West. According to a census carried out in 1989, there were over 30,000 Yazidis in Georgia; according to the 2002 census, however, only around 18,000 Yazidis remained in Georgia. However, by other estimates, the

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Thereby, Mulla Yahya al-Mizuri, a cousin or nephew to the Mizuri chieftain and a respected religious dignitary, unsuccessfully attempted to plead for rectification from the Bahdinan princes Ahmed Pasha and his brother, Said Pasha, who declined to sanction punitive action against Yezidis and blamed

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many families into converting to Islam. Another expedition in 1809 was led by the new Governor of Baghdad, Sulayman Pasha, who burnt down Yezidi farms and beheaded Yezidi chieftains. The 18th-19th centuries saw a further decline of the Yazidi influence, power and population. With the ending of the

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Arabs, who were raiding Sheikhan, but in the following year, Jolo and his brother were executed by Ismail Pasha, who appointed a Khanjar Beg as the Mir in their stead. However, after quarrels with Khanjar, the Mir position was returned to the old Dynasty and Khanjar was replaced by Jolo Beg's son,

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missionaries who were stationed there from 1759 to 1779. Yezidis are briefly mentioned by one of the missionaries, Padre Maurizio Garzoni, who reported "the post of the executioner is always given by the princes of Amadiya to a Yezidi, who never loath to shed Muslim blood." Yezidi mirs of Sheikhan

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under his rule and become a powerful and influential figure. His son, Hussein Beg, succeeded him after his death in 1534. Despite the persecution and the brutal rule over the Muslims of Soran, the Yezidis were able to maintain a large political, military power under the short-lived, but prosperous

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Additionally, the term "Millet" has only recently begun to be understood in a nationalistic sense due to the growing popularity of nationalist ideologies, as a result, the phrase itself has started to be perceived as an ethnic and national declaration. The term "millet" would have originally been

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would guarantee for them. This helped Hemoye Shero to seize full control of Shingal city, the capital and most important commercial centre of the mountain, as he gained the support of local Christian merchants and thus was able to expand his economic and political prestige and dominance. In 1918,

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are mentioned as Yezidis. A lot of phrases are used by Evliya when referring to Yezidis, namely: Saçlı Kürdü (long-haired Kurds), Yezidi Ekrad (Yezidi Kurds), Saçlı Yezidi Kürdleri (long-haired Yezidi Kurds), kavm-i na-pak (impure group), bed-mezheb (bad sect), bî-din (faithless), savm u salât ve

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in Iraqi Kurdistan (normally a five-hour drive by car). Concerns for the elderly and those of fragile health were expressed by the refugees, who told reporters of their lack of water. Reports coming from Sinjar stated that sick or elderly Yazidi who could not make the trek were being executed by

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The Yezidi Spiritual Council in Lalish released a statement where they emphasized and expressed their pride in the Kurdish identity of Yezidis, based on linguistic, historical, geographical and traditional facts. The statement was signed by the Mir, Baba Sheikh, Sheikh al-Wazir, a Peshimam and a

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among non-Muslim groups was on the rise, conversion to Islam in order to ensure their political loyalty was crucial in the perspective of Abdulhamid's government. Conscription was one of the steps taken in order to convert them. Thereafter, Yezidis would be subject to persecution from Omer Wehbi

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During the 17th century, the Ottomans launched numerous expeditions against the Yezidis in Shingal, who had long controlled the trading routes around Shingal, attacked Ottoman caravans and refused to pay the taxes levied by the Ottomans. The first expedition was led by the Ottoman Grand Vizier,

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series (and related comics). He is portrayed as a kind, peaceful character with a broad knowledge of religion and mythology. He is depicted as conservative, ethical, and highly principled in family life. An incredibly powerful martial artist, he is able to perceive and strike at his opponent's

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starting from the late 19th century. There are additional communities in Russia and Germany due to recent migration. The Yazidi community of Turkey declined precipitously during the 20th century. Most of them have immigrated to Europe, particularly Germany; those who remain reside primarily in

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In the following years, a dispute occurred among the community on the mountain, causing the power of Musqura and Mihirkan tribes to deteriorate as they included large Muslim sections and were thus traditionally viewed with the suspicion of being inclined to insitage Ottoman interference in the

772: 3380:'s book "In Search of the Miraculous", he describes some strange customs that Gurdjieff observed in Yazidi boys: "He told me, among other things, that when he was a child he had often observed how Yezidi boys were unable to step out of a circle traced round them on the ground" (p. 36) 1174: 2245:

As Hemoye Shero had acquired the Paramountcy of Sinjar, his followers drastically increased in numbers and they began to serve as a compact and organized group which started to be named as the Fuqara tribe. Among the Fuqara, tribal cohesion very much depended on membership in the

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Due to the ever-growing large and influential power of the Yezidis, they began to be perceived as a threat by the neighbouring Muslims, leading to a rapid intensification of the Yezidi-Muslim conflict that would last for centuries. Yezidis were subject to brutal persecution by

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even among the community itself as well as among Kurds, whether they are ethnically Kurds or form a distinct ethnic group. Yazidis only intermarry with other Yazidis; those who marry non-Yazidis are expelled from their community and are not allowed to call themselves Yazidis.

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As the Yazidis hold religious beliefs that are mostly unfamiliar to outsiders, many non-Yazidi people have written about them and ascribed to their beliefs facts that have dubious historical validity. The Yazidis, perhaps because of their secrecy, also have a place in modern

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According to another genetic study, Yazidis from Northern Iraq may have a stronger genetic continuity with the original Mesopotamian people. The northern Iraqi Yazidi population were found in the middle of a genetic continuum between the Near East and Southeastern Europe.

2230:, who had earlier declared himself the Paramount of Shingal, together with his followers becoming the focus of anti-Muslim resistance and increasing their military capacity by seizing a huge amount of Turkish armaments and ammunition which would be a determining factor in 8035: 1673:

together with the Mîr of the Yezidis at the time, Zeynal Javkhali, and six other Yezidi chieftains. In 1649, Êzidî Mirza was appointed as the governor of Mosul, a title which he held until his death in 1651. Êzidî Mirza is mentioned in several Yezidi sagas until today.

2390:, who in 1914-1915 sheltered Christian refugees fleeing from persecution and in 1917, led raids with a mixed Yezidi tribal force against Turkish convoys and military posts on the route to Nusaybin, causing severe disruptions on Turkish communication lines north of the 1589:

according to other sources. Hussein Beg's attempts to retake the city were unsuccessful due to the local support enjoyed by the Muslim rulers and resulted in the death of 500 Yezidi warriors. After the defeat, Hussein Beg was summoned back to Istanbul and executed.

2110:, who had previously aided Muhammad Pasha during his incursions against Bahdinan and the Yezidis of Sheikhan. Bedirkhan was a member of the Ezizan family, the hereditary rulers of Bohtan and one of the oldest and most prominent Kurdish families whom according to 2690:

village, which was settled in 1828 AD by Yezidis and was called Pampa Kurda/Kurmanca (Kurdish Pamb), until it was renamed to Sipan in the 1970s. In the vicinity, there is another village, that was called "Armenian Pamb", but also was renamed later on, to

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The Yezidi religious textual tradition, from oral to written : categories, transmission, scripturalisation, and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts : with samples of oral and written religious texts and with audio and video samples on

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principality and its Muslim clerics, requested the Ottoman Sultan to eliminate the Yazidis with the justification of Yazidi being apostates. Numerous Ottoman documents reveal the role of the princes, including one dating back to 1568 AD, which reads:

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when the Yazidis of Shingal mountain received an ultimatum from Ottomans to hand over the weaponry and the Christian refugees that they were sheltering, or otherwise face consequences. The Yezidis tore the letter up and sent the messengers back naked.

