History of the Jews in Kingston upon Hull

68: 10833: 1008:, and by 1852, 40 boys and girls were in a rebuilt facility there, learning Hebrew, English and arithmetic. In 1838, there was also a free school for the poor. Due to the work of Philip Bender, Rev. Isaac Hart and others, schooling for boys and girls (which was segregated by gender) developed further, in West Street by the 1870s, and separate institutions were established in Osborne Street by 1887. A girls school was started in 1863, and with infants, it took in 200 pupils in 1900; under headmistress Miss Annie Sheinrog, this long continued, through to wartime evacuation in 5281: 8360: 783: 18318: 1218: 1163:, with effective cessation of arrivals in 1914. First World War xenophobic riots, worst in Hull, were directed at Germans, but also fell on Jews including those in Hull. In 1915, Rev. Isaac Levine of Cogan Street synagogue was beaten as a spy, dragged to a policeman by a drunk – who was himself imprisoned for five months. Hannah Feldman, past Lady Mayoress, was also a victim. Many families anglicised their German-sounding names at this time. 1641:, Paradies & Co sawmill, Marks & Sugarman steam cabinet works (furniture, First War 'planes), Zimmerman furniture stores, East Riding Furniture Co, and Arlington (Abrahams) bar/kitchen fitters. Another major trade (using imported leather and wood) was clog-, slipper- and boot-making: Rosen's slipper- and shoe-factory was a big employer; John Harris and Furmans shoe-shops were well-known. 590:

having survived overnight lashed to the rigging, realized the deaths of all 16 passengers. They were Polish Jews "chiefly in needy circumstances," mostly travelling jewelers and families. Amongst the bodies was a mother and five children, and a man reportedly stood upright, holding an open prayer book in his extended hand. Death and disease amongst the migrants was common.

690:, organised sports such as cricket, football, table-tennis and swimming, whilst for elders the Hull Jewish Friendship Club began in the mid-20th century. The Jewish (ex-serviceman's) Institute at 208 Anlaby Road, later Henry's nightclub, served numerous communal functions, as did the Parkfield Centre from 1973, later a Sikh Temple, behind the 198:, centred on Porter Street and the upmarket Coltman Street. The proportion of new young immigrants was always high, from mid-century settling around Osborne Street, growing the community to over 300 by 1851, 550 in 1870, and 2,000 by 1900. These families also progressed out along the same thoroughfares, accelerated by 1020: 665:, and women were aided by the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society of 1861. In 1869, general subscription funds were initiated for destitute, sick, and dying immigrants, and for the resident poor in winter. In the twentieth century, other groups included Hull Jewish Blind Society and an Orphan Aid Society. 1649:

bakers and butchers, delicatessens and fish-shops of old Osborne Street are often fondly remembered, especially Freedman the baker, and fish-fryers Levine's, and Barnett's. Similarly recalled are many city names: Reuben barbers, and Rossy Bros bookmakers (see Second World War – war service); Segal's,

943:) outside London may have existed from 1845 in Hull; certainly in 1850 one opened on Trippett Street, superseded in 1866 by a facility on George Street, and in 1919 by one at a local nunnery altered for the purpose, in use into the 1980s. There is a mikvah at Pryme Street Synagogue, finished in 2010. 1249:

In January 1917, Cpl Harry Furman (aged 20) rescued his pal Pte Simon Levine (aged 21), before both died of their wounds. Later that year, Solomon Ellis (previously Moshinsky) was killed, six months before his brother Nathan. Louis Newman was killed in France in 1917, three months before his brother

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In the early years, Jews in Hull found settled work primarily with other Jews or in self-employment. In 1838, bill-poster Michael Jacobs was summarily dismissed and accused of theft by a Dr. Johnson, allegations dismissed at court. A peddler in 1841 was racially abused, assaulted and threatened with

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In 1825 Solomon Meyer, pawnbroker and merchant (of Hull and Sheffield), and Israel Jacobs, jeweler and goldsmith (of Hull and Scarborough), as synagogue presidents, led Posterngate and Parade Row to amalgamate into the Hull Hebrew Congregation, 7 Robinson Row (off Dagger Lane), which was consecrated

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Whilst most migrants from the "Old Country" were transitory through Hull, many stayed (intentionally or otherwise) for days, weeks, or for years. Often, young men lodged temporarily with Jewish families in narrow lanes and terraced streets, borrowing money to work as ragged hawkers, later succeeding

317:, bought estates indebted to these Jews, and borrowed from them for construction, whilst also developing the Hull river-mouth as a major centre, for wool-merchants from England and Europe. Thus it is plausible that the early development of Hull was funded by Jews. Nevertheless, unlike a community in 1385:

Perhaps half the population of Hull was homeless or evacuated at some point, with Jewish children being sent away, many to non-Jewish homes, around East Yorkshire and beyond. Hull and Birmingham were sites of Government "operational research" into children and the civilian impact of bombing, led by

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From c.1780, a small plot at West Dock Terrace (later "Villa Place") saw burials until the last (of Joseph Lyon) in 1812. George Alexander, community leader and synagogue president, silversmith and coin dealer, and the Levy family then opened a Hessle Road site, which was in use until 1858. It sits

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gathered off School Street, in what was in 1887 consecrated as "Hull Central Hebrew Congregation," Waltham Street. Some joined Osborne Street in 1903, the rest in 1914 founded Cogan Street synagogue, refurbishing the neoclassical Salem Congregational Chapel, which had held 950. In 1928 a rabbinical

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food, such as herring with stale bread, migrants embarked onto cargo or cattle boats, for several cramped nights on straw pallets, wood boards or rolling decks, sometimes in befouled and unsafe conditions. One gale in 1845 claimed 26 ships off Holland, whilst the crew of a Hull-bound cargo steamer,

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Solomon Cohen (see Early history) was a successful pioneer of ready-made clothing in Hull. Tailors, mostly from Eastern Europe, were the leading trade by 1900: Rosenston, Sadolfsky, Shalgoskie, Goldbard, Leshinsky, Kaplan, Rosenthal, Weinstein etc.; later (AK) Jacobs, and Lipman & Silver. Many

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There was popular and political support in Hull for the emancipation of Jews from their legal restrictions. Nevertheless, the first apparently Jewish Mayor of Hull, was both a target of an acerbic political lampoon, which focused on his race, countenance, demeanour, intellect and loyalties, and of

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Rabbi Louis Miller, father of New York's Rabbi Alan Miller (see Notable people), was minister of the Hull Western Synagogue and headmaster of its Hebrew School from 1920–30. Eliezer Simcha Rabinowitz BA was from a rabbinical line, and as Hull's Minister in 1953, became the first communal Rabbi of

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centenary, decorated with an elegant crown, by Aaron Jacobs, jeweller and silversmith, forbear of synagogue presidents and clockmakers. As some diversified into market bazaars and general trading, there were Jewish barbers (Abraham Levis, 1791), cobblers (Michael Levy, 1812), tailors (Henry Levy,

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Communal efforts to support the arrival of Jews – mostly bound for America – encouraged some to stay, who then thrived particularly well in retail trades, and grew to be a community of over 2,500. Although probably never more than 1% of the area population, by the end of the twentieth century the

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Over 200 years, tensions amongst congregations came and went peacefully, except for occasional synagogue scuffles. It was conflict with newcomers that led established families in 1902 to build the Western Synagogue for over 600, on Linnaeus Street along Anlaby Road; it was new-built in Byzantine

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Various charities had merged into the Hull Hebrew Board of Guardians in 1880, which then had 1,646 recipients. A hundred years or so later it was renamed Hull Jewish Care, with an elders home on Anlaby Road from the 1950s until 2013. In 1909 John Symons had left £20,000 to establish a home for

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Living in a major port, Hull's Jewish community has a history of charity both to residents, and to transient and settling immigrants. The Philanthropic Society of 1848 was early among many voluntary agencies, running soup kitchens and clothing shelters, giving financial relief to indigents and

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Simeon Mosely (1815–88), prominent dental surgeon, was synagogue president, a Town Councillor, captain in the local volunteer brigade, and 1864 founding Worshipful Master of the Kingston Lodge. Longstanding mason Solomon Cohen (1827–1907), Sheffield-born clothier and synagogue president, was a

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and Baltic ports, skilled as tailors, drapers, cobblers, cabinetmakers, market traders and travelers. Established English and German Jews assisted those struggling in lodgings and terraces near the docks, as tensions and growing families spawned multiple synagogues. Jewish life in Hull came to

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Others who died were Flying Officers Harold Rathbone, and Bernard Tallerman; Lt David Queskey; Flight Sergeants Calman Bentley, and Gerald Cobden; Sgt William Hare; Co. Quarterm'r Sgt David Juggler; Lance Sjt. Cyril Bass; Cpl Mark Moses; Ptes Harry Garfunkle, and Harold Harris – "table tennis

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A large number of active Hull Jewish societies were founded, with branches of many national and some international associations, all with officers and committees drawn from the community. A number are discussed here, with many others now known only from book or newspaper references. Charity

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a knife over a financial dispute, although attacks on Jews in the street recurred for various motives. Later, domination of some trades and Trade Union involvement caused local resentment. Similarly, the propensity of sabbath-observant Jews to trade or wish to trade on Sundays was an issue.

8194:"AN ANCIENT SYNAGOGUE AT HULL .. there had been but two synagogues during the last hundred years. Recently I have had the privilege of perusing some hundreds of MSS. compiled some 200 years since, among which was one giving a description of the Jewish synagogue as it appeared up to the .". 549:

among Jews—specifically from Lithuanian towns via the Baltic to Northern English port – has been described. Even so, passage to Hull was often booked through unscrupulous agents. Husbands or eldest sons left first, and completed an arduous cross-border journeys by foot, cart, and train, to

916:(old reverend). Shul secretary and Minister Rev. Isaac Hart taught at the school around 1870. Abraham Elzas, who was educated in Holland and well-traveled, was a minister as well as master of the Hebrew school, and a mason. He also published translations of several books of the Bible. 11669:"ALIENS v. ENGLISHMEN .. labour by foreigners. Take the tailoring and shoemaking trades. There was a very large amount of this sort of work done in the district. The Polish Jews had taken the trades, and very few Englishmen are now employed. The Jews worked for less, and gradually .". 880:(1928). Rabbi Mordechai Schwartz, in Hull since 1920, published sermons, and in 1926, the anti-Darwinian Faith and Science. Schwartz was involved in a major dispute over Cogan Street synagogue. In 1931 Rabbi Samuel Brod (arrived Hull 1898, d.1938) published a book of articles on the 981:

In 1935 the Osborne Street congregation sought space at Marfleet Lane; buried there is synagogue secretary Phineas Hart (d. 1952 age 80), who helped destitute immigrants; it also contains a Commonwealth war grave of Signalman Benedict Korklin, who died in the Second World War.

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Mid-century trading businesses, like Lewis & Godfrey's fancy bazaar of the 1850s, Magner Bros' fancy goods dealers & importers, and Haberland & Glassman's 1867 grocers, became major merchant firms toward 1900. Dumoulin & Gosschalk of Finkle Street were classic

13366:"HUMOUR FOR JEWISH SOLDIER .. Much satisfaction will be felt among the local Jewish community at the announcement of the award the Military Medal to Private Louis Shapero, East Yorkshire Regiment, for conspicuous bravery in rescuing wounded officer whilst under fire .". 593:

Some lost luggage or had no onward tickets, and sometimes most arrived destitute. On landing many walked into the Old Town to temporary lodgings, like Posterngate's Harry Lazarus Hotel, (a grave name in Delhi Street cemetery). Most proceeded west, by Osborne Street to

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Shenker's, and Sultan's curtains, furriers Blooms, Blank, and Silver, Goldstones wallpaper and paint, Bennetts glass, Couplands carpets, and Myers wholesalers. AK Jacobs had garages pre-war, whilst Car Marks number-plates came later. Actress Mira Johnson's gown shop

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Visible across the town in the post-war years were chains like Zerny's dry-cleaners, est.1892, and Goodfellows supermarkets (Oppel). Jewish tobacconists included several Vinegrads sweet shops, the family also ran pre-war wholesalers, and later radio shops. Now-lost

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The Hull Hebrew Literary & Debating Society was funded in 1895 for readings and music. The Jewish Girls Club was founded in 1900, and The City Club, Wright Street was founded in 1901. The Hull Judeans of Lower Union Street, founded 1919, later part of the

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as jewelers and watch-dealers. Frequently, illegal marriages occurred among the migrants. For some who stayed, their grown children eventually continued the journey, like Benjamin Hart (born Hull 1869), who sailed for America in 1912, but was lost on the

754:, a mob sacked a Catholic chapel on Posterngate, which was nearly opposite Dagger Lane; this was rebuilt and rented, as a "neat and convenient" synagogue for 25 to 30 worshippers. In 1809, a larger rival was founded at 7 Parade Row (later demolished for 11752:"HULL JEWS AND SUNDAY WORK. A number of Jews were summoned at the Hull Police Court on Monday for following their employment on Sundays. Mr Twits, the Stipendiary Magistrate. pointed out that it they came to England they out .. to obey the English .". 795:. The remainder of Jews from Robinson Row relocated in 1903, as Hull Old Hebrew Congregation, to an Osborne Street new-build, which was by then the main Jewish area. With adorned entrances and later facilities, it seated 350 men, and 350 women above. 9018:"NOTICE OF INTENDED REMOVAL OF HUMAN REMAINS AND MONUMENTS OR TOMBSTONES FROM THE SYNAGOGUE PREMISES .. NOTICE OF INTENDED REMOVAL OF HUMAN REMAINS AND MONUMENTS OR TOMBSTONES FROM THE SYNAGOGUE PREMISES (FORMERLY A METHODIST CHURCH), COGAN-ST .". 829:

but restored after the Second World War. It was sold in 1989 and later became part of the Heaven and Hell nightclub. The congregation merged with that of Linnaeus Street, taking new premises in Pryme Street, Anlaby, which were consecrated in 1995.

107:, dealing in valuables, jewelry, and later, silver and gold work, watch and clockmaking, as well as importing goods. Prosperity brought better synagogues, improved access to kosher provisions, and wider charitable, civic and professional activity. 12054:"MR MOSS'S MANDAMUS .. be thrashed until they are converted! It is needless to say that the missionary, dis- trusting this method' of conversion, declined to avail himself .. it has been reserved for Mr Ald. Moss to apply the forcible method .". 383:

1812) and cabinet-makers (Henry Meyer, 1826). In 1822 Joseph Levi was a "quil and pencil merchant," and Samuel Lazarus a hatmaker. In 1831 Joseph Jacobs ran a coffee house, and in 1834 Baruchson and Fawcett were importers and dealers in cigars.

15648: 1324:. Another was Fred Barshak, who had witnessed Kristallnacht in Vienna; like many he later found that his whole family had been killed. A violin prodigy, he studied law at Oxford and became a property developer; his children are comedian 1225:

About 50 Hull Jewish men died for their country in the Great War; many more fought but survived. A few of the communal tragedies were the deaths of Corporal (Cpl) Harry and Private (Pte) Marcus Silverstone, who were killed weeks apart

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Pamphlets (14 February 1801). "Says Dick .. (with a laugh) .. ancestors ador'd calf! True, quoth the Jew, but then we're told This calf was made of gold; And thro' the world friend Dick, you'll find, Gold is the idol of mankind".

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Oft-repeated claims of a presence in Hull toward the year 1700, are discounted by scholars as being based on false recollections or forgeries. Recorded communal memory suggests the first settlers in Hull were sometime after 1700.

1456:, and after the war ended, he was a Hull headmaster. His younger brother Harold was, by a family account, a cyanide pill-carrying decoder and operative in Italy/Austria, who was pressed to stay on past 1946 as a ski-instructor. 726:

men's and women's lodges and youth organisation provided links with other communities including Israel, whilst the Hull Jewish Representative Council after the Second World War managed political issues, later publishing Hull's

1557:), later only a few like watchmaker PS Phillips, Chappells (became Conleys / Paragon), and Segals, which survives (est. 1919). Synagogue president Louis Rapstone sold antiques in the town, as did TV personality David Hakeney. 1300:

Despite immigration restrictions, some of those fleeing Europe in the 1930s came to Britain, often via Hull. About 120 stayed in the area, at least for a time, including German-speaking doctors like Isserlin and Seewald (see

9003:"BONES IN SYNAGOGUE. HULL RABBI'S ACTION NOT SUSTAINED. JEWISH CHURCH LAW CASE. LONDON .. The Chief Rabbi, Dr Hertz, who recently visited Hull, has not sustained the action of the local Rabbi who placed ban upon worship .". 926:

and secretaries. Some individuals and families have featured in these roles for decades – at Linnaeus Street, the Rosenstons and Conrad Segelman, and at Osborne Street Harry Shulman. Nevertheless, it was often the modest

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In 1766, Isaac Levy of Church Lane was the first recorded resident, founding one of many dynasties of jewelers and watchmakers, with others soon in the lanes off Marketplace; located there was the equestrian statue of

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Jewish life in Hull grew in the bustling Old Town, perhaps 40 people in 1793, 60 in 1815, and 200 in 1835, with a few trading out in Beverley, York, Scarborough and Lincolnshire towns. A move west, around the arterial

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Linked to Hull's prominence in importing and processing Baltic timber, second to tailors in number were many small wood-workers and cabinet-makers, like Abraham Gutenberg of Osborne Street. Similar work-shops spawned

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In 1769, a local pamphlet claimed that the Wandering Jew of Jerusalem – a cobbler condemned for spitting in the face of Jesus – had arrived in Hull. No chains could contain him, and he never aged, as he awaited the

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Jews of Hull made an impact on the life of the city, and some became known in the broader world. Among the sons and daughters of the Jews of Hull (as well as many Lord Mayors and Sheriffs of Hull) were three

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silversmiths and clockmakers, he oversaw a workshop as polymath and inventor. A charismatic lecturer, president of Hull Literary & Philosophical Society, and the Mechanics' Institute, he led Hull at the

1194: 355:, it is documented that Jews came into Hull from Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Poland and the Baltic, bound for large Northern towns or London, some claiming to be converts to Christianity. 16213:"Louis Dreyfus and Co .. the well-known grain merchants, has been converted into a private company with a capital of £500,000. In Hull, where the firm has large interests, it is understood no change .". 402:(1812–69), son and son-in-law to community leaders Israel Jacobs, and Joseph Lyon (see Synagogues), became Master of the Humber Lodge and a Town Councillor, as well as synagogue president. Returned from 1382:; of the streets that completely disappeared, some had been Jewish strongholds – Lower Union Street, Paradise Place, Day Street; in this district, truly, "little, if any of old Hull is still standing." 4918:"ILL-TREATING A JEW .. William Robinson, Thomas Carrill, and John Lee, were summoned by Jacob Milerofsky, a jew, for throwing stones at him and breaking a quantity of glass which he was carrying .". 1343:

was no secret; and, it turned out, German plans to round up and kill people in Britain had been drawn up. Professor Theodor Plaut, at Hull University 1933–1936, was one of the listed Jewish targets.

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in London and other towns were always important. As they were largely excluded from society in Britain as in Europe, the Jews of Hull were for a time mostly poor, and their livelihoods were made via

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In East Hull is the 1858 larger Delhi Street site, with the earliest graves lost to a 1941 German bomb. Expanded c. 1900 it had a pre-burial hall and served Linnaeus Street and Osborne Street

11931:"LONDON .. one of the Commissioners of the Stamp-Office came to Portsmouth, in consequence of an information again Mr. Grecian Wolfe, Jew, for having counterfeit stamps in his possession .". 11278:"CURIOUS SELECTIONS .. Elizabeth, Jew convert, daughter of Rabbi Moses, was allowed two-pence a day, a consideration for being deserted by her family, on account of changing her religion .". 1506:

The Hull Association of Jewish Ex-Serviceman and Women continued to march annually in Whitehall into the 21st century. After 1945 Jews played their part in the rejuvenation of the city. (

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was bombed out in 1940. The Central Congregation moved to West Parade, and in 1951 to 94 Park Street (formerly Alderman Cogan Girls' School) closing in 1976 to merge with Linnaeus Street.

17721: 17716: 1466:), anti-aircraft Gunner Cyril Rosenthall and mechanic Aircraftsman Ronnie were both killed in 1941, whilst Ernie returned from Dunkirk and Burma. Morris Miller had died fighting in the 177:, across the UK and abroad. In 2016 the Hull community gathered to celebrate its 250-year history, which is documented in an archive, a key paper, various books, and on-line resources. 14803:"The 50th (Northumbrian) Division, 1944: 5th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment : Captain W J Sugarman; Lieutenant T F Lowe MC; Lieutenant-Colonel G W White; Lieutenant E J Crews" 1363:, with some Hull Jewish fatalities: auxiliary fireman Alexander Schooler, air-raid warden Abraham Levy, fire-watcher Louis Black, Mark Goltman on Beverley Road, and others in raids in 919:

Highly regarded ministers remembered included Revs. Harry Abrahams and Judah Levinson of Osborne Street; and Revs. Joshua Freedberg, David Hirsch, and Hyman Davies of Linnaeus Street.

8985:"BAN ON SYNAGOGUE Jews Forbidden to Pray in It Following Discovery of Family Vaults .. under the Cogan St Synagogue, Hull, Rabbi Schwartz has issued an order forbidding Jews to use". 1054:

The Jews of Hull often report their home as, for example, an "historic and welcoming city," which has shown "maximum tolerance and understanding to religious minorities." Ironically,

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Martin Samuelson was born in Hamburg to a Jewish merchant family, which converted to Christianity, probably in Hull. An iron-shipbuilding engineer, he was Sheriff and Mayor of Hull (

1378:), amid a City Centre "moonscape of bombsites, craters and broken buildings". The old housing and shops around Osborne Street and along Anlaby and Hessle Roads were later subject to 237:

After the war Hull-born Jews predominated, the area community peaking at 2,500 to 3,000, including some unlisted at synagogue or census, not counting the small, linked community in

41:, they maintained contacts with Europe, London, and many other – particularly Northern – towns. The small community produced its own institutions and leaders, which were tested by 17530: 6554:"RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS SUFFOCATED AT SEA .. After many weary days .. the agent packed all on a timber vessel .. to Hull .. fourteen young Jews were smuggled on a German steamship .". 1147:, highlighting Jews as litigious money-lenders, or mocking them as comical disputants; they routinely regurgitated London "column-fillers," such as any Jew accused of dishonesty. 12150: 11293:"LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTION OF CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS. MR. ISAAC WILSON, Bookseller, Lowgate, Hull, has received for Sale, copies of SERMONS Preached for this Society .". 9532: 17732: 13381:".. Mrs Shapero lost her husband a about a year. Six sons and one daughter survive. Of the sons three are in the army, Private Louis, who won the Military Medal for Bravery .". 6722:"Hull .. steamers ply daily between Hull and Hamburg .. the greater part of them being in a destitute condition .. Chebrah Kadish .. to be supported by small monthly payments". 955:

next to the landmark 1895 Alexandra Hotel, with Star of David overglazings marking a once-Jewish area, it holds Israel Jacobs, and Barna(r)d Barna(r)d, jeweller, watchmaker and

758:), by the respected and affluent Joseph Lyon (c.1765–1812) of Blackfriargate, pawnbroker, slopman (clothier) and silversmith. Lyon funded Samuel Simon as minister (see Rabbis). 12010:"To the Electors of the Borough of Kingston-Upon-Hull .. Civil and Religious Liberty requires yet to be fully vindicated by the admission of Jew to Parliament .. Edwin James". 1250:

Charles died at Ypres. Abraham and Joseph Sultan also both died in the war. Lieutenant (Lt) Edward M. Gosschalk, (aged 33) whose father had been Sheriff of Hull, died in 1916.

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fled the huge first Battle of Corporation Field. Anti-Semitism was widespread, even during the Second World War, in the Hull area, then suddenly taboo after 1945 newsreels of

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From 1870 on, boys state-schooling took hold, supplemented by early morning or evening communal Hebrew School, attached to the larger synagogues. The surviving Sunday morning

13545:"HULL TAILORS. ARMY WORK FOR THE LOCAL TRADERS. Hull master tailors have received a War Office contract for 1.500 soldiers' uniforms per week .. bv 28 local master tailors". 10262: 11578:"HULL POLICE COURT .. drunkenness and disorderly conduct .. the prisoners were charged with assaulting a German Jew and also with wilful damage .. on Christmas night .". 16449:"A print of Hull's Old Harbour, labelled "Entrance to the Old Harbour, Hull, showing Samuelson & Co shipbuilding yard at Sammy's Point. Painting by J.Wheldon c.1860" 8485:"Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy, 1820–1890: First Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature at Cambridge," Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England". 691: 1546:

Leading Jewish families in Hull at one time were mostly retailers, and some craftsmen, of precious wares and branded timepieces. Still-noted Victorian clockmakers are

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Fruit-machine manufacturer Jack Lennard, founded the Hull Council for Soviet Jewry, and the Wilberforce Council for Human Rights, as well as the Hull Jewish Archive.

2661: 14064: 11245:"CHRISTIANITY AMONGST THE JEWS .. annual meeting of the Hull Branch of the Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews was held at the Royal Institution". 8631:"The Hull Jewish community have secured .. Osborne Street for a new synagogue to accommodate all classes of worshippers, school for the education of Jewish boys". 7299: 6741: 6649: 6098:"THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS. IMPORTANT MEETING IN HULL. .. by requisition to the Mayor .. Town Hall.. expressing sympathy with the persecuted Jews in Russia .". 6022: 2359: 1019:

at Linnaeus Street, for boys and girls, was supplemented around 1966 by evening classes at Kirk Ella School, and soon relocated there. Latterly it was run at the

896:. Rabbi Chaim Joshua Cooper MA Ph.D. (1917–99), born in London, was renowned for his intellect as Hull's communal Jewish leader from 1960, active into the 1990s. 505:

were Jews, destined via Liverpool for New York or Buenos Aires, as well as for the Cape and also British towns. An expanding young population of Yiddish-speaking

17575: 6959: 2430:"MUSIC, DANCING TONIGHT .. LOUIS GOLD'S MONARCHS OF MELODY 8 to 12. Admission 2/6. EAST HULL BATHS SATURDAY, OCT. 21st DANCING to MAXWELL DANIELS and his BAND". 2041: 12949: 951:

Hull has five known Orthodox cemeteries, and a recent Reform one, with 2,500 burials in all, discounting an unsupported claim of a mediaeval Jewish cemetery.

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Quick, Michael (2020). Railway passenger stations in Great Britain. A chronology. 5th Edition. Railway and Canal Historical Society, Market Drayton. p.235

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The migration of Lithuanian Jews to the United States, 1880–1918, and the decisions involved in the process, exemplified by five individual migration stories

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The early English customs system; a documentary study of the institutional and economical history of the customs from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century

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in 1918; he lived until 1976. Pte. Louis Shapero also received the Military Medal for conspicuous bravery in rescuing a wounded officer whilst under fire.

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took extra-long Monday or Wednesday trains, bound for Leeds and Liverpool; London, Southampton and Glasgow were also common destinations. From 1885 the new

498:'s. This indirect route was not only much cheaper, for those observing strict kosher eating and other tenets, the shorter voyages were also less stressful. 17711: 17253: 14046: 8519:"SYNAGOGUE SCENE. STRANGE EPISODE COGAN ST. SPLIT COMMUNITY? Stormy scenes have taken place Cogan-street, Hull, result of dispute between two sections .". 7683: 12674: 3258: 16473: 11995:"Imperial Parliament. House of Lords. June 9. Jews. .. The Marquis of Westminster presented several petitions .. from Hull, Bristol and other places". 11444: 4742: 416: 15877: 395:, and in 1810 a founder member of the Humber Lodge of Freemasons, which later had synagogue president and silversmith Elias Hart as its Master mason. 17633: 17084:"Young Iady with experience in Wholesale Business .. Vinegrad and Co., Wholesale Tobacconists, Confectioners, and General Merchants, 47, Porter St". 16553:"HULL POLICE CLOTHING .. The tender for 500 great coats .. for the Hull City Police .. given to Messrs. Lipman and Silver, Charterhouse-lane. Hull". 16423: 11515:"VANDALISM AT HULL JEWISH CEMETERY DURING THE past few years vandalism at the Western Hebrew Congregational cemetery grounds has increased rapidly". 4242: 1566: 16841:"HULL AND EAST RIDING FURNISHING Co., 63, 65, & 67, ANLABY ROAD, HULL. OUR EXTENSIVE NEW PREMISES, ERECTED ESPECIALLY FOR THE FURNITURE TRADE". 14686: 8777: 7708: 5925: 14386: 10978: 2922: 1550:

and Isaac Lavine, also Bush, Carlin, Friedman, Lewis, Maizels, Marks, Shibko, Solomon, Symons and Wacholder. There were once many other jewelers (

17485: 9150: 17099:"RADIO Service at Its best. Dally van collection and delivery Moderate charges – Vinegrad's Modern Radio, 566. Hessle Rd. .. 27 Holderness Rd". 11261: 9506: 1264:

was Wing Commander Joseph Kemper MBE; born in Hull, he was one of five Jews who served in both the RFC, and in the RAF in the Second World War.

12904: 12502: 12040: 9492: 6611: 6166: 4400: 431:, Bethel became Jeweller to Her Majesty. Later Lieutenant of Hull Volunteer Rifle Corps, and president of Hull's Royal Institution, he founded 15319: 11215:"AMONG THE JEWS .. world would never be converted until the Jews first were. The conversion the Jews is the key the conversion of the world". 2782: 15109: 11848:"ISAAC GORDON WORSTED. The Court of Appeal to-day dismissed with the appeal Isaac Gordon, the money lender, in the case of Gordon v Street". 7450:"JEWISH CHARITY DANCE Members of the Hull Jewish Orphan Aid Society, assembled at the New York Ballroom .. in aid of the Norwood Orphanage". 1444:

Major (Maj) Wilfred "Billy" Sugarman MC (1918–76, son of Israel Sugarman, a tailor), was part of the first wave of troops ashore on D-Day at

16907:"MARRIAGE AT LINNÆUS-STREET SYNAGOGUE .. Miss Kay Goldman .. with Joseph Rosen, son of Mr C. Rosen, slipper manufacturer, of Roper-street". 6442: 1190:. The 1947 anti-Jewish summer riots, were worst in Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow, and in Hull windows of Hessle Road shops were broken. 18228: 17915: 17421: 13703:"A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 7, Holderness Wapentake, Middle and North Divisions. Garton. Manors and other estates" 10521:

History & Directory of East Yorkshire. .. [ Osborne Street .. 14 .. Hull Hebrew Girls' School; Miss Louisa Tournoff, mistress ]

1599:

aquarium now stands. His brother, engineer Alexander, worked with Martin in Hull, and another brother, schooled in Hull, was industrialist

