593:
39:
325:
601:
465:
717:, which concluded that "while there may be considerable doubts as to the justification for undertaking large-scale standardisation of Australian railways under present circumstances, there can be no doubt that the standardisation of main trunk lines is not only justified, but long overdue." By 1962, Melbourne was linked to Sydney by a standard gauge link, and by 1970 the standardisation of the transcontinental link from Sydney to Perth was completed.
550:
741:
133:
in World War II, he played a pivotal role in the manufacture of fighter aircraft in the defence of
Australia. As Director-General of Australia's Land Transport Board, he presented a report on railway gauge standardisation that ultimately led to the eventual linking of all Australian mainland capital
697:
Parochial state interests thwarted the plan from being adopted. New South Wales refused to ratify the agreement as only a relatively small proportion of the project cost would be spent in NSW, where almost all track was already standard gauge. South
Australia objected to the Darwin link being built
572:
Although
Beaufort bombers were advanced aluminium aircraft requiring complex and previously untried assembly processes, the first flew as early as August 1941. During 1942 they were delivered at the rate of sixteen per month and in 1943 at 29 per month. The last of 700 was delivered in August 1944,
443:
in 1926, despite some reluctance from the South
Australian authorities who jointly ran the inter-capital service. Clapp oversaw the reduction in running time for the service from sixteen and a half hours in 1928 to around fourteen hours in 1938 (with the departure time changed from 4:30pm to a much
294:
His normally unsmiling face masked the fact that Clapp did have a sense of humour. He shared his awareness of people making use of his surname's unfortunate association with "the clap", a sexually transmitted infection: when addressing a group of railwaymen he said, "I know what you fellows call me
290:
Clapp's cleanliness was matched by his punctuality, a quality he expected in his employees and in his railway. Improvements in service reliability earned the ultimate compliment by way of the following complaint published in a
Melbourne newspaper: "Mr Clapp's fiendish efficiency means that we have
270:
Harold Clapp famously quipped that "The railway is ninety-five percent men and five percent iron." He was possessed of a remarkable memory and learnt the names and faces of many thousands of railway employees. He regarded stationmasters, who dealt with the public at many levels, as "his front line
766:
On 21 October 1952 he died in hospital, leaving behind his wife, two sons and a daughter. Tributes were paid by many, including then Prime
Minister Robert Menzies. Journalist C. R. Bradish described him as "a remarkable man", with "sufficient power and imagination to give the Victorian Railways a
244:
Clapp arrived in
September 1920, and began an extraordinary period of reform of Victorian Railways. During his tenure, timetables were improved, larger and more powerful locomotives were built, services were improved, and the VR expanded operations into everything from motor coach services, a ski
367:
As an efficiency measure, Clapp dispensed with the "Canadian Red" locomotive livery introduced by his predecessor Sir Thomas Tait, replacing it with a plain black livery that required less cleaning. In other key developments that drew on his US railroad experience, he oversaw the introduction of
307:
Clapp was notable for his support and assistance to the farming sector. This reflected not only a desire to boost rail traffic through increased farm production and customer demand, but also a belief that the role and social responsibilities of the
Victorian Railways as an organisation went far
286:
Harold Clapp's fastidiousness for cleanliness was legendary. He was reputed to polish his shoes up to eight times a day, was renowned for running a finger along high shelves of country railway stations checking for dust, and earned the nickname "Clever Mary", after a popular brand of household
535:
Clapp's time at
Victorian Railways is often viewed as being the halcyon days for the organisation. However, during Clapp's tenure the VR was already struggling to match new competition from road transport, as well as to remain profitable despite the legacy of a network of short, inefficient
332:
At the time that Harold Clapp took over, the VR goods locomotive fleet was almost completely of 19th century designs that were largely obsolete. Clapp set about modernising the fleet, firstly with construction commencing in 1921 of 25 further examples of the prototype
693:
44,318,000. He further recommended and the linking of Darwin to the national network via a new standard gauge link to be built from
Queensland at a cost of £10,898,000, and a new inland standard gauge link through New South Wales and Queensland, cost £21,565,000.
299:. One day, he called in at the railway station and found the stationmaster and porter cleaning up the place. When my brother asked them what they were doing, the stationmaster replied, 'Didn't you know? The Bloody Disease is coming tomorrow for an inspection.'"