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and new Yezidi reign of justice and prosperity against Muslim oppression were successful in mobilizing large sections of the local Yezidi populace. This prompted Omar Wehbi Pasha to launch an unsuccessful intervention in Shingal, which resulted in the

2090:. Muhammad Pasha appointed Musa Pasha, a relative of the Bahdinan prince Said Pasha, as the governor of the capital. Musa Pasha, who had been on bad terms with Said Pasha, had offered valuable assistance to Muhammad Pasha during the attack on Amadiya. 5587:

The Yezidi religious textual tradition, from oral to written : categories, transmission, scripturalisation, and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts: with samples of oral and written religious texts and with audio and video samples on

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The Yezidi religious textual tradition, from oral to written : categories, transmission, scripturalisation, and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts: with samples of oral and written religious texts and with audio and video samples on

1973:. During that time, Muhammad Pasha had become the most powerful and independent ruler in Kurdistan. He had begun minting his own coins and declared independence from the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile, the Ottomans were preoccupied with the rebellion of 1942:

Ahmed Pasha sought to put an end to inter-tribal feuds and reconcile his neighbours. Thus, the Yezidi leader Ali Beg, sent a word the Mizuri chieftain Ali Agha al-Balatayi, expressing the desire for peace and friendship and offering him to act as a

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The enslavement of Yezidi captives and military action against Yezidis was legitimized by Muslim theologians, who classified Yezidis as heretics. At least eight expeditions are recorded between 1767 and 1809 and according to the French orientalist,

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Starting from the 14th century, Yezidis built up their own internal religious and political administrative apparatus in the areas that were inhabited by them. The Yezidi territory was divided into seven administrative centres, each having its own

3629:, facing slaughter at the hands of jihadists surrounding them below if they fled, or death by dehydration if they stayed. Between 20,000 and 30,000 Yazidis, most of them women and children, besieged by ISIL, escaped from the mountain after the 3612:

forces were no longer able to keep ISIL forces from advancing. ISIL had previously declared the Yazidis to be devil worshippers. Most of the population fleeing Sinjar retreated by trekking up nearby mountains with the ultimate goal of reaching

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Kurds developed an own typical genetic profile called "Modal Kurdish Haplotype" (KMH or MKMH for Muslim Kurds) on subclade J2-M172 with the following loci: 14-15-23-10-11-12. The highest percentage of this haplotype has been measured so far in

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saints. Only two of the total of 40 manuscripts have been published so far, namely the Mişûr of Pîr Sini Daranî and the Mişûr of Pîr Xetîb Pisî, the list in the Mişûr of Pîr Sini Daranî include some large tribes that have been mostly, or fully

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echoes Williams's sentiments about the enthusiasm of the Yazidis for the American occupation of Iraq, in part because the Americans protect them from oppression by militant Muslims and the nearby Kurds. Kaplan notes that the peace and calm of

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According to the 2011 census, there are 35,272 Yazidis in Armenia, making them Armenia's largest ethnic minority group. Ten years earlier, in the 2001 census, 40,620 Yazidis were registered in Armenia. They have a significant presence in the

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of Armenia. Media have estimated the number of Yazidis in Armenia to be between 30,000 and 50,000. Most of them are the descendants of refugees who fled to Armenia in order to escape the persecution that they had previously suffered during

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that legitimized the Sultan's killing of Yezidis, enslavement of Yezidi women and the sale of Yezidi slaves in the markets. This resulted in Yezidis being subject to constant Ottoman military pressure and their territories being considered

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As the relations were deteriorating with the Ottomans and strained with the Sunni Kurds, the Ottomans exploited from these tensions and used religious differences to control both groups. In 1566, Abu al-S'ud al-'Amadi al-Kurdi, who was the

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and captured the family of the Bahdinan prince, Qubad Pasha, and imprisoned him together with his brother, after which they plundered the city and remained in there until at the request of Ahmed Pasha, another Bahdinan prince who ruled

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However, this phrase does not come up in the official qewls (religious hymns), rather, in those qewls where the terms Şerfedîn and Êzîd (Êzî) are mentioned together, the term "Atqat" comes up next to Ezid instead of "Millet".

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Muhammad Pasha prepared an army of 40,000 to 50,000 against the Yezidis, he divided his force into two groups, one led by his brother, Rasul, and the other one led by himself. These forces marched in March 1832, crossing the

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origin. After his death in 1162 AD, his disciples and successors blended his doctrines and teachings with the local and ancient Iranic traditions. Because of this, Yezidi tradition uses many terms, images and symbols of

1755:

In 1671, another battle in the Shingal mountain, which lasted for three years between the Sacheli tribe and armies of the neighbouring Pashas, ended up in a victory for the mountaineers, who captured around 4,000 prisoners.

2907: 2682:, Who 60 years ago, led by my Grandfather Temur Agha, left Turkey and sought refuge in Russia. I would like to express my gratitude and wish success to you and your family. We live very well on earth and under your rule. 2039:, the capital of the princedom. Upon the arriving in the capital, the prisoners were asked to convert to Islam, many of them, including Ali Beg and his entourage, rejected the request and thus were taken and executed at 3016:—particularly the Nineveh province—into the Kurdish region, the KDP authorities had used KRG's political and economical resources to make Yazidis identify as Kurds. The HRW report also criticises heavy-handed tactics." 1960:

forces assembling against the Mizuris when the Pasha of Amadiya, who was also the Prince of Bahdinan and was suspected of having conspired in the Mizuri chieftain's assassination, announced his opposition to the raid.

10293: 2956:

were Yazidi. During the 20th century, the Shekhan community struggled for dominance with the more conservative Sinjar community. The demographic profile has probably changed considerably since the beginning of the

2034:

and the less-affected Shingal region. After controlling most of the Yezidi territory, the Pasha's forces enslaved and took home around 10,000 Yezidi captives, mostly females and children together with Ali Beg, to

9732: 2141:

by slaughtering animals, Bedirkhan would round up Yezidi captives for a grisly ceremony where he would with his own hand slaughter those Yezidis who had refused to convert to Islam. A medical missionary from

1965:

Ali Agha for naively accepting Ali Beg's offer and venturing into his enemy's own country without adequate escort, furthermore, they also killed the son of Mulla Yahya. As a result, he turned to the Pasha of

7369: 1891:, the Ottomans launched 15 campaigns against the Yezidis of Shingal and Sheikhan in the 18th century alone. One expedition against the Yezidis of Shingal was led by the Governor of Baghdad, Ali Pasha, who 3003:

process of Saddam Hussein between 1970 and 2003. In 2009, some Yazidis who had previously experienced the Arabisation policies of Saddam Hussein complained about the political tactics of leaders of the

1929:

for eight months. Furthermore, during this period, conflict erupted between the tribe of Mizuri and the principality of Bahdinan, which resulted in a clash in 1804. The Mizuris stormed into the city of

3908: 1352:

and other forms of sacred oral Yezidi tradition, were sent out to other Yezidi-inhabited areas with military protection from the central administrative region of Shekhan and the spiritual centre of

10044: 2367:, the column marching southeast was confronted by a 4,000 strong Armenian force which included 700 Yezidi cavalry. A few days later, Armenians and Yezidis drove back the northern column from the 2511:

Kurdish principality. Some traditional myths of the Yazidis tell that the Yazidis were the children of Adam alone and not of Eve, and thus separate from the rest of humanity. In the autonomous

2616:

equivalent to "religion" and "religious community" rather than ethnicity. Thus, the original meaning of the phrase "Miletê min Ezid" would have been "I belong to the religious group of Ezid".

2546:. According to the researcher Victoria Arakelova, Yazidism is a unique phenomenon, one of the most remarkable illustrations of ethno-religious identity, centred on a religion the Yazidis call 1085:, established an order of his own called Adawiyya, mentioned in medieval Arabic sources as Akrad 'Adawiyya (Adawiyya Kurds), settled in Lalish valley and introduced his doctrines to the local 2928:

The majority of Yazidis live in Iraq. Estimates of the size of these communities vary significantly, between 70,000 and 500,000. They are particularly concentrated in northern Iraq in the

2242:. Four months later the Pasha returned to the capital in disgrace. Yezidis finally regained the possession of Lalish in 1904, and the stolen sacred objects were returned to them in 1914. 9592: 8188: 9933: 2070:

and after a few days, besieging the fortress of Akre which was regarded as almost impregnable and meeting the resistance of the Kurdish tribe of Zibari. Thereafter he marched towards

5003: 2507:

described soldiers of Abdal Khan of Bitlis as "Yezidi Kurds" and in fourteenth century, seven of the most prominent Kurdish tribes were Yazidi, and Yazidism was the religion of the

5982:

Wiener Jahrbuch für Kurdische Studien (Ausgabe 2/2014): Schwerpunkt: Die Geschichte von kurdischen Studien und Kurdologie. Nationale Methodologien und transnationale Verflechtungen

2146:

who visited Derguleh in 1846 reported seeing 40-50 Yezidi converts in Bedirkhan's castle, enjoying Bedirkhan's special attention and jealousy among his less favoured attendants.

