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level of decision-makers through direct engagement and dialogue between stakeholders and public agencies, to solicit ideas, active involvement, and participation in the community planning process. Active public involvement can help planners achieve better outcomes by making them aware of the public's needs and preferences and by using local knowledge to inform projects. When properly administered, collaboration can result in more meaningful participation and better, more creative outcomes to persistent problems than traditional participation methods. It enables planners to make decisions that reflect community needs and values, it fosters faith in the wisdom and utility of the resulting project, and the community is given a personal stake in its success.
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2793:, zoning was characterized as promoting health: 'the exclusion of buildings devoted to business, trade, etc., from residential districts, bears a rational relation to the health and safety of the community...by excluding from residential areas the confusion and danger of fire, contagion and disorder, which in greater or less degree attach to the location of stores, shops, and factories' (272 U.S. 365, 392). Yet, there was little to no epidemiologic evidence at the time suggesting that health improvements would come about by physically separating land uses, and some have suggested that zoning tended to concentrate health hazards and perpetuate disadvantages in poor urban communities (Maantay 2001)".
1702:. The damage brought on by the war provoked significant public interest in what post-war Britain would be like, which was encouraged by the government, who facilitated talk about a 'Better Britain' to boost morale. Post-war rebuilding initiatives saw new plans drafted for London, which, for the first time, addressed the issue of de-centralisation. Firstly, the County of London Plan 1943 recognised that displacement of population and employment was necessary if the city was to be rebuilt at a desirable density. Moreover, the Greater London Plan of 1944 went further by suggesting that over one million people would need to be displaced into a mixture of satellite suburbs, existing rural towns, and
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unimportant, they claim; it is the total metabolism of the development that determines the environmental impact. Also, they say that the emphasis needs to shift from sustainability to resilience, and the spatial scope from the city to the whole urban region. A further criticism is that the New
Urbanist project of compacting urban form is a difficult and slow process. In the new global situation, with the horizontal, low-density growth irreversibly dominant, and climate change already happening, they say it would be wiser to focus efforts on the resilience of whole city-regions, retrofitting the existing sprawl for sustainability and self-sufficiency, and investing heavily in '
934:(who had been appointed to the Office of Woods and Forests in 1806 and previously served as an adviser to the Prince Regent) and by developer James Burton. The design was adopted by an Act of Parliament in 1813, which permitted the commissioners to borrow ÂŁ600,000 for building and construction. The street was intended for commercial purposes and it was expected that most of the income would come from private capital. Nash took responsibility for design and valuation of all properties Construction of the road required demolishing numerous properties, disrupting trade and polluting the air with dust. Existing tenants had first offer to purchase leases on the new properties.
903:, built in stages between 1767 and 1850. The Age of Enlightenment had arrived in Edinburgh, and the outdated city fabric did not suit the professional and merchant classes who lived there. A design competition was held in January 1766 to find a suitably modern layout for the new suburb. It was won by 26-year-old James Craig, who proposed a simple axial grid, with a principal thoroughfare along the ridge linking two garden squares. The New Town was envisaged as a mainly residential suburb with a number of professional offices of domestic layout. It had few planned retail ground floors, however it did not take long for the commercial potential of the site to be realised.
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11th centuries, though, there appears to have been a general improvement in the political stability and economy. This made it possible for trade and craft to grow and for the monetary economy and urban culture to revive. Initially, urban culture recovered particularly in existing settlements, often in remnants of Roman towns and cities, but later on, ever more towns were created anew. Meanwhile, the population of western Europe increased rapidly and the utilised agricultural area grew with it. The agricultural areas of existing villages were extended and new villages and towns were created in uncultivated areas as cores for new reclamations.
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advancing social equity. The
Brundtland Commission, a United Nations entity, formulated a mission statement for sustainable development in its 1987 report that expresses the guiding spirit of sustainability: 'development that integrates environmental, economic, and social concerns and can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' This mission statement has launched a multitude of activities and interests focused on overcoming issues such as international trade barriers, widespread poverty, overpopulation, and climate change."
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founded in different parts of Europe from about the 9th century on, but most of them were realised from the 12th to 14th centuries, with a peak-period at the end of the 13th. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found new towns on their estates, in order to gain economical, political or military power. The settlers of the new towns generally were attracted by fiscal, economic, and juridical advantages granted by the founding lord, or were forced to move from elsewhere from his estates. Most of the new towns were to remain rather small (as for instance the
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1679:. It consisted of about 40 blocks, sized around 150 metres squared. The block contained an inner small public garden, disposed into a windmill configuration of inner access roads, making it awkward for car traffic. The big blocks form a gently undulating street pattern, north–south commercial, east–west arranged to catch the sea breeze. This was a simple and efficient manner to modernise the historical fixed grid patterns. A series of shaded boulevards short cuts the system, with some public squares, accessing the sea front. The plan of the new town became a success.
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and at the top, an airport. Le
Corbusier had the fanciful notion that commercial airliners would land between the huge skyscrapers. He segregated pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways and glorified the automobile as a means of transportation. As one moved out from the central skyscrapers, smaller low-story, zig-zag apartment blocks (set far back from the street amid green space) housed the inhabitants. Le Corbusier hoped that politically minded industrialists in France would lead the way with their efficient
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proposals, and resented what they considered the imposition of a new, foreign, architectural style. In the actual reconstruction, the general layout of the city was conserved, but it was not identical to that before the cataclysm. Despite the necessity of rapid reconstruction and the lack of financial means, authorities did take several measures to improve traffic flow, sanitation, and the aesthetics of the city. Many streets were made as wide as possible to improve traffic flow.
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president of the
American City Planning Institute (1917), the model was found in Prussia (Germany). After the Franco-Prussian war (1870–1871), many Prussian cities experienced uncontrolled buildup of inner-city factories and housing, followed by dangerous health hazards and pollution. Citizens protested the deteriorating environmental conditions. Thereupon, Prussian city officials responded with a zone system that assigned particular land uses to designated locations."
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Europe including in
Brussels in 1919, Paris in 1922; Gothenburg in 1923; Amsterdam in 1924; New York in 1925, and finally Vienna in 1926. These congresses must have had a strong appeal to housing reformers and town planners with more than more than 300 for Gothenburg 1923; more than 500 for Amsterdam 1924; over 1,000 for Vienna 1926. Belgium, France, Sweden, The Netherlands and Austria all experienced the influence of the garden city movement during this period.
984:) in 1862, intended for a time frame of about 50 years. The plan not only covered the area around the cities of Berlin and Charlottenburg but also described the spatial regional planning of a large perimeter. The plan resulted in large areas of dense urban city blocks known as 'blockrand structures', with mixed-use buildings reaching to the street and offering a common-used courtyard, later often overbuilt with additional court structures to house more people.
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to extend and rebuild the town, and to resettle the population of the surrounding area, selling the house lots to the settlers. The highly symmetrical layout is centred on a canalised river and an intersecting street. The symmetry is disturbed, however, by the church in the eastern corner and by the pre-existing street (the only curved one in the whole town) on the northwest side. The corner bastions and the wide outer ditch were added in the late 16th century.
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1342:, won the competition run by the First Garden City, Limited to plan Letchworth, an area 34 miles outside London. Unwin and Parker planned the town in the centre of the Letchworth estate with Howard's large agricultural greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared Howard's notion that the working class deserved better and more affordable housing. However, the architects ignored Howard's symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more 'organic' design.
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672:'s ambitious urban reform programme transformed the old environment to emulate the "long straight streets, wide regular spaces, uniformity and repetitiveness of structures, lavish use of commemorative and ornamental elements, and maximum visibility from both linear and circular perspective." The Pope set no limit to his plans, and achieved much in his short pontificate, always carried through at top speed: the completion of the dome of
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streets. Such evidence of the pervasive use of orthogonal arrangements tells of an enduring continuity of farm, village, and city. The farmer's custom of long narrow fields and right-angled boundaries carried easily to streets and squares. However, the innovative geometry of towns and cities was influenced more by the mechanics of supplying water and draining sewage than in the imposition of right-angled street corners."
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That same year the U.S. Senate published guidance on city planning that contained examples of German planning legislation directly influenced by StĂĽbben. Whilst some theorists have recognised that
American planning was primarily influenced by German and British practices, the German influence has not been as widely studied as a result of geopolitical tensions in and around the World Wars.
973:(Catalan for 'extension') consisted of 550 regular blocks with chamfered corners to facilitate the movement of trams, crossed by three wider avenues. His objectives were to improve the health of the inhabitants, towards which the blocks were built around central gardens and orientated NW-SE to maximise the sunlight they received, and assist social integration.
980:. This grand boulevard was built to replace the city walls. In 1857, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issued the decree ordering the demolition of the city walls and moats. During the following years, a large number of opulent public and private buildings were erected. Similarly, Berlin finalized its "Bebauungsplan der Umgebungen Berlins" (
1334:. Donors to the project collected interest on their investment if the garden city generated profits through rents or, as Fishman calls the process, 'philanthropic land speculation'. Howard tried to include working class cooperative organisations, which included over two million members, but could not win their financial support. In 1904,
1519:(The Radiant City) in 1935. Perhaps the most significant difference between the Contemporary City and the Radiant City is that the latter abandoned the class-based stratification of the former; housing was now assigned according to family size, not economic position. Le Corbusier's theories were sporadically adopted by the builders of
2403:, and he is also associated to Thurii and Rhodes. It seems that the importance of Hippodamus' ideas was not so much in the orthogonal plan, but rather in the distribution of functions and social classes across the city. (Kolb 1984, pp. 115-120; Cahill, Nicholas (2002). Household and City Organization at Olynthus. New Haven. par. 1.2)
1513:, in which he proposed to bulldoze most of central Paris north of the Seine and replace it with his sixty-story cruciform towers from the Contemporary City, placed within an orthogonal street grid and park-like green space. In the 1930s, Le Corbusier expanded and reformulated his ideas on urbanism, eventually publishing them in
1115:, in which he examined and documented the traditional, incremental approach to urbanism in Europe, with a close focus on public spaces in Italy and the Germanic countries. Sitte's work was hugely influential on European urbanism, and with five editions published between 1889 and 1922 was cited by planners from
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use; less automobile use, yet better access; efficient resource use; less pollution and waste; the restoration of natural systems; good housing and living environments; a healthy social ecology; a sustainable economy; community participation and involvement; and preservation of local culture and wisdom.
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Jerke, Porter & Lassar (2008), pp. 8–9: "In his view, the core qualities of good design—loosely based on principles laid down by
Vitruvius in the first century B.C. and countless reconceptualizations since—generally are functionality and durability, contextual compatibility, and enduring respect
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has often modeled itself on
Western modernism, using the authority of the state to implement efficient urban designs produced in administrative centers. (In Russia this process was nominally decentralized after the end of the USSR, but Moscow remains the source of much of the country's urban planning
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skyscrapers, steel-framed office buildings encased in huge curtain walls of glass. These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular, park-like green spaces. At the centre was a huge transportation hub that on different levels included depots for buses and trains, as well as highway intersections,
1384:, who demonstrated that homes could be built rapidly and economically whilst maintaining satisfactory standards for gardens, family privacy and internal spaces. Unwin diverged from Howard by proposing that the new developments should be peripheral 'satellites' rather than fully-fledged garden cities.