316:(for Victorian National Resources Development). These trains served to link up businessmen with primary producers and develop entrepreneurial relationships, as well as educate farmers on the latest developments and best practices in agricultural science.
627:
The Second World War, in generating greatly increased rail traffic through the shipment of men, munitions and supplies around the country, exposed the inefficiency of a national rail system built on several systems built to different gauges. Multiple
391:
Clapp focused on accelerating timetables, in many cases achieving considerable savings (and even more considerable favourable publicity for Victorian Railways) simply through better utilisation of existing technology. He introduced Victoria's first
540:
built in the late 19th century for reasons of political expediency rather than economic merit, challenges that were to bedevil Clapp's successors. The VR only turned a profit in two of the nearly twenty years that he was at its helm.
513:
The train was truly world class, running non-stop along its entire 190.5-mile (306.5 km) length at an average speed of 52 mph (83 km/h) between Albury and Melbourne, a speed comparable to that of the legendary
119:(7 May 1875 – 21 October 1952) was a transport administrator who over the course of thirty years had a profound effect on Australia's railway network. In two decades as its Chairman of Commissioners, he revolutionised
505:
was based on entirely pragmatic considerations. In an age before interstate air travel was common, politicians and heads of industry rode between Australia's two largest capital cities and the national capital
123:, with unprecedented attention to customer service and innovations such as more powerful locomotives, air-conditioned carriages, and faster services culminating in the introduction of the flagship
1362:
253:
Clapp enjoyed cordial relations with his staff, union officials, and was fortunate to have the support of highly capable Railways Ministers from both sides of politics, including future
1272:
728:
in 1982, followed by the standardisation of South Australia's non-metropolitan broad gauge network and most of the broad gauge network in western Victoria in 1995, including the main
1169:
510:
by train. The upgrade of the service was then a smart investment in promoting the Victorian Railways brand and its reputation to the nation's most powerful and influential people.
353:
locomotives available, there was far less development of new passenger locomotives during the Clapp era. Even so, the two classes that were ordered during his time (the 3-cylinder
279:, his concern for workers' conditions was genuine and he was personally responsible for improvements such as better sanitation facilities and the provision of decent cafeterias at
682:
compromised the ability of the railways to support the war effort and required upwards of 1,600 men at various break-of-gauge points to transfer cargo from one train to another.
763:
under its own power. The elderly Harold Clapp climbed into the cab of locomotive B 60 and sat at the controls, and was honoured by having the new locomotive named after him.
752:
In September 1951 Clapp resigned for health reasons but continued to act as a consultant to the Department of Shipping and Transport. On 14 July 1952 the first of the
685:
Clapp submitted a national rail plan for the complete conversion of the Victorian and South Australian broad-gauge networks to standard gauge, the conversion of the
456:
to allow unimpeded progress from one track section to the next, and design improvements to the existing A2 class locomotive fleet to increase power and efficiency.
308:
greater than simply the provision of transport. To this end, he introduced two special trains with the aim of developing the rural economy of Victoria, the
1377:
1352:
577:
1106:...the former Cats star and last Geelong premiership coach, who was known as the Geelong Flyer after the express Geelong-Melbourne train of his youth...
689:
and south-east South Australian narrow gauge lines to standard gauge, and the linking of Perth to Kalgoorlie by a new standard gauge link, at a cost of
410:
locomotive of 1907 design. In 1935 Clapp raised the maximum line speed limit on Victorian Railways from 60 to 70 mph (96 to 112 km/h) and the
1357:
592:
1323:
Screensound Australia archive of the launch of Spirit of Progress; Harold Clapp is seen addressing the crowd before Premier Dunstan launches the train
561:
In May 1939, with the outbreak of World War II imminent, Clapp was seconded by then Prime Minister Robert Menzies to become general manager of the
1047:
620:
Government to co-ordinate Commonwealth and State road and rail transport. In 1944, he was asked to prepare a report on the standardisation of
1280:
1367:
1177:
713:
Clapp's report was used in 1956 as a basis for further recommendations by the Government Members Rail Standardisation Committee chaired by
337:
heavy goods locomotive of 1918, as well as introducing three new classes of locomotive which proved to be of highly successful design, the
1273:"Linking a Nation: Australia's transport and communications 1788–1970 – Chapter 10: Mobility Culture in mid-twentieth century Australia"
1118:
229:
appointed Clapp as Chairman of the Commissioners of Victorian Railways in September 1920 on the recommendation of former Chairman Sir
714:
1382:
1372:
423:
38:
1226:
822:
376:
759:, which were to revolutionise train operations in Victoria, was delivered to the VR and travelled from NSW to Melbourne's
720:
Another key element of Clapp's 1945 proposal was delivered, at least in part, with the standardisation of the broad gauge
973:
753:
209:
1326:
573:
by which time production had shifted to Beaufighter fighter-bomber, of which 364 were completed by the end of the war.
181:
1170:"Linking a Nation: Australia's transport and communications 1788–1970 – Chapter 8: The Rise of Civil Aviation to 1970"
1015:
1256:
996:
521:
204:. By 1920, he was a Vice President of the Southern Pacific, as well as the Columbus Railway Power and Light Co and
1048:"VPRS 12800/P1 H 1667 – PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE VICTORIA – A2 CLASS STEAM LOCOMOTIVE No.906 GEELONG FLIER FIRST TRIP"
309:
192:. On 19 September 1906 at Providence, Rhode Island, he married Gertrude Vivien, daughter of Judge Arthur Noel of
952:
760:
721:
612:, where passengers disembarked from broad gauge trains from Melbourne to board standard gauge trains to Sydney.
380:
155:
562:
375:
Clapp also oversaw the introduction of important innovations in alternative motive power. These included the
605:
480:
In 1934, Clapp toured Europe and North America to investigate new developments in rail technology such as
569:
bombers in Australia. He was made chairman of the new Aircraft Production Commission in March next year.
407:
350:
261:
116:
28:
880:
1221:
756:
729:
453:
358:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
525:
369:
1144:
1051:
699:
226:
201:
88:
524:. Harold Clapp's personal involvement in its design and construction was all-encompassing, from the
725:
449:
445:
163:
67:
516:
403:
185:
159:
130:
1199:
1320:
609:
324:
918:
1122:
1073:
554:
419:
418:
was reflected by the train's name entering the local lexicon as a metaphor for speed; former
189:
1279:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 24 April 2008. Archived from
1176:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 24 April 2008. Archived from
1347:
1342:
748:, on its delivery run to Melbourne is passed by one of Clapp's earlier S class streamliners
444:
more convenient 7:00pm), achieved at very moderate cost simply through the introduction of
272:
414:
subsequently ran to Geelong on a 55-minute timetable. The public relations success of the
8:
565:
of the Commonwealth Department of Supply and Development, overseeing the construction of
254:
223:
1204:
1100:
494:
257:
233:, who had known Clapp prior to his move to the United States. With an annual salary of
158:
owner Francis Boardman Clapp and wife Isabella Pinnock, née Pierce. He was educated at
147:
125:
120:
94:
52:
854:
1252:
992:
948:
818:
686:
481:
280:
230:
171:
1302:
Laird, Phillip (December 1995). "Sir Harold Clapp's 1945 Report – Fifty Years On".
690:
581:
566:
234:
177:
968:
Tiffany, Carrie (10 November 2005). "In Conversation" (Interview). Interviewed by
427:
176:
In 1900 Clapp left for the United States of America, first obtaining work at the
616:
In February 1942, Clapp was appointed Director-General of Land Transport by the
969:
667:
629:
600:
264:
238:
197:
488:
service into the all-steel, all-air-conditioned, non-stop, high-speed express
1336:
707:
398:
1022:
641:
464:
439:
167:
679:
621:
617:
537:
489:
393:
276:
151:
135:
596:
Clapp's 1945 proposals for standardisation of Australia's railway gauges
549:
383:
to provide faster, more cost effective services than steam locomotives.
170:
Engineering Co. and later taking charge of motive power in his father's
1249:
Back on Track: Rethinking Transport Policy in Australia and New Zealand
484:. On his return, he began work on his ultimate project, upgrade of the
313:
947:. Dural, New South Wales: Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd. p. 177.
349:
heavy goods locomotive of 1929. With a large fleet of relatively new
861:. National Centre of Biography at the Australian National University
361:
classes) were of unprecedented size, power and technical innovation.
945:
Australian Railwayman: from cadet engineer to railways commissioner
703:
529:
507:
426:
was nicknamed "The Geelong Flier"; and even in 2005 current player
205:
193:
1098:"GEELONG GREAT: Bob Davis with the newly-restored Geelong Flyer".
1329:
A biography of Harold Clapp, written from a Christian perspective
302:
328:
Victorian Railways Petrol Electric railmotor, introduced in 1928
1363:
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
402:
in May 1926, which cut the journey time between Melbourne and
291:
lost another excuse for being late for work in the mornings."
1219:
Burke, David (February 2000). "Clapp's North South Railway".
740:
296:
406:
to just one hour, using existing rolling stock hauled by an
379:
electric suburban goods locomotives and the introduction of
245:
chalet, and creches to bakeries and raisin bread marketing.
1246:
855:"Clapp, Sir Harold Winthrop (1875–1952) Biographical Entry"
1247:
Laird, P.; Newman, P.; Kenworthy, J.; Bachels, M. (2001).
430:
was said to "run like the Geelong Flier of yesteryear".
1021:. Australian Railway Historical Society. Archived from
584:"or public services in the Commonwealth of Australia."
368:
electric lighting on VR locomotives and the fitting of
1145:"1928 Country Passenger timetables pages 35 & 36"
924:. Public Transport Users' Association. November 2001
587:
698:from Queensland rather than extending the existing
578:
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
501:Clapp's decision to invest considerable funds into
99:
Director-General, Commonwealth Land Transport Board
1327:"Only Ten Percent Iron": Sir Harold Winthrop Clapp
345:light-lines locomotives of 1922 and 1925, and the
1306:. Australian Railway Historical Society: 363–382.
899:
724:line connecting Adelaide to the transcontinental
166:schools, before serving an apprenticeship at the
1334:
188:of the West Jersey and Seashore division of the
1050:. Public Record Office Victoria. Archived from
141:
544:
1016:"100 defining aspects of Australian railways"
1321:Spirit of Progress: Australia's Wonder Train
319:
218:
1378:Australian expatriates in the United States
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1208:(Supplement). 31 December 1940. p. 16.
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
1353:People educated at Brighton Grammar School
852:
237:5,000, Clapp was Australia's highest-paid
1358:20th-century American railroad executives
1066:
1010:
1008:
859:Australian Dictionary of Biography Online
767:reputation they had never known before".
295:behind my back. My brother has a farm at
1233:
1198:
831:
739:
599:
591:
557:near the New Guinea coast in early 1945.
548:
463:
323:
184:, and among other work was in charge of
967:
817:. Melbourne University Publishing Ltd.
735:
1335:
1005:
986:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
386:
1301:
1227:Australian Railway Historical Society
1218:
942:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
459:
156:Melbourne Tramway and Omnibus Company
604:The break-of-gauge platform for the
303:The "Reso" and Better Farming Trains
271:soldiers". Although his approach to
1368:Australian people in rail transport
1121:. 21 September 2007. Archived from
991:. Melbourne: ARHS. pp. 12–14.
980:
911:
905:
812:
248:
210:East St. Louis and Suburban Railway
164:Melbourne Church of England Grammar
13:
853:Adam-Smith, Patsy (3 April 2007).
815:The Railways of Victoria 1854–2004
777:
632:points across the country between
16:Australian transport administrator
14:
1394:
1314:
989:North Williamstown Railway Museum
588:Commonwealth Land Transport Board
528:connecting the carriages to the
522:London and North Eastern Railway
37:
1295:
1265:
1212:
1192:
1162:
1137:
1111:
1091:
1040:
129:express train. Seconded to the
1383:Public servants from Melbourne
1373:People from St Kilda, Victoria
961:
936:
873:
287:cleaning product of the time.
182:Interborough Rapid Transit Co.
150:, Harold Clapp was the son of
1:
770:
744:Locomotive B 60, later named
553:Four Australian Beauforts of
987:Pearce; et al. (1980).
887:. Museum Victoria, Australia
563:Aircraft Construction Branch
142:Early life and career abroad
7:
1277:Australian Heritage Council
1251:. UNSW Press. p. 189.
1174:Australian Heritage Council
757:diesel electric locomotives
545:Wartime aviation production
262:Prime Minister of Australia
180:He was then engaged by the
93:Chairman of Commissioners,
10:
1399:
1119:"Premiership Players Club"
730:Melbourne-Adelaide railway
472:headed by locomotive S301
154:coach operator and future
25:Sir Harold Winthrop Clapp
943:Fitch, Ronald J. (2006).
700:Central Australia Railway
320:Motive power improvements
219:Victorian Railways career
202:Southern Pacific Railroad
172:Brisbane Tramway Co. Ltd.
114:Sir Harold Winthrop Clapp
103:
89:Southern Pacific Railroad
83:
75:
60:
45:
36:
23:
676:5 ft 3 in
638:3 ft 6 in
606:Sydney–Melbourne railway
446:Automatic Staff Exchange
68:East Melbourne, Victoria
761:Spencer Street station
749:
613:
597:
576:Clapp was appointed a
558:
477:
329:
196:. In 1908 he moved to
1149:victorianrailways.net
1078:victorianrailways.net
743:
603:
595:
555:No. 100 Squadron RAAF
552:
467:
420:Geelong Football Club
327:
190:Pennsylvania Railroad
919:"It's time to move!"
881:"Victorian Railways"
813:Lee, Robert (2007).
736:Retirement and death
726:Sydney–Perth railway
310:Better Farming Train
273:industrial relations
178:General Electric Co.
134:cities by a uniform
474:Sir Thomas Mitchell
387:Improved timetables
275:has been judged as
255:Premier of Victoria
1205:The London Gazette
1101:Geelong Advertiser
750:
614:
598:
580:(KBE) in the 1941
559:
503:Spirit of Progress
495:Spirit of Progress
482:diesel locomotives
478:
470:Spirit of Progress
460:Spirit of Progress
448:equipment between
330:
148:St Kilda, Victoria
131:Federal Government
126:Spirit of Progress
121:Victorian Railways
95:Victorian Railways
53:St Kilda, Victoria
824:978-0-522-85134-2
715:William Wentworth
687:Silverton Tramway
532:interior design.
281:Newport Workshops
231:Thomas James Tait
111:
110:
31:
1390:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:on 6 August 2008
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1003:
1002:
984:
978:
977:
965:
959:
958:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
923:
915:
909:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
850:
829:
828:
810:
677:
673:
665:
663:
662:
658:
655:
647:
639:
635:
582:New Year Honours
567:Bristol Beaufort
435:Adelaide Express
364:
249:Management style
215:
160:Brighton Grammar
87:Vice President,
41:
27:
21:
20:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1245:
1234:
1217:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1104:. 21 May 2006.
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1028:on 16 July 2011
1025:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
985:
981:
966:
962:
955:
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
916:
912:
904:
900:
890:
888:
879:
878:
874:
864:
862:
851:
832:
825:
811:
778:
773:
746:Harold W. Clapp
738:
675:
671:
660:
656:
653:
651:
650:4 ft
649:
645:
637:
633:
590:
547:
520:service of the
517:Flying Scotsman
462:
433:Similarly, the
428:David Wojcinski
389:
362:
322:
305:
251:
221:
213:
200:and joined the
186:electrification
144:
107:Gertrude Vivien
97:
91:
71:
65:
64:21 October 1952
56:
50:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1315:External links
1313:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1283:on 28 May 2008
1264:
1257:
1232:
1211:
1191:
1180:on 28 May 2008
1161:
1136:
1125:on 6 July 2011
1110:
1090:
1065:
1039:
1004:
997:
979:
974:Radio National
970:Robyn Williams
960:
953:
935:
910:
908:, p. 146.
898:
872:
830:
823:
775:
774:
772:
769:
737:
734:
668:standard gauge
630:break-of-gauge
624:in Australia.
610:Albury station
589:
586:
546:
543:
486:Sydney Limited
461:
458:
388:
385:
321:
318:
304:
301:
265:Robert Menzies
250:
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239:public servant
220:
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198:Columbus, Ohio
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1305:
1304:ARHS Bulletin
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1260:
1258:0-86840-411-X
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1222:ARHS Bulletin
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998:0-85849-018-8
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1343:1875 births
1200:"No. 35029"
680:broad gauge
490:streamliner
394:named train
381:rail motors
260:and future
152:Cobb and Co
136:track gauge
76:Nationality
70:, Australia
55:, Australia
1337:Categories
954:1877058483
771:References
702:link from
454:Serviceton
314:Reso Train
79:Australian
49:7 May 1875
424:Bob Davis
258:John Cain
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704:Adelaide
664: in
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508:Canberra
450:Ballarat
408:A2 class
351:A2 class
312:and the
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194:Brisbane
146:Born in
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476:in 1938
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339:K class
335:C class
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297:Ouyen
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