29:
495:
339:
215:
624:, such as love, travel, and religion. Usually about half the stanzas in a renku do not reference a season. In contemporary haiku composition, Japanese haiku writers disagree about if a haiku requires a kigo, while writers outside of Japan feel free to write haiku without kigo. The Modern Haiku Association of Japan published a collection of kigo in 2004 which included non-seasonal kigo.
252:) is an autumn kigo, since it is visible year round. In autumn the days become shorter and the nights longer, yet they are still warm enough to stay outside, so one is more likely to notice the moon. Often, the night sky will be free of clouds in autumn, with the moon visible. The
616:(no-season). Because of the practice of anthologizing haiku in saijiki, haiku that did not mention seasons were not as well-known, and many haiku writers assumed that haiku had to contain a kigo. Poems on non-seasonal topics appeared in the imperial anthology
197:
Season words are evocative of images that are associated with the same time of year. For readers in New
England, a poem about frost on a pumpkin evokes other sensations and traditions, like frosty air and apple cider. For Higginson writing in
315:, subsequent linked haiku must move forward in season temporally. There are other rules governing season words in renku, including the frequency of certain season words, and how many stanzas remain in a season, once mentioned.
479:, contains more than 1,000 poems, by over 600 poets writing in 25 languages. The writing of haiku around the world has increased with the advent of the internet, where one can even find examples of haiku written in
176:
and it began to become an independent style. In the early twentieth century poets began experimenting with breaking the traditional elements of haiku, such as omitting the kigo entirely. This eventually led to the
121:
a century and a half later (AD 905), the seasonal sections had become a much larger part of the anthology. Both of these anthologies had sections for other categories such as love poems and miscellaneous
311:
Within season categories, kigo can denote early, middle, or late parts of a season, which are defined approximately as the first, second, or third month of the season. In linked haiku forms like
185:
movements, which advocated more modern styles of haiku. Today most
Japanese haiku include a kigo, though many haiku written in languages other than Japanese omit it (see for example
139:(roughly AD 1000) and developed through the medieval era. Over time, set rules developed for the writing of renga, and its formal structure specified that about half of the
506:
Different regions internationally have their own lists of kigo. The
Southern California Haiku Study group created their own list, which includes regional weather like
370:
usually includes a description of the kigo itself, together with a list of similar or related words, and some examples of haiku that include that kigo. The
182:
739:
a work-in-progress based on the Nyu-mon
Saijiki by the Museum of Haiku Literature in Tokyo, most translations by William J. Higginson and Lewis Cook
270:
Japan is long from north to south, so the seasonal features vary from place to place. The sense of season in kigo is based on the region between
164:("playful" linked verse) was introduced in the 16th century, and became a salon type recreation by the Tokugawa era. Poets soon began to compose
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for spring. Haiku had been traditionally written about the singing of mating frogs, but Bashō chose to focus on a very different sound.
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388:) words). Those sections are divided into a standard set of categories, and then the kigo are sorted within their proper category.
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151:(the opening stanza of the renga) must include a reference to the season in which the renga was written. Poets as early as
1480:
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should include a reference to a specific season, depending upon their place in the poem. According to these rules, the
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The association of kigo with a particular season may be obvious, though sometimes it is more subtle. In Japan,
113:, contained several sections devoted to the seasons. By the time of the first imperial Japanese anthology, the
1297:(An international haiku saijiki with over 1,000 haiku from poets in 50 countries covering 680 seasonal topics)
1376:
465:
Haiku started as a form of
Japanese poetry and is now written in many different languages around the world.
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392:
uses the sub-categories of season words, the heavens, earth, humanity, observances, animals, and plants.
1335:
1086:
519:
1182:
417:
683:
The Fifth Season—Poems to Re-Create the World: In Praise of Olde Haiku: New Year Ku; Books 1 & 2
1579:
1369:
721:(24 pp. A pocket kiyose listing over 700 Japanese kigo in English, ordered by season and category)
1531:
955:
155:(1421-1502) introduced the concept of seasonal references with anthologies of seasonal topics.
1339:
1407:
681:
20:
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8:
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discussing the development of haiku, and the importance of the seasons and kigo to haiku)
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206:--a word used not just for its meaning, but for its associations with other ideas.
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278:, because Japanese classical literature developed mainly in this area. In the
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1421:
1243:
The Art of Haiku: Its
History Through Poems and Paintings by Japanese Masters
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97:
Representation of, and reference to, the seasons has long been important in
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1100:
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442:
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1087:"jach qa'rol – A collection of Klingon haiku – Klingon Language Institute"
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can help farmers work after the sun goes down to harvest their crops (a
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The Sky and
Heavens: rainy season, evening downpour, afterglow, drought
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at the middle of a season. The traditional
Japanese seasons are:
291:
237:
223:
494:
1157:"This Perfect Rose: The Lasting Legacy of William J. Higginson"
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140:
86:
66:
34:
1212:"A New Haiku Era: Non-season kigo in the Gendai Haiku saijiki"
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338:
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Humanity: switching clothes, straw mats, swimming, fireworks
1024:
511:
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242:
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916:
805:
491:, as well as numerous examples in more common languages.
970:
762:
from the Yuki Teikei Haiku
Society (Northern California)
89:. They are valuable in providing economy of expression.
73:. Kigo are used in the collaborative linked-verse forms
948:"Kiyose - collection of season words in Japan - Autumn"
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by Inahata Teiko, on the Kyoshi Memorial Museum website
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The moon is associated with autumn in Japanese poetry.
165:
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144:
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114:
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39:
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Haiku without kigo is possible, and are described as
1036:
1007:"The Five Hundred Essential Japanese Season Words"
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1187:One Hundred Frogs: from renga to haiku to English
65:is a word or phrase associated with a particular
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410:The Earth: waterfall, summer meadow, clear water
1210:Gilbert, Richard; Kaneko, Tohta (Summer 2006).
1000:
998:
752:
547:
350:Japanese haiku poets often use a book called a
49:
1306:The Haiku Seasons: Poetry of the Natural World
1069:"HAIKU WORLD: AN INTERNATIONAL POETRY ALMANAC"
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611:
567:
541:
376:are divided into the four seasons (and modern
58:
1377:
1209:
835:. p. 68 of PDF, page 46 of original text
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1265:Haiku World: An International Poetry Almanac
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793:, with pictures and commentary for some kigo
765:Kiyose from the Shiki Internet Haiku Salon:
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85:, to indicate the season referred to in the
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1224:
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737:Univ. of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative
382:usually include a section for seasonless (
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473:(1996), which is the first international
172:independent of the longer, collaborative
1525:Individuals and groups of Japanese poets
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337:
213:
105:of Japanese poetry, the mid-8th century
27:
1214:. The Haiku Foundation Digital Library.
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1287:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
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1200:
885:
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760:The Yuki Teikei Haiku Season Word List
395:Examples of Japanese summer kigo are:
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1135:Southern California Haiku Study Group
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826:
733:Japanese Haiku — a Topical Dictionary
600:
404:The Season: short night, burning, hot
282:, seasons traditionally followed the
131:The writing of the linked-verse form
1334:
1067:Welch, Michael Dylan (Autumn 1997).
1042:
1004:
888:A Beginner's Guide to Japanese Haiku
861:
833:The Haiku Foundation Digital Library
822:
820:
676:
16:"Sound word" used in Japanese poetry
1481:List of Japanese poetry anthologies
1391:
1057:, pp. 96–97, 100–101, 113–116.
265:
13:
1131:"Southern California Season Words"
1109:
649:
364:with example poems. An entry in a
14:
1601:
1155:Welch, Michael Dylan (May 2014).
890:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 15.
817:
240:. It may be less obvious why the
38:), often simply called blossoms (
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1148:
1128:
1122:
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829:"A History of Haiku Volume One"
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158:A lighter form of renga called
69:, used in traditional forms of
1537:Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry
1532:Japanese poets (category list)
940:
886:Wilson, William Scott (2022).
879:
1:
1590:Japanese literary terminology
1344:. Stanford University Press.
1234:
992:, From Here Press, 2005, p.24
307:Winter: 7 November–3 February
202:, season words are a type of
1474:Poetry works and collections
1089:. Klingon Language Institute
791:Alaska Haiku Society Saijiki
753:Online lists of season words
7:
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522:, and local flora like the
518:, seasonal events like the
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304:Autumn: 8 August–6 November
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236:associated with the autumn
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135:dates to the middle of the
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115:
107:
50:
44:) are a common spring kigo.
40:
10:
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1267:. Kodansha International.
952:Shiki Internet Haiku Salon
530:Kigo and haiku: an example
520:Tournament of Roses Parade
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325:
209:
92:
18:
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990:Kiyose (Seasonword Guide)
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703:Kiyose (Seasonword Guide)
662:『入門歳時記』大野林火監修、俳句文学館編。角川書店
661:
612:
568:
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101:and poetry. The earliest
59:
1241:Addiss, Stephen (2012).
798:
654:
594:The sound of the water.
346:, a typical summer kigo.
298:Spring: 4 February–5 May
1303:—— (1996).
701:—— (2005).
534:In the famous haiku by
1309:. Berkeley: Kodansha.
988:Higginson, William J.
744:Haiku in Twelve Months
503:
347:
301:Summer: 6 May–7 August
219:
45:
1325:(a companion book to
1261:Higginson, William J.
497:
341:
217:
31:
21:Kigo (disambiguation)
1189:. Weatherhill, 1983
1101:"Hajko en Esperanto"
1005:Yamamoto, Kenkichi.
827:Blyth, R.H. (1963).
467:William J. Higginson
19:For other uses, see
1585:Japanese literature
1556:Articles with poems
1227:, pp. 109–111.
1110:Ricius, Alexander.
937:, pp. 108–109.
913:, pp. 109–112.
705:. From Here Press.
686:. Paraverse Press.
390:Japan Great Saikiji
1112:"Crateris Chilias"
601:Haiku without kigo
504:
502:tree in full bloom
348:
284:lunisolar calendar
220:
46:
1562:
1561:
1033:, pp. 60–61.
925:, pp. 94–95.
897:978-4-8053-1687-0
814:, pp. 31–34.
712:978-0-89120-041-3
693:978-0-9742618-9-8
598:
597:
592:A frog jumps in,—
322:and lists of kigo
280:Japanese calendar
200:The Haiku Seasons
32:Cherry blossoms (
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1551:Individual poems
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634:Culture of Japan
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266:Japanese seasons
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187:Haiku in English
183:free verse haiku
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99:Japanese culture
81:, as well as in
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63:, 'season word')
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958:on 22 July 2011
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650:Further reading
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583:Kawazu tobikomu
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447:orange blossoms
427:Animals: fawn,
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232:) are a winter
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161:haikai no renga
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71:Japanese poetry
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1245:. Shambhala.
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538:below, "frog"
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461:Outside Japan
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416:Observances:
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1336:Ueda, Makoto
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1014:. Retrieved
1012:. Renku Home
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956:the original
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837:. Retrieved
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644:List of kigo
604:
536:Matsuo Bashō
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516:Forest fires
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193:Significance
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137:Heian period
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1400:Major forms
1327:Haiku World
1043:Gill (2007)
862:Ueda (1991)
846:Addiss 2012
784:winter kigo
779:autumn kigo
774:summer kigo
769:spring kigo
585:Mizu no oto
471:Haiku World
1569:Categories
1316:4770016298
1274:4770020902
1235:References
1195:0834801760
1179:R.H. Blyth
839:13 January
581:Furuike ya
508:June gloom
1494:Man'yōshū
1283:cite book
1263:(1996a).
1073:Woodnotes
524:Jacaranda
500:Jacaranda
485:Esperanto
455:sunflower
420:(May 5),
418:Boys' Day
344:sunflower
292:equinoxes
288:solstices
286:with the
254:full moon
204:logopoeia
179:New Haiku
128:) poems.
109:Man'yōshū
103:anthology
1542:Rokkasen
1338:(1991).
680:(2007).
628:See also
620:Kokinshū
571:かわずとびこむ
498:A large
437:Plants:
429:mosquito
224:Pumpkins
153:Iio Sogi
117:Kokinshū
1487:Kaifūsō
1140:15 July
1093:17 July
1016:15 July
962:17 July
735:at the
489:Klingon
476:saijiki
379:saijiki
373:saijiki
367:saijiki
354:saijiki
328:Saijiki
320:Saijiki
238:harvest
229:kabocha
210:Seasons
141:stanzas
93:History
1508:Kai Ōi
1457:senryū
1415:kanshi
1408:haikai
1348:
1313:
1271:
1249:
1193:
894:
726:Online
709:
690:
669:
549:kawazu
487:, and
433:cuckoo
424:(July)
399:Summer
234:squash
87:stanza
67:season
35:sakura
1515:Iroha
1464:tanka
1450:renku
1443:renga
1436:hokku
1429:haiku
1161:Juxta
1075:(31).
1010:(PDF)
799:Notes
655:Print
554:is a
481:Latin
439:peony
313:renku
276:Tokyo
272:Kyoto
249:tsuki
174:renga
168:hokku
147:hokku
133:renga
83:haiku
79:renku
75:renga
1575:Kigo
1422:waka
1346:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1289:link
1269:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1197:p154
1191:ISBN
1167:(1).
1142:2024
1095:2024
1018:2024
964:2024
892:ISBN
841:2024
707:ISBN
688:ISBN
667:ISBN
608:Muki
569:古池や
557:kigo
512:smog
510:and
451:lily
385:muki
361:kigo
290:and
274:and
243:moon
181:and
77:and
52:kigo
41:hana
1181:in
573:水の音
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