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The publication was never translated into
English, but StĂĽbben presented papers at numerous city planning conferences, including at the 1910 conference on city planning sponsored by the Royal Institute of British Architects, alongside Daniel Burnham, Ebenezer Howard, Patrick Geddes and Raymond Unwin.
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was a German engineer and urban planner, the author of one of the earliest texts on urban planning
Stadterweiterungen in technischer, baupolizeilicher und Wirtschaftlicher Beziehung (Town extensions: their links with technical and economic concerns and with building regulations) published in 1876. It
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called him "the father of city planning", and until well into the 20th century, he was indeed regarded as such. This is, however, only partly justified as Greek cities with orthogonal plans were built long before Hippodamus. The Hippodamian plan that was called after him is an orthogonal urban layout
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Jason Corburn, "Reconnecting Urban Planning and Public Health"; in Weber & Crane (2012), p. 398: "Consistent with the emerging aesthetic and technocratic ideals of planning, tools to classify and segment city functions took hold and land-use zoning emerged as one such powerful tool. Local zoning
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Eran Ben-Joseph, "Codes and Standards"; in Weber & Crane (2012), p. 359: "In their search for a scientific model for the American city, these newly formed experts looked overseas. According to Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. (1870–1957), the president of the National Planning Conference and the first
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financial and intellectual resources) must be manifest; participants should be given clear objectives by planning staff, who facilitate the process by providing guidance, consultancy, expert opinions, and research; and facilitators should be trained in conflict resolution and community organisation.
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Collaborative planning arose in the US in response to the inadequacy of traditional public participation techniques to provide real opportunities for the public to make decisions affecting their communities. Collaborative planning is a method designed to empower stakeholders by elevating them to the
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to introduce coherent systems of town planning across the country using the new principles of the 'garden city', and to ensure that all housing construction conformed to specific building standards, while similar yet more comprehensive legislation was enacted in the Netherlands under the Housing Act
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Legislation enabling the laying out of urban plans by municipalities and compulsory purchase powers were set out in the German Federal Building Line Act of 1875, but the 1794 Allgemeines Landrecht already gave the local state authority, namely the police, the right to indicate Fluchtlinien, i.e. the
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was commissioned to remodel the Medieval street plan of the city by demolishing swathes of the old quarters and laying out wide boulevards, extending outwards beyond the old city limits. Haussmann's project encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the centre of Paris and in the surrounding
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into one of the earliest Baroque cities. With a logical street layout, straight avenues offered long, uninterrupted views flanked by buildings of a uniform size. This plan was opposed by residents and municipal authorities, who wanted a rapid reconstruction, did not have the resources for grandiose
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was an early model of the new urban planning, which took on a star-shaped layout adapted from the new star fort, designed to resist cannon fire. This model was widely imitated, reflecting the enormous cultural power of Florence in this age; "he Renaissance was hypnotised by one city type which for a
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The deep depression around the middle of the 14th century marked the end of the period of great urban expansion. Only in the parts of Europe where the process of urbanisation had started relatively late, as in eastern Europe, was it still to go on for one or two more centuries. It would not be until
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In the 9th to 14th centuries, many hundreds of new towns were built in Europe, and many others were enlarged with newly planned extensions. These new towns and town extensions have played a very important role in the shaping of Europe's geographical structures as they in modern times. New towns were
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Plan of Elburg in The Netherlands, based on the cadastral plan of 1830. Elburg was founded in 1392 by Arent toe Boecop, steward of the duke of Gelre. Arent seems to have acted as a private entrepreneur. He had bought a piece of land next to the existing town, and he obtained permission from his lord
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was particularly progressive socially, politically and culturally, they are outstanding examples of the building reform movement that contributed to improving housing and living conditions for people with low incomes through innovative approaches to architecture and urban planning. The estates also
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Howard's ideas, although utopian, were also highly practical and were adopted around the world in the ensuing decades. His garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by parks, containing proportionate and separate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
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that championed intervention on the part of the poor and disadvantaged beyond urban planning as a primarily aesthetic and technical concern as in the major urban planning programmes in European cities. Around 1900, theorists began developing urban planning models to mitigate the consequences of the
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boldly proposed razing entire sections of the city and "laying out new streets without restraint". This last option was chosen by the king and his minister in spite of its emphasis on commerce and industry as opposed to religious and royal structures. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordered city,
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was destroyed by the Persians in 494 BC, it was rebuilt in a regular form that, according to tradition, was determined by the ideas of Hippodamus of Miletus. Regular orthogonal plans particularly appear to have been laid out for new colonial cities and cities that were rebuilt in a short period of
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evidence suggests that many Harrapan houses were laid out to protect from noise and to enhance residential privacy; many also had their own water wells, probably both for sanitary and for ritual purposes. These ancient cities were unique in that they often had drainage systems, seemingly tied to a
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However, sustainable development is a recent, controversial concept. Wheeler, in his 2004 book, defines sustainable urban development as "development that improves the long-term social and ecological health of cities and towns." He sketches a 'sustainable' city's features: compact, efficient land
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to ensure the availability of affordable, high quality housing to all Swedish citizens. The program sought to construct one million new housing dwellings over a ten-year period, which it accomplished with the development of numerous new towns. France and The Netherlands undertook similar post-war
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in the Netherlands, dating from the end of the 14th century. (see illustration) Looking at town plans such as the one of Elburg, it clearly appears that it is impossible to maintain that the straight street and the symmetrical, orthogonal town plan were new inventions from 'the Renaissance,' and,
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From the evidence of the preserved towns, it appears that the formal structure of many of these towns was willfully planned. The newly founded towns often show a marked regularity in their plan form, in the sense that the streets are often straight and laid out at right angles to one another, and
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After the gradual disintegration and fall of the West-Roman empire in the 5th century and the devastation by the invasions of Huns, Germanic peoples, Byzantines, Moors, Magyars, and Normans in the next five centuries, little remained of urban culture in western and central Europe. In the 10th and
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The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a central forum with city services, surrounded by a compact, rectilinear grid of streets. A river sometimes flowed near or through the city, providing water, transport, and sewage
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Planning and architecture continued its paradigm shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialised cities of the 19th century had grown at a tremendous rate, with the pace and style of building often dictated by private business concerns. The evils of urban life for the working poor were
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The development of Greek and Roman urbanisation is relatively well-known, as there are relatively many written sources, and there has been much attention to the subject since the Romans and Greeks are generally regarded as the main ancestors of modern Western culture. It should not be forgotten,
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Eran Ben-Joseph, "Codes and Standards"; in Weber & Crane (2012), p. 357: "Other excavations, such as those in the Indus Valley, at Mohenjo-Daro and at Harappa in Punjam, show that the valley had cities planned and built in rectangular blocks lined with two-story houses along broad, straight
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have demonstrated that successful collaborative planning depends on a number of interrelated factors: the process must be truly inclusive, with all stakeholders and affected groups invited to the table; the community must have final decision-making authority; full government commitment (of both
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In Europe, Garden Cities were also promoted by a range of organisations including the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, the international branch of the British Garden Cities and Town Planning Association. The International Association held a series of conferences across
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In North America, the Garden City movement was also popular, and evolved into the "Neighbourhood Unit" form of development. In the early 1900s, as cars were introduced to city streets for the first time, residents became increasingly concerned with the number of pedestrians being injured by car
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Urban development in the early Middle Ages, characteristically focused on a fortress, a fortified abbey, or a (sometimes abandoned) Roman nucleus, occurred "like the annular rings of a tree", whether in an extended village or the centre of a larger city. Since the new centre was often on high,
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Jerke, Porter & Lassar (2008), p. 11: "Recognition that the economic and social future of the planet would require maintaining the integrity of natural systems led, in the 1980s, to international efforts to promote economic development that respects the functions of national systems while
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and accounts for about half of the GHG emissions/carbon footprint). They have also argued that land-use planning can do little to achieve sustainability without regulating the design and associated technology of the actual development within a zoned area. Distances and density are relatively
1274:. All these settlements decentralised the working environment from the centre of the cities, and provided a healthy living space for the factory workers. Howard generalised this achievement into a planned movement for the country as a whole. He was also influenced by the work of economist
382:, preserve the remains of these schemes, which show the very logical way the Romans designed their cities. They would lay out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid. All roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which were slightly wider than the others. The
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legislation and other tools such as compulsory purchase and land readjustment, which enabled planners to legally demarcate sections of cities for different functions or determine the shape and depth of urban blocks, originated in Prussia, and spread to Britain, the US, and Scandinavia.
2598:"Review of Turin, 1564-1680: Urban Design, Military Culture, and the Creation of the Absolutist Capital; Military Architecture, Cartography, and the Representation of the Early Modern European City: A Checklist of Treatises on Fortification in the Newberry Library, Martha D. Pollak"
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From about the late 8th century on, Greek city-states started to found colonies along the coasts of the Mediterranean, which were centred on newly created towns and cities with more or less regular orthogonal plans. Gradually, the new layouts became more regular. After the city of
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Cuthbert (2006), p. 56: "Rationalist architecture and urbanism reached its zenith in its coincidence with functionalist social science and the eugenic strategies of fascism, particularly with Hitler and his architect Albert Speer, and with Mussolini (Marcello Piacentini, Giuseppi
394:, running north–south, intersected in the middle to form the centre of the grid. All roads were made of carefully fitted flag stones and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and pebbles. Bridges were constructed where needed. Each square marked by four roads was called an
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who argued in 1884 that industry needed a supply of labour that could in theory be supplied anywhere, and that companies have an incentive to improve workers living standards as the company bears much of the cost inflicted by the unhealthy urban conditions in the big cities.
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boundaries of areas which were to be reserved for streets. After the Prussian municipal reform of 1808 the Baupolizei became accountable to the municipal administration (with the important exception of Berlin), which thus also became responsible for the planning function.
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Harris, W. (1989). "Invisible Cities: the Beginning of Etruscan Urbanization". Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Roma, 1989. pp. 375-392. p. 85. The Etruscans were, in their turn, probably also influenced in this respect by Greek and Hellenic
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Such tools were already widely used in France which from 1807 required settlements of over 2,000 inhabitants to prepare a compulsory easement plan setting out building lines and the width of the streets between them. In 1889, the architect and urban theorist
1392:, was the Neighbourhood Unit-style development, which oriented houses toward a common public path instead of the street. The neighbourhood is distinctively organised around a school, with the intention of providing children a safe way to walk to school.
16:
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation and distribution networks.