5033: 3676:; those who refuse to convert were tortured, raped and eventually murdered. Babies born in the prison where the women are held were taken from their mothers to an unknown fate. 1150:

that seven of the most important Kurdish tribes were Yezidi. Yezidism was the official religion of numerous Kurdish emirates and principalities, including the principalities of

9516: 8596: 2612:(belief). However, some Yezidis who believe themselves to be a distinct ethnicity, consider "Şerfedîn" to be the name of the religion, meanwhile using "Êzidî" as the ethnonym. 10428: 5619:

Pirbari, Dimitri; Mossaki, Nodar; Yezdin, Mirza Sileman (19 November 2019). "A Yezidi Manuscript:—Mišūr of P'īr Sīnī Bahrī/P'īr Sīnī Dārānī, Its Study and Critical Analysis".

2394:. Additionally, he fiercely resisted Ottoman attack on the Shingal mountain when Ottoman troops besieged the mountain and briefly occupied Yezidi villages to the south, using 3652: 2398:

as their logistic base. In 1915/1916 the Ottomans, with the support of numerous Sunni Kurdish tribes, initiated widespread persecutions against the Christian communities of

1900:

reforms from the mid-19th century onward made the Yezidi-populated regions more prone to localized political instabilities. Furthermore, being excluded from the status of "

16383: 7685: 5114: 1781:

Ibn-i Nuh lists the names of important people who died during the battle and describes a dreadful situation for the Muslims and Islam at the hands of what he describes as

5515:"The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?" 5212:"The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths. To the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?" 4289:

Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Collection of Selected Works, Edited by V. Voronkov, S. Khutsishvili, J. Horan), Heinrich Böll Stiftung South Caucasus

2638:

registered the Yazidis and the Kurds as two different ethnic groups for the 1926 census, but bulked the two together as one ethnicity in the censuses from 1931 to 1989.

2371:

defile on the slopes of Mount Aragats. However, during the first week of June, an armistice was reached whereby the Ottomans could use the key railways, but would leave

2283:

compromises was enforcement of military service, continuance of the Islamic schools in the settlements on a voluntary basis and the surrender of the Lalish sanctuary to

8101:

Brennan, Shane; Herzog, Marc (30 July 2014). "Turkey and the Politics of National Identity: Social, Economic and Cultural Transformation". New York: I.B.Tauris, 2014.

4749:

The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?

3688:

reported that more than 5,000 Yazidis had been murdered and 5,000 to 7,000 (mostly women and children) had been abducted by ISIL. ISIS has, in their digital magazine

2495:, the Yazidis are recognized as a distinct ethnic group. According to Armenian anthropologist Levon Abrahamian, Yazidis generally believe that Muslim Kurds betrayed 9260: 3065:

community fell from around 30,000 people to fewer than 5,000 during the 1990s. Today they number as little 6,000 by some estimates, including recent refugees from

1805:

or poll tax and that it was considered the Abode of War. He also mentions that some Christians lost their lives and that many women and children held as captives.

4133: 2386:

Yezidis in Tur Abdin and Shingal also formed common causes with Christians and fought defensively from their mountain strongholds. Yezidis in Shingal were led by

9076: 9047: 2805:(also known as "Melek Taûs"), the Peacock Angel. Traditionally, Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are considered to have converted to the religion of their spouse. 3883: 3827: 2646:

of 1597, which cites seven of the Kurdish tribes as being at least partly Yazidi, and Kurdish tribal confederations as containing substantial Yazidi sections.

1698:

Yezidi areas, which he describes as being prosperous in the Yezidis' hands. He reports the spoils from the Ottoman attacks on Yezidis in the following manner:

5286: 5257: 2198:, under whose regime the Muslim Identity became increasingly essential for the Sultan's perceptions of loyalty among his subjects. As missionary activity and 8400: 3780: 3531:, was stoned to death by her family. Rumours that the stoning was connected to her alleged conversion to Islam prompted reprisals against Yazidis, including 4032: 2043:, which is until today named after Ali Beg. Christian communities lying in the path of Muhammad Pasha's army were also victim to the massacres, the town of 10318: 3474:

is virtually unique in Iraq: "Parents and children line the streets when U.S. patrols pass by, while Yazidi clerics pray for the welfare of U.S. forces."

16412: 7814:

Ali, Majid Hassan (15 February 2019). "The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003".

4640:

Ali, Majid Hassan (15 February 2019). "The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003".

1625:

The necessity of ending the corruption and evil-doing of the Dasini sect and firmans (orders) to the governors of Mosul and Erbil to punish the Dasinis

8735:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 2426:

fleeing to Shingal in hope of finding shelter among the local Yezidis. By 1916 approximately 900 people had taken permanent residence in Balad (City of

16682: 12362: 10903: 3854: 3618:

ISIL. Yazidi parliamentarian Haji Ghandour told reporters that "In our history, we have suffered 72 massacres. We are worried Sinjar could be a 73rd."

10316:

Rodziewicz, A., "Yezidi Eros: Love as The Cosmogonic Factor and Distinctive Feature of The Yezidi Theology in the Light of Some Ancient Cosmogonies",

4933: 12453: 2519:, Yazidis are considered ethnic Kurds and the autonomous region considers Yazidis to be the "original Kurds". The sole Yazidi parliamentarian in the 1682:, and took place in 1613 AD, which resulted in a Yezidi victory and 7,000 of the Ottoman soldiers being slaughtered according to the reports of 9998: 16296: 14895: 9773: 3144:", was opened in Aknalich, just a few meters from the Ziarat temple. The temple is privately funded by Mirza Sloian, a Yazidi businessman based in 2767:

at the hand of some Muslim Kurdish tribes, and this persecution has on numerous occasions threatened the existence of Yazidis as a distinct group.

9211: 4261: 2703:

When carrying out the investigations and the personal meetings with some leaders of the Yazidis that dwell the region of our province, especially

14744: 5900: 1835:, a semi-autonomous fiefdom which guarded the Ottoman frontiers in the east. The rulers, who were strict Sunni Muslims claiming descent from the 1801:

to take on the Yezidis and the battle eventually ending up in a victory for the Empire and the Muslims. He describes that this place did not pay

9162: 8189:"Serdana gundekî kurdan li Ermenîstanê - Malpera Nûkurd: Li pey şopen nû! (www.nukurd.com) Nûçe, Ziman, Çand, huner, magazîn, vîdyo, wêne û hwd" 3515:

The belief of some followers of other monotheistic religions of the region that the Peacock Angel equates with their own unredeemed evil spirit

15801: 5134: 4083: 1121:. Yezidi manuscripts, called mişûrs which were written down in the 13th century, contain lists of Kurdish tribes who were affiliated to Yezidi 9602: 6137: 8192: 1952:

this. Ali Agha al-Balatayi responded favourably to Mîr Elî Beg's invitation and a few days later, arrived with a small escort at the town of

9885: 9189: 1789:(The Killing of Yezidis and the Revenge of the Martyrs of Van), he recounts the Pasha of the city assembling an army of 7,000 soldiers from 1027: 15753: 13101: 10350: 9136: 3255:

communities abroad. The most significant of these is in Germany, which now has a Yazidi community of more than 200,000 living primarily in

6783: 6218: 4967: 4236: 10575: 3078: 2972:. The Ba'athists created collective villages and forcibly relocated the Yazidis from their historical villages which would be destroyed. 6497:

The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name)

14789: 14716: 11887: 10988: 5415: 2756:, who was also responsible for writing the first-ever Kurmanji novel in 1929 titled "Şivanê Kurmanca" (The Kurdish/Kurmanji Shepherd). 1629:

According to another document dating back to 1571 AD, the Prince of Bahdinan, Sultan Husayn Waly, demanded the Ottomans to send a

17715: 17187: 16300: 14589: 10966: 9520: 8606: 4006: 3985: 3934: 3672:

Captured women were treated as sex slaves or spoils of war; some were driven to suicide. Women and girls who converted to Islam were

636: 15040: 9702: 9232: 2968:

Traditionally, Yazidis in Iraq lived in isolation and had their own villages. However, many of their villages were destroyed by the

17811: 16672: 14880: 14754: 14739: 10898: 10580: 10435: 9955: 6314: 3708: 3568: 3504:

Through their history, the Yazidi people have endured much systematic violence as they upheld their religion in the face of severe

2455:, which is also used by almost all the orally transmitted religious traditions of the Yazidis. The Yazidis in the twin villages of 1377:

and Sunni Kurds. Two of the most known early and major expeditions against the Yezidis took place in 1246, when the Yezidi leader,

925: 9625: 7725: 7085:

Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes

2674:

writes that his people are Yezidi Kurds. He indicates his nationality as Kurdish, but specifies that they are Yezidi by religion:

1661:, a young, yet reputable military leader who gained fame after leading a counter-attack against Muslim raiders in his hometown of 10705: 9753: 9265: 9216: 4359: 1904:", the Yezidis were not granted religious rights that were enjoyed by other groups such as Christians and Jews under the Ottoman 4854: 2887:, most of whom follow Yezidism, showed that the populations with smallest genetic distance from Georgian Kurds were found to be 10378: 9820: 1451: 12679: 5802:

Kerborani, Bahadin Hawar (2021), "Paying the Price of Dasht-i Karbala: Historical Perceptions of Yezidis in the Ottoman Era",

3448:

In her memoir of her service with an intelligence unit of the US Army's 101st Airborne Division in Iraq during 2003 and 2004,

2987: 15988: 14900: 10256: 10226: 10159: 10113: 10080: 9567: 9499: 9431: 8582: 8550: 8423: 8106: 7989: 7959: 7646: 7460: 7433: 7406: 7379: 7227: 7153: 7024: 6991: 6958: 6907: 6873: 6803: 6725: 6685: 6660: 6633: 6589: 6562: 6505: 6478: 6297: 6238: 6201: 6174: 6074: 6044: 6017: 5990: 5955: 5851: 5819: 5703: 5671: 5595: 5561: 5433: 5342: 5298: 5240: 5182: 5075: 4804: 4549: 3764: 3013: 2248: 2222: 2014:, where they were confronted by a joint force of Yezidis and the Bahdinan who were led by Yusuf Abdo, a Bahdinan leader from 1879:

In 1785, the governor of Mosul, Abd el-Baqi Pasha led a raid on the nomadic Dina tribe of Yezidis living east of Tigris near

1609: 1509:. Yezidi leaders occupied important positions within the provincial Ottoman system and were appointed as governors as far as 906: 15966: 3621:

UN groups say at least 40,000 members of the Yazidi sect, many of them women and children, took refuge in nine locations on

3402:". Shah claimed Tawûsê Melek could be understood, from the Sufi viewpoint, as an allegory of the higher powers in humanity. 1038:. The shared features among the three religions can be traced back to an ancient faith that was probably dominant among the 16424: 16331: 15365: 12357: 6468: 6394: 1122: 1110:

origin, meanwhile still to a larger extent preserving pre-Islamic mythology, symbology, rituals, festivals and traditions.

8259:

Religious Minorities in Republican Iraq Between Granting Rights and Discrimination: A socio-political and historical study

6446:"مصير ميرزا باشا الداسني بعد عزله من ولاية الموصل عام 1651م وفق المصادر العثمانية:الباحث/داود مراد ختاري | موقع بحزاني نت" 5026:"Statement by the Commission of Inquiry on Syria on the second anniversary of 3 August 2014 attack by ISIS of the Yazidis" 921:, many Yazidis sought refuge in Western countries. Recently, some Yazidis have returned to their home villages in Turkey. 16326: 15483: 14764: 14360: 8964: 6349:"Genocidal Campaigns during the Ottoman Era: The Firmān of Mīr-i-Kura against the Yazidi Religious Minority in 1832–1834" 2699:

leaders, Baba Sheikh and the Mir, they found out that Yazidis are considered to be of Kurdish ethnicity and nationality.

1939:, the Yazidis of the Dina tribe came to the aid and the Mizuris were expelled from Amadiya, restoring order in the city. 9270: 8621: 6164: 5459:"The "Original" Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions" 4141: 4106: 16677: 16593: 16316: 16281: 15693: 15423: 15305: 14759: 13339: 11251: 10221:. Texts and Studies in Religion 62 (in Kurdish and English). Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. 8887: 8149: 7092: 5025: 3807: 2920:

As a result, population estimates are unclear in many regions, and estimates of the size of the total population vary.

2055:, Gabriel Dambo, were put to death. A large amount of the ancient manuscripts were destroyed or lost. The monastery of 6749: 3543:

began. In August 2009, at least 20 people were killed and 30 wounded in a double suicide bombing in northern Iraq, an

2666:

However, there is also evidence that Yezidis in the past too identified as Kurds, for example in a letter sent to the

16721: 15743: 14564: 11772: 10343: 9407: 9327: 8988: 8938: 8518: 8485: 8458: 8290: 7903: 7795: 7755: 7592: 7548: 7318: 7285: 7252: 7192: 6830: 6650: 5736: 4997: 4452: 4401: 4285:"Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in" 4220: 3661: 2328: 2324: 714: 2194:

Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman policies towards Yezidis gained a new dimension under the reign of

16809: 16794: 16390: 16378: 15796: 13349: 10928: 9358: 8007:"Refworld | The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucausus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)" 6064: 4585: 3536: 2844: 2419: 2239: 2118:. The Ezizan claimed descent from Abd al-Aziz, a son of the famous Islamic commander and companion of the Prophet, 933: 9838: 8084: 7979: 7396: 5980: 3430:, set during the Napoleonic wars, there is a Yazidi character named Adi. His ethnicity is referred to as "Dasni". 2169:

and defeated by Ottoman forces and Yezidi fighters. Bedirkhan had to surrender to the Ottomans at Evreh Castle in

1994:

and first entering and killing many inhabitants of the Yezidi village, Kallak-a Dasinyya, which was situated near

1669:

and in later stages of his life, also the Governor of Mosul. He and his troops fought for the Ottoman side during

17567: 16667: 16653: 16405: 16055: 15758: 15653: 14779: 14774: 14730: 14355: 13199: 12421: 11406: 10183: 10150:

Husseini, Rana (2012). "Chapter 15. The Historical and Religious Seeds of 'Honor'". In Clark, Kelly James (ed.).

6715: 6316:

The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire 1800-1850

6007: 5332: 4040: 2764: 9296: 9117: 7423: 5979:

Six-Hohenbalken, Maria Anna; Osztovics, Christoph; Schmidinger, Thomas; Hennerbichler, Ferdinand (22 May 2015).

17831: 17826: 16271: 15613: 15438: 14711: 13725: 13666: 13553: 13432: 13364: 11750: 11388: 11307: 10918: 10893: 10837: 8910: 8601: 4503: 3528: 44: 13845: 13720: 10325:

Rodziewicz, A., "Tawus Protogonos: Parallels Between the Yezidi Theology and Some Ancient Greek Cosmogonies",

9014: 6191: 4906: 2744: 17708: 17180: 15763: 15178: 14915: 14574: 14423: 14345: 13767: 12809: 12320: 10959: 10736: 10731: 3625:, a craggy, 1,400 m (4,600 ft) high ridge identified in local legend as the final resting place of 3376:, mentioning that they are considered to be "devil worshippers" by other ethnicities in the region. Also, in 3190:

each have between 3,500 and 10,000 Yazidis. Smaller Yazidi populations are also scattered throughout Russia.

2002:

until the 19th century. These forces proceeded to march and capture other Yezidi villages. After arriving in

1916:

By the early 19th century, Yezidis were involved in a long feud with the neighbouring Sunni Kurdish tribe of

1316:

after the exodus of the Yazidis from Serhed to the Russian Empire. Serhed is a region covering the cities of

10035:"'Islamic State tore our families apart. Now we're fighting back'. Meet the Kurdish women's resistance army" 4786: 1665:

and inflicting a devastating defeat despite being outnumbered. He went on to become the head of the Bashiqa-

16417: 15821: 15623: 12831: 11539: 10680: 8819: 6897: 6863: 6034: 3718: 3630: 3413:", some of the murderous foreigners are identified as belonging to "the Yezidi clan of devil-worshippers". 3372: 976:, although the latter, strictly speaking, is a tribal name. Some western scholars derive the name from the 13855: 6623: 6579: 6552: 2271:

confederacy and highly regarded by the Sultan Abdulhamid. Hasan Kanjo built a fortress at Haleli, east of

1195:

among the Yezidis. Sincaqs are sacred bronze effigies bearing the image of a bird or peacock to symbolize

17622: 16966: 16731: 16694: 16626: 16395: 15831: 15543: 15538: 15310: 13828: 13789: 13344: 13258: 12826: 12490: 11156: 10334: 9680: 8262:(doctoralthesis thesis). Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften. 7565:"UNHCR's Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-Seekers" 4684:"UNHCR's Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-Seekers" 4612:"On Vulnerable Ground – Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories" 4163: 3634: 3070: 2725: 1657:

During the first half of the 17th century, Yezidis became a very powerful entity under the leadership of

1233: 846:

There is a disagreement among scholars and in Yazidi circles on whether the Yazidi people are a distinct

501: 13860: 13850: 7857:

Spät, Eszter (2018). "Yezidi Identity Politics and Political Ambitions in the Wake of the ISIS Attack".

6522: 3808:"Biden said the killed ISIS leader persecuted Yazidis. Here's what to know about the religious minority" 2279:. Members of his tribe had been allowed to keep their Yezidi faith and were camped around the fortress. 1981:, who had declared independence from the Ottoman Empire, Muhammad Pasha had annexed several neighboring 17144: 16819: 16799: 16641: 16631: 16621: 16321: 16311: 16090: 14604: 14549: 14245: 12985: 12480: 11151: 11093: 10878: 10822: 10634: 10600: 10559: 8058: 3713: 3532: 3399: 1970: 608: 581: 548: 440: 86: 12573: 9099: 3957:"The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia" 3344: 2561:

Yazidis distinguish the name of their community from the name of their religion according the phrase:

1064:" religions; however, research published since the 1990s has shown such an approach to be simplistic. 17821: 17806: 16771: 16616: 16186: 15981: 15856: 15645: 15503: 14955: 13838: 13617: 13248: 12878: 12401: 11533: 11285: 11122: 11077: 10726: 10710: 10544: 8953: 2627: 2531: 2336: 1670: 1039: 686: 377: 13956: 9908: 8733:

Dogan, S, Gurkan, C, Dogan, M, Balkaya, HE, Tunc, R, Demirdov, DK, Ameen, NA, Marjanovic, D (2017).

7450: 6495: 6260: 5901:"Verwaltungs- und Gebietsstruktur der jesidischen Gemeinschaft zwischen dem 14. und 19. Jahrhundert" 4828: 983:(Yazid I). However, all Yazidis reject any relationship between their name and the caliph. The word 17701: 17627: 17173: 16858: 16829: 16473: 15360: 15320: 15275: 15065: 15055: 14860: 14609: 14434: 14370: 14340: 14230: 13995: 13904: 13872: 13833: 13745: 12642: 11867: 11803: 11273: 11258: 10952: 10792: 8692:"Y-chromosomal STR Variation in Kurds, Yazidis and Turkmans Populations in Iraq's Kurdistan Region" 8362: 7048: 6923: 2048: 2019: 1553: 1467: 1382: 1098: 1050: 871: 400: 12310: 10393: 10373: 9463: 7343: 7217: 4611: 3637:(PKK) intervened to stop ISIL and opened a humanitarian corridor for them, helping them cross the 1831:

Throughout the 18th century, Yezidi mirs of Sheikhan were subjects to the Kurdish Principality of

1517:

and river transportation of their territory through contact with other ethnicities and religions.

17816: 17086: 16834: 16498: 16231: 15811: 15748: 15698: 15658: 15603: 15238: 15233: 15123: 15070: 14960: 14890: 14686: 14492: 14407: 13612: 13590: 13389: 13211: 12736: 12352: 12279: 11963: 11334: 11134: 11043: 10746: 10421: 9886:"IS in Iraq: Yazidi women raped, murdered and sold as brides – Christian News on Christian Today" 6606: 6420: 4979: 4062: 3544: 3449: 1905: 1689:

In 1640, another expedition against the Yezidis of Shingal was launched by another Grand Vizier,

1159: 1155: 9517:"Who Are the Yazidis, the Ancient, Persecuted Religious Minority Struggling to Survive in Iraq?" 8597:"Who Are the Yazidis, the Ancient, Persecuted Religious Minority Struggling to Survive in Iraq?" 8510: 5055: 4337: 16789: 16648: 16518: 16493: 16363: 16115: 15678: 15573: 15533: 15513: 15370: 15345: 15250: 15223: 15173: 15143: 15133: 15050: 15015: 15000: 14985: 14940: 14875: 14544: 14475: 14380: 14375: 14116: 14039: 13801: 13683: 13607: 13404: 13394: 13253: 13221: 13159: 13130: 12637: 12632: 12416: 12297: 12257: 12042: 11383: 11378: 11358: 11354: 10933: 10832: 10807: 10762: 5762:"From Yezidism to Islam: Religious Architecture of the Mahmudî Dynasty in Khoshâb, pp. 369-383" 4394:

God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect: Sacred Poems and Religious Narratives from the Yezidi Tradition

3981: 3505: 3499: 3410: 3284: 3175: 3031: 2975: 2945: 2040: 1078: 886: 882: 558: 553: 508: 27: 10105: 10012: 8448: 7893: 5172: 4210: 3573: 3124: 2663:(the language of the Yazidis) and claimed that Kurds spoke their language and not vice versa. 2259:

foothills west of Shingal, Hasan Kanjo, a Yezidi chieftain, converted to Islam and joined the

1572:. Hussein Beg's father, Hassan Beg, had allied himself with the victorious Ottomans after the 1525:

The quality of Yezidis' grapes and honey is priceless, and their raisins are highly priced in

1426:

for the first time in the early 16th century and lived as semi-independent entities under the

17500: 17231: 17154: 16893: 16761: 16373: 16246: 16225: 16145: 16105: 15996: 15919: 15864: 15781: 15733: 15708: 15508: 15330: 15325: 15193: 15183: 15005: 14681: 14619: 14439: 14385: 13806: 13784: 13703: 13644: 13310: 12749: 12600: 11730: 11329: 11241: 10244: 10214: 9547: 9543: 8928: 8394: 8316:""Fatally Tied Together": The Intertwined History of Kurds and Armenians in the 20th Century" 8315: 7949: 7747:

Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change

7538: 6795: 6230: 5496: 5458: 5151: 4988: 4389: 3754: 3728: 3723: 3695: 3433:

A fictional Yazidi character of note is the super-powered police officer King Peacock of the

3421: 2944:, at the Syrian border 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Mosul. In Shekhan is the shrine of 2876:

and same homeland for thousands of years, as well as both coming from Indo-European origins.

1974: 1749: 1702:

These Yezidis were as wealthy as Croesus, All the multitudes of troops from the provinces of

707: 646: 12620: 12568: 9733:"Families flee as Islamic State extremists seize another Iraqi town, pushing back the Kurds" 9660: 8877: 8818:

Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Ozturk, Murat; Bendukidze, Nina; Stoneking, Mark (2005).

5091: 4332: 2785:

faith based on belief in one God, who created the world and entrusted it into the care of a

1824:. As had often raided the western provinces of Persia from his base in the mountains around 17588: 16988: 16870: 16804: 16766: 16662: 16588: 16583: 16508: 16356: 15974: 15909: 15899: 15884: 15791: 15718: 15688: 15663: 15628: 15588: 15583: 15558: 15428: 15350: 15300: 15280: 15270: 15158: 15105: 15080: 14930: 14925: 14905: 14870: 14855: 14799: 14569: 14502: 14470: 14350: 14285: 14151: 14029: 13882: 13762: 13661: 13573: 13541: 13536: 13384: 13116: 12485: 12369: 11953: 11713: 11324: 11268: 11219: 11204: 11057: 9491: 8746: 7477: 4185: 3694:, explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women. In December 2014, 3577: 3426: 2484: 2380: 2056: 1731:, Halitî (Xaltî), Çekvânî, Bapirî, Celovî, Temânî, Mervanî, Beddi, Tâtekî, Gevarî, Gevaşî, 957: 847: 832: 17642: 12684: 11566: 6166:

Turkey and the Politics of National Identity: Social, Economic and Cultural Transformation

6066:

Turkey and the Politics of National Identity: Social, Economic and Cultural Transformation

2598:

Me dîn Şerfedîn, atqad Siltan Êzîde. ("Our religion is Sherfedin, belief is Sultan Ezid.")

944: 8: 17770: 17430: 16930: 16888: 16814: 16689: 16611: 16140: 16110: 16095: 15914: 15889: 15869: 15846: 15773: 15723: 15703: 15618: 15608: 15563: 15523: 15478: 15473: 15463: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15433: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15375: 15285: 15260: 15138: 15128: 15090: 15060: 15045: 15030: 15020: 15010: 14975: 14970: 14920: 14865: 14840: 14784: 14641: 14624: 14512: 14507: 14497: 14365: 14166: 14079: 14024: 14000: 13887: 13772: 13730: 13525: 13374: 13002: 12794: 12669: 12448: 12235: 12120: 12048: 11938: 11859: 11686: 11339: 11163: 11009: 10883: 10623: 10468: 10039: 9938: 9737: 8626: 7710: 7634: 2929: 2748: 2686:

In addition, names of some Yazidi villages in Armenia contain Kurdish ethnonyms, such as

2639: 2364: 2264: 2119: 1573: 836: 58: 9974: 9860: 8750: 8174:Ուսուբ Բեկ: ուրվագծեր եզդի ժողովրդի, ազգապետերի մի տոհմի, հայ-եզդիական կապերի պատմության 6320: 3684:

winner, was kidnapped and used as a sex slave by the ISIL in 2014. In October 2014, the

1237: 17780: 17775: 17765: 17749: 17345: 17220: 17061: 17056: 17041: 17003: 16978: 16915: 16776: 16711: 16346: 16155: 16070: 15894: 15874: 15841: 15738: 15728: 15673: 15668: 15598: 15578: 15568: 15553: 15548: 15528: 15498: 15493: 15468: 15458: 15390: 15355: 15340: 15245: 15218: 15208: 15168: 15153: 15148: 15100: 15095: 15035: 14990: 14950: 14845: 14832: 14634: 14614: 14539: 14412: 14235: 13909: 13867: 13708: 13676: 13651: 13578: 13558: 13379: 13327: 13315: 13293: 12885: 12843: 12716: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12330: 12114: 12090: 11469: 11393: 11141: 11087: 10654: 10493: 10483: 10473: 10463: 10398: 10202: 9777: 9459: 8855: 8769: 8734: 8503: 8343: 7932: 7874: 7839: 7159: 6376: 5825: 5644: 5439: 4810: 4665: 4618: 4262:"For a Yazidi refugee in Canada, the trauma of ISIS triggers rare, terrifying seizures" 3466: 3417: 3246: 3187: 3157: 3102: 3074: 3047: 3009: 2996: 2872: 2815: 2740: 2423: 2415: 2260: 2177:

on the 4 July 1847. He was put in chains with his family and eventually transferred to

2111: 2062:

After putting Yezidis of Sheikhan to the sword, Muhammad Pasha invaded the rest of the

1901: 1329: 1143: 618: 16903: 12997: 12546: 12142: 11872: 9799: 4367: 3440:

weakest spots, a power that he claims is derived from communicating with Malek Ta'us.

3221: 2093: 1599: 17667: 17614: 17604: 17505: 17130: 17081: 17046: 16883: 16824: 16726: 16636: 16606: 16601: 16468: 16463: 16447: 16336: 16276: 16196: 16191: 16100: 15951: 15945: 15879: 15836: 15826: 15816: 15806: 15713: 15633: 15593: 15518: 15488: 15380: 15335: 15315: 15290: 15265: 15228: 15213: 15188: 15163: 15075: 15025: 14980: 14965: 14945: 14935: 14910: 14850: 14794: 14554: 14330: 13926: 13897: 13821: 13816: 13777: 13715: 13671: 13656: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13568: 13303: 13189: 12955: 12925: 12905: 12726: 12521: 12502: 12497: 12411: 12374: 12095: 12010: 11933: 11831: 11821: 11789: 11777: 11745: 11722: 11704: 11600: 11455: 11363: 11349: 11312: 11300: 11129: 11048: 11000: 10908: 10862: 10812: 10610: 10549: 10539: 10382: 10339: 10281: 10262: 10252: 10232: 10222: 10165: 10155: 10138: 10119: 10109: 10099: 10086: 10076: 9573: 9563: 9495: 9427: 9403: 8984: 8934: 8883: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8774: 8703: 8578: 8556: 8546: 8514: 8481: 8454: 8429: 8419: 8382: 8363:"The Kurds in the Former Soviet States from the Historical and Cultural Perspectives" 8347: 8335: 8296: 8286: 8102: 7985: 7955: 7899: 7878: 7843: 7831: 7791: 7751: 7642: 7588: 7544: 7497: 7456: 7429: 7402: 7375: 7324: 7314: 7291: 7281: 7258: 7248: 7223: 7198: 7188: 7163: 7149: 7113: 7088: 7030: 7020: 6997: 6987: 6964: 6954: 6903: 6869: 6799: 6731: 6721: 6691: 6681: 6656: 6629: 6585: 6558: 6501: 6474: 6380: 6368: 6293: 6234: 6197: 6170: 6070: 6040: 6013: 5986: 5961: 5951: 5857: 5847: 5829: 5815: 5742: 5732: 5709: 5699: 5677: 5667: 5648: 5636: 5601: 5591: 5567: 5557: 5534: 5526: 5478: 5443: 5429: 5396: 5338: 5294: 5236: 5178: 5071: 4993: 4941: 4814: 4800: 4752: 4710: 4669: 4657: 4555: 4545: 4499: 4448: 4397: 4216: 3760: 3733: 3681: 3585: 3308: 3229: 3199: 3179: 3118: 3061: 2969: 2802: 2300: 1892: 1836: 1716: 1690: 1556:

in 1534, the Yezidi leader, Hussein Beg was given the control over the domain of the

1409:'s reign, Yezidis served as troops, ambassadors and they were given lands to govern. 1196: 977: 840: 796: 681: 674: 603: 478: 458: 208: 13409: 13007: 12657: 12379: 10134:

Peacock Angel; Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and Their Sanctuaries

8859: 6348: 5370: 1135: 17744: 17739: 17472: 17335: 17291: 17239: 16973: 16908: 16898: 16572: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16483: 16458: 15904: 15786: 15683: 15295: 15255: 15203: 15198: 15115: 15085: 14995: 14885: 14749: 14701: 14696: 14255: 14220: 14193: 13951: 13936: 13811: 13735: 13585: 13563: 13471: 13332: 13111: 13074: 12930: 12915: 12863: 12647: 12627: 12595: 12590: 12561: 12556: 12468: 12458: 12267: 12231: 12223: 12194: 12107: 12027: 12022: 11985: 11975: 11901: 11839: 11681: 11518: 11368: 11026: 10888: 10649: 10639: 10488: 10478: 10192: 9468: 9363: 9332: 9301: 9040: 8831: 8764: 8754: 8374: 8327: 8263: 8131: 7866: 7823: 7489: 7141: 7136:

Ayhan, Tutku; Tezcür, Güneş Murat (2 April 2021), "Overcoming "intimate hatreds"",

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In Shingal, Yezidis had gained notoriety for raiding every caravan passing between

1694: 1582: 1378: 1207: 1163: 1118: 779: 737: 700: 613: 593: 13548: 9559: 9552: 8642: 7870: 7827: 7706: 7609: 5632: 4653: 4469: 3283:. Most are from Turkey and, more recently, Iraq and live in the western states of 2504: 2443: 1683: 1518: 1474: 1430:. The Ottomans had conquered Kurdish regions and installed their own governors in 1056:

Early writers attempted to describe Yazidi origins, broadly speaking, in terms of

17801: 17196: 17071: 17036: 16925: 16920: 16839: 16750: 16488: 16341: 16253: 16241: 16165: 16160: 16150: 16085: 16060: 16045: 16032: 16020: 15955: 14579: 14559: 14049: 13941: 13931: 13600: 13268: 13059: 13039: 12970: 12935: 12868: 12652: 12578: 12551: 12526: 12463: 12426: 12214: 12157: 11928: 11445: 11246: 11172: 11112: 11067: 11036: 10923: 10827: 10741: 10554: 10389: 9483: 8978: 8793: 8759: 8475: 8172: 7745: 7582: 6287: 5811: 5230: 4442: 3812: 3781:"Aziz Tamoyan blames unknown forces for crippling history and culture of Yazidis" 3673: 3580:

provided humanitarian aid to Yazidi refugees in Iraqi Kurdistan in December 2014.

3564: 3548: 3477: 3435: 3377: 3086: 2941: 2888: 2475:

Yazidi boy in traditional clothes. In Sinjar, male Yazidis used to wear pigtails.

2130: 2075: 1848: 1740: 1576:

and was famed for his diplomatic and political expertise, which helped him bring

1402: 1349: 1220: 1139: 1090: 1042: 1035: 878: 863: 855: 661: 568: 50: 10524: 9934:"Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms" 8257: 8006: 5978: 5067: 4574: 3956: 1473:

Yezidis were a large and numerous group living in many places, namely, based on

17682: 17480: 17444: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17314: 17270: 17259: 17051: 17026: 16306: 16236: 14706: 14594: 14534: 14250: 14225: 14010: 13914: 13796: 13740: 13693: 13106: 13054: 12950: 12920: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12873: 12769: 12689: 12662: 12615: 12605: 11617: 11280: 11263: 11082: 11062: 11031: 10817: 10782: 10690: 10619: 7564: 4855:"Iraqi Yazidis: Trapped Between the KDP and the PKK | The Washington Institute" 4683: 3685: 3601: 3592:

there was much upheaval in the Iraqi Yazidi population. Islamic State captured

3509: 3406: 3395: 3272: 3114: 3008:

that since 1992 were intended to make Yazidis identify as Kurds. A report from

2962: 2856: 2687: 2650: 2587:

Me dîn Şerfedîne û Êzî atqate. ("Our religion is Sherfedin and belief is Ezi.")

2348: 2320: 2195: 2174: 2107: 1917: 1840: 1744: 1732: 1427: 1374: 1271: 1263: 1131: 1114: 1094: 1046: 997: 894: 563: 528: 17693: 11882: 9645: 8433: 8331: 7034: 5777: 5474: 4880: 3519:, has incited centuries of persecution of the Yazidis as "devil worshippers". 2315:, who together with many Armenians, fled from the Ottoman Empire in masses to 2263:

together with his tribe. He later became the right-hand man and lieutenant of

905:

clerics for their religious practices. Despite various state-sanctions in the

17795: 17583: 17536: 17495: 17458: 17328: 17225: 17210: 17124: 17076: 17066: 17031: 16983: 16960: 16935: 16699: 16528: 16523: 16400: 16201: 16050: 14629: 14183: 14064: 13456: 13451: 13399: 13236: 13174: 13069: 12960: 12858: 12789: 12721: 12711: 12674: 12610: 12507: 12473: 12391: 12287: 12250: 12169: 12077: 11528: 11479: 11184: 10787: 10659: 10519: 10266: 10169: 10123: 10090: 9577: 8843: 8707: 8560: 8386: 8339: 8135: 7835: 7501: 7145: 7117: 7001: 6968: 6735: 6695: 6372: 5965: 5861: 5713: 5681: 5640: 5605: 5571: 5538: 5530: 5482: 5400: 4945: 4756: 4714: 4661: 4559: 3626: 3589: 3300: 3183: 2953: 2892: 2868: 2838: 2826: 2753: 2344: 2316: 2276: 2268: 1999: 1978: 1557: 1423: 929: 914: 641: 538: 229: 13298: 10529: 10236: 9212:"Yazidis and other Iraqis in Lincoln offer different perspectives on crisis" 9069: 7927: 7493: 7328: 7295: 7262: 7202: 5746: 3982:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" 2272: 2022:. These joint forces then left their positions and relocated to the town of 1707: 1494: 1431: 1267: 651: 17546: 17423: 17356: 17215: 16950: 16716: 16513: 16221: 16216: 16206: 16040: 14769: 14671: 14527: 14215: 14210: 14188: 14178: 14059: 13491: 13426: 13369: 13354: 13320: 12945: 12853: 11849: 11740: 11735: 11586: 11556: 11430: 11398: 11146: 11117: 11104: 10913: 10852: 10847: 10700: 10695: 10675: 10644: 10509: 10285: 10142: 10132: 9758: 9665: 9630: 9597: 8851: 8794:"Refworld | Georgia: Treatment of the Kurds, in particular of Yezidi Kurds" 8778: 8691: 8300: 7730: 3622: 3288: 2850: 2732: 2721: 2704: 2635: 2623: 2527: 2431: 2387: 2376: 2356: 2227: 1948: 1888: 1844: 1534: 1390: 1285: 1127: 808: 598: 483: 468: 12992: 11637: 9821:"20,000 Iraqis besieged by ISIL escape from mountain after US air strikes" 9190:"Terrorized by ISIS, Yazidi refugees find welcoming community in Nebraska" 8957: 7981:

Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket

5944: 5514: 5425: 5174:

Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket

4796: 3535:. In August 2007, some 500 Yazidis were killed in a coordinated series of 2550:. And therefore, it is quite legitimate to speak of the unity of both the 2047:

was sacked, large number of its inhabitants were put to the sword and the

1298:, located in today's Iran (Yazidis lived in the western hinterland in the 17652: 17647: 17531: 17379: 17363: 17134: 17096: 16945: 16781: 16706: 16503: 16065: 14691: 14666: 14485: 14453: 14444: 14390: 14320: 14305: 14198: 14089: 13750: 13698: 13486: 13204: 13184: 13024: 12965: 12703: 12699: 12512: 12000: 11948: 11918: 11755: 11609: 11501: 11425: 11290: 11226: 11177: 10842: 10351:"Yezdistan versus Kurdistan: Another Legend on the Origin of the Yezidis" 10152:

Abraham's Children: Liberty and Tolerance in an Age of Religious Conflict

9956:"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq" 9544:"Chapter 2: Kurdish society, ethnicity, nationalism and refugee problems" 9442: 9321: 9319: 9205: 9203: 9167: 6090: 3677: 3551:

with explosive vests carried out the attack at a cafe in Sinjar, west of

3508:

and attempts to force them to convert to Islam and "Arabize" them by the

3383: 3320: 3000: 2523: 2304: 2296: 2231: 2199: 1817: 1769: 1703: 1679: 1658: 1486: 1333: 1245: 1241: 1199:. They serve as symbols of power for each administrative centre, namely: 988: 910: 828: 533: 513: 14005: 13946: 13049: 12443: 12262: 11811: 10802: 10777: 9593:"A Very Brief History of the Yazidi and What They're Up Against in Iraq" 8267: 6364: 1728: 1719:

these people have been rich, and no king had ever conquered them before.

488: 463: 17307: 16211: 14657: 14652: 14522: 14517: 14480: 14458: 14315: 14295: 14290: 14131: 14121: 14084: 13688: 13466: 13414: 13154: 12799: 12779: 12315: 12240: 12179: 11943: 11923: 11844: 11496: 11464: 11435: 11214: 11209: 11194: 10772: 8689: 3251:

This mass emigration has resulted in the establishment of large Yazidi

2782: 2275:, to serve as a base for fighting the desert Arab tribes including the 2162: 2123: 2031: 1825: 1809: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1147: 867: 523: 13496: 12335: 10857: 10206: 9316: 9200: 8875: 4785:

Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli, eds. (22 April 2021).

3370:

wrote about his encounters with the Yazidis several times in his book

2794: 2619: 2526:

also stated her opposition to any move separating Yazidis from Kurds.

2503:, while Yazidis remained faithful to the religion of their ancestors. 1545:Çelebi also reports that Yezidis collected fees by taking people from 932:

saw over 5,000 Yazidis killed and thousands of Yazidi women and girls

473: 17672: 17662: 17632: 17510: 17414: 17350: 17321: 17021: 16993: 16940: 16478: 16170: 16130: 14599: 14395: 14310: 14300: 14171: 14126: 14111: 14044: 13892: 13359: 13281: 13241: 13231: 13194: 13169: 13149: 13044: 12910: 12764: 12754: 12516: 12436: 12431: 12342: 12152: 12137: 12102: 12085: 12067: 11980: 11760: 11676: 11655: 11650: 11627: 11622: 11581: 11576: 11513: 11450: 11373: 11344: 11295: 11236: 11189: 9754:"40,000 Iraqis stranded on mountain as Isis jihadists threaten death" 8879:

The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World

7951:

The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World

7928:"Milete min Êzîd. The Uniqueness of the Yezidi Concept of the Nation" 7895:

The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World

4417: 3884:"Mir Tahsin Said Beg: Oberhaupt der Jesiden stirbt im deutschen Exil" 3855:"Iraqi Yazidis: Hazy population numbers and a history of persecution" 3657: 3646: 3609: 3608:. In early August, the town of Sinjar was nearly deserted as Kurdish 3597: 3276: 3260: 3234: 3035: 2832: 2555: 2411: 2319:, following their kinsfolk who had already settled in territories of 2256: 2252:

religious class to which all the male members of the tribe belonged.

2099: 2079: 2027: 1991: 1794: 1546: 1498: 1031: 918: 909:, Yazidis historically have lived peacefully in proximity with their 804: 334: 16:

Ethnoreligious group or Kurdish minority primarily from northern Iraq

17637: 12032: 11561: 10249:

Yezidism in Europe: Different Generations Speak About Their Religion

9231:

Roberts, Dave; McCartney, Rob; Petersen, Brandi (10 November 2014).

8240: 7707:"The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity" 7516: 6494:Çelebi, Evliya; Çelebi, Hâf?z Mehmet Z?llî Evliya (1 January 1991). 5761: 4284: 3140:. In September 2019, the largest Yazidi temple in the world called " 2991:

Two Yazidi men at the new year celebrations in Lalish, 18 April 2017

1478: 991: 17677: 17452: 17438: 17249: 16538: 16368: 16351: 16125: 16120: 14402: 14146: 14136: 13991: 13481: 13461: 13288: 13164: 13019: 12583: 12305: 12245: 12164: 12072: 12059: 12037: 12017: 11995: 11990: 11970: 11910: 11877: 11816: 11660: 11645: 11523: 11484: 11440: 11231: 11168: 11072: 10975: 10797: 10585: 10514: 10458: 10197: 10178: 9960: 9804: 9584: 8668: 8450:

Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq

8378: 8214: 7666: 6611:(Master thesis). Mardġn Artuklu Ünġversġtesġ. pp. 44, 75, 113. 5927: 5499: 5304: 5263: 5211: 4729: 4520: 3540: 3256: 3252: 3133: 2958: 2776: 2735:, the Kurdish identity played an important role for the Yazidis in 2692: 2671: 2551: 2496: 2452: 2403: 2395: 2178: 2115: 2094:

Attacks by Bedir Khan Beg and persecution of Yazidis and Christians

2063: 2036: 2007: 1966: 1957: 1897: 1752:), kelb-perest (dog worshippers), and firka-ı dal" (heretic sect). 1617: 1616:

In later periods, Sunni Kurdish princes, particularly those of the

1586: 1565: 1514: 1463: 1370: 1169: 1061: 1005:, "divine being". Another derivation of the word origin relates to 859: 800: 543: 411: 404: 373: 20: 19:

This article is about Yazidis, the people. For their religion, see

17165: 9792: 8575:

The Abu Dhabi Bar Mitzvah: Fear and Love in the Modern Middle East

6445: 6421:"Studien zur yezidischen Religionsgemeinschaft, Yezidische Helden" 3555:. In Sinjar, many townspeople are members of the Yazidi minority. 1798: 1521:

describes the quality of Yezidi products in the following manner:

987:

means 'the servant of the creator'. Other scholars derive it from

17541: 17485: 17465: 17387: 16955: 16135: 16080: 14676: 14275: 14240: 14161: 14074: 14015: 13919: 13622: 13476: 13226: 13179: 13064: 12940: 12759: 12184: 12147: 11958: 11508: 11474: 11317: 11018: 10615: 9951: 9446: 9233:"Nebraskan Yazidis want to stop carnage by Islamic State in Iraq" 6750:"Überlebenskampf der Êzîden: Die Schlacht von Semel im Jahr 1785" 4212:

International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress

3312: 3225: 3204: 3090: 3082: 2634:

Yazidis are regarded as ethnic Kurds in Georgia and Germany. The

2488: 2460: 2456: 2372: 2284: 2204: 2154: 2134: 2071: 2015: 1896:

semi-autonomous Kurdish principalities and the series of Ottoman

1873: 1843:

period. Amadiya was also home to a Jewish community and included

1832: 1816:, sent a force to subdue the Yezidi chieftain As after capturing 1666: 1662: 1642: 1569: 1526: 1490: 1447: 1406: 1348:

Every six months, the Yezidi Qewals, who are trained reciters of

1325: 1321: 1179: 1082: 980: 949: 902: 385: 381: 166: 145: 124: 10243: 9163:"From Germany to Iraq: One Yazidi Family's War on Islamic State" 8477:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

8032:"მრავალეთნიკური საქართველო (მოკლე ცნობარი): საქართველოს ქურთები" 7422:

Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (22 April 2021).

7247:. John S. Guest. London: Kegan Paul International. p. 191. 5229:

Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (22 April 2021).

3162:

In Russia, the largest population of Yazidis is concentrated in

2355:. The other column marched southeast along the left bank of the 17657: 17551: 17490: 17298: 17254: 17244: 16878: 16533: 14584: 14463: 14448: 14267: 14156: 14141: 14099: 13877: 13755: 13029: 12784: 12774: 12386: 12347: 12189: 11797: 11767: 11491: 10767: 10605: 10595: 9861:"Islamic State crisis: Yazidi anger at Iraq's forgotten people" 9617: 9535: 9488:

Fear Up Harsh: An Army Interrogator's Dark Journey through Iraq

4975: 3642: 3638: 3593: 3482:

Fear Up Harsh: An Army Interrogator's Dark Journey through Iraq

3471: 3333: 3304: 3268: 3213: 3209: 3171: 3163: 3145: 3066: 3030:

Yazidis in Syria live primarily in two communities, one in the

2980: 2949: 2717: 2654: 2508: 2464: 2427: 2399: 2368: 2360: 2340: 2215:, including both the commoners and the clergy, took shelter on 2208: 2150: 2103: 2074:

which capitulated after a brief siege. The entire region, from

2044: 2023: 2011: 1953: 1926: 1911: 1861: 1821: 1736: 1711: 1538: 1510: 1482: 1459: 1439: 1353: 1337: 1307: 1295: 1281: 1211: 1188: 1151: 1103: 898: 820: 588: 518: 355: 313: 292: 250: 187: 54: 12975: 10381:, photos and a description of Yezidi life in Lalish, Iraq, by 8817: 8613: 8150:"Усув Бег: курды-езиды благодарят императора России | RiaTaza" 8122:

Chantre, Ernest (1895). "Notes ethnologiques sur les Yésidi".

7478:"The Kurdish Principality of Hakkariya* (14Th-15Th Centuries)" 4907:"Jesiden in der Türkei: Alte Heimat, neue Heimat - Qantara.de" 4107:"The Yazidi people: who are they and why are they on the run?" 3756:

Our Bodies, Their Battlefields: War Through the Lives of Women

3645:. Some Yazidis were later escorted back to Iraqi Kurdistan by 2649:

Conversely, during his research trips in 1895, anthropologist

2129:

Yezidis were object of extra attention from Bedirkhan. During

1748:

hacc u zekât vermezler (they do not know anything about these

1341: 936:, as well as the flight of more than 500,000 Yazidi refugees. 752: 17515: 17370: 17264: 17091: 16075: 14280: 14054: 14034: 14019: 13595: 13421: 13216: 13079: 13034: 13014: 12174: 11571: 11417: 11199: 10685: 10629: 10590: 10534: 10073: