Knight - Knowledge

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on men's Clothes, and by a resolute sally, forced the Moors to raise the Siege. The Earl, finding himself obliged, by the gallentry of the action, thought fit to make his acknowlegements thereof, by granting them several Privileges and Immunities, and to perpetuate the memory of so signal an attempt, instituted an Order, somewhat like a Military Order, into which were admitted only those Brave Women, deriving the honour to their Descendants, and assigned them for a Badge, a thing like a Fryars Capouche, sharp at the top, after the form of a Torch, and of a crimson colour, to be worn upon their Head-clothes. He also ordained, that at all publick meetings, the women should have precedence of the Men. That they should be exempted from all Taxes, and that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own. These Women having thus acquired this Honour by their personal Valour, carried themselves after the Military Knights of those days.

1998: 3022: 2221: 111: 3300: 1594: 2371: 1050: 8997: 74: 1117: 2882: 1046:, and would continue to do so for centuries afterwards. Although in some nations the knight returned to foot combat in the 14th century, the association of the knight with mounted combat with a spear, and later a lance, remained a strong one. The older Carolingian ceremony of presenting a young man with weapons influenced the emergence of knighthood ceremonies, in which a noble would be ritually given weapons and declared to be a knight, usually amid some festivities. 9262: 8135: 1731: 3772: 3400: 3615:(GCSI) in 1861, at the foundation of the order. Her daughter received the same honor in 1872, as well as her granddaughter in 1910. The order was open to "princes and chiefs" without distinction of gender. The first European woman to have been granted an order of knighthood was Queen Mary, when she was made a Knight Grand Commander of the same order, by special statute, in celebration of the Delhi Durbar of 1911. She was also granted a 2829: 8990: 1448: 3711: 9272: 2357:" (the latter is not a title, but a Dutch honorific to show that someone belongs to the untitled nobility). The collective term for its holders in a certain locality is the Ridderschap (e.g. Ridderschap van Holland, Ridderschap van Friesland, etc.). In the Netherlands no female equivalent exists. Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the 9004: 3788: 3323:, on being appointed to a degree of knighthood, does not received the accolade. He receives the insignia of his honour and may place the appropriate letters after his name or title but he may not be called Sir and his wife may not be called Lady. This custom is not observed in Australia and New Zealand, where knighted Anglican clergymen routinely use the title "Sir". 1579:. The early Crusades helped to clarify the moral code of chivalry as it related to religion. As a result, Christian armies began to devote their efforts to sacred purposes. As time passed, clergy instituted religious vows which required knights to use their weapons chiefly for the protection of the weak and defenseless, especially women and orphans, and of churches. 3702:

militissa), Du Cange notes that still in his day (17th century), the female canons of the canonical monastery of St. Gertrude in Nivelles (Brabant), after a probation of 3 years, are made knights (militissae) at the altar, by a (male) knight called in for that purpose, who gives them the accolade with a sword and pronounces the usual words.

1431:, and sometimes at the wedding of a noble or royal. The knighting ceremony usually involved a ritual bath on the eve of the ceremony and a prayer vigil during the night. On the day of the ceremony, the would-be knight would swear an oath and the master of the ceremony would dub the new knight on the shoulders with a sword. Squires, and even 1256:) in return for their loyalty, protection, and service. The nobles also provided their knights with necessities, such as lodging, food, armour, weapons, horses, and money. The knight generally held his lands by military tenure which was measured through military service that usually lasted 40 days a year. The military service was the 3665:(1772–1859), who fought in the Revolutionary Wars, received a military disability pension in 1798, the rank of 2nd lieutenant in 1822, and the Legion of Honor in 1852. A recipient of the Ordre National du Mérite recently requested from the order's Chancery the permission to call herself "chevalière," and the request was granted. 1069:. These were given to the captains directly by the Emperor to reward their efforts in the conquests, and they in turn were to grant benefices to their warrior contingents, who were a mix of free and unfree men. In the century or so following Charlemagne's death, his newly empowered warrior class grew stronger still, and 1629:. In this competition, two knights charge each other with blunt wooden lances in an effort to break their lance on the opponent's head or body or unhorse them completely. The loser in these tournaments had to turn his armour and horse over to the victor. The last day was filled with feasting, dancing and 1339:, and academic studies with priests or chaplains. Pages then become assistants to older knights in battle, carrying and cleaning armour, taking care of the horses, and packing the baggage. They would accompany the knights on expeditions, even into foreign lands. Older pages were instructed by knights in 3525:

which remains Poland's most prestigious order of that kind. The head of state (now the President as the acting Grand Master) confers knighthoods of the order to distinguished citizens, foreign monarchs and other heads of state. The order has its chapter. There were no particular honorifics that would

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almost from the start. In all, 68 women were appointed between 1358 and 1488, including all consorts. Though many were women of royal blood, or wives of knights of the Garter, some women were neither. They wore the garter on the left arm, and some are shown on their tombstones with this arrangement.

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was disrespected or challenged and the conflict could not be resolved in court. Weapons were standardized and must be of the same caliber. The duel lasted until the other party was too weak to fight back and in early cases, the defeated party were then subsequently executed. Examples of these brutal

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The inhabitants being at length reduced to great streights, desired relief of the Earl, but he, being not in a condition to give them any, they entertained some thoughts of making a surrender. Which the Women hearing of, to prevent the disaster threatening their City, themselves, and Children, put

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the monarchs tried to establish chivalric orders, but the hereditary lords who controlled the Union did not agree and managed to ban such assemblies. They feared the king would use orders to gain support for absolutist goals and to make formal distinctions among the peerage, which could lead to its

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became a model of the ideal virtues of nobility. Castiglione's tale took the form of a discussion among the nobility of the court of the Duke of Urbino, in which the characters determine that the ideal knight should be renowned not only for his bravery and prowess in battle, but also as a skilled

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in 864, largely moving away from the infantry-based traditional armies and calling upon all men who could afford it to answer calls to arms on horseback to quickly repel the constant and wide-ranging Viking attacks, which is considered the beginnings of the period of knights that were to become so

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From roughly 1560, purely honorific orders were established, as a way to confer prestige and distinction, unrelated to military service and chivalry in the more narrow sense. Such orders were particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, and knighthood continues to be conferred in various

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At the initiative of Catherine Baw in 1441, and 10 years later of Elizabeth, Mary, and Isabella of the house of Hornes, orders were founded which were open exclusively to women of noble birth, who received the French title of chevalière or the Latin title of equitissa. In his Glossarium (s.v.

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Armies of the time started adopting a more realistic approach to warfare than the honor-bound code of chivalry. Soon, the remaining knights were absorbed into professional armies. Although they had a higher rank than most soldiers because of their valuable lineage, they lost their distinctive

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that were faster to train, cheaper to equip, and easier to mobilize. The advancement of high-powered firearms contributed greatly to the decline in use of plate armour, as the time it took to train soldiers with guns was much less compared to that of the knight. The cost of equipment was also

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historically bestowed hereditary knighthoods to holders of the highest ranks in the Royal Orders. Today, the head of the Royal House of Portugal Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, bestows hereditary knighthoods for extraordinary acts of sacrifice and service to the Royal House. There are very few

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Knights were expected, above all, to fight bravely and to display military professionalism and courtesy. When knights were taken as prisoners of war, they were customarily held for ransom in somewhat comfortable surroundings. This same standard of conduct did not apply to non-knights

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It was not always necessary to be the wife of a knight in order to take this title. Sometimes, when some male fiefs were conceded by special privilege to women, they took the rank of chevaleresse, as one sees plainly in Hemricourt where women who were not wives of knights are called

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In peacetime, knights often demonstrated their martial skills in tournaments, which usually took place on the grounds of a castle. Knights could parade their armour and banner to the whole court as the tournament commenced. Medieval tournaments were made up of martial sports called

1684:, a knight or a group of knights would claim a bridge, lane or city gate, and challenge other passing knights to fight or be disgraced. If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way. 3187:, and the award of their highest ranks (Knight/Dame Commander and Knight/Dame Grand Cross), comes together with an honorific knighthood, making them a cross between orders of chivalry and orders of merit. By contrast, membership of other British orders of merit, such as the 1656:

practiced this tradition. Judicial combat was of two forms in medieval society, the feat of arms and chivalric combat. The feat of arms were done to settle hostilities between two large parties and supervised by a judge. The chivalric combat was fought when one party's

3343:, apparently somewhat to the consternation of officials at Buckingham Palace. A woman clerk in holy orders may be made a Dame in exactly the same way as any other woman since there are no military connotations attached to the honour. A clerk in holy orders who is a 2683:

in the view of the British legal system. However, unlike knights, the title is hereditary and the recipient does not receive an accolade. The position is therefore more comparable with hereditary knighthoods in continental European orders of nobility, such as

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The institution of knights was already well-established by the 10th century. While the knight was essentially a title denoting a military office, the term could also be used for positions of higher nobility such as landholders. The higher nobles grant the

2361:. In each of these, there were in the early Middle Ages a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so than the rulers themselves. During this period, knights ranked below the ruler and above the feudal barons (Dutch: 1078:

famous and spread throughout Europe in the following centuries. The period of chaos in the 9th and 10th centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms (later to become

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and his armoured cavalry were decimated by Swiss pikemen. As the feudal system came to an end, lords saw no further use of knights. Many landowners found the duties of knighthood too expensive and so contented themselves with the use of squires.

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A knight had to be born of nobility – typically sons of knights or lords. In some cases, commoners could also be knighted as a reward for extraordinary military service. Children of the nobility were cared for by noble foster-mothers in

701:. In modern times these are orders centered around charity and civic service, and are no longer military orders. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state, monarch, or 2690:, than with knighthoods under the British orders of chivalry. However, unlike the continental orders, the British baronetcy system was a modern invention, designed specifically to raise money for the Crown with the purchase of the title. 2205:

demonstrated a marked departure from the chivalric romance of late medieval literature, and the chivalric ideal ceased to influence literature over successive centuries until it saw some pockets of revival in post-Victorian literature.

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The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected pilgrims traveling to and from the

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Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th century. The other was possibly for a female knight. Here is a quote from

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to ride with the Emperor in his wide-ranging campaigns of conquest. At about this time the Franks increasingly remained on horseback to fight on the battlefield as true cavalry rather than mounted infantry, with the discovery of the

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accompany a knight's name, as historically all (or at least by far most) of its members would be royals or hereditary lords anyway. So today, a knight is simply referred to as "Name Surname, knight of the White Eagle (Order)".

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identity that previously set them apart from common soldiers. Some knightly orders survived into modern times. They adopted newer technology while still retaining their age-old chivalric traditions. Examples include the

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hereditary knights and they are entitled to wear an oval neck badge with the shield of the house of Braganza. As there are two classes of hereditary knights in Portugal, the highest grade is the hereditary knight with

5416: 1435:, could also be conferred direct knighthood early if they showed valor and efficiency for their service; such acts may include deploying for an important quest or mission, or protecting a high diplomat or a 8970: 5783: 1617:, and were not only a major spectator sport but also played as a real combat simulation. It usually ended with many knights either injured or even killed. One contest was a free-for-all battle called a 5882:

The hereditary Order of Baronets was erected by patent in England by King James I in 1611, extended to Ireland by the same Monarch in 1619, and first conferred in Scotland by King Charles I in 1625.

2367:). In the Netherlands only 10 knightly families are still extant, a number which steadily decreases because in that country ennoblement or incorporation into the nobility is not possible anymore. 1698:

One of the greatest distinguishing marks of the knightly class was the flying of coloured banners, to display power and to distinguish knights in battle and in tournaments. Knights are generally

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of the time. The creation of chivalric orders was fashionable among the nobility in the 14th and 15th centuries, and this is still reflected in contemporary honours systems, including the term

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and were made of wooden boards that were roughly half an inch thick. Towards the end of the 10th century, oval shields were lengthened to cover the left knee of the mounted warrior, called the

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Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in Christian Churches, as well as in several historically Christian countries and their former territories, such as the Roman Catholic

1623:, where large groups of knights numbering hundreds assembled and fought one another, and the last knight standing was the winner. The most popular and romanticized contest for knights was the 3115:

that also follow this practice. Modern knighthoods are typically conferred in recognition for services rendered to society, which are not necessarily martial in nature. The British musician

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legal breakup into two separate classes, and that the king would later play one against the other and eventually limit the legal privileges of hereditary nobility. But finally in 1705 King

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could be used for the wife of a knight; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of documents, or where the wife is a Dame in her own right (such as Dame

1898:. The torso was not the only part of the knight to receive this plate protection evolution, as the elbows and shoulders were covered with circular pieces of metal, commonly referred to as 473: 835:

A narrowing of the generic meaning "servant" to "military follower of a king or other superior" is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a mounted warrior in the

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as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady.