12923: 12649: 7420:"Jewish Food .. proceeds of the concert .. in aid of .. Society for the Relief of Local Jewish Poor .. £14 4d .. with £7 Is donations .". 2081: 15034: 14086: 6491: 1198: 12974: 12759:

British Society and the Jews: a study into the impact of the Second World War era and the establishment of Israel, 1938–1948. PhD Thesis

7261: 3837: 17706: 14188: 12459: 9558: 7801:"Charities – Almshouses. British History Online. A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull" 1633:, and the Second World War, some clothiers survived – Levy's Northern, Gersteins, Premier Menswear, Regal Tailors (Schultz), and more. 13808: 10208: 1584:), Annis & Gordon, and Cecil Krotowski. Among grain importers was the Hull warehouse of the international Louis Dreyfus & Co. 11882:"A JEW'S PRACTICAL JOKE .. a Jew, named Alexander, brought an action against another Jew, named Jacobs .. to recover a small sum .". 7775:"A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull. Public services. Hospital Services and Homes" 170: 15059: 8922: 7969: 7160: 5772:"Trains and Shelters and Ships. Paper presented at a seminar under the auspices of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain" 4954: 1143:

In 1832, Jewish leaders in Hull were confusingly accused in print of "an offensive tax" on meat. For years local papers aired crude

18213: 16967:"BORIS FURMAN'S NEW SHOE SHOP TOMORROW .. 23, HOLDERNESS ROAD .. 19, ANLABY ROAD. 42 & 44, PORTER STREET. 76, CHARLES STREET". 15159: 1088: 351:

The first known arrival is of Israel Benjamin in 1734, claiming to be a convert, who later died in Leeds. Thereafter, at a time of

13986:

Spier, Howard (2003) Fred Barschak. A dash of eccentricity in the air? Association of Jewish Refugees Journal. Vol 3, no.11, p.11

12787: 11498:

SERIOUS RELIGION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC MANNERS: THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF EVANGELICALISM IN HULL. 1770–1914. PhD Thesis

8504:"DISGRACEFUL CONDUCT AT THE JEWISH SYNAGOGUE .. At the Police-court .. Mr Abraham Barnett .. for assaulting .. Mr Jacob Alper .". 8347:

SERIOUS RELIGION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC MANNERS: THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF EVANGELICALISM IN HULL. 1770–1914. PhD Thesis

8019: 7994: 7359: 6931: 1214:

The touching letters of Marcus Segal, who was killed in 1917, from the trenches to his Hull-born mother, evoke life at the front.

774:

c. 1851–1852, in Grecian-style with stained glass, it seated 200 men and 80 women in the gallery, but by 1900 it was overcrowded.

16700: 12178: 4157: 4027: 2115: 811: 428: 370:

marketplace, being in effect legally free in Hull to set up business; Jews ran many stalls and shops there until the late 1960s.

16952:"Look! 50,000 pairs of ladies shoes at Barnett Furman Church Side Market and 172 Holderness Rd. Come early to avoid the crush". 15406: 14918: 14283: 13581:"WAR TIME SALVAGE SALE THE YORKSHIRE COAST .. Among the larger buyers were .. Messrs. Sugarman, furniture manufacturers. Hull". 10291: 7119: 7015: 5942: 2595: 1359:. Hull was the British city that was proportionality most heavily bombed. A map of bomb sites shows where areas were hit by the 18351: 18279: 18079: 17480: 17155:"NEVER ON SUNDAY! .. But Ken Walsh, who runs Hull-based independent bookmakers Rossy Brothers, wants to stay open on Sundays". 17029:"CANADIAN GOODS CAN BE OBTAINED AT THE FOLLOWING SHOPS: .. GOODFELLOWS STORES, 90, The Quadrant, Cottingham Road (Tel. 8759)". 16194: 14944: 12840: 11802:"Cumberland's new Comedy The JEW .. Mr Wilkinson was induced to undertake that long and difficult character SHEVA (the Jew) ". 4624:

The middle-age of Anglo-Jewish history (1290–1656). In Papers read at the Anglo-Jewish historical exhibition, Royal Albert Hall

2565: 1630: 599: 33:, second only to London for links to the continent. Around then, a few Jews from German and Dutch cities lodged and settled in 16654:"MEN'S SUITS – FOR – SERVICE YOUTHS' SUITS Double Breasted BOYS' SUITS from 6 NORTHERN CLOTHING Co. Ltd. 67, King Edward St". 15209: 15009: 14387:"Fireman Alexander Schooler | Names on the Firefighters Memorial Page 3893 | The Firefighters Memorial Trust In Memoriam Book" 11963:"THE JEW'S COAT. Two Jews living in London were summoned Colchester on Tuesday for alternately using the same season ticket". 5445:

From Wolkowisk To Wallgate and Other Journeys: A History of the Wigan Jewish Community. Hilary Thomas, p.28 re Mosely family.

1320:

children, of whom at least 22 were brought up in Hull. Among them was Rudolf Wessely, father of psychiatrist Regius Prof. Sir

17930: 17495: 17387: 16937:"all leather soles, superior .. JOHN HARRIS Ltd. 298, HESSLE BD., 96–97, PORTER ST., 95, HOLDERNESS RD., and 323, HEDON RD". 16101: 15731: 15487: 15442: 14447: 14242: 14121: 13784: 13025: 12880: 12406: 12357: 11121: 11022: 9889: 9468: 9378: 9343: 9100: 8727: 8461: 8385: 7750: 7161:"JCR-UK: The Provinces and the Board by Nigel Grizzard, from Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain prepared by Aubrey Newman" 6828: 6587: 5661: 5604: 4876: 4376: 3813: 3767: 3626: 3588: 3485: 3144: 2876: 2538: 2287: 1977: 1717: 15705: 15259: 15234: 15134: 15084: 11112:

Hoeveler, Diane Long (2005). "Charlotte Dacre's Zofloya: The Gothic Demonization of the Jew". In Spector, S. A. (ed.).

3320: 12151:"Mass movement, Pals and trawlers: World War One in East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire – Arts and Humanities Research Council" 7953:"Hull Judeans' Club .. so active in sports, social, and cultural circles in pre-war days, has recommenced its activities". 5459:"Commissions signed by the Vice-Lieutenant of the East Riding of the County of York, and the Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull" 1663: 1606: 1590: 1580: 1572: 1516: 1379: 1306: 1302: 674: 670: 447: 207: 62: 16043: 14777: 11323:"JEW Society .. a collection was made in aid of .. the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews". 11230:"THE JEWS .. lecture .. by the Rev C. Godfrey Ashwin .. on .. superstitions of the Jews, and the means of removing them". 9257: 2003:"The Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society: Paper read before the Jewish Historical Society of England, 15th December, 1947" 1708:

Evans, Nicholas (2017). "The making of a mosaic: Migration and the port-city of Kingston upon Hull". In Starkey DJ (ed.).

1577:). Major Jewish egg importers included Max Minden & Co, and Fischoff; as well as Saville Goldrein (father of Neville, 18264: 17442: 15184: 14551: 10494:"A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull. Schools in Existence before 1945" 10021: 5856: 747:

A reference to a synagogue demolished in 1700, situated on the narrow Dagger Lane in the Old Town, has been discredited.

443:

for Marketplace ward from 1870, later an Alderman, chairman of Hull School Board and president of Hull Guardian Society.

339: 16150: 15345: 12517: 2319: 17869: 17743: 17658: 17115: 14356: 13925: 13677: 12624: 7465:"HULL JEWS' APPEAL FOR ORPHANS .. dinner in the Guildhall given by the Hull B'Nai B'Rith Lodge to launch an appeal .". 4162: 4032: 2120: 1280:

in Hull hit Jewish traders amidst others in Churchside marketplace, and homes such as that of Harris Needler's family.

1067: 967: 223: 17011: 15679: 11097:"The Wandering Jew .. appearance in Italy of a mysterious person, whom the multitude asserted was the Wandering Jew". 9338:. David Neave, Susan Neave, J. Hutchinson (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 551. 6956: 4216: 15789: 14871: 13844: 11778: 10929: 10869: 10719: 10684: 10649: 10614: 10584: 10469: 10434: 10399: 9997: 9962: 9924: 9843: 9711: 9623: 9211: 8961: 8818: 8298: 8220: 8119: 7483: 6411: 6142: 5994: 5422: 4665: 4573: 3912: 3740: 3664: 3108: 3048: 2757: 2503: 2052: 1744: 893: 250: 13421: 11003:

Cardaun, Sarah K. (2015). "Antisemitism in England and Britain: A History of Prejudice and Divided Responses".

6465: 4643:. Cornell University Library. London: London : Office of the "Jewish chronicle,". pp. xx, xxi, 43, 44, 85. 18218: 17414: 17380:

Miriam Bibbero Johnson: Family, Philanthropy, Fashion: A Biography of Hull's Actress-Entertainer (House of Mirelle)

16997: 8752: 8276:. Online at: University of California Libraries. London: London : Simpkin, Marshall & co. pp. 439–40. 5270:. Online at University of California Libraries. London: London : Simpkin, Marshall & co. pp. 180–191. 3887: 3420:"DEATH OF MR JULIUS MAGNER. .. 26, Coltman-street .. prominent Hull Jewish family .. resident in Hull since 1848". 2597:

From Kretinga to Sunderland. A Jewish chain migration from Lithuania. Cause and Effect. 1850-1930s. (undated paper)

1499:. He did not speak of his experiences for 70 years. From the Hull Northern clothing family, he founded and ran the 1496: 1418:

There were at least 18 Hull Jewish service fatalities, and many more decorated survivors, in the Second World War.

1399: 1387: 1175: 15624:"Bonhams : A second quarter of the 20th century oak timepiece P.S. Phillips & Co. Ltd. 1–4 Anne St. Hull" 14584: 11064: 6866: 989:. It is now the main Orthodox cemetery, one grave is of Annie Sheinrog headmistress (d.1985 age 94, see Schools). 18346: 18341: 18187: 18157: 17887: 17560: 17455: 8245: 7868:"'The Sunshine of Manly Sports and Pastimes': Sport and the Integration of Jewish Refugees in Britain, 1895–1914" 3838:"City of Kingston upon Hull (Unitary District, United Kingdom) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location" 1283:

The wartime economy offered a boom in outfitting for the military, and even airplane work and naval salvage. The

1107: 986: 595: 16881: 15293: 18289: 18089: 17961: 17603: 17585: 14331: 14258: 13869: 13291: 11353: 5628: 3260:

The written record and the spoken word. Religion, culture & history. The shaping of Hull's Jewish community

3080:

THE RISE OF PROVINCIAL JEWRY. The Early History of the Jewish Communities in the English Countryside, 1740–1840

2994:

Leaver, P.; Bower, E.; Tanner, C. (2016). "Religion, culture and history: shaping of Hull's Jewish community".

2637:"JCR-UK: West Hartlepool Hebrew Congregation (Synagogue closed) & Jewish Community, County Durham, England" 1023:, and lastly at Pryme Street synagogue, before closing around 2010. Michael Westerman was the last headmaster. 100: 16033:

Department of Agriculture (1905). Some British importers of farm products. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa.

15985:"HULL. Mr. Victor Dumoulin, Ottoman Consul, was on Monday elected President of the Hull Chamber of Commerce". 13902: 10519: 4717: 3949: 3078: 18274: 18223: 17910: 17696: 17505: 13422:"The Jewish Contribution to the Royal Flying Corps | British Jews in The First World War – We Were There Too" 11715:"A LIST OF EVENTS IN 5672 AND NECROLOGY: July 1, 1911, to June 30, 1912. Great Britain. Mass meeting at Hull" 10953: 9672: 9647: 9584: 7938:"HULL JEWISH GALA SWIMMING FINDING TEAM TO SEND TO OLYMPIC GAMES .. aim of the British Maccabi Association". 4597: 1486: 1438: 526: 522: 432: 14727: 14522: 13750: 12396: 10157: 1272:

In addition to the stress of having sons who were away at war, there was a surge of xenophobia at home (see

1087:

of Jews from England, such myths shaped how Jews were perceived, leading up to the Evangelical call for the

853:'s formation. Through the efforts of community leader and historian Jack Lennard, Linnaeus Street shul is a 18059: 17966: 17638: 17510: 13944: 6909: 4546: 3511:"What you need to know about Osborne Street in the city of Kingston upon Hull with the postcode of HU1 2PN" 1430: 931:(caretaker, beadle), who was the most familiar face, such as latterly at Linnaeus Street, Harry Westerman. 858: 254: 11643: 11469: 10493: 7800: 7774: 5899: 3706: 2245: 18321: 18049: 17874: 17864: 17550: 17520: 17407: 16765: 11308:"CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS .. baptisms of Jews .. Jews of every rank life were now confessing Christ". 10331: 9533:"Faith and Science, by Rabbi Mordechai Tzvi Schwartz, Rabbi of the Jewish Community of Hull, London 1926" 7235: 4526: 1915: 1626: 1027: 922:

As elsewhere, each synagogue had a sequence of not only ministers, but also presidents, vice-presidents,

487: 307: 187: 99:

Jews intermarried, thus uniting early rival congregations. Family, business and institutional links with

54: 18259: 14568:"HULL. – Mr Joe Seltzer, who recently died of wounds received through enemy action in another city...". 14233:

Atkinson, D. (2017). "Trauma, Resilience and Utopianism in World War II Hull". In Starkey, David (ed.).

9807: 8072: 4326: 4275: 2923:"Hull Civic Society lecture. Celebrating Two hundred and fifty years of Jewish Life in Hull. Transcript" 18233: 17399: 17230:"GREENHOUSE GLASS & DUTCH LIGHTS BENNETT'S GLASS WAREHOUSES 50, SPRING BANK 116, HOLDERNESS ROAD". 12908: 12696: 12381: 7210: 5312:. Online at: University of California Libraries. London : Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 576. 2933: 1500: 57:, the founder of the world's largest furniture maker, numerous doctors and lawyers, as well as actress 17140:"REUBEN'S Hairdressing Salons (Ladies' and Gent's.) 18, Cholmley St; Perms, machine and machineless". 15534: 11865:"MONEY-LENDER GETS HIS 60 PER CENT .. Justice Coleridge heard action brought H. Blumberg. Sheffield". 10783: 10758: 10093: 6316:""Their New Jerusalem": Representations of Jewish Immigrants in the American Popular Press, 1880–1903" 5329:. Online at University of California Libraries. London : Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 507. 3165: 2807: 1485:, but in 1949, at the age of 29, committed suicide, which was the same day his father was murdered in 872:, who was from a Lithuanian dynasty of Rabbis, served Hull to 1907; he was later the leading Rabbi in 598:, busy with horse-drawn traffic, across to the segregated Emigrant Waiting Room. Built in 1871 by the 17981: 17971: 16569: 16069: 15560:"Clock and Watch Research – Online Library – Search for clock and watch makers listed on the website" 15370: 13729: 12228: 11455: 8603: 5458: 3936:

Latin deed – acquittance by Aaron, the Jew of Lincoln .. to the men of Barton-upon-Humber. Year 1182

1407: 1167: 770:

had 100 seats, and a covered passage from the narrow cobbled street. Rebuilt under the leadership of

763: 479: 17044: 15479: 13730:"LIST of ALIENS to whom Certificates of Naturalization have been: granted by the Secretary of State" 10043: 803:

dispute erupted in the press over bones in its crypt, only re-buried in 1946 after the Cogan Street

17920: 17834: 17758: 17668: 17434: 16826:"STILL LEADING! SIDNEY ZIMMERMAN HULL'S LEADING FURNISHER, THE RENOWNED FURNISHING HOUSE OF HULL". 13396: 11004: 10132: 7501: 7334: 7041: 3376: 1776: 1565:," who were hide, wool and produce importers. Victor Dumoulin (Flemish b.Lille 1836) became Hull's 1482: 1332: 1231: 1035: 640: 615: 352: 131: 124: 17683: 16684:"BRING us your Agents Club Checks for Men's Wear – H. Gerstein. Gent's Outfitters, 1. Anlaby-rd". 14472: 14411: 13987: 13969: 11262:"The History of the London Society for promoting Christianity amongst the Jews. From 1809 to 1908" 10574: 9235: 8896: 8169: 5688:

Recall to Life: Imperial Britain, Foreign Refugees and the Development of Modern Refuge, 1789–1905

5173:. Archived at University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 218. 4089:

A PROFILE OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURY LINCOLN, ENGLAND. Dissertation

3038: 1651: 1595:). The spit of land which his major shipyard occupied is still called Sammy's Point, where Hull's 1287:, and a severe post-war depression eventually tipped many of the same businesses into bankruptcy. 18177: 17816: 17613: 17069:"MR L. VINEGRAD, 557, Hessle-rd.—Wanted, Lady Assistant for Tobacco and Confectionery Business". 16323:. University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. pp. 197, 238, 558. 15467: 14497: 13702: 12599: 12574: 10121:. Online at: University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 451. 8044: 7913: 6689:"The sweating system .. Isaac Smolenski landed at Hull, for America, without money for tickets". 4113:"Business Monks, Banker Monks, Bankrupt Monks: The English Cistercians in the Thirteenth Century" 4062: 3937: 3285: 2662:"The Jewish community in Newcastle, England, is shrinking. But it's getting some unexpected help" 2360:"A Litany of Violence in Lithuania: Understanding the Mass Death of Litvaks during the Holocaust" 2192:. Online at: University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 440. 1131:

Attacks on Jewish graves in Hull continue from the past, into the 21st century (see Cemeteries).

1103: 16639:"LONDON AND NORTHERN CLOTHING CO., 38. MARKET-PLACE, HULL .. GENTS' RAINCOATS and OVERCOATS .". 16334: 14308: 13244: 13223: 12814: 8144: 7658: 3688: 1448:, and he sustained multiple grenade wounds but led men onward. He went on to see more action in 966:. In 2002 vandals damaged 110 graves and smashed another 80 in 2011. The cemetery contains five 643:; she lived to be 91 years old, possibly the last survivor who remembered the Titanic disaster. 18294: 18019: 17991: 17768: 17595: 17345: 14988: 14065:"Last Minute News Trainloads of Jews Deported from Bulgaria Reach Poland; Sent to "death Camp"" 13656: 5446: 2612:"JCR-UK: the former Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation and Jewish Community, Yorkshire, England" 1867: 1124:

saw "a radical jew" and "an anti-christian movement". However, at that time, the editor of the

1095:. Arrivals to the port, (as elsewhere) were proffered Christianizing meetings and pamphlets in 956: 424: 392: 375: 46: 12950:"Free speech, Israel-Palestine and the battle to define anti-Semitism at British universities" 5227: 2611: 18269: 17996: 17859: 17275:"Maurice Coupland. 88, Ferensway. CARPETS, repaired, made up, rebound, and all alterations". 16601: 15283:

Cuckle, H (2022). Lieutenant F Schulz MD. The Hull Jewish Watchman. 29 April. Issue 1315. p8.

14711:"The Hull Western Synagogue .. was packed yesterday for the united service of Thanksgiving". 13497: 12260: 1449: 1239: 850: 846: 17246:"Bennett Mark in Hull – Mirrors; Picture Framers; Glass Merchants; Electrical; Home; Others" 16621: 13397:"Wing Commander Joseph Kemper MBE | British Jews in The First World War – We Were There Too" 12349:

The home front encyclopedia : United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II

7300:"The Jewish Year Book, London, 1907, edited by Rev. Isidore Harris – Provincial Communities" 5385:. University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. pp. 346, 451. 3402: 2969: 1896: 18304: 18172: 18141: 18131: 18039: 18029: 17905: 17806: 17701: 17626: 17621: 17215:"GOLDSTONE'S FOR ARTISTIC WALLPAPERS. H.GOLDSTONE & SONS, SHOWROOMS, 16, ANLABY ROAD". 15509: 13446: 9061: 9036: 8649: 8578: 6788: 4692: 3510: 1187: 1111: 1031: 619: 331: 191: 16922:"MEN wanted with experience in shoe factory – Apply C. Rosen Sons, Ltd. 283-5 Hessle-Rd". 11445:"Results | Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette | Publication | British Newspaper Archive" 4528:

Sketches of Hull Celebrities or Memories and Correspondence of Alderman Thomas Johnson Etc

2689: 904:

Samuel Simon was the earliest minister, serving from the 1820s to 1866. Simon was also a

257:, and Israel, with now 200 or less in the Hull area, mainly older people in recent years. 8: 18111: 18101: 17900: 17608: 17535: 13265: 9307: 7826: 4349: 2400:"ENORMOUS SUCCESS OF LOUIS GOULDEN (The Wizard of the Piano) And His Golden Serenaders". 1777:"Hull. In JCR-UK: Hull – Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)" 1596: 1530: 1227: 1179: 1144: 1092: 1055: 687: 471: 379: 318: 242: 162: 67: 16669:"NORTHERN CLOTHING CO. (HULL), LTD. 5 ANLABY ROAD, 90/92 FERENSWAY, 271 HOLDERNESS RD". 16372: 16125: 14969: 13641:"SALES BY AUCTION. Re ISRAEL COBDEN, in Bankruptcy. TO TAILORS, CLOTHIERS, AND OTHERS". 4354:. Robarts – University of Toronto. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. pp. 224–44. 1940: 677:, Civic leaders), created by bequest the Jacobs Homes for the elderly, on Askew Avenue. 18054: 18014: 17935: 17849: 17430: 16740: 16274: 15967: 15859: 15605: 14802: 14662: 14629: 14166: 13999: 13079: 13051: 12898: 12496: 12375: 12101: 12034: 11734: 11411: 11197: 11158: 10556: 10367: 9756: 9486: 9384: 8863: 8695: 8555: 8432: 7895: 7640: 7586: 7547: 7100: 6996: 6605: 6536: 6382: 6343: 6276: 6209: 6160: 6065: 5834: 5739: 5731: 5704:"The Transportation of Immigrants and Reception Arrangements in the Nineteenth Century" 5572: 5361: 5205: 5149: 5082: 5043: 4997: 4828: 4789: 4482: 4435: 4394: 4197: 4132: 4005: 3773: 3556: 3456: 3358: 2474: 2224: 2163: 2022: 1845: 1600: 1261: 1084: 1059: 889: 723: 514: 482:. Whilst tens of millions of Jews left mainland Europe between 1850 and 1914 by direct 283: 271: 241:

across the Humber. Jews were barely 1% of the City's population, or the wider suburbs.