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with more or less square street blocks. Archaeological finds from ancient Egypt—among others—demonstrate that Hippodamus cannot truly have been the inventor of this layout. Aristotle's critique and indeed ridicule of Hippodamus, which appears in
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districts, with regulations imposed on building façades, public parks, sewers and water works, city facilities, and public monuments. Beyond aesthetic and sanitary considerations, the wide thoroughfares facilitated troop movement and policing.
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During this period, rulers often embarked on ambitious attempts at redesigning their capital cities as a showpiece for the grandeur of the nation. Disasters were often a major catalyst for planned reconstruction. An exception to this was in
1315:, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as
1961:. They say that the real problem with the unsustainable nature of modern cities is not just about cars and too much driving - it is about the entire urban metabolism of the city (of which auto-mobility is less than half of the overall
1095:, published in 1890 and again in 1907 and 1924. StĂĽbben served as the chief city planner of Cologne between 1881 and 1898 and was influential in his advocacy for the social objectives of city planning particularly for the urban poor.
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287:, planned for - and oriented around - defense. Roads were laid out to make the paths to castles longer; the castles and other buildings were often situated in order to hide the castles through densely packed surrounding buildings.
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Because of political and governance structures in most jurisdictions, sustainable planning measures must be widely supported before they can affect institutions and regions. Actual implementation is often a complex compromise.
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had highly organized central portions, typically consisting of one or more public plazas bordered by public buildings. In contrast, the surrounding residential areas typically showed little or no signs of planning.
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the Industrial Revolution that the same level of expansion of urban population would be reached again, although the number of newly created settlements would remain much lower than in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Yiftachel, Oren, 1995, "The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority," in Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson, eds., Postmodern Cities and Spaces (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell),
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ordinance. Houston does, however, restrict development densities and mandate parking, even though specific land uses are not regulated. Also, private-sector developers in Houston use subdivision covenants and
752:, no large-scale redesigning was achieved due to the complexities of rival ownership claims. However, improvements were made in hygiene and fire safety with wider streets, stone construction and access to the
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ended in most countries, such as Britain and France. Since then many have been demolished and replaced by other housing types. Rather than attempting to eliminate all disorder, planning now concentrates on
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also employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples, as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the
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Caernarvon (Wales). Plan by John Speed, 1611. Caernarfon castle and town were re-founded by King Edward I of England in July 1283, during his second Welsh campaign to end the Second War of Independence.
110:) lead archeologists to interpret them as the earliest known examples of deliberately planned and managed cities. The streets of many of these early cities were paved and laid out at right angles in a
1372:. The scheme's utopian ideals were that it should be open to all classes of people with free access to woods and gardens and that the housing should be of low density with wide, tree-lined roads. The
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By the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners felt that modernism's clean lines and lack of human scale sapped vitality from the community, blaming them for high crime rates and social problems.
661:, the circle, took no heed of its undulating terrain in Filarete's manuscript. This process occurred in cities, but ordinarily not in the industrial suburbs characteristic of this era (see Braudel,
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was one of the first planned developments of London. An ordered structure of London streets, replacing the mediaeval layout, had been planned since just after the Great Fire of London (1666) when
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in 1898, commonly regarded as the most important book in the history of urban planning. His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,428 ha), planned on a
404:. Each insula was about 80 yards (73 m) square. As the city developed, it could eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and criss-crossed with back roads and alleys.
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and walk around. Inspect the foundation platform and scrutinise the brickwork. Testify that its bricks are baked bricks, And that the Seven Counsellors must have laid its foundations. One square
75:'s temple.Three square miles and the open ground comprise Uruk. Look for the copper tablet-box, Undo its bronze lock, Open the door to its secret, Lift out the lapis lazuli tablet and read."
2460:. MĂĽnchen: Verlag Ch. Beck. In fact, many sites where the Romans created towns, such as Paris, Vienna and Bratislava, had previously been Celtic settlements of more or less urban character.
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Gunder, Michael, 2003, "Passionate Planning for the Others' Desire: An Agonistic Response to the Dark Side of Planning," Progress in Planning, Vol. 60, no. 3, October, pp. 235–319.
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The pre-Classical and Classical periods saw a number of cities laid out according to fixed plans, though many tended to develop organically. Designed cities were characteristic of the
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model, which consists of cities that are designed with consideration of environmental impacts, such as minimising the uses of energy, water, and the outputs of waste and pollution.
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Allmendinger, Phil and Michael Gunder, 2005, "Applying Lacanian Insight and a Dash of Derridean Deconstruction to Planning's 'Dark Side'," Planning Theory, vol. 4, pp. 87–112.
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who understood the importance of taking the regional environment into account and the relationship between social issues and town planning, and foresaw the emergence of huge urban
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Kolb, Frank (1984). Die Stadt im Altertum. MĂĽnchen: Verlag C.H. Beck. pp. 51-141: Morris, A.E.J. (1972). History of Urban Form. Prehistory to the Renaissance. London. pp. 22-23.
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into a modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. The planning was influenced by many factors, not the least of which was the city's history of street revolutions.
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Tang, Wing-Shing, 2000, "Chinese Urban Planning at Fifty: An Assessment of the Planning Theory Literature," Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 347–366.
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projects. Other European countries such as France, Germany, Italy and Sweden also had some successes with new towns, especially as part of post-war reconstruction efforts.
1891:. Residents in compact urban neighbourhoods drive fewer miles and have significantly lower environmental impacts across a range of measures compared with those living in
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proposed using the reconstruction to completely change the layout and architectural style of the city. His plan was to transform the medieval city into a city of the new
3865:
Kemp, Roger L. and Carl J. Stephani (2011). "Cities Going Green: A Handbook of Best Practices." McFarland and Co., Inc., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, England, UK. (
3742:
Kemp, Roger L. and Carl J. Stephani (2011). "Cities Going Green: A Handbook of Best Practices." McFarland and Co., Inc., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, England, UK.
906:
1356:, who extended the movement to regional planning. The principles of the garden city were soon applied to the planning of city suburbs. The first such project was the
1899:
has also been introduced in Europe to promote sustainable land use patterns that strive for compact cities and a reduction of greenfield land taken by urban sprawl.
598:– was impressed upon utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city". Radial streets extend outward from a defined centre of military, communal or spiritual power.
419:
covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct was built outside the city walls.
2508:
The foundation, planning and building of new towns in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe. An architectural-historical research into urban form and its creation
3536:
Shandas, Vivek; Messer, W. Barry (2008). "Fostering Green Communities Through Civic Engagement, Community-Based Environmental Stewardship in the Portland Area".
2493:(1941) 1962, in reference to an air view (fig.8) of the medieval Italian town of Bagnocavallo. Giedion's source was Luigi Piccinati, "Urbanistica Medioevale" in
1547:
in India. Le Corbusier's thinking also had been profoundly affected by the philosophy of Futurism and Constructivism in Russia at the turn of the 20th century.
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1176:
in the UK to draw up schemes for the development of land and the idea of town planning as a new and distinctive area of expertise began to be formed. In 1910,
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provide exceptional examples of new urban and architectural typologies, featuring fresh design solutions, as well as technical and aesthetic innovations.
1188:
was established in 1914 with a mandate to advance the study of town-planning and civic design. The first university course in America was established at
3760:
Pløger, John, 2001, "Public Participation and the Art of Governance," Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 219–241.
1477:
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ordinances were often couched as both protecting public health and benefiting private landowners. For example, in the landmark 1926 Supreme Court case
1887:. It is an approach for successfully reducing environmental impacts by altering the built environment to create and preserve smart cities that support
3826:
Yiftachel, Oren, 1998, "Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side," Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 12, no. 4, May, pp. 395–406.
2412:
Morris 1972, pp. 39-41, 51-60; Kolb 1984, pp. 169-238; Benevolo, Leonardo (1993). Die Geschichte der Stadt. Frankfurt am Main/New York. pp. 256-267.
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5910:
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Osborn, J and Whittick, A. 1977. 'New Towns: Their Origins, Achievements, and Progress'. Third Ed. Leonard Hill, London. First Pub 1963.pp56.
3259:
Osborn, J and Whittick, A. 1977. 'New Towns: Their Origins, Achievements, and Progress'. Third Ed. Leonard Hill, London. First Pub 1963.pp 55
1833:
1817:
to effect land-use restrictions resembling zoning laws. Houston voters have rejected comprehensive zoning ordinances three times since 1948.
3990:
3087:
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Yiftachel, Oren, 2006, "Re-engaging Planning Theory? Towards South-Eastern Perspectives," Planning Theory, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 211–222.
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1660:
were among the leading architects of these projects which exercised considerable influence on the development of housing around the world.
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1145:
586:, a foritifed town Northeast Italy, built by the Venetian Republic from 1593, that is an example of a star fort of the late Renaissance,
3857:
668:
One of the most significant programmes of urban planning in the Baroque Period was Rome. Inspired by the ideal of the Renaissance city,
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1558:
and were actively involved in developing new housing projects in Frankfurt and other German cities including in Stuttgartt and Berlin.
221:
3613:
Atmospheric Environment Volume 35, Issue 10, April 2001, Pages 1717–1727. "Traffic pollution in a downtown site of Buenos Aires City"
1046:. The road is located on sites where medieval city fortifications once stood, including high walls and the broad open field ramparts (
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environments with long-lasting structures, buildings and a great liveability for its inhabitants. The most clearly defined form of
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Magazine of Sustainable Design (Quadrimestrale on line sul progetto di cittĂ sostenibile) Edizione SCUT, UniversitĂ Chieti-Pescara
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1135:
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2539:
International History of City Development. Vol.VII: Urban Development in East-Central Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary
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that the house lots are rectangular, and originally largely of the same size. One very clear and relatively extreme example is
3227:
Robert Fishman, Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier (Cambridge, MA:
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415:. Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road was a large gateway with watchtowers. A
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681:
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Roy, Ananya, 2008, "Post-Liberalism: On the Ethico-Politics of Planning," Planning Theory, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 92–102.
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in 1898. This was inspired by earlier planned communities built by industrial philanthropists in the countryside, such as
4480:
756:. The Great Fire did, however, stimulate thinking about urban design that influenced city planning in North America. The
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Hall, P and Ward, C. 1998. 'Sociable Cities: the Legacy of Ebenezer Howard'. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester pp. 41-69.
1981:
has emerged in recent decades as guiding themes for urban planning. This term was defined and advocated in 1987 report
1943:
3240:
John Friedman, "Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture?"; in Weber & Crane (2012).
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in Europe and the United States. Many of his disciples became notable in their own right, including painter-architect
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was used as a textbook at the first urban planning course in Germany, at the college of technology in Aachen in 1880.
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to fill the space beyond the city walls after they were demolished from 1854. He is credited with inventing the term '
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disposal. Hundreds of towns and cities were built by the Romans throughout their empire. Many European towns, such as
135:
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1896:
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the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets – the new
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was based on a scientific analysis of the city and its modern requirements. It was drawn up by the Catalan engineer
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Rachel Weber & Randall Crane, "Planning as Scholarship: Origins and Prospects"; in Weber & Crane (2012).
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is a large city (with a metropolitan population of 5.5 million) in a developed country without a comprehensive
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origin. Among these, there are also cases that appear to have been newly planned, such as the Lusatian town of
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in the Czech Republic are notable plans based on his ideas, while the architect himself produced the plan for
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and John Evelyn drew plans for rebuilding the city on the classical formal model. The street was designed by
408:
1957:
Critics of New Urbanism have argued that its environmental aspect is too focused on transport and excessive
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Man-Made America: Chaos or Control?: An Inquiry into Selected Problems of Design in the Urbanized Landscape
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2227:
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760:, developed in the aftermath of the Great Fire, established a template for colonial planning. The famous
3844:, Selected, Edited, and Provided with Headnotes by John W. Reps, Professor Emeritus, Cornell University.
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though, that there were also other cultures with more or less urban settlements in Europe, primarily of
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1608:'s aspiration to provide cheap, simple, efficient, and good-quality housing. Two buildings designed by
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From 1800 onwards, urban planning developed as a technical and legal occupation and in its complexity.
279:, followed classic Chinese planning principles; later, during the feudal period, a type of town called
2741:
5770:
5364:
4236:
3711:; Holden, Meg; Lewin, Mary; Neilson, Lyndsay; Oakley, Christine; Truter, Art; Wilmoth, David (2013).
2549:. New York/Cambridge (Mass.)/London; Lauret, Alain, Raymond Malebranche & Gilles SĂ©raphin (1988)
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Following in the tradition of Hippodamus about a century later, Alexander commissioned the architect
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was also built on Howard's principles. His successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was
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4169:"Urban Planning, 1794-1918: An International Anthology of Articles, Conference Papers, and Reports"
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1919:
1463: – an example of a typical planned industrial city founded in 1938 together with a shoemaking
1177:
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was founded in 1899 and the first academic course on urban planning in Britain was offered by the
319:(498–408 BC) is regarded as the first town planner and 'inventor' of the orthogonal urban layout.
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Urban Planning, 1794-1918: An International Anthology of Articles, Conference Papers, and Reports
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Hippodamus is also reported to have played an important role in the (re-)planning of the city of
1978:
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is city, one square mile is orchards, one square mile is claypits, as well as the open ground of
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The undulating terrace of housing makes its appearance surprisingly late: Giedion's example is
1935:
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defensible ground, the city plan took on an organic character, following the irregularities of
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Santamouris, Matheos (2006). Environmental Design of Urban Buildings: An Integrated Approach.
3708:
3188:
3173:"Garden Cities to the World! The International Propagation of the Garden City Idea 1913-1926"
1988:
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influenced urban planning especially in the 1960s and after, manifesting in such theories as
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in 1909. The first official consideration of these new trends in Britain was embodied in the
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804:
729:
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458:
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316:
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Oke, T. R. (1982). "The energetic basis of the urban heat island". Quarterly Journal of the
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3819:
Wheeler, Stephen (2004). "Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities", Routledge; 3rd edition.
3728:
2305:
2287:
1967:
1962:
1814:
1420:("Horseshoe Estate") is a housing estate in Berlin, built in 1925–33 designed by architect
1365:
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3450:"Urban Sustainability 2.0: Resilient regions, sustainable sprawl and green infrastructure"
1792:
Modernist planning fell into decline in the 1970s when the construction of cheap, uniform
1618:
The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
354:, where the city's regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile.
8:
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promotes a sustainable approach towards urban construction that appreciates and develops
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657:" in compliment to his patron; its twelve-pointed shape, circumscribable by a "perfect"
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started in 1925 and completed in 1930. The project was initiated by Frankfurt's mayor
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Sirianni, Carmen (2007). "Neighborhood Planning as Collaborative Democratic Design".
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International History of City Development. Vol.I: Urban Development in Central-Europe
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1983:
1862:
1761:. This construction effort was combined with extensive federal government grants for
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Another significant urban plan from the Enlightenment period was that of Edinburgh's
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4124:
3676:(A standard text for many college and graduate courses in city planning in America)
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2346:
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2090:
2070:
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Ebenezer Howard's urban planning concepts were only adopted on a large scale after
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3525:. University of California, Berkeley: Institute of Urban and Regional Development.
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1005:, by providing citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments.
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and his ministers immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city. The architect
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4073:, Susan Fainstein and Scott Campbell, Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts:
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2170:
Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley".
1758:
1745:
New towns were built in the United States from the 1960s – examples include
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Only in ideal cities did a centrally planned structure stand at the heart, as in
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Tomorrow & Tomorrow, 1899–1999: the TCPA's First Hundred Years, and the Next
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1947:
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665:), which remained disorderly and characterised by crowding and organic growth.
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presented his scheme for a "Contemporary City" for three million inhabitants (
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visionaries as well as from the practical minded infrastructure engineers and
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4138:
4103:"Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy"
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3771:
The Last Day: Wrath, Ruin & Reason in The Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755
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New Towns of the Middle Ages. Town Plantation in England, Wales and Gascony
2350:
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2074:
2013:
Some planners argue that modern lifestyles use too many natural resources,
1951:
1927:
1914:. Traffic in Qatar is separated into two roads, one serving each direction.
1892:
1883:
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strategies adopted from American industrial models to re-organise society.
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of southwestern France), but some of them became important cities, such as
374:
established principles of good design whose influence is still felt today.
358:
330:
2. 8, is perhaps the first known example of a criticism of urban planning.
114:, with a hierarchy of streets from major boulevards to residential alleys.
95:
5507:
3859:
Missing Middle Housing: Responding to the Demand for Walkable Urban Living
1801:
and diversity in society and the economy; this is the post-modernist era.
992:
style of government management of the economy, in fashion for most of the
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The Making of Europe. Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350
2006:
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1765:, improved and increased housing and road construction and comprehensive
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could have been an outgrowth of agriculture based on rectangular fields.
115:
41:
3437:"From planning sustainable cities to designing resilient urban regions "
2832:. MIT Roch Library. pp. Forward - Emily Talen and Julia Koschinsky.
1532:
163:
28:, as planning is in evidence at some of the earliest known urban sites.
6463:
6362:
6320:
6116:
6035:
5669:
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4677:
4252:
3802:, strictly America; a time capsule of photography and design approach.)
3519:"Public Participation in Planning: New Strategies for the 21st Century"
3330:"Growing Cooler - the Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change"
2805:"Toronto's Waterfront: Hybrid Landscapes and Infrastructures of Desire"
2804:
1649:
1544:
1421:
1327:
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combining to produce new design templates for political consideration.
1071:
Urban planning became professionalised at this period, with input from
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expertise.) Germany under national socialism also undertook grandiose
976:
Proposals were also developed at the same time from 1857 for Vienna's
744:
when, despite many radical rebuilding schemes from architects such as
6345:
6166:
5285:
4915:
4758:
3791:
3725:
Urban Design and the Bottom Line: Optimizing the Return on Perception
3717:
Institutional and Social Innovation for Sustainable Urban Development
3228:
2845:
Die Verwertung von synthetischen Fettsäureestern als Kunstspeisefette
2300:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1854:
1582:
as a general manager of many communal departments. In Stuttgart, the
1579:
1571:
1494:
1493:) in 1922. The centrepiece of this plan was the group of sixty-story
1482:
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in which practically all adult inhabitants of the city were employed.
1312:
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637:(1493–95), resembles a closed space instead, surrounded by arcading.
583:
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320:
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111:
91:
1994:
1527:, who absorbed Le Corbusier's ideas into his own aesthetics theory.
1404:
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199:
59:). The first recorded description of urban planning appears in the
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775:, in which a large part of the city centre was destroyed, Governor
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428:
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107:
4036:, Daniel J. Monti Jr., Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts:
3635:
Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others
1866:
1475:
began to surface in urban planning, in particular promoted by the
988:
becoming increasingly evident as a matter for public concern. The
851:
835:
498:
350:, the grandest example of idealised urban planning of the ancient
6453:
6201:
5988:
4817:
4179:
4088:
Planning for the Unplanned: Recovering from Crises in Megacities
2400:
2094:
1555:
1503:
1464:
1284:
1271:
1248:
1043:
807:
pombalina" (pombaline cage), developed for the reconstruction of
780:
701:
693:
478:
474:
335:
83:
4019:"The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History",
3692:
Hoch, Charles, Linda C. Dalton and Frank S. So, editors (2000).
2971:
2541:. New York/Londen; Lavedan, Pierre & Jeanne Hugueney (1974)
1536:
814:
629:) of 1504. As built, the unique example of a rationally planned
303:
6493:
6252:
4920:
4803:
4267:
4156:
3041:
3017:
3005:
1809:
1734:
1644:
1636:
1550:
Concurrently to the work of Le Corbusier, in Germany under the
1452:
1223:'s influential 1902 diagram, illustrating urban growth through
1169:
1072:
1055:
1047:
1039:
764:
for Savannah (1733) was in part influenced by the Grand Model.
753:
737:
677:
538:
526:
510:
506:
494:
87:
72:
4161:
3971:, Charles Abrams, Harper & Row Publishing, New York, 1965.
3723:
Jerke, Dennis; Douglas R. Porter; and Terry J. Lassar (2008).
3364:
2288:"Jo-Bo System of Heian-kyo - City Planning in Classical Japan"
2080:
6488:
6443:
6372:
6350:
4562:
3349:
2943:
1973:
1911:
1338:, a noted architect and town planner, along with his partner
1319:
of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.
938:
864:
784:
725:
575:
suggest the value of military victory and mass entertainment.
549:
482:
424:
390:
379:
308:
292:
268:
103:
3406:. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 2014-03-23.
1066:
6448:
6013:
4257:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3342:
2473:. London/New York. pp. 5-60, 106-197; Gutkind, A.E. (1964)
1907:
1239:
The first major urban planning theorist in Britain was Sir
514:
68:
64:
2547:
Florentine New Towns. Urban Design in the late Middle Ages
2446:. Morris H. Morgan (translator). Harvard University Press.
2174:. (second edition). Sydney: Reader's Digest. pp. 121-129.
1180:
was appointed as the first Town Planning Inspector at the
2791:
Village of Euclid, Ohio, et al. v. Ambler Reality Company
1872:
Various current movements in urban design seek to create
937:
An even more ambitious reconstruction was carried out in
288:
3713:"Managing Metropolises by Negotiating Mega-Urban Growth"
3409:
3618:
The Form of Cities: Political Economy and Urban Design.
3472:
3470:
3468:
3397:
Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities
2005:
in 1837. The layout of the city is referred to as the "
1376:
that recommended the building of housing estates after
1063:
was cited as a rationale for keeping cities organized.
917:
3372:"Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future"
1311:
pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial
3992:
What Do Planners Do?: Power, Politics, and Persuasion
2195:. (Illustrated edition). New York: Springer. p. 229.
2059:
Often an integral party of sustainable cities is the
708:; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the
4090:, by Aseem Inam (published by Routledge USA, 2005).
3465:
3294:
3292:
1733:) was a large public housing program implemented in
3146:
The American garden city and the new towns movement
1777:Urban planning has grown in prominence with rising
1671:. In 1927, he was commissioned to plan the city of
871:In contrast to the Great Fire of London, after the
4012:, Christopher Silver and Mary Corbin Sies (Eds.),
3637:, Oxford World's Classics, London, pp. 39–136
3478:
3029:
2993:
2602:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
2069:sustainability in city planning can include large
3786:Tunnard, Christopher and Boris Pushkarev (1963).
3696:, Intl City County Management Assn; 3rd edition.
3640:
3289:
3159:Garden Cities for America: The Radburn Experience
3047:
3023:
3011:
2829:City Building (Der Stadtebau) - English Translate
2742:"Land readjustment: A tool for urban development"
2222:
1030:) is a circular grand boulevard that serves as a
6522:
5417:
4034:The American City: A Social and Cultural History
3687:. London: Town and Country Planning Association.
3374:. Traditional Architecture Group. Archived from
2720:Barcelona, the urban evolution of a compact city
1604:exhibition. It was an international showcase of
982:Binding Land-Use Plan for the Environs of Berlin
571:ideals of urban planning. The Roman archway and
3862:by Daniel Parolek of Opticos Design, Inc., 2012
3216:Le Corbusier: The Machine and the Grand Design.
1989:World Commission on Environment and Development
1050:), criss-crossed by paths that lay before them.
3848:City Planning According to Artistic Principles
3662:The American City: What Works and What Doesn't
3506:Oregon Ballot Measures 37 (2004) and 49 (2007)
2335:"The two professions of Hippodamus of Miletus"
1570:) was an affordable public housing program in
1440:House 15 at the WeiĂźenhofsiedlung designed by
1432:and Neukölln gardens director Ottokar Wagler.
1408:Model of Le Corbusier's Plan Voisin from 1925.
1113:City Planning According to Artistic Principles
5957:
5403:
4195:
3641:Fainstein, Susan S.; Campbell, Scott (2003).
3535:
1834:crime prevention through environmental design
1784:
1478:Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne
815:Enlightenment, Europe and America (1700–1800)
434:
5971:
4053:Urban Development: The Logic Of Making Plans
4010:Planning the Twentieth-Century American City
3575:Journal of the American Planning Association
3539:Journal of the American Planning Association
3218:George Braziller, Pub: New York, 1969 (p.7).
3092:. University Press of America. p. 176.
2228:"City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica"
1380:incorporated the ideas of Howard's disciple
1184:, and began meeting with practitioners. The
4023:, 2nd Edition, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1999
3946:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
3516:
2972:"To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform"
2081:Collaborative planning in the United States
2033:. Many urban planners, therefore, advocate
1946:architecture, as well as opposing solitary
1554:, a group of theorists group up around the
1424:, municipal planning head and co-architect
1326:in 1899 to create the first garden city at
228:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5964:
5950:
5410:
5396:
4202:
4188:
2510:. Phd. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam.
1974:Sustainable development and sustainability
1857:in Sweden, started in the late 1990s as a
550:Renaissance and Baroque Europe (1400–1750)
4128:
4118:
3805:Weber, Rachel, and Randall Crane (2012).
3715:. In Harald Mieg and Klaus Töpfer (ed.).
3694:The Practice of Local Government Planning
3420:
2441:
2166:
2164:
1172:and others began working together within
1067:Urban planning profession and legislation
605:The ideal centrally planned urban space:
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
4410:Regional Planning Association of America
3999:, American Planning Association, 1994.
3877:Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
3572:
2185:
1993:
1901:
1849:
1451:
1435:
1411:
1403:
1230:
1215:
1199:
1007:
905:
850:
834:
818:
794:
758:Grand Model for the Province of Carolina
600:
578:
553:
463:
438:
302:
3904:The Principles of Scientific Management
3481:Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities
3476:
3170:
2984:
2825:
2739:
2595:
2551:Bastides, villes nouvelles du moyen-age
2545:. Geneva/Paris; Friedman, David (1988)
1737:between 1965 and 1974 by the governing
1195:
961:' and his approach was codified in his
407:The city may have been surrounded by a
6523:
4162:International Planning History Society
4100:
3300:British Town Planning and Urban Design
3085:
3079:
2944:Peter Hall, Mark Tewdwr-Jones (2010).
2842:
2802:
2193:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology
2161:
1804:Minimally planned cities still exist.
1716:New Towns being constructed in Britain
1639:. Dating mainly from the years of the
594:century and a half – from Filarete to
542:therefore, typical of 'modern times.'
298:
5945:
5391:
4183:
3807:The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning
3682:
3517:Innes, Judith; Booher, David (2000).
2999:
2332:
2118:Urban planning in communist countries
2061:Incorporation of nature within a city
1683:Urban planning in communist countries
1388:traffic. The response, seen first in
1136:Housing and Town Planning Act of 1909
1128:Town and Country Planning Association
787:, which from 1600 was transformed by
315:Traditionally, the Greek philosopher
5370:
4166:
3119:
3035:
2875:
2555:Storia dell'urbanistica. Il Duecento
2477:. New York / London. pp. 13-20, 63.
1954:. Both trends started in the 1980s.
1509:In 1925, Le Corbusier exhibited his
1212:model and the "linear city movement"
918:Modern urban planning (1800–onwards)
843:for Washington, D.C., as revised by
682:Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
226:adding citations to reliable sources
193:
158:
4481:Professional transportation planner
3887:The Improvement of Towns and Cities
2553:. Toulouse; Guidoni, Enrico (1992)
2444:The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I
1663:Another important theorist was Sir
896:protected constructions in Europe.
411:to protect it from invaders and to
400:, the Roman equivalent of a modern
311:, showing the grid plan of the city
295:, is one example of a castle town.
13:
4209:
4167:Reps, John W. (27 November 2002).
3833:
3620:Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
2495:Urbanistica deal AntichitĂ ad Oggi
1906:A road crossing at UNCTAD XIII in
910:Craig's 1768 Plan for Edinburgh's
892:buildings were among the earliest
803:protective wooden structure, the "
14:
6542:
4146:
3423:New Directions in Planning Theory
3124:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 74.
3089:Geographical excursions in London
2876:Hall, Thomas (16 December 2003).
1897:Circular flow land use management
963:TeorĂa General de la UrbanizaciĂłn
863:transformed the medieval city of
789:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
457:like the shapes that result from
6505:
5901:
5900:
5890:
5506:
5369:
5348:
5347:
5335:
4082:Urban Planning Theory since 1945
2878:Planning Europe's Capital Cities
2740:Larsson, Gerhard (1 June 1997).
2682:"Old and New Towns of Edinburgh"
2333:Paden, Roger (1 February 2001).
2126:
2108:Index of urban planning articles
1625:Berlin Modernism Housing Estates
1156:. Following Britain's 1909 Act,
996:, was starting to give way to a
684:; the chapel of the Praesepe in
264:dating back thousands of years.
198:
162:
55:of the third millennium BC (see
6399:Residential cluster development
5675:Science, technology and society
4878:Transferable development rights
4433:Environmental impact assessment
3616:Cuthbert, Alexander R. (2006).
3604:
3566:
3529:
3510:
3499:
3455:
3442:
3429:
3390:
3322:
3313:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3243:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3164:
3161:(Temple University Press, 1982)
3151:
3138:
3113:
3053:
2978:
2964:
2937:
2922:
2908:
2894:
2869:
2836:
2819:
2796:
2782:
2772:
2733:
2712:
2699:
2674:
2649:
2636:
2589:
2576:
2560:
2537:. London; Gutkind, E.A. (1972)
2524:
2500:
2480:
2463:
2450:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2380:Urban planning in ancient Egypt
2373:
1839:
1772:
1739:Swedish Social Democratic Party
663:The Structures of Everyday Life
57:Urban planning in ancient Egypt
6051:Shopping streets and districts
4504:Community economic development
4283:Planning and zoning commission
4014:Johns Hopkins University Press
2586:, 1794; Giedion 1962, fig. 83.
2326:
2312:
2294:
2280:
2216:
2206:
2152:
2113:Urban planning in Nazi Germany
1820:
1643:(1919–1933), when the city of
967:General Theory of Urbanisation
700:palaces; the erection of four
688:; additions or repairs to the
151:Ancient Chinese urban planning
119:well-developed ideal of urban
82:from remains of the cities of
1:
3350:"Charter of the New Urbanism"
3319:Cuthbert (2006), pp. 102–104.
3048:Fainstein & Campbell 2003
3024:Fainstein & Campbell 2003
3012:Fainstein & Campbell 2003
2987:Dictionary of Human Geography
2758:10.1016/S0197-3975(96)00059-8
2730:, Harvard University, p. 122.
2141:
771:by the French troops of King
388:, running east–west, and the
31:
6177:Model dwellings for the poor
5419:Environmental social science
5117:Planning Accreditation Board
4476:Transit-oriented development
4438:Recreation resource planning
3755:Royal Meteorological Society
3645:(2nd ed.). John Wiley.
2934:. Retrieved 17 January 2013
2916:"The birth of town planning"
2843:Franck, H. Heinrich (1921).
2686:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2661:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2571:Space, Time and Architecture
2491:Space, Time and Architecture
2191:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000).
2146:
1718:over the following decades.
1693:
1399:
1301:, Howard published his book
949:A concurrent plan to extend
567:, c. 1480–1484) exemplifies
144:
102:(in modern-day northwestern
78:Distinct characteristics of
7:
5458:Environmental communication
4153:Urban and Regional Planning
4071:Readings in Planning Theory
3809:. Oxford University Press.
3643:Readings in planning theory
3452:. Retrieved on: 2014-12-06.
3439:. Retrieved on: 2014-12-06.
3421:Fainstein, Susan S (2000).
3339:. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.
2947:Urban and Regional Planning
2320:"Hippodamian Plan - Livius"
2101:
1535:and the industrial city of
1481:from 1928. The influential
1471:In the 1920s, the ideas of
720:"); the integration of the
643:'s ideal city, building on
346:to lay out his new city of
262:tradition of urban planning
63:: "Go up on to the wall of
10:
6547:
5443:Environmental anthropology
5129:Professional organizations
4486:Urban freight distribution
4461:Transportation forecasting
3798:Press. (This book won the
3660:Garvin, Alexander (2002).
2880:. Routledge. p. 389.
2456:Demandt, Alexander (1998)
2339:Philosophy & Geography
2172:The World's Last Mysteries
1924:New Classical Architecture
1843:
1785:Reaction against modernism
1714:. c. 68) resulted in many
1688:schemes for urban redesign
1631:, comprising six separate
1629:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1578:, who hired the architect
1304:Garden Cities of To-morrow
1087:Similarly influential was
435:Medieval Europe (500–1400)
148:
6531:History of urban planning
6502:
6381:
6331:
6276:
6245:
6092:
6059:
5979:
5886:
5735:
5515:
5504:
5425:
5365:List of planning journals
5329:
5251:
5216:
5190:
5144:
5137:
5104:
5064:
4940:
4933:
4746:
4654:
4601:
4525:
4516:
4494:
4451:
4418:
4400:
4368:
4334:History of urban planning
4315:
4306:
4245:
4217:
4130:10.1007/s41109-019-0189-1
3897:Town Planning in practice
3664:. New York: McGraw Hill.
3587:10.1080/01944360708978519
3552:10.1080/01944360802291265
3477:Wheeler, Stephen (2004).
3181:10.13140/RG.2.1.1850.6728
2853:10.1007/978-3-663-07056-6
2241:(4). Beverley Hills, CA:
1938:. This is in contrast to
1922:, the recent movement of
1880:urbanism is known as the
1038:(Inner Town) district of
633:new city centre, that of
123:. Cities laid out on the
100:Indus Valley civilisation
5973:Real estate developments
5473:Environmental psychology
5301:Marine spatial planning
4813:Healthy community design
4391:Village design statement
4381:Preservation development
4376:Conservation development
3969:The City is the Frontier
3909:Frederick Winslow Taylor
3891:Charles Mulford Robinson
3402:19 November 2018 at the
3335:24 December 2010 at the
3171:Geertse, Michel (2008).
2803:Sliwka, Ryszard (2011).
2543:L'Urbanisme au Moyen Age
2469:Bartlett, Robert (1993)
2251:10.1177/0096144204274396
2235:Journal of Urban History
1920:sustainable construction
1895:suburbs. The concept of
943:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
339:time after destruction.
6182:Multifamily residential
5478:Environmental sociology
5453:Environmental economics
5433:Ecological anthropology
5316:Real estate development
5047:List of urban theorists
4543:City Beautiful movement
4471:Rational planning model
4453:Transportation planning
4443:Sustainable development
4107:Applied Network Science
4080:Taylor, Nigel, (2007),
3523:Working Paper 2000-2007
3485:. New York: Routledge.
3144:Carol Ann Christensen,
3086:Gayler, Hih J. (1996).
2826:Stubben, Josef (2008).
2709:, 1985, London, p. 285.
2596:Klaiber, Susan (1993).
2584:Lansdown Crescent, Bath
1979:Sustainable development
1932:architectural tradition
1374:Tudor Walters Committee
1358:Hampstead Garden Suburb
1324:First Garden City, Ltd.
1235:Hampstead Garden Suburb
1186:Town Planning Institute
1132:University of Liverpool
769:bombardment of Brussels
271:, some cities, such as
155:Urban planning in China
136:late Postclassic period
6132:Conservation community
5468:Environmental politics
5360:List of planned cities
5296:Landscape architecture
5052:List of urban planners
4774:Conservation community
4611:Collaborative planning
4420:Environmental planning
4328:Comprehensive planning
4101:Boeing, Geoff (2019).
4060:, Island Press, 2001.
3683:Hardy, Dennis (1999).
3196:Cite journal requires
3068:, TCPA, archived from
2506:Boerefijn, Wim (2010)
2351:10.1080/10903770124644
2010:
1915:
1869:
1826:Behaviorist psychology
1541:František Lydie Gahura
1468:
1449:
1433:
1409:
1236:
1228:
1213:
1182:Local Government Board
1051:
914:
873:1755 Lisbon earthquake
868:
848:
832:
811:
614:
587:
576:
469:
459:agricultural terracing
445:
370:.) The Roman engineer
312:
6227:Single-room occupancy
6172:Mixed-use development
6157:Intentional community
6142:Golf course community
6004:Mixed-use development
5563:Ecological humanities
5463:Environmental history
5271:Development economics
5122:Real estate education
5082:James Howard Kunstler
5007:Konstantinos Doxiadis
4888:Urban growth boundary
4828:Mixed-use development
4723:Intentional community
4040:, 1999. 391 pp.
3981:Christopher Alexander
3935:The Concise Townscape
3925:The Image of the City
3899:, Raymond Unwin, 1909
3310:, Longman, Singapore.
2746:Habitat International
1997:
1905:
1889:sustainable transport
1853:
1455:
1439:
1415:
1407:
1234:
1219:
1203:
1011:
909:
854:
838:
822:
798:
645:Leon Battista Alberti
604:
582:
557:
467:
442:
306:
24:runs parallel to the
6296:Garden city movement
6212:Retirement community
5655:Integrated geography
5533:Behavioral geography
5438:Ecological economics
4823:Leapfrog development
4769:Complete Communities
4626:Intelligent urbanism
4553:Garden city movement
4496:Economic development
4428:Environmental design
4075:Blackwell Publishers
4038:Blackwell Publishers
3983:, Sara Ishikawa and
3729:Urban Land Institute
3298:Smith Morris et al.
3120:Hall, Peter (2002).
2045:are now promoting a
1968:green infrastructure
1963:ecological footprint
1340:Richard Barry Parker
1299:Progress and Poverty
1245:garden city movement
1243:, who initiated the
1196:Garden city movement
1091:'s 1890 publication
1034:around the historic
928:Sir Christopher Wren
877:Joseph I of Portugal
857:Second French Empire
809:Pombaline Lower Town
706:Saint Peter's Square
704:, including that in
686:Santa Maria Maggiore
413:mark the city limits
283:emerged. Those were
222:improve this section
6459:Planning permission
6202:Residential airpark
6187:Penthouse apartment
6074:Industrial district
5926:Research institutes
5448:Environmental crime
5229:Communist countries
4853:Planning Permission
4790:Filtering (housing)
4764:Cluster development
4573:Settlement movement
4558:Indigenous planning
3958:The City in History
3915:Cities in Evolution
3800:National Book Award
2985:Goodall, B (1987),
2158:Dalley 1989, p.120.
1987:, published by the
1959:individual mobility
1755:Jonathan, Minnesota
1742:growth programmes.
1677:Mandatory Palestine
1616:in 2016 as part of
1614:World Heritage Site
1606:modern architecture
1598:built for the 1927
1491:Ville Contemporaine
1428:, garden architect
1390:Radburn, New Jersey
1354:Sir Frederic Osborn
1143:1901, known as the
1081:Reinhard Baumeister
783:style, modelled on
767:Following the 1695
650:De re aedificatoria
299:Greco-Roman culture
26:history of the city
6512:Housing portal
6084:Technology centers
5896:Environment portal
5650:Industrial ecology
5112:Planning education
5072:Elizabeth Farrelly
4916:High-rise urbanism
4754:Affordable housing
4293:World Urbanism Day
3985:Murray Silverstein
3976:A Pattern Language
3769:Shrady, Nicholas,
3727:. Washington, DC:
3704:(The "Green Book")
3122:Cities of Tomorrow
2657:"Pombaline Lisbon"
2531:Beresford, Maurice
2442:Vitrivius (1914).
2027:urban heat islands
2011:
1916:
1870:
1751:Columbia, Maryland
1708:New Towns Act 1946
1633:subsidized housing
1612:were designated a
1601:Deutscher Werkbund
1469:
1450:
1434:
1410:
1346:Welwyn Garden City
1237:
1229:
1214:
1190:Harvard University
1052:
915:
869:
849:
833:
812:
742:Great Fire of 1666
659:Pythagorean figure
615:
588:
577:
470:
455:elevation contours
446:
313:
174:. You can help by
6518:
6517:
6474:Regional planning
6434:Land-use planning
6316:Urban green space
6311:Planned community
6246:Science/education
6192:Private community
5939:
5938:
5778:Green criminology
5538:Community studies
5493:Political ecology
5385:
5384:
5342:Cities portal
5266:Civil engineering
5247:
5246:
5100:
5099:
4929:
4928:
4897:Peri-urbanisation
4717:Planned community
4548:Dark-sky movement
4538:Car-free movement
4512:
4511:
4466:Trip distribution
4402:Regional planning
4355:Urban green space
4323:Land-use planning
4298:Labor market area
4288:Growth management
4263:Metropolitan area
4096:978-0-415-95130-2
4066:978-1-55963-853-1
4046:978-1-55786-918-0
4029:978-0-500-28099-7
4005:978-0-918286-91-8
3871:978-0-7864-5968-1
3823:pp. 216–240.
3815:978-0-19-537499-5
3779:978-0-14-311460-4
3773:, Penguin, 2008,
3748:978-0-7864-5968-1
3737:978-0-87420-996-9
3702:978-0-87326-171-5
3671:978-0-07-137367-8
3631:Dalley, Stephanie
3626:978-1-4051-1639-8
3492:978-0-415-27173-8
3308:978-0-582-23496-3
3157:Daniel Schaffer,
3131:978-0-631-23252-0
3099:978-0-7618-0328-7
3062:History 1899–1999
2989:, London: Penguin
2957:978-0-203-86142-4
2887:978-0-203-44956-1
2862:978-3-663-06143-4
2728:978-88-8447-204-5
2707:Cities and People
2573:(1941) 1962 p 43.
2567:Siegfried Giedion
2487:Siegfried Giedion
2243:SAGE Publications
2224:Smith, Michael E.
2201:978-0-3064-6158-3
2180:978-0-909486-61-7
2135:
2133:Cities portal
2023:social inequality
1984:Our Common Future
1874:sustainable urban
1815:deed restrictions
1723:Million Programme
1712:9 & 10 Geo. 6
1591:WeiĂźenhofsiedlung
1585:Weissenhof Estate
1516:La Ville radieuse
1362:Henrietta Barnett
1140:local authorities
1077:local councillors
969:, 1867). CerdĂ 's
825:Savannah, Georgia
714:Septimius Severus
680:of Sixtus in the
352:Hellenistic world
258:
257:
250:
192:
191:
61:Epic of Gilgamesh
6538:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6263:Satellite campus
6207:Residential area
6162:Luxury apartment
6122:Closed community
6069:Business cluster
5966:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5904:
5903:
5894:
5826:natural resource
5510:
5498:Regional science
5412:
5405:
5398:
5389:
5388:
5373:
5372:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5291:Land development
5142:
5141:
4977:Donald Appleyard
4938:
4937:
4688:Mining community
4641:Radical planning
4588:Transition towns
4523:
4522:
4339:Spatial planning
4313:
4312:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4058:Lewis D. Hopkins
3720:
3688:
3675:
3656:
3599:
3598:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3514:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3474:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3407:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3340:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3311:
3296:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3214:Evenson, Norma.
3212:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2902:"urban planning"
2898:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2737:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2705:Girouard, Mark,
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2528:
2522:
2516:978-90-9025157-8
2504:
2498:
2497:(Florence 1943).
2484:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2073:or be a totally
2071:pedestrian zones
2057:Nature in cities
2047:sustainable city
1944:globally uniform
1942:and short-lived
1936:classical design
1830:defensible space
1747:Reston, Virginia
1731:Miljonprogrammet
1531:'s city plan of
1446:Pierre Jeanerret
1418:Hufeisensiedlung
1290:Looking Backward
1283:Inspired by the
1174:local government
1154:
1126:In Britain, the
1015:Vienna Ring Road
823:Illustration of
750:Christopher Wren
487:'s-Hertogenbosch
253:
246:
242:
239:
233:
202:
194:
187:
184:
166:
159:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6419:Greenfield land
6389:Brownfield land
6377:
6327:
6272:
6241:
6147:Gated community
6088:
6079:Industrial park
6055:
6041:Shopping center
6009:Office building
5999:Commercial area
5975:
5970:
5940:
5935:
5882:
5731:
5702:Systems ecology
5686:Sustainability
5680:science studies
5665:Rural sociology
5511:
5502:
5488:Human geography
5421:
5416:
5386:
5381:
5336:
5334:
5325:
5321:Social sciences
5281:Urban economics
5253:
5243:
5212:
5186:
5133:
5096:
5060:
5027:Peter Calthorpe
4982:Ebenezer Howard
4943:
4925:
4912:Verticalization
4742:
4650:
4636:Market urbanism
4631:Livable streets
4597:
4518:
4508:
4490:
4447:
4414:
4396:
4364:
4308:
4302:
4241:
4213:
4208:
4173:Research Guides
4149:
4084:, London, Sage.
3881:Ebenezer Howard
3836:
3834:Further reading
3796:Yale University
3707:
3672:
3659:
3653:
3607:
3602:
3571:
3567:
3534:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3419:
3410:
3404:Wayback Machine
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3378:on 5 March 2018
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3337:Wayback Machine
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3075:on 27 July 2011
3072:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2738:
2734:
2718:Busquets, Joan
2717:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2529:
2525:
2505:
2501:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2451:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2190:
2186:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2127:
2125:
2104:
2089:Experiences in
2083:
1976:
1952:suburban sprawl
1948:housing estates
1930:, walkability,
1848:
1842:
1823:
1787:
1775:
1759:Riverside Plaza
1696:
1641:Weimar Republic
1623:Similarly, the
1576:Ludwig Landmann
1567:Neues Frankfurt
1552:Weimar Republic
1430:Leberecht Migge
1402:
1364:and planned by
1276:Alfred Marshall
1241:Ebenezer Howard
1221:Ebenezer Howard
1204:The concept of
1198:
1162:civil engineers
1148:
1138:that compelled
1069:
920:
888:of Lisbon. The
845:Andrew Ellicott
829:Oglethorpe Plan
817:
762:Oglethorpe Plan
724:in Rome as XIV
552:
437:
366:in Italy. (See
301:
254:
243:
237:
234:
219:
203:
188:
182:
179:
172:needs expansion
157:
149:Main articles:
147:
34:
20:The history of
12:
11:
5:
6544:
6534:
6533:
6516:
6515:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6484:Urban planning
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6424:Greyfield land
6421:
6416:
6414:Eminent domain
6411:
6409:Context theory
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6313:
6308:
6306:Planned cities
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6197:Public housing
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6152:Housing estate
6149:
6144:
6139:
6137:Executive home
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:Bungalow court
6109:
6107:Boarding house
6104:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5898:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5582:Environmental
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5345:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5182:United Kingdom
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5162:Czech Republic
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5092:Randal O'Toole
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5032:Patrick Geddes
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5012:Kevin A. Lynch
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Guy Benveniste
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Daniel Burnham
4969:
4967:Colin Buchanan
4964:
4962:Clarence Stein
4959:
4957:Clarence Perry
4954:
4948:
4946:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4909:
4904:
4902:Urban vitality
4899:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:Healthy cities
4806:
4801:
4799:Brusselization
4795:Gentrification
4792:
4787:
4784:Eminent domain
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4656:Cities by type
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Context theory
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Athens Charter
4529:
4527:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:Urban planning
4207:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4164:
4159:
4148:
4147:External links
4145:
4144:
4143:
4098:
4085:
4078:
4068:
4049:
4031:
4017:
4007:
3988:
3972:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3919:Patrick Geddes
3912:
3900:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3863:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3803:
3784:
3781:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3751:
3740:
3721:
3705:
3690:
3680:
3677:
3670:
3657:
3651:
3638:
3628:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3581:(4): 373–387.
3565:
3546:(4): 408–418.
3528:
3509:
3498:
3491:
3464:
3454:
3448:Bogunovich, D
3441:
3435:Bogunovich, D
3428:
3408:
3389:
3363:
3341:
3321:
3312:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3242:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3198:|journal=
3163:
3150:
3137:
3130:
3112:
3098:
3078:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2977:
2963:
2956:
2936:
2931:About the RTPI
2921:
2907:
2893:
2886:
2868:
2861:
2835:
2818:
2795:
2781:
2771:
2752:(2): 141–152.
2732:
2711:
2698:
2673:
2648:
2635:
2614:10.2307/990765
2608:(1): 101–103.
2588:
2575:
2559:
2523:
2499:
2479:
2462:
2449:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2405:
2392:
2383:
2372:
2325:
2311:
2293:
2279:
2215:
2205:
2184:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2082:
2079:
2043:Urban planners
2031:climate change
2029:, and causing
2017:or destroying
1975:
1972:
1844:Main article:
1841:
1838:
1822:
1819:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1763:slum clearance
1721:In Sweden the
1695:
1692:
1665:Patrick Geddes
1658:Walter Gropius
1596:housing estate
1521:public housing
1401:
1398:
1264:George Pullman
1197:
1194:
1068:
1065:
1003:industrial age
998:New Liberalism
955:Ildefons CerdĂ
919:
916:
881:Manuel da Maia
816:
813:
611:Raphael Sanzio
560:The Ideal City
551:
548:
436:
433:
359:ancient Romans
300:
297:
256:
255:
206:
204:
197:
190:
189:
169:
167:
146:
143:
134:cities in the
116:Archaeological
80:urban planning
33:
30:
22:urban planning
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6543:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6513:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6469:Redevelopment
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:Groundscraper
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:Miscellaneous
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Model village
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:Research park
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6237:Tract housing
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6222:Rooming house
6220:
6218:
6217:Revenue house
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6045:Shopping mall
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Business park
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5877:
5876:environmental
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5841:environmental
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:environmental
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:environmental
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5771:environmental
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5758:Ecopsychology
5756:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:Architecture
5741:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5556:environmental
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Anthrozoology
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Human ecology
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Public policy
5309:
5307:
5306:Public health
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:Urban ecology
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5240:
5239:Ancient Egypt
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Lewis Mumford
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Raymond Unwin
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4944:practitioners
4939:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Tract housing
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Temporary use
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Planning gain
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Creative city
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:Urban village
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Model village
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Commuter town
4671:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4646:Urban renewal
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:Structuralism
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Rural housing
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Redevelopment
4343:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:Lewis Mumford
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:Gordon Cullen
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:Camillo Sitte
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3652:9780631223474
3648:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3246:
3237:
3231:, 1982), 231.
3230:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3050:, p. 48.
3049:
3044:
3038:, p. 68.
3037:
3032:
3026:, p. 46.
3025:
3020:
3014:, p. 43.
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2950:. Routledge.
2949:
2948:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2929:RTPI.org.uk,
2925:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2155:
2151:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:, increasing
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2001:'s survey of
2000:
1999:Robert Hoddle
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1861:eco-friendly
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1799:individualism
1795:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1767:urban renewal
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:Martin Wagner
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:New Frankfurt
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1426:Martin Wagner
1423:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1382:Raymond Unwin
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Hertfordshire
1347:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:Raymond Unwin
1333:
1332:Hertfordshire
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:'s eponymous
1265:
1261:
1260:Port Sunlight
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:Raymond Unwin
1114:
1110:
1109:Camillo Sitte
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:Der Stadtebau
1090:
1089:Josef StĂĽbben
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1061:Public health
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
994:Victorian era
991:
990:laissez-faire
985:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
924:Regent Street
913:
908:
904:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
866:
862:
858:
853:
846:
842:
841:L'Enfant Plan
837:
830:
826:
821:
810:
806:
802:
799:Model of the
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Pope Sixtus V
666:
664:
660:
656:
653:, was named "
652:
651:
646:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
608:
603:
599:
597:
592:
585:
581:
574:
570:
566:
565:Fra Carnevale
563:(probably by
562:
561:
556:
547:
543:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
462:
460:
456:
450:
441:
432:
430:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
386:
381:
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
337:
331:
329:
328:
322:
318:
310:
305:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
252:
249:
241:
231:
227:
223:
217:
216:
212:
207:This section
205:
201:
196:
195:
186:
177:
173:
170:This section
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
152:
142:
140:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:civilisations
51:
47:
43:
39:
29:
27:
23:
18:
6479:Urban design
6404:Construction
6291:Civic center
6268:Science park
6127:Company town
6026:Power center
5796:occupational
5791:epidemiology
5762:Engineering
5660:Permaculture
5623:Ethnobiology
5375:
5352:
5333:
5261:Architecture
5234:Nazi Germany
5042:Thomas Adams
5022:Loretta Lees
5017:Le Corbusier
4987:Edmund Bacon
4952:Andrés Duany
4907:Urbanization
4893:Urban sprawl
4858:Rural flight
4838:Permeability
4833:Model cities
4705:Logging camp
4664:Company town
4578:Smart growth
4568:New Urbanism
4350:Urban design
4333:
4221:
4172:
4110:
4106:
4087:
4081:
4070:
4052:
4033:
4021:Spiro Kostof
4009:
3997:Charles Hoch
3991:
3974:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3914:
3902:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3858:
3847:
3840:
3806:
3787:
3770:
3724:
3719:. Routledge.
3716:
3693:
3684:
3661:
3642:
3634:
3617:
3605:Bibliography
3578:
3574:
3568:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3512:
3501:
3480:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3422:
3392:
3380:. Retrieved
3376:the original
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3344:
3324:
3315:
3299:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3245:
3236:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3189:cite journal
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3088:
3081:
3070:the original
3061:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
3002:, p. 4.
2995:
2986:
2980:
2966:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2910:
2896:
2877:
2871:
2844:
2838:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2774:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2646:pp. 152–155.
2644:The Last Day
2643:
2638:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2557:. Roma/Bari.
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2395:
2386:
2375:
2345:(1): 25–48.
2342:
2338:
2328:
2314:
2304:
2296:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2238:
2234:
2226:(May 2005).
2218:
2208:
2192:
2187:
2171:
2154:
2123:
2122:
2088:
2084:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2039:
2012:
1982:
1977:
1956:
1928:smart growth
1917:
1884:New Urbanism
1881:
1871:
1859:new urbanist
1846:New Urbanism
1840:New Urbanism
1824:
1803:
1794:tower blocks
1791:
1788:
1779:urbanization
1776:
1773:Contemporary
1744:
1730:
1720:
1700:World War II
1697:
1681:
1669:conurbations
1662:
1622:
1610:Le Corbusier
1599:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1549:
1525:Nadir Afonso
1514:
1508:
1487:Le Corbusier
1476:
1470:
1442:Le Corbusier
1417:
1394:
1386:
1344:
1321:
1302:
1295:Henry George
1288:
1281:
1238:
1227:"off-shoots"
1206:Arturo Soria
1178:Thomas Adams
1144:
1125:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1070:
1053:
1036:Innere Stadt
1027:
1023:
1013:
986:
975:
966:
962:
959:urbanisation
948:
936:
921:
898:
885:
870:
766:
734:
722:Leonine City
718:Acqua Felice
667:
662:
648:
639:
631:quattrocento
630:
627:Illustration
626:
622:
616:
606:
589:
558:
544:
535:
471:
451:
447:
421:
406:
395:
389:
383:
376:
356:
341:
332:
326:
314:
285:castle towns
266:
260:China has a
259:
244:
235:
220:Please help
208:
183:January 2024
180:
176:adding to it
171:
141:
132:Mesoamerican
129:
112:grid pattern
96:Mohenjo-daro
77:
42:Mesopotamian
35:
19:
15:
6439:Nonbuilding
6368:Tower block
6232:Subdivision
6094:Residential
6031:Retail park
5807:Management
5751:sustainable
5523:Agroecology
5254:disciplines
5077:Jane Jacobs
5002:James Rouse
4883:Urban decay
4868:Third place
4843:Placemaking
4693:Pit village
4683:Global city
4113:(1): 1–19.
3951:Jane Jacobs
3929:Kevin Lynch
3709:James, Paul
3250:Terragni)."
2432:and value."
2245:: 403–434.
2035:sustainable
2025:, creating
2007:Hoddle Grid
1882:Charter of
1821:Behaviorism
1635:estates in
1539:planned by
1529:LĂşcio Costa
1511:Plan Voisin
1457:Partizánske
1378:World War I
1360:founded by
1322:He founded
1225:garden city
1210:linear city
1149: [
978:Ringstrasse
941:. In 1852,
894:seismically
855:During the
801:seismically
777:Max Emanuel
746:John Evelyn
674:St. Peter's
569:Renaissance
523:Alessandria
431:in Poland.
6464:Playground
6363:Skyscraper
6117:City block
6061:Industrial
6036:Riverfront
5981:Commercial
5766:ecological
5720:metabolism
5670:Sexecology
5567:Economics
5551:ecological
5543:Demography
4997:Ian McHarg
4942:Theorists/
4719:(New town)
4678:Ghost town
4517:Concepts/
4253:Urban area
4120:1808.00600
3757:108: 1–24.
3000:Hardy 1999
2691:26 October
2666:26 October
2458:Die Kelten
2272:1 February
2142:References
2019:ecosystems
1675:, then in
1650:Bruno Taut
1545:Chandigarh
1485:architect
1422:Bruno Taut
1348:, also in
1328:Letchworth
1317:satellites
1313:boulevards
1309:concentric
1253:Bournville
1208:'s of the
1166:architects
1111:published
1024:RingstraĂźe
740:after the
623:Sposalizio
607:Sposalizio
519:Klagenfurt
417:portcullis
402:city block
368:Marzabotto
348:Alexandria
344:Dinocrates
317:Hippodamus
238:March 2022
121:sanitation
32:Prehistory
6346:Apartment
6333:Buildings
6278:Municipal
6167:McMansion
5837:Planning
5816:fisheries
5746:landscape
5715:geography
5586:education
5286:Geography
5198:Barcelona
5177:Singapore
5152:Australia
5145:Countries
4759:Cityscape
4526:Movements
4139:2364-8228
3792:New Haven
3595:154320789
3356:11 August
3352:. Cnu.org
3328:Ewing, R
3229:MIT Press
3105:24 August
3036:Hall 2002
2766:0197-3975
2622:0037-9808
2367:144920561
2359:1090-3771
2301:Aristotle
2267:145452272
2147:Citations
2015:polluting
2003:Melbourne
1940:modernist
1893:sprawling
1855:Jakriborg
1704:new towns
1694:New Towns
1588:(German:
1580:Ernst May
1572:Frankfurt
1564:(German:
1500:Taylorist
1495:cruciform
1483:modernist
1473:modernism
1400:Modernism
1192:in 1924.
1158:surveyors
1146:Woningwet
1032:ring road
1028:ring road
951:Barcelona
932:John Nash
890:Pombaline
861:Haussmann
773:Louis XIV
655:Sforzinda
584:Palmanova
573:colosseum
491:Montauban
385:decumanus
372:Vitruvius
364:Etruscans
321:Aristotle
281:JĹŤkamachi
277:Heian-kyo
209:does not
145:East Asia
125:grid plan
92:Dholavira
6525:Category
6394:Cemetery
6286:Arcology
6102:Agrihood
5931:Scholars
5921:Journals
5911:Concepts
5906:Category
5851:regional
5846:land use
5645:Forestry
5354:Category
5203:Shanghai
5105:Training
4747:Concepts
4738:Boomtown
4728:Arcology
4700:Man camp
4668:Monotown
4621:Ekistics
4603:Theories
4519:theories
4360:Urbanism
4309:branches
4278:Planning
4273:Land use
4227:Theories
3633:, 1989,
3560:56276489
3400:Archived
3382:23 March
3333:Archived
3302:, 1997,
2722:, 2005,
2642:Shrady,
2422:culture.
2306:Politics
2102:See also
2091:Portland
2075:Car free
2067:Car free
2037:cities.
1878:walkable
1863:new town
1673:Tel Aviv
1627:, now a
1533:BrasĂlia
1461:Slovakia
1448:in 1928.
1297:'s work
1249:Cadburys
971:Eixample
912:New Town
901:New Town
831:in 1734.
710:aqueduct
702:obelisks
690:Quirinal
641:Filarete
635:Vigevano
596:Scamozzi
591:Florence
531:Sarajevo
475:bastides
429:Biskupin
327:Politics
291:, later
108:Pakistan
50:Egyptian
46:Harrapan
6454:Parking
5989:Airport
5916:Degrees
5867:Policy
5856:spatial
5782:Health
5736:Applied
5725:studies
5710:ecology
5695:studies
5690:science
5638:zoology
5633:ecology
5611:justice
5606:studies
5601:science
5547:Design
5516:Related
5376:Commons
5252:Related
5065:Critics
4818:LEED-ND
4316:General
4246:General
4237:Outline
4222:History
4077:, 2003.
3148:(1986).
2533:(1967)
2401:Piraeus
2259:1798556
2095:Seattle
1806:Houston
1727:Swedish
1594:) is a
1556:Bauhaus
1504:Fordist
1465:factory
1285:Utopian
1272:Chicago
1268:Pullman
1257:Lever's
1170:lawyers
1121:Berlage
1073:utopian
1054:Modern
1044:Austria
1026:, lit.
875:, King
847:in 1792
827:on the
781:Baroque
698:Vatican
694:Lateran
619:Raphael
479:Cardiff
336:Miletus
307:Map of
230:removed
215:sources
98:in the
84:Harappa
6494:Zoning
6253:Campus
6019:inland
5871:energy
5821:forest
5801:public
5706:Urban
5628:botany
5616:racism
5591:ethics
5576:thermo
5571:energy
5426:Fields
5224:Africa
5208:Sydney
5191:Cities
5172:Serbia
5167:Russia
5138:Places
4934:People
4921:Zoning
4804:Infill
4268:Suburb
4157:Curlie
4137:
4094:
4064:
4044:
4027:
4016:, 1996
4003:
3987:, 1977
3965:, 1961
3953:, 1961
3941:, 1961
3931:, 1960
3921:, 1915
3911:, 1911
3893:, 1901
3883:, 1898
3869:
3854:, 1889
3813:
3777:
3746:
3735:
3700:
3668:
3649:
3624:
3593:
3558:
3489:
3306:
3128:
3096:
2954:
2884:
2859:
2764:
2726:
2630:990765
2628:
2620:
2514:
2365:
2357:
2265:
2257:
2199:
2178:
1934:, and
1810:zoning
1735:Sweden
1706:. The
1645:Berlin
1637:Berlin
1366:Parker
1287:novel
1056:zoning
1048:glacis
1040:Vienna
1020:German
886:mottos
805:gaiola
738:London
678:loggia
676:; the
613:, 1504
539:Elburg
527:Warsaw
511:Berlin
507:Munich
503:LĂĽbeck
495:Bilbao
425:Celtic
397:insula
94:, and
88:Lothal
73:Ishtar
48:, and
38:Minoan
6489:YIMBY
6444:NIMBY
6373:Villa
6356:types
6351:House
6337:types
6321:parks
5861:urban
5831:waste
5217:Other
5157:China
4593:YIMBY
4563:NIMBY
4369:Rural
4341:(Eur)
4307:Major
4232:Index
4115:arXiv
3591:S2CID
3556:S2CID
3073:(PDF)
3066:(PDF)
2626:JSTOR
2363:S2CID
2263:S2CID
2231:(PDF)
1912:Qatar
1867:Malmö
1865:near
1370:Unwin
1153:]
939:Paris
865:Paris
785:Turin
754:river
730:Borgo
726:Rione
499:Malmö
483:Leeds
391:cardo
380:Turin
309:Pella
293:Tokyo
269:Japan
130:Most
104:India
6449:Park
6014:Port
4786:(US)
4393:(UK)
4330:(US)
4258:City
4135:ISSN
4092:ISBN
4062:ISBN
4042:ISBN
4025:ISBN
4001:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3775:ISBN
3744:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3666:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3622:ISBN
3487:ISBN
3384:2014
3358:2014
3304:ISBN
3202:help
3126:ISBN
3107:2011
3094:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2762:ISSN
2724:ISBN
2693:2021
2668:2021
2618:ISSN
2512:ISBN
2355:ISSN
2274:2008
2255:OCLC
2197:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2093:and
1950:and
1908:Doha
1832:and
1757:and
1656:and
1537:ZlĂn
1502:and
1444:and
1416:The
1368:and
1293:and
1262:and
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748:and
696:and
529:and
515:Bern
409:wall
357:The
275:and
273:Nara
213:any
211:cite
153:and
106:and
69:mile
65:Uruk
5596:law
4155:at
4125:doi
3583:doi
3548:doi
3177:doi
2849:doi
2754:doi
2610:doi
2347:doi
2247:doi
1970:'.
1918:In
1459:in
1270:in
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712:of
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