843:. The verb "to knight" (to make someone a knight) appears around 1300; and, from the same time, the word "knighthood" shifted from "adolescence" to "rank or dignity of a knight". 3611:). The first woman to be granted a knighthood in modern Britain seems to have been Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the 1369:, and attended to assigned duties in his lord's household. During this time, the squires continued training in combat and were allowed to own armour (rather than borrowing it). 1880:, which was originally a small helm worn under the larger great helm, evolved to be worn solely, and would eventually have pivoted or hinged visors, the most popular was the 1710:. As heavier armour, including enlarged shields and enclosed helmets, developed in the Middle Ages, the need for marks of identification arose, and with coloured shields and 1212:

among the warrior class. The ideal of chivalry as the ethos of the Christian warrior, and the transmutation of the term "knight" from the meaning "servant, soldier", and of

3443:, honorific knighthood (not hereditary) can be conferred by the king on particularly meritorious individuals such as scientists or eminent businessmen, or for instance to 1507:. During the Middle Ages, this grew from simple military professionalism into a social code including the values of gentility, nobility and treating others reasonably. In 6120: 1814:

was used during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century. Around 1350, square shields called bouched shields appeared, which had a notch in which to place the

4035: 2453:. This designation is used as a title of nobility in all German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing above " 1572:('cavalier'), simultaneously denoted skilled horsemanship and military service, and these remained the primary occupations of knighthood throughout the Middle Ages. 1143:(true knights). As the term "knight" became increasingly confined to denoting a social rank, the military role of fully armoured cavalryman gained a separate term, " 6191: 466: 2542:

also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within their respective systems of nobility. Just as with the Royal House of Portugal, the Royal House of Italy -

4419: 2162:" expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight's life, though still laying stress on the primarily military focus of knighthood. 9275: 7211: 4989:

wrote "I should attribute the origins of love to the influences of the Arabs' poetry and chivalry upon European ideas rather than to medieval Christianity."

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Outside the British honours system it is usually considered improper to address a knighted person as 'Sir' or 'Dame' (notable exceptions are members of the

1488:, etc.) who were often slaughtered after capture, and who were viewed during battle as mere impediments to knights' getting to other knights to fight them. 813:

might have fought alongside their lords, their role as household servants features more prominently in the Anglo-Saxon texts. In several Anglo-Saxon wills

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who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in

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After 1488, no other appointments of women are known, although it is said that the Garter was conferred upon Neapolitan poet Laura Bacio Terricina, by

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than mail armour did.Plate armor reached his peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, but was still used at the beginning of the 17th century by the first

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as their main form of defence. Mail was extremely flexible and provided good protection against sword cuts, but weak against blunt weapons such as the

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These mobile mounted warriors made Charlemagne's far-flung conquests possible, and to secure their service he rewarded them with grants of land called

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was knighted). The husbands of Dames have no honorific pre-nominal, so Dame Norma's husband remained John Major until he received his own knighthood.

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significantly lower, and guns had a reasonable chance to easily penetrate a knight's armour. In the 14th century the use of infantrymen armed with

9143: 6338: 1266:. Vassals and lords could maintain any number of knights, although knights with more military experience were those most sought after. Thus, all 6395: 610:

as an anti-personnel, gunpowder-fired weapon – began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many countries.

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Church, S. and Harvey, R. (Eds.) (1994) Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994. Boydell Press, Woodbridge

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first appeared in the 13th century, when plates were added onto the torso and mounted to a base of leather. This form of armour is known as a

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Clerics and the Church often opposed the practices of the Knights because of their abuses against women and civilians, and many such as St.

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In the early Renaissance greater emphasis was laid upon courtliness. The ideal courtier—the chivalrous knight—of Baldassarre Castiglione's

2532:(the lower rank being Squire), as the romanticism and prestige associated with the term grew in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. 8643: 8595: 7939: 7814: 5912: 3588: 2929: 2547: 1535:(1275) demonstrates that by the end of the 13th century, chivalry entailed a litany of very specific duties, including riding warhorses, 1270:

intending to become prosperous knights needed a great deal of military experience. A knight fighting under another's banner was called a

2524:, but enforce and carry out their orders on a routine basis as well. Later the term came to officially designate the higher rank of the 7824: 3689:

in 1261. It was the first religious order of knighthood to grant the rank of militissa to women. However, this order was suppressed by

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The second is being granted honorific knighthood by the British sovereign without membership of an order, the recipient being called

2546:, continue to confer their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-Italian citizens, these dynastic orders include the; 1547:

and hunting, as well as aspiring to the more æthereal virtues of "faith, hope, charity, justice, strength, moderation and loyalty."

9265: 6980: 3975: 3970: 3572: 1997: 5061: 498:(including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. 8623: 7931: 7869: 3292:; but in that year the prohibition was lifted, and it is now permitted to use the titles immediately, from the time the award is 2582:

There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in Ireland. Notably all three of the following belong to the

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William Henry Jackson. "Aspects of Knighthood in Hartmann's Adaptations of Chretien's Romances and in the Social Context." In

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was created (it was the first order explicitly open to women). The Royal Victorian Order was opened to women in 1936, and the

1787:. Thus, the sword was a status symbol among the knightly class. Swords were effective against lightly armoured enemies, while 8913: 7906: 6016: 5962:"Review of Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar. Presented to Malcolm Barber" 5571: 5484: 5351: 5075: 5002: 4925: 4900: 4777: 4448: 4400: 4005: 2571: 2433: 5757: 3021: 1147:". Although any medieval knight going to war would automatically serve as a man-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights. 8585: 8560: 7916: 2535: 3567:. In 1638, a proposal was made to revive the use of robes for the wives of knights in ceremonies, but this did not occur. 8608: 7949: 2551: 6265: 8726: 8326: 8097: 8077: 8056: 6144: 5706: 5382: 5315: 5294: 5165: 5131: 4756: 4056: 3940: 3513: 2710: 2220: 2135:

of chivalry, which is essential to the modern concept of the knight, as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of

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in 732, the Frankish forces were still largely infantry armies, with elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight.

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confers their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-italian citizens, including the dynastic orders of;

2484:, the hereditary knighthood existed similarly throughout as a title of nobility, as well as in regions formerly under 1495:

for knights, who were relatively affluent horse owners and were expected to provide military services in exchange for

1061:, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries. 713:. Knighthoods and damehoods are traditionally regarded as being one of the most prestigious awards people can obtain. 614:(1459–1519) is often referred to as the "last knight" in this regard; however, some of the most iconic battles of the 8758: 8061: 7944: 7787: 6853: 6828: 6806: 6785: 6768: 6720: 6706: 6685: 6657: 6643: 6629: 6611: 6583: 5188: 5107: 4873: 4573: 4358: 4333: 4309: 3955: 3632: 3522: 3196: 3172: 2868: 2716: 2613: 2609: 1930:

came about in the mid 14th century. Overall, plate armour offered better protection against piercing weapons such as

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Knights of the late medieval era were expected by society to maintain all these skills and many more, as outlined in

1406:, and dancing – the prerequisite skills for knighthood. All of these were even performed while wearing armour. 662: 2003: 1086:

respectively) only entrenched this newly landed warrior class. This was because governing power and defense against

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A Concise History of Knighthood: Containing the Religious and Military Orders which have been Instituted in Europe

4473: 3890: 2432:. Like in the Netherlands, no female equivalent to the title exists. Belgium still does have about 232 registered 8709: 8546: 6266:"The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle | British Peerage, History & Significance | Britannica" 3645: 3257:

Wives of knights, however, are entitled to the honorific pre-nominal "Lady" before their husband's surname. Thus

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By the mid to late 16th century, knights were quickly becoming obsolete as countries started creating their own

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and turned over to the care of the castle's lords. They were placed on an early training regime of hunting with

7799: 5676: 4691:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 246, does not give a probable origin, and merely compares 3335:

in 1969. A knight who is subsequently ordained does not lose his title. A famous example of this situation was

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is portrayed as the ideal knight, demonstrating unwavering loyalty, military prowess and social fellowship. In

1001:, which often rode to battle on horseback rather than marching on foot. When the armies of the Frankish ruler 8189: 8092: 7864: 7859: 7343: 4423: 3910: 3860: 3486: 3429: 3351: 2559: 998: 9280: 8580: 8551: 8087: 7921: 7886: 7837: 7561: 5612: 4992: 4477: 3661:) since the mid-19th century, but they are usually called chevaliers. The first documented case is that of 3494: 2966: 1306: 993:, were mainly cavalry. However, it was the Franks who generally fielded armies composed of large masses of 989:

who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, and some armies, such as those of the

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culture or familiarized with it during training. These knights, among others, were called in to end large

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It was only over the following century, with the successful conquest of the Holy Land and the rise of the

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Up until 1965 it was not permitted to use these titles until after the knight concerned had received the

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In the course of the 12th century, knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between

694: 6011:. Nikolaus (First issued in paperback ed.). London New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 3478: 8331: 8164: 8021: 7360: 6881: 4240: 3935: 3612: 3490: 2962: 2358: 2308: 1803: 686: 655: 5722: 4815: 4797: 1037:

Age progressed, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their

709:, often for service to the Church or country. The modern female equivalent in the English language is 8714: 8681: 8046: 7986: 6403: 4634:

D'A. J. D. Boulton, "Classic Knighthood as Nobiliary Dignity", in Stephen Church, Ruth Harvey (ed.),

3538: 3408: 3014: 2106: 2084: 1671: 1560:, though the book's protagonist, Count Ludovico, states the "first and true profession" of the ideal 1423:

The accolade or knighting ceremony was usually held during one of the great feasts or holidays, like

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Arms & armor of the medieval knight : an illustrated history of weaponry in the Middle Ages

3682: 8633: 7991: 7981: 7338: 7150: 6121:"The Order of Saint George — The Oldest Secular Knightly Order in Hungary | Hungarian Conservative" 4596: 4126: 3568: 3100: 2563: 2167: 2055: 1738:

that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)

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The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325–1520

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Keen, Maurice Keen. Chivalry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (February 11, 2005). pp. 7–17.

5043: 4525: 3875: 3761:, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3 2899:, the military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of 2023:. While chivalric romances abound, particularly notable literary portrayals of knighthood include 8733: 8671: 8628: 8359: 8138: 8036: 7971: 4830: 4687: 4061: 3895: 3722: 3386: 3050: 2846: 2839: 2771: 2323: 745: 61: 5894: 2249:

and fighting in close formation also proved effective against heavy cavalry, such as during the

1216:"mounted soldier", to refer to a member of this ideal class, is significantly influenced by the 8691: 8666: 8406: 7996: 7625: 7367: 4986: 4563: 4407:

Knights were often vassals, or lesser nobles, who fought on behalf of lords in return for land.

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in the Middle Ages, it can be considered roughly equal to the titles of "Knight" or "Baronet".

2202: 2050: 2016: 1551: 1518: 1163: 619: 5235:. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont Publishing & Printing–Associated University Presses. p. 137. 5210: 5178: 4392: 3474: 2315:. This order can also be granted to persons not belonging to the Spanish Crown, as the former 1872:

to be made in the late 12th to early 13th centuries, this eventually would evolve to make the

8686: 8157: 8051: 8026: 8016: 8006: 8001: 7854: 6922: 6874: 6816: 6760: 6727: 6484: 6101: 5808: 5581: 4890: 4051: 3885: 3825: 3662: 3417: 3176: 2995: 2944: 2648: 2644: 2489: 2036: 1719: 1597: 1588: 1540: 840: 674: 6464: 6444: 6380: 5867: 5743: 4865: 3299: 2787: 2520:, or chain mail shirt worn almost daily by knights, as they would not only fight for their 2307:

grants titles of knighthood to the successor of the throne. This knighthood title, known as

9148: 8844: 8721: 8618: 8603: 8416: 8381: 8364: 8275: 8112: 8107: 8011: 7881: 7832: 7226: 7192: 7177: 7013: 6960: 6192:"Political Networking in the Middle Ages: The Order of the Dragon | Hungarian Conservative" 5563: 3820: 3800: 3576: 3564: 3450:, the second Belgian in space. This practice is similar to the conferral of the dignity of 3156: 3089: 3081: 2984: 2922: 2555: 2304: 2296:

In continental Europe different systems of hereditary knighthood have existed or do exist.

2123: 2101: 2079: 2074: 2045: 1718:

were created to record the knights of various regions or those who participated in various

1663: 1129: 1098:

attack became an essentially local affair which revolved around these new hereditary local

623: 592: 400: 5555: 3990: 1802:, which could be used to block strikes and projectiles. Oval shields were used during the 798: 8: 9213: 9136: 9131: 8661: 8656: 8447: 8313: 8197: 7496: 7301: 7276: 7256: 7160: 6812: 4081: 3985: 3870: 3845: 3792: 3559: 3534: 3498: 3152: 2988: 2951: 2940: 2909: 2889: 2271: 2188: 2060: 2012: 1953:

were the first form of medieval horse coverage and was used much like the surcoat. Other

1895: 1735: 1504: 1492: 1394:

and diving, shooting different types of weapons, climbing, participation in tournaments,

1376: 1298: 1155: 794: 670: 627: 615: 545:. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the 6034:"Teutonic State Order's Cultural Heritage in Towns of Warmia-Masuria Province in Poland" 5441: 3980: 1894:, and was initially used over chain mail in the 13th and 14th centuries, at the time of 1674:

in 1386. A far more chivalric duel which became popular in the Late Middle Ages was the

1121: 549:) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the 110: 8500: 8343: 7653: 7635: 7630: 7618: 7452: 7271: 7251: 7221: 7003: 6975: 6522: 6489: 6469: 6449: 6429: 5989: 5537: 5453: 5198: 4945: 3900: 3855: 3148: 2977: 2904: 2801: 2797: 2672: 2586: 2370: 2198: 2155: 2025: 1619: 1527:(c. 1205), chivalry had become a blend of religious duties, love and military service. 1509: 1302: 1049: 904:

arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the (French-derived) English

874:. This class is often translated as "knight"; the medieval knight, however, was called 779: 772: 8996: 6315:"The Most Honourable Order of the Bath | History, Ranks & Recipients | Britannica" 3304: 2763:, under the influence of the orders in the Holy Land and the Crusader movement of the 1074: 9201: 8437: 8321: 8290: 7658: 7576: 7313: 7266: 7204: 7033: 6856: 6849: 6831: 6824: 6802: 6788: 6781: 6764: 6732: 6716: 6702: 6681: 6653: 6639: 6625: 6607: 6586: 6579: 6063: 6012: 5981: 5702: 5672: 5567: 5541: 5529: 5490: 5480: 5378: 5347: 5311: 5290: 5184: 5161: 5127: 5103: 5071: 4998: 4921: 4896: 4869: 4773: 4752: 4569: 4550:

Chretien de Troyes and the German Middle Ages: Papers from an International Symposium

4396: 4385: 4354: 4329: 4305: 3995: 3840: 3686: 3628: 3592: 3413: 3320: 3316: 3168: 3010: 2807: 2760: 2631: 2605: 2539: 2485: 2469: 2031: 1980: 1976: 1649: 1453: 1205: 1175: 1022: 1006: 690: 682: 678: 647: 554: 542: 514: 447: 92: 6546: 6216:"The Order of the Golden Fleece | Philip the Good, Burgundy, Charles V | Britannica" 5395: 3657:

Modern French orders of knighthood include women, for example the Légion d'Honneur (

1860:

Helmets of the knight of the early periods usually were more open helms such as the

1593: 9303: 9228: 9223: 8898: 8511: 8244: 8102: 7976: 7876: 7706: 7514: 7404: 7355: 7328: 7081: 7076: 6929: 6053: 6045: 6033: 5973: 5869:

General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire

5784:"The Fons Honorum, Prerogatives and Privileges of the Portuguese House of Bragança" 5559: 5521: 5449: 5144: 5099: 4250: 4220: 4111: 4076: 4041: 3920: 3905: 3815: 3744: 3425: 3374: 3312: 2744: 2640: 2590: 2316: 2300: 2275: 2254: 2215: 2159: 2040: 1984: 1769: 1391: 1201: 1179: 1171: 1070: 1054: 986: 631: 603: 526: 518: 359: 223: 78: 6690:

Edwards, J. C. "What Earthly Reason? The replacement of the longbow by handguns."

6049: 5417:"The Art of Chivalry: European Arms and Armor from The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 4859: 2529: 2330: 2118:, which was to be important to the development of chivalric ideals in literature. 54:"Knights" redirects here. For the Roman social class also known as "knights", see 9308: 9253: 9233: 9218: 9153: 9109: 9082: 8959: 8908: 8903: 8535: 8401: 8235: 8218: 7847: 7539: 7350: 7096: 7086: 6773: 6743:

The Book of Chivalry of Geoffrey De Charny : Text, Context, and Translation.

6667: 6575: 6105: 6009:

The chronicle of Prussia: a history of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, 1190-1331

5761: 5341: 5023: 4106: 4096: 4091: 4046: 4010: 3960: 3915: 3880: 3776: 3658: 3470: 3451: 3390: 3340: 3336: 3203: 3164: 3120: 2781: 2738: 2699: 2601: 2525: 2505: 2404: 2374: 2312: 2250: 2225: 1943: 1899: 1869: 1826: 1788: 1749: 1667: 1637: 1500: 1496: 1278: 1272: 1190: 1167: 1132:

were convinced that Knights served the devil and not God, and needed reforming.

1058: 1010: 882: 737: 416: 125: 73: 6240: 3587:

in 1937). The first non-royal woman to be made Lady Companion of the Garter was

2663:

Since 1611, the British Crown has awarded a hereditary title in the form of the

744:("servant, bondsman, vassal"). This meaning, of unknown origin, is common among 517:

in Christian Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors. During the

9092: 8876: 8790: 8565: 8490: 8471: 8396: 8353: 8338: 8254: 7804: 7748: 7587: 7544: 7472: 7216: 7187: 7112: 7066: 7008: 6965: 6168: 5509: 4015: 3865: 3850: 3455: 3447: 3404: 3327:

of other Christian Churches are entitled to receive the accolade. For example,

3258: 3192: 3137: 3042: 2676: 2619: 2594: 2583: 2543: 2493: 2474: 2400: 2395: 2342: 2337: 2177: 2132: 1891: 1838: 1779:

The sword was a weapon designed to be used solely in combat; it was useless in

1676: 1327: 1267: 1116: 1002: 981: 867: 522: 276: 250: 211: 9027: 6089: 5937:"(PDF) The Order of Saint Lazarus - Cartulary: Vol. I - 12th - 14th centuries" 5525: 4970: 4749:

Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 A.D.)

1224:

of monastic warriors, and on the other hand also cross-influenced by Islamic (

9297: 9238: 9196: 9121: 9077: 8920: 8881: 8522: 7645: 7442: 7231: 7101: 7091: 7049: 7023: 7018: 6955: 6915: 6845: 6621: 6067: 5985: 5533: 5494: 5067: 4864:. Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. pp. 4692: 4170: 4086: 4071: 4000: 3925: 3835: 3780: 3758: 3690: 3596: 3328: 3130: 3025: 2777: 2726: 2462: 2349:. It is the lowest title within the nobility system and ranks below that of " 2246: 2241: 2119: 2070: 1966: 1935: 1881: 1841:

caused by mail. In hotter climates metal rings became too hot, so sleeveless

1811: 1602: 1344: 1340: 1159: 836: 495: 442: 178: 173: 168: 82: 6505:

Knights of Christ : Living today with the Virtues of Ancient Knighthood

4636:

Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994

1361:. In a religious ceremony, the new squire swore on a sword consecrated by a 9191: 8826: 8483: 8280: 8180: 7678: 7605: 7384: 7374: 7293: 7043: 6950: 6900: 5057: 4165: 4101: 3965: 3805: 3616: 3580: 3125: 2363: 2326: 2172:

dancer, athlete, singer and orator, and he should also be well-read in the

1887: 1861: 1846: 1715: 1703: 1485: 1403: 1258: 976: 890: 871: 863: 580: 271: 235: 183: 158: 153: 3458:. In addition, there still are a number of hereditary knights in Belgium ( 2881: 2791: 818: 786:, which also meant knight; but this meaning was in decline by about 1200. 9186: 9176: 9037: 8964: 8795: 8782: 8676: 8517: 8429: 8411: 8193: 7842: 7673: 7663: 7613: 7595: 7506: 7467: 7261: 7172: 7155: 6599:, 2nd ed. Translated by Manyon. London: Routledge & Keagn Paul, 1965. 6507:(Kindle Edition). West Bow Press. (May 22, 2012). p.xxx. ASIN: B00A4Z2FUY 5977: 5330:. Canary Press (August 15, 2011). Chapter: Pas D'armes. ASIN: B005HJTS8O. 5091: 4699: 4552:, ed. Martin H. Jones and Roy Wisbey. Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 1993. 37–55. 4501: 4462:"Kaiser Maximilian I.: Der letzte Ritter und das höfische Turnier" (2014) 4459: 4265: 4205: 4200: 4160: 3716: 3620: 3436:. Additionally there remain a few hereditary knights in the Netherlands. 3278: 3065: 3054: 3029: 2885: 2764: 2521: 2378: 2346: 2259: 2229: 2193: 2115: 2065: 1939: 1865: 1807: 1528: 1183: 1144: 1034: 1030: 822: 749: 726: 705:

to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement, as in the

651: 639: 635: 570: 534: 5993: 5961: 5701:. Harper Perennial (July 26, 2011). pp. Introduction: What is a Knight. 2329:

or the relevant Spanish politician of the Spanish democratic transition

1575:

Chivalry and religion were mutually influenced during the period of the

878:

in Latin (which in classical Latin meant "soldier", normally infantry).

626:, took place after his rule. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in 9072: 9054: 8947: 8859: 8505: 8386: 7688: 7028: 6713:

The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries

6058: 4235: 4155: 3282: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3116: 2933: 2853: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2655:

in 1697 for participation on the Jacobite side in the Williamite wars.

2173: 2089: 1919: 1873: 1854: 1822: 1792: 1753: 1294: 1290: 1091: 990: 970: 190: 6860: 5126:. The Catholic University of America Press (October 31, 2012). p. 26. 3603:, the first non-royal woman (post-nominal: LT). (See Edmund Fellowes, 2197:, rejected the code of chivalry as unrealistic idealism. The rise of 1730: 1025:

period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or

569:. In that sense, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors in 501:

The concept of Knighthood may have been inspired by the ancient Greek

9104: 9032: 8989: 8954: 8888: 8854: 8849: 8821: 8495: 8461: 8391: 7734: 7729: 7696: 7668: 7556: 7551: 7487: 7462: 7409: 7323: 7038: 6970: 5632: 5556:"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology" 5510:"The Visor of a Fourteenth-century Bascinet found at Pevensey Castle" 5474: 4225: 4210: 4190: 4185: 4180: 3444: 3424:

State knighthoods in the Netherlands are issued in three orders: the

3363: 2680: 2652: 2492:(by letters patents of 1752), even if its most recent members used a 2262:

also became an economic alternative to knights when conflicts arose.

1988: 1950: 1922:

which later evolved to fully enclose the leg in the form of enclosed

1903: 1681: 1613: 1424: 1395: 1230: 1066: 596: 575: 437: 333: 328: 318: 302: 137: 6835: 6792: 6736: 6590: 5271:

All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World, Volume 1

3771: 3399: 2828: 9208: 9181: 9171: 9044: 9022: 8752: 7743: 7715: 7701: 7568: 7534: 7492: 7477: 7437: 7182: 5149:

The Mirror of Language: A Study in the Medieval Theory of Knowledge

4145: 4116: 4066: 4029: 3293: 3289: 3123:, thus entitled to be called Sir Elton. The female equivalent is a 3112: 3108: 3096: 2900: 2896: 2497: 2458: 2421: 2415: 2386: 2354: 2233: 1972: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902:, eventually evolving into the plate arm harness consisting of the 1877: 1868:. The lack of more facial protection lead to the evolution of more 1834: 1707: 1693: 1630: 1576: 1561: 1536: 1523: 1470: 1436: 1418: 1336: 1217: 1209: 1186:, whose members would act as simple soldiers protecting pilgrims. 994: 793:

changed over time from its original meaning of "boy" to "household

607: 584: 557:

in the 15th century. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of

546: 530: 421: 364: 343: 323: 313: 266: 261: 218: 195: 6241:"Louis XI | King of France, Valois Dynasty, Reformer | Britannica" 3710: 3333:

Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire

2604:

or Green Knight (FitzGerald of Kerry) — the current holder is Sir

2488:

control. One family ennobled with a title in such a manner is the

1918:. The legs too were covered in plates, mainly on the shin, called 1845:

were worn as a protection against the sun, and also to show their

1706:), and indeed they played an essential role in the development of 1447: 1372: 1347:, chivalry, warfare, and combat (using wooden swords and spears). 8864: 8816: 7739: 7724: 7720: 7482: 7432: 7424: 7414: 7318: 7306: 7165: 7061: 7055: 6840:

Williams, Alan. "The Metallurgy of Medieval Arms and Armour", in

5289:. Oxford University Press; 1st edition (July 22, 1999). pp. 206. 5124:

Sport and Christianity: A Sign of the Times in the Light of Faith

5063:

A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?

4260: 4215: 4195: 4175: 4140: 3730: 3530: 3440: 3382: 3344: 3069: 2752: 2664: 2517: 2444: 2440: 2414:. It is the second lowest title within the nobility system above 2411: 2319: 2144: 2140: 1954: 1927: 1842: 1780: 1765: 1711: 1653: 1645: 1481: 1432: 1386: 1225: 1197: 1104: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1043: 847: 802: 733: 702: 643: 509: 503: 432: 395: 390: 281: 120: 55: 6818:

The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time

5098:(1st Ballantine Books Trade Paperback ed.). New York City: 4735:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed

4720:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed

4622:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed

1960: 1182:(1190). At the time of their foundation, these were intended as 9114: 8942: 8893: 8466: 8149: 7711: 7524: 7397: 7392: 7199: 6866: 6366:

Galloway, Peter; Stanley, David; Martin, Stanley, eds. (1996).

4861:

Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages

4280: 4275: 4270: 4255: 4230: 3830: 3466: 3378: 3324: 3163:, of which all members are knighted. In addition, many British 3140:, honorific knighthood may be conferred in two different ways: 3061: 3032:

in 1581. The recipient is tapped on each shoulder with a sword.

2686: 2481: 2461:" (baron). For its historical association with warfare and the 2449: 2148: 1992: 1957:, such as the facial armouring chanfron, were made for horses. 1923: 1850: 1799: 1773: 1761: 1641: 1514: 1477: 1458: 1428: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1332: 1319: 1249: 1079: 538: 385: 369: 338: 240: 206: 9003: 5442:"Black Prince: achievements of The Black Prince at Canterbury" 5287:

Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present

2612:, and has served as President of the Irish Association of the 2608:, 6th Baronet of Valencia, 24th Knight of Kerry. He is also a 932:. The Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English 9099: 8934: 8871: 8811: 8205: 8201: 7519: 7447: 6998: 5273:. Greenwood (August 15, 2011). pp. 690–700. ASIN: B005JIQEL2. 4991:

Burton, Richard Francis (2007). Charles Anderson Read (ed.).

4245: 4150: 3734: 3367: 3073: 2454: 2428: 2350: 2181: 2136: 1931: 1857:

and other garments with the arms of the wearer sewn into it.

1830: 1815: 1757: 1658: 1625: 851: 374: 354: 292: 6823:(Republished Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970). 4353:(Reprinted. ed.). New York: Crescent Books. p. 3. 2987:, founded by King James VII of Scotland (also known as 8804: 8456: 7529: 7071: 5683:

Revised Spanish translation in Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes

2767:

and generally aligned with geographical area, for example:

2501: 1784: 1462: 1286: 1263: 1253: 1120:

Hungarian knights routing Ottoman spahi cavalry during the

1099: 1073:

declared their fiefs to be hereditary, and also issued the

710: 297: 245: 230: 148: 132: 77:

A 14th-century depiction of the 13th-century German knight

8352: 6381:

The London Gazette, Issue 27467, Page 5461, 22 August 1902

5398:. Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4449:"Der letzte Ritter": 500. Todestag von Kaiser Maximilian I 985:(order of mounted nobles). Some portions of the armies of 9049: 6715:. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Education, 1992. 5854:

The History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Kilmacduagh

5180:

Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England: 1272–1485

4649:

Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide

4302:

Knight Without Armor: Carlos Eduardo Castañeda, 1896-1958

4036:

Auxilium ad filium militem faciendum et filiam maritandam

3787: 2011:

Knights and the ideals of knighthood featured largely in

1798:

One of the primary elements of a knight's armour was the

1636:

Besides formal tournaments, there were also unformalized

1457:

allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with

1409:

Upon turning 21, the squire was eligible to be knighted.

1029:

in Latin. The first knights appeared during the reign of

4751:. Brill (September 1, 2013). pp. 177–180, 243, 310–311. 3281:, who gained her title six years before her husband Sir 1111: 8259:

heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families

5671:. Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta. pp. 41–77. 5026:. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. November 15, 2015. 2643:, who were created knights in 1553 under the policy of 2622:

or Black Knight (FitzGerald of Limerick) — now dormant.

51:

Honorary title awarded for service to a church or state

6780:, 2nd ed. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 1998. 3339:, who was ordained just a year after he was appointed 2477:. Portuguese hereditary knighthoods confer nobility. 1499:. Early notions of chivalry entailed loyalty to one's 1237: 9276:

Knowledge:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals

6365: 5913:"Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem" 5346:(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 109. 4918:

Papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994

4770:

Papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994

4122:

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom

2735:

established to serve and protect lepers on/about 1100

1949:

Knights' horses were also armoured in later periods;

1193:, that these orders became powerful and prestigious. 6648:

Carey, Brian Todd; Allfree, Joshua B; Cairns, John.

3210:

In the British honours system the knightly style of

2913:

itself. Examples of notable orders of chivalry are:

2719:

founded to provide military medical services in 1048

1503:

and bravery in battle, similar to the values of the

529:, the rank had become associated with the ideals of 9256:

is the accepted criterion for official distinctions

5895:"Order of Malta - History: 1048 to the present day" 5306:Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, and John Franc. 2568:

Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

1795:were more effective against heavily armoured ones. 1276:while a knight fighting under his own banner was a 1196:The great European legends of warriors such as the 959: 5959: 5310:. Boydell Press (November 18, 2010). pp. 157–160. 4888: 4384: 2131:), written in 1469, was important in defining the 2114:), written in the 1130s, introduced the legend of 1325:These seven-year-old boys were given the title of 817:are left either money or lands. In his will, King 6094:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 5899:Order of Malta - History: 1048 to the present day 5666: 5308:Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume VIII 5233:Marlowe's Empery: Expanding His Critical Contexts 4800:. Ducksters. Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI). 4133: 3595:in 1995 (post-nominal: LG). On 30 November 1996, 3553: 2818: 2345:for "knight", is a hereditary noble title in the 2311:, is probably the most prestigious and exclusive 2019:, and have secured a permanent place in literary 1150:The first military orders of knighthood were the 9295: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 4920:. Woodbridge, England: Boydell. pp. 48–49. 3469:and Belgium, one of the ranks conferred in some 3362:have equivalent honorifics for knights, such as 2667:. Like knights, baronets are accorded the title 832:, "riding-servant", was a servant on horseback. 630:, particularly the literary cycles known as the 9144:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry 6361: 6359: 6090:"Religion, Warrior Elites, and Property Rights" 5637:Epic And Romance: Essays on Medieval Literature 5177:Fritze, Ronald; Robison, William, eds. (2002). 4304:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 202. 3685:and Catalano di Guido in 1233, and approved by 3331:did receive the accolade on his appointment as 3303:The English fighting the French knights at the 8249:and their national/public/official authorities 6291:"THE HISTORY BEHIND THE ORDER OF THE ELEPHANT" 5343:The image of aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300 5183:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 105. 4816:"Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were" 4681:(Éditions Errance, 2003), p. 96. The entry on 3315:in 1902, the custom was established whereby a 8165: 6882: 6728:Courts & camps of the Italian renaissance 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6433:(Supplement). 13 February 1901. p. 1139. 6145:"Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation" 6088:Anderson, R. Warren; Hull, Brooks B. (2017). 6074: 5176: 5151:; University of Nebraska Press, 1983. p. 105. 4798:"Middle Ages: History of the Medieval Knight" 4387:World History:Medieval and Early Modern Times 4349:Paddock, David Edge & John Miles (1995). 3675:Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See 2675:, and have never been entitled to sit in the 1961:Medieval and Renaissance chivalric literature 1748:Knights used a variety of weapons, including 467: 7786: 7566: 6356: 6087: 5872:. London: Burke's Peerage Limited. p. 7 5866:Burke, Bernard & Ashworth Burke (1914). 5838:The Descendants of the Last Earls of Desmond 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 4809: 4807: 4772:. Woodbridge, England: Boydell. p. 51. 1837:was worn to absorb shock damage and prevent 1662:duels were the judicial combat known as the 862:"horse") was a member of the second highest 6848:, ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2002. 6731:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908. 6652:, UK: Pen & Sword Military, June 2006. 6526:(Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8794. 6390: 6388: 6370:. London: Victorian Publishing. p. 22. 5476:The Scandinavian Baltic crusades, 1100-1500 5446:Encyclopedia of Medieval Dress and Textiles 2548:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 2154:Instructional literature was also created. 1760:. Elements of the knightly armour included 1734:Elements of a harness of the late style of 1491:Chivalry developed as an early standard of 964: 896:, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish 565:and related terms such as the French title 15: 8374: 8172: 8158: 6889: 6875: 6530: 5396:"Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe" 5230: 4594: 685:. There are also dynastic orders like the 634:, relating to the legendary companions of 474: 460: 16: 6189: 6118: 6057: 5402: 5216:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4971:"King Arthur in the Lands of the Saracen" 4895:. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–. 4804: 4647:Frank Anthony Carl Mantello, A. G. Rigg, 4638:, Boydell & Brewer, 1995, pp. 41–100. 4565:The knight in medieval England, 1000-1400 4328:. El-Felys Creations. 2000. p. 205. 3358:.) Some countries, however, historically 3144:The first is by membership of one of the 3002:, but was founded in its current form by 2869:Learn how and when to remove this message 2504:was granted to the lower ranked knights ( 2286: 1821:Until the mid-14th century, knights wore 889:, was replaced in common parlance by the 537:Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a 490:is a person granted an honorary title of 9266:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals 7774: 6516: 6483: 6463: 6443: 6423: 6385: 6006: 5813:Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases 5789:. Real Academia Sancti Ambrosii Martyris 5775: 5377:. (Procter Press, London: 1980). p. 32. 5037: 5035: 5033: 4994:The Cabinet of Irish Literature, Vol. IV 4892:Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe 4845:"The Knight in Armour: 8th–14th century" 4496: 4494: 3786: 3770: 3709: 3398: 3311:With the award of a KCVO to the Rt Rev. 3298: 3020: 2880: 2747:, established about 1190, and ruled the 2496:of count. In some other regions such as 2447:equivalent of an hereditary knight is a 2369: 2219: 1996: 1729: 1644:to end various disputes. Countries like 1592: 1446: 1371: 1293:and other large uprisings that involved 1115: 1048: 944:. These words are derived from Germanic 72: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 6678:Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight 6676:Edge, David; John Miles Paddock (1988) 6031: 5842:Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Volume 6 5558:. Oxford University Press. 2010-01-01. 5328:Gladiators: From Spartacus to Spitfires 5018: 5016: 5014: 4964: 4962: 4791: 4789: 4474:"Has Being Knighted Lost Its Prestige?" 4382: 4348: 4299: 3222:only when addressing the holder. Thus, 2998:, which may have been first founded by 1849:. This sort of coat also evolved to be 521:, knighthood was considered a class of 14: 9296: 6741:Kaeuper, Richard and Kennedy, Elspeth 6636:An Historical Guide to Arms and Armour 6007:Nikolaus (2021). Fischer, Mary (ed.). 5693: 5691: 5472: 5393: 5339: 5285:David Levinson and Karen Christensen. 5281: 5279: 5056: 4990: 4968: 4915: 4795: 4767: 4664:, Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 505. 4472:Mason, Christopher (13 October 2015). 4383:Carnine, Douglas; et al. (2006). 3739:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona 2749:Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights 2658: 2281: 2187:Later Renaissance literature, such as 1884:, also known as the "pig-face visor". 948:, "to ride", in turn derived from the 8153: 7773: 7130: 6870: 6842:Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour 6757:Medieval Britain: The Age of Chivalry 6665: 5865: 5721:. All Things Medieval. Archived from 5439: 5030: 4857: 4491: 4471: 3741:, created the Order of the Hatchet (" 3648:, a 17th-century writer on chivalry: 2759:Other orders were established in the 2679:, therefore like knights they remain 2572:Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit 2291: 1322:until they reached the age of seven. 1112:Multiple crusades and military orders 9252:* = Direct or indirect reference to 8971:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field 6811: 6402:. London. 2006-10-17. Archived from 5781: 5746:. How Stuff Works. 4 September 2008. 5564:10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001 5507: 5259:. How Stuff Works. January 22, 2008. 5231:Deats, Sarah; Logan, Robert (2002). 5090: 5011: 4959: 4833:. How Stuff Works. January 22, 2008. 4813: 4786: 4568:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. 4561: 3696: 3681:was founded by two Bolognese nobles 3609:Memorials of the Order of the Garter 2851:adding citations to reliable sources 2822: 1383:Squires were required to master the 1355:When the boy turned 14, he became a 533:, a code of conduct for the perfect 103:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe 9271: 6680:. Greenwich, CT: Bison Books Corp. 6149:American Delegation of Savoy Orders 5688: 5276: 5066:(Paperback 2003 ed.). London: 5046:. How Stuff Works. 22 January 2008. 3729:To honour those women who defended 2930:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 2693: 2552:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 1238:Knightly culture in the Middle Ages 48: 7132: 7131: 5454:10.1163/9789004124356_emdt_com_157 5050: 4969:Hermes, Nizar (December 4, 2007). 4679:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise 4057:Military order (religious society) 3941:Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard 3766: 3347:is entitled to use the title Sir. 3092:are Spain's highest civil honours. 2711:Military order (religious society) 2704: 1744:List of medieval armour components 1016: 805:describes a mounted retainer as a 778:, all meaning "boy, youth, lad"). 606:– such as the introduction of the 49: 9320: 6755:Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer Laing. 6638:. London: Studio Editions, 1991. 6620:. 2d revised ed. Woodbridge, UK: 6493:. 3 December 1996. p. 15995. 5960:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2008). 4814:Saul, Nigel (September 6, 2011). 4737:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 4722:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 4624:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 4391:. US: McDougal Littell. pp. 3197:Order of the Companions of Honour 3173:Order of St Michael and St George 2967:Philip III, Duke of Burgundy 2725:, founded very shortly after the 2717:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 2614:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1829:and piercing weapons such as the 1442: 1158:, both founded shortly after the 821:leaves his cniht, Aelfmar, eight 663:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 9270: 9261: 9260: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8179: 8134: 8133: 6896: 6616:Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre. 6396:"Michael De-La-Noy, obituary in" 6190:Veszprémy, László (2023-04-18). 6119:Veszprémy, László (2023-08-19). 5394:Norris, Michael (October 2001). 4601:. Macmillan Company. p. 238 4598:A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 3679:Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary 2827: 2403:for "knight", or the equivalent 1285:Some knights were familiar with 960:Evolution of medieval knighthood 251:Prince-elector, Princess-elector 109: 6510: 6497: 6477: 6457: 6437: 6417: 6374: 6331: 6307: 6283: 6258: 6233: 6208: 6183: 6161: 6137: 6112: 6025: 6000: 5953: 5929: 5905: 5887: 5859: 5847: 5827: 5801: 5758:"Malta History 1000 AD–present" 5750: 5736: 5711: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5626: 5601: 5548: 5508:Mann, James G. (October 1936). 5501: 5466: 5433: 5387: 5367: 5333: 5320: 5300: 5263: 5248: 5239: 5224: 5170: 5154: 5137: 5116: 5102:. pp. 110, 126, 140, 228. 5084: 4980: 4934: 4909: 4882: 4851: 4837: 4822: 4761: 4741: 4726: 4711: 4667: 4654: 4641: 4628: 4613: 4588: 4555: 4542: 4518: 3677:by H. E. Cardinale (1983), the 3635:in 1965 and 1971 respectively. 3261:'s ex-wife was formally styled 3028:(left) being knighted by Queen 2838:needs additional citations for 2410:is a hereditary noble title in 2112:History of the Kings of Britain 2095:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 1833:. Padded undergarment known as 1568:, derived from the French word 881:In the later Roman Empire, the 612:Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I 7775: 6752:. Yale University Press, 2005. 6473:. 25 April 1995. p. 6023. 6453:. 24 April 1990. p. 8251. 5760:. Carnaval.com. Archived from 5440:Watts, Karen (23 April 2012). 5421:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4942:"The Middle Ages: Charlemagne" 4662:An elementary Latin dictionary 4465: 4453: 4442: 4412: 4376: 4367: 4342: 4318: 4293: 4134:Counterparts in other cultures 3633:Saint Michael and Saint George 3554:England and the United Kingdom 3514:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3086:Order of Isabella the Catholic 2819:Honorific orders of knighthood 2741:, founded 1118, disbanded 1307 2639:Another Irish family were the 1680:or "passage of arms". In this 1582: 1220:, on one hand inspired by the 997:, with an infantry elite, the 591:to the forefront of defending 13: 1: 6801:. London: Tiger Books, 1997. 6650:Warfare in the Medieval World 6563: 6196:www.hungarianconservative.com 6125:www.hungarianconservative.com 6050:10.17846/gi.2014.18.2.138-146 5966:The English Historical Review 5609:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 4530:LEO German-English dictionary 3891:Heinrich von Bülow (Grotekop) 3861:Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry 3487:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 3430:Order of the Netherlands Lion 3416:(Castilian Civil War, in the 3352:Order of the Knights of Rizal 3199:does not confer a knighthood. 2560:House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 2268:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre 1533:Book of the Order of Chivalry 1152:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre 979:, there was a knightly class 940:, and Dutch and Scandinavian 9281:Knowledge:WikiProject Awards 8190:Auxiliary science of history 6572:German Knighthood, 1050-1300 5611:. 2015-03-24. Archived from 4595:Clark Hall, John R. (1916). 3971:Simon de Montfort, the Elder 3558:Women were appointed to the 3509:(in Dutch), meaning Knight. 3483:Ordre des Palmes académiques 3337:The Revd Sir Derek Pattinson 1725: 716: 650:, relating to the legend of 236:Crown prince, Crown princess 7: 9088:Fraternities and sororities 6821:. London: Central Chancery. 6701:. UK: Crowood Press, 2001. 4889:Richard W. Kaeuper (2001). 4673:Xavier Delamarre, entry on 4506:Online Etymology Dictionary 4022: 3625:Order of the British Empire 3459: 3356:Republic of the Philippines 3189:Distinguished Service Order 3181:Order of the British Empire 3077: 3000:Christian I of Denmark 2723:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 2078:and other Arthurian tales ( 2004:King René's Tournament Book 1687: 1412: 1242: 1139:(non-noble cavalrymen) and 1033:in the 8th century. As the 732:("boy" or "servant"), is a 695:Order of the British Empire 675:Royal Order of the Seraphim 10: 9325: 6981:Weberian (three-component) 6799:The Medieval Knight at War 5856:by Jerome Fahey 1893 p.326 5667:Eisenberg, Daniel (1987). 4997:. Read Books. p. 94. 4300:Almarez, Felix D. (1999). 3936:Philip Riedesel zu Camberg 3911:Jean III d'Aa of Gruuthuse 3613:Order of the Star of India 3329:Sir Norman Cardinal Gilroy 3214:and its female equivalent 2963:Order of the Golden Fleece 2945:Edward III of England 2769: 2708: 2697: 2577: 2385:by the Harter Graben near 2359:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2309:Order of the Golden Fleece 2213: 2209: 1970: 1964: 1741: 1691: 1586: 1468: 1416: 1208:popularized the notion of 968: 691:Imperial Order of the Rose 687:Order of the Golden Fleece 656:Knights of the Round Table 589:military orders of knights 53: 9247: 9162: 9063: 9013: 8986: 8933: 8837: 8781: 8770: 8750: 8642: 8594: 8579: 8545: 8534: 8482: 8312: 8305: 8268: 8234: 8227: 8212: 8187: 8129: 8070: 7962: 7930: 7897: 7823: 7795: 7782: 7769: 7687: 7644: 7604: 7586: 7505: 7423: 7383: 7292: 7285: 7240: 7143: 7139: 7126: 6989: 6943: 6939: 6910: 6699:Medieval Military Costume 6692:Medieval History Magazine 6606:. London: Collins, 2001. 6169:"The Order of the Garter" 5657:Hare (1908), pp. 211–218. 5526:10.1017/s0003581500084249 5473:David., Lindholm (2007). 4747:Petersen, Leif Inge Ree. 4651:, UA Press, 1996, p. 448. 3733:against an attack by the 3638: 3539:Knighthood of St. Gregory 3521:managed to establish the 2923:Charles I of Hungary 2558:. Additionally the Royal 2107:Historia Regum Britanniae 2085:Historia Regum Britanniae 1926:. As for the upper legs, 1864:, and later forms of the 1714:, coat armoury was born. 1350: 1162:of 1099, followed by the 669:, as well as the English 602:In the Late Middle Ages, 191:Grand duke, Grand duchess 8103:Pre-industrial East Asia 6368:Royal Service (Volume I) 6032:Musiaka, Łukasz (2014). 5719:"The History of Knights" 5669:A Study of "Don Quixote" 5254:Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D. 5096:The Princes in the Tower 5041:Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D. 4916:Church, Stephen (1995). 4828:Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D. 4768:Church, Stephen (1995). 4287: 4127:Papal Orders of Chivalry 3705: 3668: 3591:in 1990, the second was 3548: 3523:Order of the White Eagle 3499:Order of Leopold II 3479:Ordre National du Mérite 3101:Papal Orders of Chivalry 2989:James II of England 2564:Order of Saint Januarius 2168:The Book of the Courtier 2056:The Book of the Courtier 1564:"must be that of arms." 1557:The Book of the Courtier 1307:1323–1328 Flemish revolt 1252:their portions of land ( 1053:A Norman knight slaying 965:Pre-Carolingian legacies 573:finds a parallel in the 66:Knights (disambiguation) 31:latest accepted revision 7151:Administrative detainee 6339:"The Order of the Bath" 5514:The Antiquaries Journal 4858:Bumke, Joachim (1991). 4688:Oxford Latin Dictionary 4660:Charlton Thomas Lewis, 4062:Spanish military orders 3896:Heinrich von Winkelried 3723:Cantigas de Santa Maria 3533:, holders of religious 3501:in Belgium, is that of 3387:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3242:should be addressed as 3226:should be addressed as 3064:countries, such as The 3051:Commonwealth of Nations 2978:Louis XI of France 2772:Spanish military orders 2470:Royal House of Portugal 2324:Queen of United Kingdom 1312: 746:West Germanic languages 101:Imperial, royal, noble, 62:Knight (disambiguation) 7567: 6778:A Knight and his Horse 6171:. British Royal Family 6038:Geografické informácie 5589:Cite journal requires 5340:Crouch, David (1993). 4987:Richard Francis Burton 4562:Coss, Peter R (1996). 3946:Raymond IV of Toulouse 3931:Oswald von Wolkenstein 3795: 3784: 3764: 3726: 3683:Loderingo degli Andalò 3655: 3589:The Duchess of Norfolk 3434:Order of Orange Nassau 3421: 3308: 3275:Dame Heather McCartney 3271:Lady Heather McCartney 3185:British honours system 3161:Order of Saint Patrick 3047:British honours system 3033: 2974:Order of Saint Michael 2956:Sigismund of Luxemburg 2903:, as reflected in the 2892: 2733:Order of Saint Lazarus 2647:(first established by 2509: 2390: 2287:Hereditary knighthoods 2237: 2203:Renaissance literature 2051:Baldassare Castiglione 2017:Renaissance literature 2008: 1739: 1607: 1552:Baldassare Castiglione 1519:Wolfram von Eschenbach 1466: 1380: 1164:Order of Saint Lazarus 1125: 1062: 707:British honours system 604:new methods of warfare 438:Gentleman, Gentlewoman 85: 60:. For other uses, see 8108:Pre-industrial Europe 6108:– via Proquest. 5699:The Knight in History 4052:Christian nationalism 3886:Henry Percy (Hotspur) 3876:Götz von Berlichingen 3826:Bohemond I of Antioch 3790: 3774: 3750: 3713: 3650: 3605:Knights of the Garter 3593:The Baroness Thatcher 3541:make use of the word 3402: 3302: 3238:. Similarly, actress 3177:Royal Victorian Order 3024: 3004:King Christian V 2996:Order of the Elephant 2919:Order of Saint George 2884: 2709:Further information: 2698:Further information: 2649:Henry VIII of England 2645:surrender and regrant 2597:, for their kinsmen. 2500:, a specific type of 2490:house of Hauteclocque 2457:" (noble) and below " 2373: 2223: 2037:The Twelve of England 2000: 1971:Further information: 1876:. Later forms of the 1783:and impractical as a 1742:Further information: 1733: 1606:, depicting the mêlée 1596: 1589:Tournament (medieval) 1450: 1375: 1119: 1052: 1009:Arab invasion at the 969:Further information: 314:Viscount, Viscountess 262:Marquess, Marchioness 196:Archduke, Archduchess 138:High king, High queen 76: 9149:Magical organization 8609:Intellectual freedom 8417:Master of ceremonies 7965: or countries 7776:By country or region 7014:Class discrimination 6694:, Is. 7, March 2004. 6666:Clark, Hugh (1784). 6604:Marching with Sharpe 5744:"History of Knights" 5648:Hare (1908), p. 201. 4796:Nelson, Ken (2015). 3821:Bertrand du Guesclin 3801:Adrian von Bubenberg 3743:Orde de la Atxa" in 3573:Ladies of the Garter 3317:clerk in holy orders 3218:are followed by the 3157:Order of the Thistle 3119:, for example, is a 3090:Order of Civil Merit 3082:Order of Charles III 2985:Order of the Thistle 2888:, the member of the 2847:improve this article 2556:Civil Order of Savoy 2305:Royal House of Spain 2102:Geoffrey of Monmouth 2080:Geoffrey of Monmouth 1664:Combat of the Thirty 1640:done by knights and 1439:relative in battle. 1130:Bernard de Clairvaux 839:emerges only in the 681:, and the Norwegian 624:Great Siege of Malta 324:Burgrave, Burgravine 267:Margrave, Margravine 9214:Order of precedence 7497:Vanniar (Chieftain) 6725:Hare, Christopher. 5375:Origins of Heraldry 5122:Lixey L.C., Kevin. 4082:Knights of Alleberg 3986:Stibor of Stiboricz 3976:Simon V de Montfort 3871:Godfrey of Bouillon 3846:Franz von Sickingen 3811:Baldwin of Boulogne 3793:Stibor of Stiboricz 3607:, 1939; and Beltz: 3601:Lady of the Thistle 3560:Order of the Garter 3489:in France, and the 3267:Lady Paul McCartney 3153:Order of the Garter 3129:, for example Dame 2952:Order of the Dragon 2941:Order of the Garter 2932:, founded by Count 2890:Order of the Dragon 2671:. Baronets are not 2659:British baronetcies 2516:, referring to the 2282:Types of knighthood 2272:Knights Hospitaller 2189:Miguel de Cervantes 2129:The Death of Arthur 2120:Sir Thomas Malory's 2071:Sir Thomas Malory's 2061:Miguel de Cervantes 1896:Transitional armour 1736:Gothic plate armour 1493:professional ethics 1377:David I of Scotland 1156:Knights Hospitaller 950:Proto-Indo-European 699:Order of St. George 671:Order of the Garter 667:Order of Saint John 628:medieval literature 616:Knights Hospitaller 543:battle on horseback 507:(ἱππεῖς) and Roman 391:Baronet, Baronetess 21:Page version status 9127:Hereditary society 8344:Royal family order 8078:18th-century Spain 7932:Standard of living 7636:Upper middle class 7631:Lower middle class 7222:Political prisoner 7004:Chattering classes 6976:Spoon class theory 6761:St. Martin's Press 6711:Forey, Alan John. 6570:Arnold, Benjamin. 6523:The London Gazette 6503:Biddle, Daniel A. 6490:The London Gazette 6470:The London Gazette 6450:The London Gazette 6430:The London Gazette 6319:www.britannica.com 6270:www.britannica.com 6245:www.britannica.com 6220:www.britannica.com 5978:10.1093/ehr/cen218 5972:(503): 1007–1009. 5782:Evaristo, Carlos. 5269:Johnston, Ruth A. 5257:"How Knights Work" 5209:has generic name ( 5044:"How Knights Work" 4831:"How Knights Work" 4478:Town & Country 4426:. 21 February 2020 3856:Geoffroi de Charny 3796: 3785: 3727: 3629:Orders of the Bath 3495:Order of the Crown 3422: 3418:Hundred Years' War 3309: 3259:Sir Paul McCartney 3149:orders of chivalry 3053:countries such as 3034: 2954:, founded by King 2905:chivalric romances 2893: 2798:Order of Calatrava 2788:Order of Alcántara 2784:(Portugal) in 1143 2673:peers of the Realm 2587:FitzGerald dynasty 2423:Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw 2391: 2292:Continental Europe 2238: 2199:Christian humanism 2156:Geoffroi de Charny 2026:The Song of Roland 2009: 1740: 1608: 1510:The Song of Roland 1467: 1381: 1379:knighting a squire 1262:for each knight's 1126: 1063: 841:Hundred Years' War 780:Middle High German 773:Middle High German 593:Christian pilgrims 86: 27: 9291: 9290: 9257: 9202:Campaign streamer 8984: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8929: 8928: 8764: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8700: 8699: 8530: 8529: 8425: 8424: 8368: 8322:Order of chivalry 8301: 8300: 8294: 8291:Self-styled order 8147: 8146: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 7958: 7957: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7659:Lumpenproletariat 7161:illegal immigrant 7122: 7121: 7034:Classless society 6797:Robards, Brooks. 6697:Embleton, Gerry. 6295:www.kongehuset.dk 6018:978-1-032-17986-5 5917:Diocese of Venice 5809:"Fief de haubert" 5573:978-0-19-533403-6 5486:978-1-84176-988-2 5353:978-0-415-01911-8 5077:978-0-563-48714-2 5004:978-1-4067-8001-7 4927:978-0-85115-628-6 4902:978-0-19-924458-4 4779:978-0-85115-628-6 4402:978-0-618-27747-6 3996:Vincenzo Anastagi 3991:Suero de Quiñones 3841:Francisco Pizarro 3791:Late painting of 3697:The Low Countries 3687:Pope Alexander IV 3414:Battle of Montiel 3321:Church of England 3169:Order of the Bath 3099:implementing the 3011:Order of the Bath 2879: 2878: 2871: 2810:, established in 2808:Order of Santiago 2800:, established in 2790:, established in 2780:, established in 2761:Iberian peninsula 2632:Edmund Fitzgibbon 2606:Adrian FitzGerald 2589:, created by the 2486:Holy Roman Empire 2434:knightly families 2327:Elizabeth II 2232:mercenaries with 2124:Le Morte d'Arthur 2075:Le Morte d'Arthur 2046:The Knight's Tale 2032:Cantar de Mio Cid 1981:Matter of Britain 1977:Chivalric romance 1870:enclosing helmets 1672:Jean de Carrouges 1666:in 1351, and the 1465:in mortal combat. 1454:miles Christianus 1206:Matter of Britain 1176:Order of Santiago 858:"horseman", from 801:'s homily of St. 683:Order of St. Olav 679:Order of Santiago 665:, the Protestant 648:Matter of Britain 595:traveling to the 555:Duchy of Burgundy 515:Early Middle Ages 484: 483: 448:Lord of the Manor 412:Knight, Chevalier 39:26 September 2024 18: 9316: 9274: 9273: 9264: 9263: 9251: 9229:Awareness ribbon 9224:Devotional medal 9137:Gentlemen's club 9006: 8999: 8992: 8779: 8778: 8768: 8767: 8756: 8710:Religion-related 8592: 8591: 8543: 8542: 8372: 8371: 8357: 8350: 8349: 8310: 8309: 8288: 8236:Founts of honour 8232: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8137: 8136: 7964: 7865:Mexican-American 7793: 7792: 7784: 7783: 7771: 7770: 7572: 7515:Business magnate 7405:Knowledge worker 7290: 7289: 7178:dual or multiple 7141: 7140: 7128: 7127: 7082:Social exclusion 7077:Social cleansing 6991: 6941: 6940: 6930:Economic classes 6891: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6867: 6822: 6813:Shaw, William A. 6774:Oakeshott, Ewart 6673: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6543: 6528: 6527: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6392: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6085: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5815:. enacademic.com 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5715: 5709: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5577: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5413: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5304: 5298: 5283: 5274: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5174: 5168: 5158: 5152: 5145:Marcia L. Colish 5141: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5100:Ballantine Books 5088: 5082: 5081: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5039: 5028: 5027: 5020: 5009: 5008: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4944:. Archived from 4938: 4932: 4931: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4847:. History World. 4841: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4765: 4759: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4390: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4297: 4251:Praetorian Guard 4221:Legion of Honour 4112:Medieval warfare 4077:Knightly virtues 4042:Chivalric orders 3981:Stefan Lazarević 3921:Joanot Martorell 3906:Hugues de Payens 3816:Balian of Ibelin 3762: 3714:A battle of the 3663:Angélique Brûlon 3621:Dame Grand Cross 3577:Queens Alexandra 3520: 3491:Order of Leopold 3475:Légion d'Honneur 3461: 3426:Order of William 3393:Ritter von Trapp 3375:Benito Mussolini 3313:Randall Davidson 3183:are part of the 3159:and the dormant 3107:There are other 3079: 3030:Elizabeth I 2874: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2831: 2823: 2814:(Spain) in 1164. 2745:Teutonic Knights 2694:Chivalric orders 2635:) — now dormant. 2591:Earls of Desmond 2494:pontifical title 2333:, among others. 2317:Emperor of Japan 2301:Kingdom of Spain 2276:Teutonic Knights 2255:Charles the Bold 2216:Military history 2160:Book of Chivalry 2041:Geoffrey Chaucer 2007:(BnF Ms Fr 2695) 1985:Matter of France 1390:– riding, 1385:seven points of 1299:Peasants' Revolt 1202:Matter of France 1180:Teutonic Knights 1172:Order of Montesa 1168:Knights Templars 1137:milites gregarii 1122:Battle of Mohács 1071:Charles the Bald 1055:Harold Godwinson 987:Germanic peoples 885:word for horse, 632:Matter of France 587:brought various 527:Late Middle Ages 519:High Middle Ages 476: 469: 462: 121:Emperor, Empress 113: 88: 87: 79:Hartmann von Aue 9324: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9254:fount of honour 9243: 9234:Code of conduct 9219:Honorary degree 9164: 9158: 9154:Religious order 9110:Learned society 9083:Fraternal order 9065: 9059: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8976: 8925: 8833: 8772: 8760: 8755: 8738: 8696: 8638: 8624:Humanitarianism 8583: 8575: 8571:Law enforcement 8561:List of highest 8549: 8537: 8526: 8478: 8421: 8363: 8356: 8348: 8297: 8264: 8216: 8208: 8183: 8178: 8148: 8143: 8117: 8066: 7954: 7926: 7893: 7877:Underprivileged 7819: 7778: 7777: 7753: 7683: 7640: 7600: 7582: 7501: 7419: 7379: 7281: 7236: 7135: 7134: 7118: 7097:Social position 7087:Social mobility 6985: 6935: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6865: 6748:Keen, Maurice. 6634:Bull, Stephen. 6576:Clarendon Press 6566: 6561: 6552: 6550: 6549:. Heraldica.org 6547:"Women Knights" 6545: 6544: 6531: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6409: 6407: 6400:The Independent 6394: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6375: 6364: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6323: 6321: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6198: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6117: 6113: 6086: 6075: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6005: 6001: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5875: 5873: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5697:Gies, Francis. 5696: 5689: 5679: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5631: 5627: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5506: 5502: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5456: 5438: 5434: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5414: 5403: 5392: 5388: 5373:Platts, Beryl. 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5284: 5277: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5159: 5155: 5142: 5138: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5094:(August 1995). 5089: 5085: 5078: 5070:. p. 155. 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5012: 5005: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4812: 4805: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4766: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4443: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4136: 4131: 4107:Imperial Knight 4097:Knight bachelor 4092:Knight banneret 4047:Christian state 4025: 4020: 4011:William Wallace 4006:William Marshal 3961:Roger of Lauria 3916:Jean Le Maingre 3881:Guy de Lusignan 3777:William Marshal 3775:Tomb effigy of 3769: 3767:Notable knights 3763: 3757: 3708: 3699: 3671: 3659:Legion of Honor 3641: 3571:have been made 3556: 3551: 3518: 3505:(in French) or 3471:orders of merit 3452:Knight Bachelor 3403:Miniature from 3341:Knight Bachelor 3305:Battle of Crécy 3240:Dame Judi Dench 3204:Knight Bachelor 3165:orders of merit 3121:Knight Bachelor 2934:Amadeus VI 2875: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2844: 2832: 2821: 2804:(Spain) in 1158 2794:(Spain) in 1156 2774: 2739:Knights Templar 2713: 2707: 2705:Military orders 2702: 2700:Chivalric order 2696: 2661: 2610:Knight of Malta 2602:Knight of Kerry 2580: 2514:fief de haubert 2375:Fortified house 2313:chivalric order 2294: 2289: 2284: 2251:Battle of Nancy 2242:standing armies 2226:Battle of Pavia 2218: 2212: 1995: 1969: 1963: 1944:London lobsters 1934:and especially 1746: 1728: 1696: 1690: 1668:trial by combat 1591: 1585: 1497:landed property 1473: 1461:and facing the 1445: 1421: 1415: 1353: 1315: 1279:knight banneret 1273:knight bachelor 1245: 1240: 1222:military orders 1191:crusader states 1184:monastic orders 1178:(1170) and the 1141:milites nobiles 1114: 1075:Edict of Pîtres 1059:Bayeux tapestry 1019: 1017:Carolingian age 1011:Battle of Tours 973: 967: 962: 928:, and Romanian 883:classical Latin 789:The meaning of 782:had the phrase 719: 620:Siege of Rhodes 480: 417:Imperial Knight 355:Baron, Baroness 293:Count, Countess 102: 69: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 9322: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9268: 9258: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9093:Secret society 9090: 9085: 9080: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9019: 9017: 9011: 9010: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8939: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8911: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8776: 8765: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8715:Ecclesiastical 8707: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8589: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8566:Campaign medal 8563: 8557: 8555: 8540: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8459: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8369: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8339:Order of merit 8336: 8335: 8334: 8332:Colonial order 8329: 8327:Military order 8318: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8276:Ecclesiastical 8272: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8241: 8239: 8229: 8222: 8210: 8209: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8098:Ottoman Empire 8095: 8090: 8085: 8083:Ancient Greece 8080: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8057:United Kingdom 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7950:Home-ownership 7947: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7829: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7805:American Dream 7802: 7796: 7790: 7780: 7779: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7718: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7389: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217:Migrant worker 7214: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7137: 7136: 7133:By demographic 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7113:Status Anxiety 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Ranked society 7064: 7059: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7009:Class conflict 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6992: topics 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6966:Mudsill theory 6963: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6863: 6846:Nicolle, David 6838: 6809: 6795: 6771: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6723: 6709: 6695: 6688: 6674: 6663: 6660: 6646: 6632: 6614: 6600: 6597:Feudal Society 6593: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6529: 6509: 6496: 6476: 6456: 6436: 6416: 6384: 6373: 6355: 6330: 6306: 6282: 6257: 6232: 6207: 6182: 6160: 6136: 6111: 6073: 6044:(2): 138–146. 6024: 6017: 5999: 5952: 5928: 5904: 5886: 5858: 5846: 5834:John O'Donovan 5826: 5800: 5774: 5749: 5735: 5710: 5707:978-0060914134 5687: 5677: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5625: 5600: 5591:|journal= 5572: 5547: 5520:(4): 412–419. 5500: 5485: 5479:. Osprey Pub. 5465: 5432: 5401: 5386: 5383:978-0906650004 5366: 5352: 5332: 5326:Hubbard, Ben. 5319: 5316:978-1843835967 5299: 5295:978-0195131956 5275: 5262: 5247: 5238: 5223: 5189: 5169: 5166:978-0300107678 5153: 5136: 5132:978-0813219936 5115: 5108: 5083: 5076: 5049: 5029: 5010: 5003: 4979: 4958: 4933: 4926: 4908: 4901: 4881: 4874: 4850: 4836: 4821: 4803: 4785: 4778: 4760: 4757:978-9004251991 4740: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4666: 4653: 4640: 4627: 4620:"Equestrian". 4612: 4587: 4574: 4554: 4541: 4517: 4490: 4464: 4452: 4441: 4411: 4401: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4341: 4334: 4326:Diocese of Uyo 4317: 4310: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4016:Zawisza Czarny 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3956:Roger Mortimer 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3866:Gilles de Rais 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3768: 3765: 3755: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3673:As related in 3670: 3667: 3653:chevaleresses. 3640: 3637: 3569:Queens consort 3565:King Edward VI 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3473:, such as the 3456:United Kingdom 3448:Frank De Winne 3412:depicting the 3405:Jean Froissart 3361: 3263:Lady McCartney 3224:Sir Elton John 3208: 3207: 3200: 3193:Order of Merit 3138:United Kingdom 3105: 3104: 3093: 3076:among others ( 3058: 3043:United Kingdom 3019: 3018: 3007: 2992: 2981: 2970: 2959: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2877: 2876: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2770:Main article: 2757: 2756: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2706: 2703: 2695: 2692: 2677:House of Lords 2660: 2657: 2641:O'Shaughnessys 2637: 2636: 2623: 2620:Knight of Glin 2617: 2595:Earls Palatine 2584:Hiberno-Norman 2579: 2576: 2544:House of Savoy 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2211: 2208: 2176:and classical 1965:Main article: 1962: 1959: 1892:coat of plates 1727: 1724: 1716:Armorial rolls 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1638:judicial duels 1587:Main article: 1584: 1581: 1469:Main article: 1444: 1443:Chivalric code 1441: 1417:Main article: 1414: 1411: 1352: 1349: 1314: 1311: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1113: 1110: 1023:Early Medieval 1018: 1015: 1003:Charles Martel 982:Ordo Equestris 966: 963: 961: 958: 924:), Portuguese 868:Roman Republic 718: 715: 677:, the Spanish 673:, the Swedish 618:, such as the 523:petty nobility 482: 481: 479: 478: 471: 464: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 427: 426: 425: 424: 419: 414: 406: 405: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 380: 379: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 349: 348: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 295: 287: 286: 285: 284: 279: 277:Count palatine 274: 269: 264: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 227: 226: 216: 215: 214: 201: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 187: 186: 181: 176: 171: 163: 162: 161: 156: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 129: 128: 115: 114: 106: 105: 97: 96: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9321: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9269: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9240: 9239:Code of honor 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9197:Battle honour 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9122:Honor society 9120: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9078:Confraternity 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066:organisations 9062: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8921:Shoulder mark 8919: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8799:/Grand Cordon 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8774:(decorations) 8769: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8749: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8533: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8484:Jurisdictions 8481: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8433:/Grand Cordon 8431: 8428: 8427: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8292: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8281:Organisations 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8140: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8062:United States 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7963:Other regions 7961: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7788:United States 7785: 7781: 7772: 7768: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227:Socioeconomic 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102:Social stigma 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092:Social orphan 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050:Nouveau riche 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Class traitor 7022: 7020: 7019:Class society 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Gilbert model 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854:0-85115-872-2 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6829:0-8063-0443-X 6826: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6807:1-85501-919-1 6804: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786:0-8023-1297-7 6783: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6769:0-312-16278-2 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6721:0-333-46234-3 6718: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6707:1-86126-371-6 6704: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6687: 6686:0-517-10319-2 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:1-84415-339-8 6655: 6651: 6647: 6645: 6644:1-85170-723-9 6641: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6630:0-85115-795-5 6627: 6623: 6622:Boydell Press 6619: 6615: 6613: 6612:0-00-414537-2 6609: 6605: 6602:Bluth, B. J. 6601: 6598: 6595:Bloch, Marc. 6594: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584:0-19-821960-1 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6406:on 2007-11-23 6405: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6170: 6164: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5785: 5778: 5764:on 2012-02-04 5763: 5759: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5725:on 2020-02-23 5724: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5615:on 2015-03-24 5614: 5610: 5604: 5596: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5272: 5266: 5258: 5251: 5245:Keen, p. 138. 5242: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5212: 5207:|first2= 5200: 5192: 5190:9780313291241 5186: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5111: 5109:9780345391780 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5068:BBC Worldwide 5065: 5064: 5059: 5058:Schama, Simon 5053: 5045: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4948:on 2017-11-09 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4875:9780520066342 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4693:Old Bulgarian 4690: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4577: 4575:9780938289777 4571: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4362: 4360:0-517-10319-2 4356: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4335:9789783565005 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4311:9781603447140 4307: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Eagle warrior 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:Knight-errant 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4072:Heavy cavalry 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001:William Clito 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3926:John Hawkwood 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3901:Hernán Cortés 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Francis Drake 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3781:Temple Church 3778: 3773: 3760: 3759:Elias Ashmole 3754: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3692: 3691:Pope Sixtus V 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619:in 1917 as a 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273:). The style 3272: 3268: 3265:(rather than 3264: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3167:, namely the 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3131:Julie Andrews 3128: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3026:Francis Drake 3023: 3016: 3015:George I 3013:, founded by 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976:, founded by 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965:, founded by 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943:, founded by 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2921:, founded by 2920: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2870: 2862: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2836:This section 2834: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2778:Order of Aviz 2776: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727:First Crusade 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2651:). They were 2650: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2530:Ancien Régime 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512:) called the 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2463:landed gentry 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2381:of a knight ( 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2353:" but above " 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2331:Adolfo Suárez 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2069:, as well as 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1967:Knight-errant 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:heraldic arms 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1816:couched lance 1813: 1812:heater shield 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1737: 1732: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1605: 1604: 1603:Codex Manesse 1599: 1595: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1486:foot-soldiers 1483: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1348: 1346: 1345:equestrianism 1342: 1341:swordsmanship 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:First Crusade 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1005:defeated the 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 978: 972: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 837:heavy cavalry 833: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 724: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:Islamic world 578: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:high nobility 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 505: 499: 497: 496:head of state 493: 489: 477: 472: 470: 465: 463: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 446: 444: 443:Ministerialis 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 407: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 382: 381: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 350: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 231:Duke, Duchess 229: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 194: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 164: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 136: 134: 133:Tsar, Tsarina 131: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 112: 108: 107: 104: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 84: 83:Codex Manesse 80: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 9192:Service flag 8969: 8827:Medal ribbon 8798: 8773: 8759:Named after 8652:Architecture 8614:Human rights 8510: 8452: 8432: 8382:Grand master 8365:Post-nominal 8214:Distinctions 8213: 8181:Phaleristics 8113:Soviet Union 8088:Ancient Rome 7945:Homelessness 7870:Upper Middle 7742: / 7723: / 7714: / 7679:Working poor 7575: 7562:Robber baron 7457: 7385:Intellectual 7375:Royal family 7339:Ancient Rome 7193:second-class 7111: 7054: 7053: / 7048: 7044:High society 6951:Elite theory 6928: 6921: 6914: 6901:Social class 6841: 6817: 6798: 6777: 6759:. 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Retrieved 4414: 4406: 4386: 4378: 4373:Clark, p. 1. 4369: 4350: 4344: 4325: 4320: 4301: 4295: 4166:Conquistador 4102:Black knight 4034: 3966:Saint George 3806:Andrew Moray 3751: 3742: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3700: 3674: 3672: 3656: 3651: 3642: 3608: 3604: 3583:in 1910 and 3575:since 1901 ( 3557: 3542: 3528: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3464: 3438: 3423: 3407: 3392: 3371: 3349: 3310: 3287: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3151:such as the 3145: 3135: 3124: 3106: 3035: 2908: 2894: 2865: 2856: 2845:Please help 2840:verification 2837: 2758: 2685: 2668: 2662: 2638: 2629: 2626:White Knight 2593:, acting as 2581: 2534: 2513: 2479: 2475:grand collar 2467: 2448: 2438: 2427: 2422: 2416: 2407: 2394: 2392: 2383:Schloss Hart 2362: 2336: 2335: 2298: 2295: 2264: 2239: 2192: 2186: 2184:literature. 2166: 2164: 2153: 2128: 2122: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2083: 2073: 2064: 2054: 2044: 2030: 2024: 2010: 2002: 1948: 1888:Plate armour 1886: 1862:nasal helmet 1859: 1820: 1797: 1778: 1747: 1704:coat of arms 1699: 1697: 1675: 1635: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1601: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1549: 1545:Round Tables 1539:, attending 1532: 1522: 1508: 1490: 1474: 1452: 1422: 1408: 1404:long jumping 1384: 1382: 1356: 1354: 1326: 1324: 1316: 1297:such as the 1291:insurgencies 1284: 1277: 1271: 1268:petty nobles 1259:quid pro quo 1257: 1246: 1229: 1228:) ideals of 1213: 1195: 1188: 1174:(1128), the 1170:(1118), the 1149: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1127: 1103: 1064: 1026: 1020: 980: 977:ancient Rome 974: 953: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 891:vulgar Latin 886: 880: 875: 872:Roman Empire 864:social class 859: 855: 845: 834: 829: 827: 814: 810: 806: 790: 788: 784:guoter kneht 783: 775: 768: 767:, Norwegian 764: 760: 756: 752: 741: 729: 722: 720: 660: 601: 574: 566: 562: 558: 508: 502: 500: 491: 487: 485: 411: 272:Marcher lord 70: 56: 38: 29:This is the 23: 9187:Vexillology 9177:Numismatics 9038:Passage fee 9014:Ceremonies 8796:Grand Cross 8771:For wearing 8518:Grand Lodge 8448:Hospitaller 8430:Grand Cross 8375:By function 8228:By conferee 8202:decorations 8194:numismatics 8032:New Zealand 7749:Untouchable 7674:Proletariat 7664:Pea-pickers 7614:Bourgeoisie 7302:Aristocracy 7188:naturalized 7183:native-born 6518:"No. 30250" 6485:"No. 54597" 6465:"No. 54017" 6445:"No. 52120" 6425:"No. 27284" 6175:30 November 6059:11089/12551 4733:"Reidh- ". 4700:Old Russian 4460:Sabine Haag 4206:Juramentado 4201:Janissaries 4161:Condottieri 3951:Roger Bigod 3851:Gerard Thom 3748:) in 1149. 3717:Reconquista 3623:, when the 3597:Lady Fraser 3279:Norma Major 3066:Netherlands 3055:New Zealand 3037:countries: 2886:Pippo Spano 2859:August 2021 2765:Reconquista 2522:liege lords 2379:family seat 2347:Netherlands 2260:Mercenaries 2230:Landsknecht 2194:Don Quixote 2116:King Arthur 2066:Don Quixote 1940:Cuirassiers 1866:spangenhelm 1855:waffenrocks 1823:mail armour 1808:kite shield 1720:tournaments 1702:(bearing a 1677:pas d'armes 1583:Tournaments 1541:tournaments 1529:Ramon Llull 1513:(c. 1100), 1295:urban areas 1145:man-at-arms 1035:Carolingian 1031:Charlemagne 750:Old Frisian 727:Old English 652:King Arthur 640:men-at-arms 636:Charlemagne 571:Christendom 81:, from the 9298:Categories 9115:Fellowship 9073:Fraternity 9055:Collar day 9016:and events 8860:Collar pin 8682:Philosophy 8672:Literature 8506:Commandery 8387:Chancellor 8285:Commercial 8022:Luxembourg 7912:Inequality 7577:Superclass 7368:Hereditary 7344:Post-Roman 7335:Patrician 7205:adolescent 7029:Classicide 6574:. Oxford: 6564:References 6553:2011-08-23 6410:2009-11-19 6324:2024-04-13 6300:2024-07-04 6276:2024-04-13 6251:2024-04-13 6226:2024-04-13 6201:2024-07-04 6154:2024-07-04 6130:2024-07-04 6106:1970260646 5946:2023-10-12 5922:2023-10-12 5876:4 December 5819:January 2, 5768:2008-10-12 5729:2015-11-15 5678:0936388315 5619:2021-07-05 5459:2021-07-05 5426:2021-03-04 5359:4 December 4952:2015-11-05 4818:. Origins. 4605:18 January 4581:2017-06-18 4535:2009-04-07 4511:2009-04-07 4420:"Crusades" 4236:Mujahideen 4156:Cataphract 3646:Ménestrier 3432:, and the 3409:Chronicles 3283:John Major 3248:Dame Dench 3220:given name 3117:Elton John 3109:monarchies 3088:, and the 3045:using the 2895:After the 2755:until 1525 2570:, and the 2510:chevaliers 2426:and below 2389:, Austria) 2214:See also: 2174:humanities 2090:Pearl Poet 2001:Page from 1951:caparisons 1920:schynbalds 1874:great helm 1793:warhammers 1700:armigerous 1670:fought by 1614:hastiludes 1598:Tournament 1543:, holding 1505:Heroic Age 1501:liege lord 1102:and their 991:Ostrogoths 971:Bucellarii 912:, Spanish 908:: Italian 870:and early 848:Equestrian 763:, Swedish 646:, and the 492:knighthood 422:Druzhinnik 9105:Syndicate 9033:Feoffment 8955:Plaquette 8889:Epaulette 8855:Lapel pin 8850:Award pin 8822:Medal bar 8634:Volunteer 8512:Obedience 8496:Bailiwick 8462:Postulant 8438:Commander 8392:Treasurer 8255:Dynasties 8047:Sri Lanka 7940:Education 7907:Household 7800:Affluence 7735:Rat tribe 7697:Ant tribe 7669:Precariat 7654:Lazzaroni 7596:Bohemians 7557:Overclass 7552:Old money 7488:Spartiate 7463:Kshatriya 7453:Hashashin 7410:Professor 7351:Political 7324:Oligarchy 7314:Hanseaten 7232:Stateless 7212:Convicted 7144:By status 7107:Subaltern 7039:Euthenics 6971:New class 6861:2002-3680 6836:74-129966 6672:. London. 6591:85-235009 6348:April 13, 6068:1337-9453 5986:0013-8266 5639:pp. 52–53 5633:W. P. Ker 5542:161352227 5534:0003-5815 5495:137244800 5199:cite book 4976:. Nebula. 4226:Maharlika 4211:Kshatriya 4191:Housecarl 4186:Furusiyya 4181:Eso Ikoyi 3720:from the 3693:in 1558. 3599:was made 3585:Elizabeth 3579:in 1901, 3537:like the 3519:August II 3503:Chevalier 3460:see below 3445:astronaut 3372:Cavaliere 3364:Cavaliere 3325:Ministers 3244:Dame Judi 3228:Sir Elton 3113:republics 3111:and also 3078:see below 3049:and some 2991:) in 1687 2802:Calatrava 2792:Alcántara 2681:commoners 2665:baronetcy 2653:attainted 2408:Chevalier 2393:Likewise 2228:in 1525. 2098:, etc.). 1989:Minnesang 1942:like the 1904:rerebrace 1882:hounskull 1804:Dark Ages 1726:Equipment 1682:hastilude 1633:singing. 1600:from the 1570:chevalier 1425:Christmas 1396:wrestling 1387:agilities 1337:falconers 1231:furusiyya 1214:chevalier 1067:benefices 999:comitatus 936:: German 926:cavaleiro 918:chevalier 916:, French 914:caballero 910:cavaliere 825:of land. 819:Æthelstan 759:, Danish 721:The word 717:Etymology 597:Holy Land 576:furusiyya 567:chevalier 525:. By the 513:. In the 334:Advocatus 329:Landgrave 319:Castellan 303:Ealdorman 9209:Nobility 9182:Heraldry 9172:Chivalry 9165:concepts 9163:Related 9064:Related 9045:Festival 9023:Accolade 8909:Campaign 8877:Heraldic 8753:insignia 8727:Scouting 8629:Politics 8581:Civilian 8547:Military 8538:by field 8412:Chaplain 8397:Assessor 8139:Category 8071:Historic 7992:Colombia 7982:Cambodia 7917:Personal 7815:Mobility 7744:Freedman 7730:Plebeian 7716:Prisoner 7702:Commoner 7588:Creative 7569:Seigneur 7535:Nobility 7493:Vanniyar 7478:Pendekar 7438:Cossacks 7072:Snobbery 6944:Theories 6815:(1906). 6793:98-32049 6763:, 1996. 6750:Chivalry 6737:08-31670 6624:, 2000. 6578:, 1985. 6102:ProQuest 5994:20108644 5060:(2003). 5024:"Knight" 4683:cabullus 4675:caballos 4526:"Knecht" 4502:"Knight" 4483:11 March 4430:11 March 4146:Baghatur 4117:Nobility 4067:Destrier 4030:Accolade 4023:See also 3783:, London 3756:— 3617:damehood 3485:and the 3385:and the 3294:gazetted 3290:accolade 3252:Ms Dench 3232:Sir John 3195:and the 3179:and the 3097:Holy See 3062:European 2901:chivalry 2897:Crusades 2812:Santiago 2554:and the 2526:nobility 2498:Normandy 2459:Freiherr 2445:Austrian 2387:Kindberg 2355:Jonkheer 2234:arquebus 2013:medieval 1973:Chivalry 1916:pauldron 1912:spaulder 1908:vambrace 1878:bascinet 1843:surcoats 1770:gauntlet 1712:surcoats 1708:heraldry 1694:Heraldry 1688:Heraldry 1631:minstrel 1577:Crusades 1566:Chivalry 1562:courtier 1537:jousting 1524:Parzival 1482:peasants 1471:Chivalry 1433:soldiers 1419:Accolade 1413:Accolade 1392:swimming 1333:huntsmen 1305:and the 1243:Training 1218:Crusades 1210:chivalry 1204:and the 1198:paladins 1166:(1100), 1154:and the 1105:demesnes 995:infantry 922:chivalry 920:(whence 906:cavalier 902:caballus 898:caballos 894:caballus 830:rādcniht 809:. 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