34: 18: 16320:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

15918: 13471: 12352:. James Ciment, Thaddeus Russell. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2007. p. 236. 10893: 10118:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

9402: 9124: 8923:"Genuki: The Salem Congregational Chapel, Cogan Street, Hull, Yorkshire (East Riding)" 8273:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

7409:. University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 441. 7406:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

5968:".. the influx of foreigners, who arrive at Hull and from thence go to Manchester .". 5510:. University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & co. p. 608. 5507:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

5382:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

5326:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

5309:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

5267:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

5239: 5170:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

4368:

The wealth of England: the medieval wool trade and its political importance, 1100–1600

3862: 2717: 2189:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

1685:

General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull

18182: 18167: 18116: 18106: 17801: 17738: 17691: 17383: 17353: 16589: 16354: 16318: 16266: 16107: 16097: 15959: 15851: 15795: 15785: 15756: 15597: 15483: 15448: 15438: 15380: 14877: 14867: 14667: 14649: 14453: 14443: 14238: 14170: 14158: 14117: 13877: 13850: 13840: 13790: 13780: 12886: 12876: 12852: 12527: 12402: 12363: 12353: 12301: 12248: 12093: 12089: 11784: 11774: 11726: 11561: 11403: 11189: 11150: 11117: 11072: 11018: 10935: 10925: 10875: 10865: 10725: 10715: 10690: 10680: 10655: 10645: 10620: 10610: 10580: 10576:

A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull

10548: 10475: 10465: 10440: 10430: 10405: 10395: 10359: 10116: 10003: 9993: 9968: 9958: 9930: 9920: 9895: 9885: 9849: 9839: 9748: 9717: 9707: 9629: 9619: 9474: 9464: 9374: 9349: 9339: 9217: 9207: 9106: 9096: 8967: 8957: 8855: 8824: 8814: 8733: 8723: 8687: 8547: 8467: 8457: 8424: 8304: 8294: 8271: 8226: 8216: 7899: 7887: 7756: 7746: 7632: 7578: 7539: 7404: 7269: 7092: 6988: 6834: 6824: 6593: 6583: 6528: 6417: 6407: 6374: 6347: 6335: 6280: 6268: 6201: 6148: 6138: 6057: 6000: 5990: 5838: 5826: 5805:"Work in progress: Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 1836–1914" 5743: 5723: 5667: 5657: 5610: 5600: 5564: 5505: 5428: 5418: 5380: 5353: 5324: 5307: 5265: 5197: 5168: 5141: 5074: 5035: 4989: 4882: 4872: 4820: 4781: 4671: 4661: 4579: 4569: 4474: 4427: 4382: 4372: 4124: 3997: 3819: 3809: 3763: 3736: 3670: 3660: 3632: 3622: 3594: 3584: 3548: 3491: 3481: 3448: 3350: 3140: 3114: 3104: 3044: 3040:

A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull

2882: 2872: 2763: 2753: 2544: 2534: 2509: 2499: 2466: 2293: 2283: 2216: 2187: 2155: 2014: 1983: 1973: 1837: 1750: 1740: 1713: 1683: 1525:, jewish aristocrat and judge, was assistant staff officer in intelligence at Hull's 1467: 1445: 335: 166: 16498: 3216: 1688:. Online at: University of California Libraries. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 18299: 18121: 18044: 18024: 17796: 17781: 16585: 16581: 16346: 15475: 14657: 14641: 14150: 12293: 12244: 12240: 12122: 12085: 11684:"LOCK OUT OF HULL JEWISH TAILORS .. meeting of the Jewish Tailors Union, in Hull". 11010: 9388: 9368: 7879: 6957:

https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations-v5.02.pdf

6327: 6258: 6193: 5816: 5715: 4935:

A new and complete history of the town and county of the town of Kingston-upon-Hull

4466: 4261: 4257: 4153: 4068: 4023: 3166:"The Legacy of Hull's Jewish Community • The Jewish Community in Hull • MyLearning" 2458: 2333: 2111: 1625:

young women worked as seamstresses or tailor's finishers. After the depressions of

1470:

in 1938, before his brother Lance-Corporal (LCpl) Alfred Miller, who fell with the

1364: 1201:, triggered by the ongoing dispute about anti-Zionism and anti-semitism on campus. 975: 662: 611: 440: 412: 290:

Priory. Several of their credit agents, are recorded as named Jews of the ports of

275: 16811:"SAWDUST IGNITED .. on the premises occupied by H. Paradies and Co., sawmillers". 15623: 13563:"Cabinet Maker Foreman and Designer. Apply Marks and Sugarman 46 Osborne Street". 13346:"Hull Jewish Community Roll of Honour | Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918" 13129:"Hull Jewish Community Roll of Honour | Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918" 12675:"Anti-semitic Attacks in Britain Continue into Fourth Day; 700 Riot in Manchester" 11946:"JEWISH BREACH OF PROMISE. .. Benjamin Goldstein, the son of a Highbury furrier". 8098: 6263: 6246: 5821: 5804: 2415:"LENA HYMAN, the popular Hull vocalist, sails to-day for a tour of South Africa". 2382: 545:," emigration was often underpinned by informative correspondence with relatives. 18084: 16228: 13266:"Edward Meyer Gosschalk. British Jews in The First World War – We Were There Too" 12739: 11980: 11948: 11916: 11899: 11867: 11850: 11628: 7883: 7851:"HULL. At a general meeting of the Hull Hebrew Literary and Debating Society .". 6963: 2636: 1569:, later consul for the Austrian Empire, and chairman of the Chamber of Commerce ( 1471: 1317: 1160: 971: 854: 782: 607: 546: 502: 491: 360: 328: 147: 120: 84: 72: 10068: 7502:"JCR-UK: Hull – Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)" 7335:"JCR-UK: Hull – Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)" 4087: 3377:"JCR-UK: Hull – Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)" 1481:

Czech-born doctor Friedrick Schulz escaped a concentration camp, and joined the

18208: 18192: 18004: 17925: 17570: 16397: 16292: 14154: 13000: 12722:"ANTI-JEWISH RIOTERS SET FIRE TO A FACTORY ; THREATS NO SOLUTION COURT TOLD ". 9585:"JCR-UK: Rabbinical Profiles of Orthodox Ministers whose Surnames begin with M" 8753:"Genuki: The Jewish Synagogue, (Osborne Street), Hull, Yorkshire (East Riding)" 7867: 4638: 4470: 1453: 1426: 1422: 1368: 1325: 1254: 1243: 1039: 843: 839: 703: 530: 510: 506: 420: 407: 92: 58: 17290:"MYERS and CO. WHOLESALE invite all the trade to their New Modern Warehouse". 13794: 13305: 12890: 12552: 12319: 11014: 10809:"Hull Hebrew Congregation | Orthodox Jewish Synagogue in Hull, East Yorkshire" 9478: 9176:"Hull Hebrew Congregation | Orthodox Jewish Synagogue in Hull, East Yorkshire" 6331: 5771: 4386: 18335: 18162: 18074: 17844: 17653: 17357: 16593: 16358: 16350: 16270: 16111: 15963: 15855: 15601: 15559: 15452: 15384: 14653: 14645: 14457: 14439:

Jewish participation in the fire service in the Second World War: last voices

14162: 14138: 13881: 13611:" .. Marks and Sugarman, at 46, Osborne-street, Hull, has been dissolved .". 13498:"Updates on the Hull Zeppelin raid: 6/7 June 1915 [ Needler family ]" 13202:"Simon Levine & Harry Furman | Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918" 12856: 12531: 12305: 12252: 12097: 11730: 11496: 11407: 11193: 11154: 11076: 10743:"HULL. On Sunday last over 100 boys attending the Hebrew Evening Classes .". 10552: 10363: 9899: 9752: 9370:

Jewish Orthodoxy in Scotland: Rabbi Dr Salis Daiches and Religious Leadership

9110: 8859: 8737: 8691: 8551: 8471: 8428: 7891: 7760: 7636: 7582: 7543: 7273: 7096: 6992: 6838: 6597: 6532: 6378: 6339: 6272: 6205: 6061: 5830: 5727: 5671: 5614: 5568: 5357: 5201: 5145: 5078: 5039: 4993: 4886: 4824: 4785: 4478: 4431: 4128: 4001: 3823: 3636: 3598: 3552: 3495: 3452: 3354: 2886: 2548: 2513: 2470: 2297: 2220: 2159: 2018: 1987: 1841: 1547: 1434: 1340: 1321: 1310: 1171: 1080: 1005: 869: 792: 771: 542: 463: 399: 279: 231: 195: 22: 15878:"The Ninth Annual Report of the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1879–1880" 15799: 15781: