749:
217:
197:
173:
31:
185:
383:
1831:
663:, over the treatment of civilians, reprisals remained a standard tactic: following the death of Salminger in a guerrilla ambush in late September, Lanz issued an order demanding "ruthless retaliatory action" in a 20 km area around the place of the ambush. As a result, at least 200 civilians were executed, including 92 in the village of
711:, the Italians offered resistance. Lanz himself was initially in favour of negotiating the Italian surrender, but in the end followed his orders and stormed these islands. In Cephalonia, the battle raged for a week before the Italians surrendered. After their surrender, and according to a directive from Hitler,
769:
massacre did not happen. He claimed that the report to Army Group E reporting the execution of 5,000 soldiers had been a ruse employed to deceive the Army command, in order to hide the fact that he had disobeyed the Führer’s orders. He added that fewer than a dozen officers were shot and the rest of the
768:
in the area. In Lanz's case, the biggest issue was the
Cephalonia massacre. However, his defence team cast doubt on the allegations concerning these events, and as the Italians did not present any evidence against him, Lanz convinced the court that he had resisted Hitler's directives and that the
670:
Although these large-scale operations proved to have little permanent effect on the guerrilla groups themselves, the reprisals instilled sufficient terror in the local population to deter cooperation with the guerrillas. Furthermore, in late 1943, pressed by both the
Germans and rival leftist
715:
by the
Germans. Lanz was present in Cephalonia both during the battle and the subsequent massacre. In Corfu, resistance lasted only for a day, but all 280 Italian officers on the island were shot and their bodies were disposed of in the sea, on Lanz's orders.
1418:
Die
Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des
1423:
The Knight's Cross
Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal
810:". On 1 February 1951, Lanz was released after his sentence was commuted to time served. To date, he is the only person to have served a prison sentence for the atrocities committed in Epirus or the Ionian islands.
1941:
1916:
535:, he was again dismissed on 20 February, although the decision to abandon the city without a fight had been taken by Hausser against Lanz's orders. On 25 June he was appointed provisional commander of
640:
of entire localities for guerrilla attacks was common, with directives to execute 50 to 100 hostages for each German casualty; only four days before Lanz assumed command, men of the 98th
Regiment of
655:, he had little in common with the energetic and fanatical young officers of the division like Salminger. Lanz was certainly no Nazi, and his involvement with the circles of the
365:, and was subsequently employed in staff duties, being promoted to lieutenant-colonel and Chief of Staff of IX Army Corps on 1 March 1937. After a period of command of the 100th
1931:
1936:
1896:
1239:
Charles B. Burdick: Hubert Lanz. General der
Gebirgstruppe 1896–1982, (= Soldatenschicksale des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts als Geschichtsquelle, Bd. 9), Osnabrück, 1988,
817:
party and served as its adviser on military and security issues. In 1954, he published a book on the history of the 1st
Mountain Division. He died in Munich in 1982.
659:
was known; after its failure, he was said to sleep with a revolver under his pillow. Despite Lanz's personal misgivings and his clashes with his subordinate, General
1780:
802:
Ultimately, Lanz was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment, a comparatively light sentence compared with other commanders involved with operations in the
Balkans, like
1891:
564:
507:
Relieved of command on 17 December 1942, he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross on the 23rd. Following the collapse of the German front after the
1577:
1911:
1871:
1443:
Die italienischen Militärinternierten im deutschen
Machtbereich 1943 bis 1945. Verraten – Verachtet – Vergessen, (= Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte, Bd. 28)
1906:
1700:
880:
291:
699:
the Italian garrisons of the Balkans before the Allies could take advantage of it. Lanz was tasked with overcoming the Italian forces in Epirus and the
1921:
1759:
1256:
The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
1252:
Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
1901:
1466:
1347:
1881:
764:, along with other Wehrmacht generals active in the Balkans. The trial was concerned with the atrocities carried out against civilians and
683:, the dominant guerrilla group in Epirus, reached a tacit agreement with Lanz and restricted his forces' operations against the Germans.
1926:
577:
Panzer regiment to overpower Hitler's SS bodyguard. This "Plan Lanz" was known in certain military circles, including the leadership of
1866:
333:, specifically for several atrocities committed by units under his command in the Balkans. Released in 1951, he joined the liberal
1693:
908:
848:
660:
454:
1312:
1531:
1508:
1485:
1431:
1406:
1301:
1282:
1263:
748:
843:
1876:
361:, being promoted to captain on 1 February 1928. In the period 1932–1934 he commanded a company in an infantry regiment at
399:
464:
Lanz continued to command the division during its advance in the Soviet Union, participating in the breakthrough of the
1686:
1566:
1450:
1387:
1368:
1322:
1244:
672:
641:
407:
250:
369:
Regiment from November 1937 to August 1938, he assumed the position of Chief of Staff of the Military District V.
1861:
1631:
651:
Lanz himself was often at odds with his new subordinates. A conservative officer of the old school, and a devout
536:
334:
272:
258:
1886:
712:
98:
1946:
1660:
613:
262:
724:
After the German retreat from Greece in October 1944, Lanz and his troops moved through the Balkans towards
1611:
322:
276:
860:
761:
350:
222:
573:
1821:
1501:
The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part VI: The Mountain Troops Volume 2: L–Z
947:
Blutige OuvertĂĽre. Lemberg, 30. Juni 1941: Mit dem Einmarsch der Wehrmachttruppen beginnt der Judenmord
814:
644:
under Lieutenant-Colonel Josef Salminger, an ardent Nazi, had executed 317 civilians in the village of
752:
The defendants of the "Southeast Case" in the dock at Nuremberg. Lanz is third from left in the back.
511:, on 26 January 1943 Lanz was promoted to general and placed in command of the Army Detachment Lanz (
240:
1005:
61:
477:
453:
broke out, in which the town's Ukrainian population participated, stirred up in part by German and
445:. There, the Germans discovered several thousand bodies of prisoners who had been executed by the
866:
796:
781:. His defence also argued that the Italians were under no orders to fight from the War Office in
531:, even though he was outnumbered by almost 4:1. Following the loss of the city to the advancing
516:
419:
1497:
Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil VI: Die Gebirgstruppe Band 2: L–Z
1796:
637:
395:
1856:
1851:
1595:
729:
508:
435:
423:
254:
8:
1678:
633:
629:
489:
607:
567:
formulated a plan to arrest Hitler during his scheduled visit to Lanz's headquarters at
280:
1460:
1341:
664:
586:
551:
While Lanz was in command of the defence of Kharkov, he, along with his Chief of Staff
520:
1527:
1504:
1481:
1446:
1427:
1402:
1383:
1364:
1357:
1318:
1297:
1278:
1259:
1240:
692:
652:
418:. With Felix cancelled, the division was transferred East, where it took part in the
1034:
30:
1835:
1775:
1754:
403:
318:
1558:
945:
636:
sweeps, during which several hundred villages were depopulated and often torched.
496:
move, on 21 August, Lanz sent a detachment of his men to raise the German flag on
1729:
1475:
836:
803:
696:
676:
624:. The Germans feared an Allied landing in Greece (a belief reinforced by British
617:
411:
190:
449:, as they could not be evacuated. As the news spread, a large-scale anti-Jewish
1739:
1710:
757:
700:
625:
330:
136:
36:
1801:
1380:
Kommeno. Erzählende Rekonstruktion eines Wehrmachtsverbrechens in Griechenland
1845:
1734:
1642:
1623:
612:
On 9 September 1943, Lanz assumed command of the newly formed (on 20 August)
301:
178:
65:
1749:
1724:
1606:
791:
656:
582:
578:
560:
556:
552:
524:
497:
450:
438:
202:
87:
515:), a formation made up of various German forces after the collapse of the
929:
854:
465:
346:
147:
826:
807:
704:
590:
493:
473:
382:
358:
126:
120:
1006:
Meyer, Hermann Frank: Die 1. Gebirgs-Division in Epirus im Sommer 1943
585:. However, on 17 February, when Hitler made his front visit, he chose
345:
Lanz entered the Army on 20 June 1914, shortly before the outbreak of
481:
458:
415:
386:
General Lanz entering city magistrate to take over power in occupied
362:
57:
1275:
War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941–1944
932:, EinĂĽbung in den Holocaust: Lemberg Juni/Juli 1941; in: ZfG 5/2001
782:
571:. To accomplish this, the plotters planned to use von Strachwitz's
532:
501:
485:
108:
1942:
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
1917:
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
457:
posters and proclamations calling for revenge against the "Jewish
329:. After the war, he was tried for war crimes and convicted in the
774:
737:
725:
645:
568:
528:
326:
1399:
Blutiges EdelweiĂź. Die 1. Gebirgs-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg
786:
778:
621:
540:
469:
317:(22 May 1896 – 15 August 1982) was a German general during the
83:
1272:
1426:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag.
1359:
Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44
889:
in the General Staff and Chief of Staff of XVIII. Armeekorps
708:
394:
On 15 February 1940, he was posted as Chief of Staff for the
387:
1812:
Charges dropped due to failing health. Committed suicide.
733:
680:
446:
442:
337:
and served as its adviser on military and security issues.
1708:
813:
After his release, Lanz became active in the ranks of the
832:
Golden WĂĽrttemberg Military Merit Medal on 30 August 1915
765:
1932:
Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres
1526:] (in German). OsnabrĂĽck, Germany: Biblio-Verlag.
1503:] (in German). OsnabrĂĽck, Germany: Biblio-Verlag.
1258:] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas.
1819:
1477:
All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943
1156:(in German). Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. p. 147.
1937:
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
756:
Lanz was brought to trial in 1947 in the so-called "
1273:Heer, Hannes; Naumann, Klaus; Shelton, Roy (2000).
1897:German people convicted of crimes against humanity
1356:
1334:Gebirgsjäger. Die 1. Gebirgs-Division 1935 – 1945
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
795:who had no right to be treated as POWs under the
686:
1843:
1201:
1199:
881:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
527:. Lanz was tasked by Hitler to hold the area of
402:for his performance in this position during the
292:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
1892:German occupation of Greece during World War II
1294:The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945
484:offensive through southern Russia and into the
1524:The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z
1119:
1694:
1494:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1035:Mörder unterm Edelweiß – noch immer unter uns
987:
985:
983:
973:
971:
969:
785:, and would therefore have to be regarded as
601:
581:, and was even communicated to Field Marshal
500:. Although the feat was widely publicized by
476:. In May 1942, Lanz's division fought in the
1171:(in German). Stuttgart: Belser. p. 133.
743:
353:, and ended it with the rank of lieutenant (
1872:Free Democratic Party (Germany) politicians
1229:
863:, 5th class (Lithuania) on 8 September 1933
434:In June 1941, Lanz led his division in the
406:. On 26 October, he assumed command of the
357:). He was retained in the reduced post-war
1907:Knights of the Order of Vytautas the Great
1701:
1687:
1520:Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z
1465:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1346:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1249:
1184:
1169:Die WĂĽrttemberger im Weltkrieg. 2. Auflage
980:
966:
892:160th Oak Leaves on 23 December 1942 as a
29:
1912:Military personnel from Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1473:
1440:
1166:
925:
923:
851:, 3rd class with Swords (Austria-Hungary)
820:
1415:
1363:. United States: Yale University Press.
1291:
1001:
999:
997:
896:and commander of the 1. Gebirgs-Division
747:
546:
381:
377:
1495:Thomas, Franz; Wegmann, GĂĽnter (1994).
1401:(in German). Berlin: Verlag Ch. Links.
1354:
1314:War in Italy, 1943–1945: A Brutal Story
885:Knight's Cross on 1 October 1940 as an
632:), and were engaged in continuous anti-
1922:People from the Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
1844:
1517:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
940:
938:
920:
909:Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler
713:more than 5,000 Italians were executed
1902:German people convicted of war crimes
1682:
1600:January 28, 1943 – February 20, 1943
1571:October 25, 1940 – December 17, 1942
1396:
1382:(in German). Köln: Romiosini Verlag.
1377:
994:
441:. On 30 June, his division conquered
1882:German Army personnel of World War I
1331:
1310:
1154:Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres
806:. His sentence was reviewed by the "
695:to the Allies. This began a race to
519:, including the elite troops of the
1135:
1098:Mazower (1995), p. 148 & p. 178
935:
398:. On 1 October, he was awarded the
146:12 years imprisonment; commuted to
13:
1250:Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) .
844:Military Merit Order (WĂĽrttemberg)
543:, a post he retained for a month.
14:
1958:
1542:
1181:Thomas & Wegmann 1994, p. 21.
719:
1867:Failed assassins of Adolf Hitler
1829:
429:
400:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
215:
195:
183:
171:
1927:People from TĂĽbingen (district)
1217:
1208:
1175:
1160:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1061:
1052:
1039:
372:
340:
321:, in which he led units in the
1665:August 20, 1943 – May 8, 1945
1636:June 25, 1943 – July 26, 1943
1028:
1019:
1010:
953:
736:, where he surrendered to the
687:Cephalonia and Corfu massacres
504:, Hitler was furious at this.
1:
1397:Meyer, Hermann Frank (2008).
1378:Meyer, Hermann Frank (1999).
1067:Mazower (1995), p. 177; Heer
914:
728:, where they participated in
480:and then participated in the
422:in April 1941 as part of the
1474:Steinberg, Jonathan (2002).
950:DIE ZEIT Nr. 26/2001; S. 90
773:Division was transported to
7:
1877:Generals of Mountain Troops
1441:Schreiber, Gerhard (1990).
1089:Mazower (1995), pp. 171–172
902:
861:Order of Vytautas the Great
10:
1963:
1641:General der Gebirgstruppe
1622:General der Gebirgstruppe
605:
602:Security warfare in Epirus
410:, which was earmarked for
16:German general (1896–1982)
1810:
1789:
1768:
1717:
1667:
1657:
1649:
1638:
1628:
1619:
1605:General der Panzertruppe
1602:
1592:
1584:
1573:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1336:(in German). Bad Nauheim.
1080:Meyer (1999), pp. 103–107
744:Trial and subsequent life
596:
555:(later chief of staff to
308:
297:
287:
268:
246:
241:General der Gebirgstruppe
236:
228:
208:
166:
161:
157:
153:
142:
132:
118:
114:
104:
94:
72:
43:
28:
21:
1709:Major defendants at the
1296:. McGill-Queen's Press.
1292:Hoffmann, Peter (1996).
1230:Sources and bibliography
1214:Fellgiebel 2000, p. 285.
1167:von Moser, Otto (1928).
1132:Lamb (1996), pp. 134–135
1116:Steinberg (2002), p. 214
1107:Steinberg (2002), p. 161
829:(1914) 1st and 2nd class
478:Second Battle of Kharkov
390:, Yugoslavia, April 1941
1781:Kurt Ritter von Geitner
1416:Scherzer, Veit (2007).
1223:Fellgiebel 2000, p. 64.
991:Hoffmann (1996), p. 280
977:Hoffmann (1996), p. 279
875:1st Class (8 June 1940)
872:2nd Class (22 May 1940)
867:Clasp to the Iron Cross
468:and the advance to the
1862:Epirus in World War II
1518:Thomas, Franz (1998).
1445:(in German). MĂĽnchen.
1355:Mazower, Mark (1995).
1311:Lamb, Richard (1996).
1205:Scherzer 2007, p. 494.
1058:Mazower (1995), p. 207
1025:Mazower (1995), p. 177
1016:Mazower (1995), p. 170
842:Knight's Cross of the
835:Knight's Cross of the
821:Awards and decorations
753:
565:Colonel von Strachwitz
420:Invasion of Yugoslavia
391:
62:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
1887:German mass murderers
1797:Maximilian von Weichs
1672:(German capitulation)
1332:Lanz, Hubert (1954).
751:
642:1st Mountain Division
638:Collective punishment
547:Plan to arrest Hitler
537:XXXXIX Mountain Corps
408:1st Mountain Division
385:
378:France and Yugoslavia
335:Free Democratic Party
259:XXXXIX Mountain Corps
251:1st Mountain Division
229:Years of service
1947:Reichswehr personnel
1612:Armeeabteilung Kempf
849:Military Merit Cross
730:Operation Margarethe
675:guerrillas, General
593:instead of Poltava.
559:and involved in the
509:Battle of Stalingrad
255:Army Detachment Lanz
1632:XXXXIX Gebirgskorps
1596:Armeeabteilung Lanz
1578:Walter von Stettner
1567:1. Gebirgs-Division
1193:Thomas 1998, p. 11.
1049:(2000), pp. 158–159
732:, and the Austrian
703:. In two cases, in
661:Walter von Stettner
630:Operation Mincemeat
614:XXII Mountain Corps
589:'s headquarters at
513:Armeeabteilung Lanz
490:Operation Edelweiss
263:XXII Mountain Corps
99:Cephalonia massacre
1277:. Berghahn Books.
797:Geneva conventions
754:
521:II SS Panzer Corps
392:
349:and served in the
1817:
1816:
1677:
1676:
1668:Succeeded by
1661:XXII Gebirgskorps
1639:Succeeded by
1603:Succeeded by
1574:Succeeded by
1550:Military offices
1533:978-3-7648-2300-9
1510:978-3-7648-2430-3
1487:978-0-415-29069-2
1433:978-3-938845-17-2
1408:978-3-86153-447-1
1317:. Da Capo Press.
1303:978-0-7735-1531-4
1284:978-1-57181-493-7
1265:978-3-7909-0284-6
697:disarm and intern
693:Italy surrendered
492:). In a symbolic
414:, the assault on
312:
311:
1954:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1776:Hermann Foertsch
1755:Ernst von Leyser
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1650:Preceded by
1620:Preceded by
1585:Preceded by
1576:Generalleutnant
1557:Generalleutnant
1555:Preceded by
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762:Nuremberg Trials
691:On 8 September,
679:, the leader of
608:Bandenbekämpfung
517:Italian 8th Army
404:Battle of France
319:Second World War
315:Karl Hubert Lanz
281:Security warfare
273:Balkans Campaign
221:
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187:
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177:
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143:Criminal penalty
123:
79:
53:
51:
35:Lanz during the
33:
19:
18:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
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1953:
1952:
1951:
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1760:Wilhelm Speidel
1730:Lothar Rendulic
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1707:
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1655:
1654:(new formation)
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1589:(new formation)
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921:
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905:
894:Generalleutnant
857:(1918) in Black
837:Friedrich Order
823:
804:Lothar Rendulic
746:
740:on 8 May 1945.
722:
689:
677:Napoleon Zervas
610:
604:
599:
574:GroĂźdeutschland
549:
436:invasion of the
432:
412:Operation Felix
380:
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1790:No decision
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54:22 May 1896
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474:Mius River
461:murders".
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1836:Biography
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1718:Convicted
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787:mutineers
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486:Caucasus
472:and the
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1045:Heer
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133:Trial
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766:POWs
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707:and
681:EDES
673:ELAS
447:NKVD
443:Lvov
237:Rank
73:Died
44:Born
815:FDP
789:or
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455:OUN
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