920:
520:
1777:
in some contexts may – when taken up in the classroom – become converted into a ruling that the dispreferred form is automatically unacceptable in all circumstances, a view academic linguists reject. (Linguists may accept that a construction is ungrammatical or incorrect in relation to a certain lect if it does not conform to its inherent rules, but they would not consider it absolutely wrong simply because it diverges from the norms of a prestige variety.) A classic example from 18th-century
England is Robert Lowth's tentative suggestion that
1320:
subsection by the facet of language, or very compact works insistent upon only a few matters of particular importance to the publisher. Some aim to be comprehensive only for a specific field, deferring to more general-audience guides on matters that are not particular to the discipline in question. There are different types of style guides, by purpose and audience. Because the genres of writing and the audiences of each manual are different, style manuals often conflict with each other, even within the same
1737:". Such practices have been said to contribute to perpetuating the belief that non-codified forms of language are innately inferior, creating social stigma and discrimination toward their speakers. In contrast, modern linguists would generally hold that all forms of language, including both vernacular dialects and different realizations of a standardized variety, are scientifically equal as instruments of communication, even if deemed socially inappropriate for certain situational contexts. Resulting in
4005:
459:
1566:
1789:
1541:. In certain traditions, strict adherence to prescribed spellings and pronunciations was and remains of great spiritual importance. Islamic naming conventions and greetings are notable examples of the linguistic prescription being a prerequisite to spiritual righteousness. Another commonly cited example of prescriptive language usage closely associated with social propriety is the system of
1482:
1204:), with the former being a highly traditionalistic idiom for written language and public usage, and the latter being a more liberal idiom for private contexts that is more permissive for loanwords and deviations from "traditional" usage. According to the Polish language ideology, the latter is also considered to include regional usages.
1426:
enforce compliance; a publication may require its employees to use house style as a matter of on-the-job competence. A well-respected style guide, and usually one intended for a general audience, may also have the kind of authority that a dictionary does consult as a reference work to satisfy personal curiosity or settle an argument.
744:) analysis and field study, both of which are descriptive activities. Description may also include researchers' observations of their own language usage. In the Eastern European linguistic tradition, the discipline dealing with standard language cultivation and prescription is known as "language culture" or "speech culture".
1608:
The prescription may privilege some existing forms over others for the sake of maximizing clarity and precision in language use. Others are subjective judgments of what constitutes good taste. Some reflect the promotion of one class or region within a language community over another, which can become
1813:
have been instituted, to guard the avenues of their languages, to retain fugitives, and repulse intruders; but their vigilance and activity have hitherto been vain; sounds remain too volatile and subtle for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash the wind, are equally the undertakings of
1776:
Finally, there is the problem of inappropriate dogmatism. Although competent authorities tend to make careful statements, popular pronouncements on language are apt to condemn. Thus, wise prescriptive advice identifying a form as colloquial or non-standard and suggesting that it be used with caution
1772:
A further problem is a challenge of specifying understandable criteria. Although prescribing authorizations may have clear ideas about why they make a particular choice, and their choices are seldom entirely arbitrary, there exists no linguistically sustainable metric for ascertaining which forms of
1808:
be derided, who is able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once
1425:
None of these works have any sort of legal or regulatory authority (though some governments produce their own house style books for internal use). They still have authority in the sense that a student may be marked down for failure to follow a specified style manual; a professional publisher may
747:
Despite being apparent opposites, prescriptive and descriptive approaches have a certain degree of conceptual overlap as comprehensive descriptive accounts must take into account and record existing speaker preferences, and a prior understanding of how language is actually used is necessary for
1319:
Other kinds of authorities exist in specific settings, most commonly in the form of style guidebooks (also called style guides, manuals of style, style books, or style sheets). Style guides vary in form, and may be alphabetical usage dictionaries, comprehensive manuals divided into numerous
1132:
established statutory national normative spelling usages for each of the German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and
Belgium). It has, however, been comprehensively disregarded by many people; in relevance, it became so controversial in the federal state of
706:, such normative practices often propagate the belief that some usages are incorrect, inconsistent, illogical, lack communicative effect, or are of low aesthetic value, even in cases where such usage is more common than the prescribed usage. They may also include judgments on
1773:
language should be considered standard or otherwise preferable. Judgments that seek to resolve ambiguity or increase the ability of the language to make subtle distinctions are easier to defend. Judgments based on the subjective associations of a word are more problematic.
1339:, and various awkward expressions to avoid. Most of these are internal documentation for the publisher's staff, though various newspapers, universities, and other organizations have made theirs available for public inspection, and sometimes even sell them as books, e.g.
822:
makes a distinction between "prescription" and "prescriptivism", defining the former as "a process of codification of a certain variety of language for some sort of official use", and the latter as "an unscientific tendency to mystify linguistic prescription".
1732:
have been criticized for going far beyond mere norm-setting, i.e. by promoting the sanctioned language variety as the only legitimate means of communication and presenting it as the only valid baseline of correctness, while stigmatizing non-standard usages as
2807:
Lyngfelt, Benjamin; Bäckström, Linnéa; Borin, Lars; Ehrlemark, Anna; Rydstedt, Rudolf (2018). "Constructicography at work: Theory meets practice in the
Swedish constructicon". In Lyngfelt, Benjamin; Borin, Lars; Ohara, Kyoko; Torrent, Tiago Timponi (eds.).
2264:
870:
Linguistic prescription may also be used to advance a social or political ideology. Throughout history, prescription has been created around high-class language, and therefore it degeneralizes lower-class language. This has led to many justifications of
799:
as a constitutive element of prescriptivism or even identifying prescriptivism with this system of views. Others, however, use this term in relation to any attempts to recommend or mandate a particular way of language usage (in a specific
1141:
held there in 1998 56.4% of voters opposed its implementation. Notwithstanding, the
Schleswig-Holstein parliament reversed the referendum outcome in 1999. Many major German newspapers chose to implement the reforms only partially (e.g.
1664:
A frequent criticism is that prescription has a tendency to favor the language of one particular area or social class over others, and thus militates against linguistic diversity. Frequently, a standard dialect is associated with the
866:
and normalize it is widespread in most parts of the world. Foreign language instruction is also considered a form of prescription, since it involves instructing learners how to speak, based on usage documentation laid down by others.
721:, teach what a particular society or sector of a society perceives as a correct or proper form, or advise on effective and stylistically apt communication. If usage preferences are conservative, prescription might appear resistant to
1493:
rules for the consistent transcription of culturally important transactions (laws, scriptures, contracts, poetry, etc.) allow a large number of discussants to understand written conversations easily, and across multiple generations.
1756:
Another serious issue with prescription is that prescriptive rules quickly become entrenched and it is difficult to change them when the language changes. Thus, there is a tendency for prescription to lag behind the
1604:
From the earliest attempts at prescription in classical times grammarians have based their norms on observed prestige use of language. Modern prescriptivist textbooks draw heavily on descriptive linguistic analysis.
2767:
1741:, normative practices might also give rise to the conviction that explicit formal instruction is an essential prerequisite for acquiring proper command of one's native language, thus creating a massive feeling of
808:), without, however, implying that these practices must involve propagating the standard language ideology. According to another understanding, the prescriptive attitude is an approach to norm-formulating and
2899:"Ocena poprawności językowej prac egzaminacyjnych uczniów III klasy gimnazjum: wewnętrznojęzykowe przyczyny trudności w ocenie, wyniki zastosowania skali egzaminacyjnej, zalecenia dla systemu egzaminacyjnego"
1804:
When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the
1709:
may feel the standard is arbitrarily selected or slanted against them. Therefore, prescription has political consequences; indeed, it can be—and has been—used consciously as a political tool.
1556:. Notions of linguistic prestige apply to different dialects of the same language and also to separate, distinct languages in multilingual regions. Prestige level disparity often leads to
831:
Linguistic prescription is a part of a language standardization process. The chief aim of linguistic prescription is to specify socially preferred language forms (either generally, as in
887:, as the idea that the "lower race" speaks improperly is propagated by people with an opposing ideology. Later, during the second half of the 20th century, efforts driven by various
843:) in a way that is easily taught and learned. Prescription may apply to most aspects of language, including spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
1400:
standards in particular fields, though the bulk of their material pertains to formatting of source citations (in mutually conflicting ways). Some examples are those issued by the
1188:, lit. "correct Polish") and formulate normative orthography. The Polish prescriptive policy recognizes two normative subvarieties of standard Polish: the "model/official norm" (
756:, which are prescriptive works by nature, have increasingly integrated descriptive material and approaches. Examples of guides updated to add more descriptive material include
875:, as the lower-class can easily be portrayed to be incoherent and improper if they do not speak the standard language. This also corresponds to the use of prescription for
2442:
1150:) or to reject it entirely, ending a period when combined German spelling, although officially only necessary in government and educational use, was the widespread
816:, as opposed to more liberal approaches that draw heavily from descriptive surveys; in a wider sense, however, the latter also constitute a form of prescriptivism.
927:
Prescription presupposes authorities whose judgments may come to be followed by many other speakers and writers. For
English, these authorities tend to be books.
879:, as dialects spoken by what is seen as the superior race are usually standardized in countries with prominent racism. A good example of this is the demeaning of
1102:). The Flemish press and other media also adhere to these rules. In the Netherlands, however, some media apply a slightly adapted spelling, as outlined in the
3439:"'Good Language' and Insecure Speakers: A Study into Metalinguistic Awareness of TV and Radio Journalists in the Context of Language Monitoring in Lithuania"
1616:. Words referring to elements of sexuality or toilet hygiene may be regarded as obscene. Blasphemies against religion may be forbidden. In the 21st century,
774:(1993) in French. A partially descriptive approach can be especially useful when approaching topics of ongoing conflict between authorities, or in different
1418:, by the Council of Science Editors, seeks to normalize style in scientific journal publishing, based where possible on standards issued by bodies like the
795:
Some authors define "prescriptivism" as the concept where a certain language variety is promoted as linguistically superior to others, thus recognizing the
2030:
2381:
1562:: speakers in certain social contexts consciously choose a prestige language or dialect over a less prestigious one, even if it is their native tongue.
1228:, whose interpretations and instructions are approved by the Romanian state and other substances where Romanian is authoritatively recognized (e.g. the
1211:
1098:: In the Netherlands and the Flanders region of Belgium, standardized spelling norms are compulsory for government publications and in education (see
2664:
1030:, were devised by teams of linguists commissioned by the respective governments and then implemented by statutes, some met with widespread dissent.
2040:
758:
1720:
norms, often attempts to influence speakers to apply the proposed linguistic devices invariably, without considering the existence of different
1083:
3479:. Heidelberger Publikationen zur Slavistik, Linguistische Reihe, vol. 17 (in Serbo-Croatian). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 313–330.
2408:
1889:
2849:
2516:
2481:
Studia
Philologica Slavica: Festschrift fĂĽr Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet von Freunden, Kollegen und SchĂĽlern: Teilband I
1446:(state, military, church) is preserved as the standard language. Departures from this standard language may jeopardize social success (see
1341:
3528:
2898:
3285:
2638:
1381:". The aforementioned Fowler, and Strunk & White, were among the self-appointed, as are some modern authors of style works, like
3901:
2035:
1631:
is frequently cited as having done so, but he specifically objected to "forcing the
English under the rules of a foreign Language".
1283:
17:
1728:
of language. While some linguists approve the practical role of language standardization in modern nation states, certain models of
1647:, are highly skeptical of the quality of advice given in many usage guides, including highly regarded books like Strunk and White's
1548:
Most, if not all, widely spoken languages demonstrate some degree of social codification in how they conform to prescriptive rules.
3776:
1409:
1681:. Although these have a more democratic base, they still exclude the vast majority of the English-speaking world: speakers of
1497:
Early historical trends in literacy and alphabetization were closely tied to the influence of various religious institutions.
3675:
3643:
3587:
3484:
3418:
3391:
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2359:
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pride, unwilling to measure its desires by its strength. The French language has visibly changed under the inspection of the
654:
486:
2957:
2446:
1458:
stylizations may be deliberately introduced or preserved to distinguish the prestige form of the language from contemporary
3318:]. Bibliotheca Balcanica; 1 (in Spanish). Translated by Juan CristĂłbal DĂaz Beltrán. Doxa & Episteme. p. 553.
2022:
1419:
740:, which observes and records how language is actually used without any judgment. The basis of linguistic research is text (
376:
1048:
3982:
3916:
2016:
1677:(RP). RP has now lost much of its status as the Anglophone standard, and other standards are now alternative systems for
1355:
In a few cases, an entire publishing sector complies with a publication that originated as a house style manual, such as
880:
972:
often see their work as purely descriptive, dictionaries are widely regarded as prescriptive authorities. Books such as
2319:
4042:
3706:
3348:
3038:
3018:
2994:
2825:
2488:
1918:
1872:
1129:
1027:
1765:, reasoning that the construction was not a frequent feature of English as he knew it. Today the construction is in
3841:
1653:. In particular, linguists point out that popular books on English usage written by journalists or novelists (e.g.
933:
764:
2349:
1214:
sets a standard orthography for the language, it has been made into law in both Brazil (2009) and
Portugal (2008).
2812:. Constructional Approaches to Language. Vol. 22. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 59.
336:
1785:
sounds colloquial. This blossomed into a grammatical rule that a sentence should never end with a preposition.
4037:
1834:; and no Italian will maintain that the diction of any modern writer is not perceptibly different from that of
1378:
1369:
1245:
1099:
1063:
396:
341:
114:
1827:
3379:
1678:
371:
62:
3438:
3687:"Les locutions figurées dans le Nouveau Petit Robert: évolution de quelques traitements entre 1993 et 2003"
2545:(in Polish). Poznań: Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej: Instytut Filologii Polskiej. pp. 97–99.
1542:
1401:
1297:
316:
182:
2675:
1580:
tends toward prescriptivism as a means of enforcing functional continuity. Such prescriptivism dates from
4047:
3992:
3906:
2223:, p. 286 entry for "Descriptivism and prescriptivism" quotation: "Contrasting terms in linguistics."
1884:
1810:
1725:
1549:
1414:
1405:
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995:
840:
805:
788:
783:
436:
142:
4032:
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2932:
1738:
1729:
863:
809:
796:
4027:
1434:
Historically, linguistic prescriptivism originates in a standard language when a society establishes
846:
Prescription is useful for facilitating inter-regional communication, allowing speakers of divergent
647:
479:
426:
326:
152:
1278:
1263:
2074:
1782:
1706:
978:
836:
779:
691:
331:
274:
89:
2417:
1623:
Some elements of prescription in
English are sometimes thought to have been based on the norms of
1301:
1240:, the only country besides Romania where Romanian is the state language, it is officially called "
3946:
3881:
3876:
3856:
3086:
2870:
Chłopicki, Władysław (2005). "Polish Under Siege?". In
Gunilla Anderman; Margaret Rogers (eds.).
2272:
1942:
1815:
1585:
1463:
1377:. Others are by self-appointed advocates whose rules are propagated in the popular press, as in "
1255:
1173:
1002:
896:
565:
269:
246:
2472:
3987:
3951:
3921:
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3630:
3471:
3463:
1674:
1593:
1162:
919:
801:
733:
381:
348:
301:
217:
197:
177:
79:
57:
52:
3579:
The Lexicographer's Dilemma: The Evolution of 'Proper' English, from Shakespeare to South Park
3518:
3267:
2543:
Frazeologizmy w polskich przekładach współczesnej prozy francuskiej (na wybranych przykładach)
2506:
2141:
2123:
1839:
1367:
in non-fiction book publishing in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively, and
1180:, which aims to popularize Polish language knowledge, issue prescriptions for standard usage (
3956:
3891:
3871:
3861:
3762:
3717:
3408:
3235:
3201:
2806:
2568:
2292:
2179:
1906:
1897: – Non-standard language usage from the overapplication of a perceived prescriptive rule
1778:
1742:
1721:
1649:
1435:
951:
908:
892:
792:, are designed to impose a single style and thus remain primarily prescriptive (as of 2017).
711:
157:
3604:
3523:
3272:
2633:
2511:
2066:
1396:
Various style guides are used for academic papers and professional journals and have become
3961:
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3307:
3231:
2564:
2468:
1713:
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872:
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472:
401:
311:
192:
137:
34:
8:
3866:
3277:
2067:
1930:
1924:
1796:
For these reasons, some writers argue that linguistic prescription is foolish or futile.
1753:, where normativist ideas of correctness can be found even among professional linguists.
1734:
1690:
1617:
1459:
1363:
1237:
1207:
928:
242:
172:
147:
119:
3380:
Vershawn Ashanti Young; Rusty Barrett; Y'Shanda Young-Rivera; Kim Brian Lovejoy (2013).
4008:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3911:
3846:
3734:, pp. 101–102 for possible difficulty of separating the descriptive and evaluative
3506:
3110:
3082:
2831:
2624:
1835:
1694:
1570:
1134:
942:
462:
441:
411:
366:
321:
289:
279:
167:
162:
2483:. Münstersche Texte zur Slavistik, vol. 4 (in German). Berlin: Lit. pp. 339–347.
1966: – A form of speech or writing that uses psychological jargon in a misleading way
1092:, where French is perceived to be particularly threatened by the incursion of English.
4004:
3966:
3702:
3671:
3664:
3639:
3583:
3514:
3510:
3498:
3490:
3480:
3414:
3387:
3344:
3319:
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3255:
3247:
3211:
3034:
3014:
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2913:
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and generally considered standard usage, yet the old prohibition can still be heard.
1746:
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1506:
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1225:
1217:
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1059:
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703:
628:
575:
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534:
458:
306:
284:
227:
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2207:
3896:
3694:
3383:
Other People's English: Code-Meshing, Code-Switching, and African American Literacy
2813:
2582:
2546:
2019: – Beliefs about the use of the English language considered by others as wrong
1762:
1702:
1682:
1589:
1553:
1475:
1293:
1287:
1273:
1259:
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187:
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938:
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722:
3188:, second edition, Ernest Gowers, ed., Oxford University Press: 1965, pp. 505–506
2768:"The Role of Linguists in Social Movements: What Role Does Language Truly Play?"
819:
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3281:
3140:
3114:
3006:
1797:
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1698:
1670:
1510:
1502:
1229:
1095:
904:
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3251:
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2612:
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1975:
1936:
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1474:
known only to a select few spiritual leaders are found throughout the world;
1347:
1118:, a national body, are legally unenforceable, but they are often followed by
1103:
884:
859:
683:
624:
560:
544:
3698:
3031:
Middle Egyptian – An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
2620:
2581:. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 57–68.
2180:
Jeffrey Reaser; Carolyn Temple Adger; Walt Wolfram; Donna Christian (2017).
3785:
2265:"Językoznawstwo normatywne dziś i jutro: stan, zadania, szanse, zagrożenia"
1969:
1963:
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1805:
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1628:
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1332:
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969:
855:
769:
753:
615:
570:
503:
294:
84:
1800:
commented on the tendency of some prescription to resist language change:
1712:
A second issue with prescriptivism is that it tends to explicitly devalue
3817:
3686:
3069:
2817:
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1823:
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421:
42:
2703:
Prescription and Tradition: Establishing Standards across Time and Space
2699:
1903: – Body of practices intended to cause a desired change in language
1612:
Prescription can also reflect ethical considerations, as in prohibiting
3833:
3802:
3638:(in Serbo-Croatian) (1st ed.). Zagreb: Algoritam. pp. 37–54.
3323:
2550:
1758:
1538:
1374:
1321:
1138:
749:
687:
416:
99:
1639:
Prescriptivism is often subject to criticism. Many linguists, such as
891:
had considerable influence on language use under the broad banner of "
858:, for example, more readily than each other's dialects. While such a
3822:
2125:
Language misconceived: arguing for applied cognitive sociolinguistics
1613:
1565:
1558:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1233:
1037:
1000:
Linguistic prescription is imposed by regulation in some places. The
726:
707:
699:
596:
391:
386:
222:
212:
104:
94:
1927: – Framework for the description of the structure of a language
1853:
1089:
3807:
2388:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagrebačka slavistička škola. pp. 391–400
2239:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. pp. 5–6, 18.
2045:
1954:
1948:
1875: – Learning theory involving the construction of mental models
1534:
1451:
847:
679:
675:
3494:
2604:
732:
Prescriptive approaches to language are often contrasted with the
3812:
3238:[Purism and censorship of language in Croatia nowadays].
2410:"Quality of language": The changing face of Quebec prescriptivism
1933: – Unintended deviation from the rules of a language variety
1659:
Strictly English: The Correct Way to Write ... and Why It Matters
1518:
1336:
1019:
775:
3446:
Multiple Perspectives in Linguistic Research on Baltic Languages
1046:(Language Commission) is responsible for the compilation of the
3754:
1716:. It has been argued that prescription, apart from formulating
1467:
1007:
876:
695:
109:
2810:
Constructicography: Constructicon development across languages
1809:
from folly, vanity, and affectation. With this hope, however,
1331:
specifying preferred spellings and grammatical forms, such as
1033:
Examples of national prescriptive bodies and initiatives are:
965:
grammar (first edition 1880) has a similar status for German.
748:
prescription to be effective. Since the mid-20th century some
2183:
Dialects at School: Educating Linguistically Diverse Students
1788:
1526:
961:
3410:
Language and Linguistic Diversity in the US: An Introduction
982:(2003), which argues for stricter adherence to prescriptive
2347:
1766:
1067:
2156:
Linguistic Purism: Language Attitudes in France and Quebec
2876:. Translating Europe. Multilingual Matters. p. 110.
2706:. Multilingual Matters. Multilingual Matters. p. 3.
2232:
1939: – Linguistic insecurity about one's native language
511:
3369:. Vol. 83. H.W. Wilson Company. 1987. p. 1291.
1481:
3142:
Strictly incompetent: pompous garbage from Simon Heffer
3043:
1959:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1062:: The Social Sciences and Albanological Section of the
1909: – Lack of confidence about one's way of speaking
1244:" and is monitored by the Institute of Linguistics of
1951: – Phrase that transgresses the rules of grammar
1485:
Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese characters
678:. These rules may address such linguistic aspects as
2031:
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
2010:
1620:
objects to the use of words perceived as offensive.
911:" as advocated by disability rights organizations).
2700:Carol Percy; Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (2016).
2159:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 8–9.
1761:. In 1834, an anonymous writer advised against the
1026:, recent spelling and punctuation reforms, such as
3747:a paper about descriptivism and prescriptivism by
3745:Ideology, Power and Linguistic Theory (pdf format)
3663:
1661:) often make basic errors in linguistic analysis.
1584:, where bureaucrats preserved the spelling of the
1212:Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990
2745:. Understanding Language. Routledge. p. 34.
1881: – Word avoided due to inconsistent meanings
717:Linguistic prescriptivism may aim to establish a
670:is the establishment of rules defining preferred
4019:
3691:Les dictionnaires Le Robert: Genèse et évolution
3448:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 78–80.
3343:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–147.
3230:
2416:. McMaster University. p. 1. Archived from
2386:Komparativni postsocijalizam: slavenska iskustva
2041:Knowledge:List of commonly misused English words
1442:. The spoken and written language usages of the
812:that involves imposing arbitrary rulings upon a
3730:Simon Blackburn, 1996 , "descriptive meaning",
3466:[What is (non)standard for Croatists?]
3236:"Purismo e censura linguistica in Croazia oggi"
2997:) for North American examples of ritual speech.
2214:
1854:Preface to a Dictionary of the English Language
862:may evolve by itself, the tendency to formally
3436:
3210:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–44.
2896:
2738:
2475:[Language and Nationalism in Croatia]
2384:. In Vuković, Tvrtko; Kolanović, Maša (eds.).
2131:
2116:
1915: – Preferring a language variety as purer
3770:
3406:
3011:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind
2873:In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse?
1890:History of linguistic prescription in English
1478:has served a similar function for centuries.
1327:Many publishers have established an internal
1052:(Afrikaans Word-list and Spelling Rules), an
648:
480:
3666:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
3605:"Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia"
2351:Language, Society and Power: An Introduction
2100:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics
1978: – Simple terms in the English language
1749:is characteristic of the prescriptivists in
1342:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
1262:with linguistic prescription to establish a
1163:Academy of the Bran (Accademia della Crusca)
1113:
1081:
759:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
2765:
2048: – Redundancy in linguistic expression
1470:also differs from everyday speech. Special
3777:
3763:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2027: – Style guide by Henry Watson Fowler
1957: – Pleading in civil and criminal law
1489:When a culture develops a writing system,
655:
641:
487:
473:
3555:"Language contact in East-Central Europe"
2869:
2540:
2069:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
2036:List of English words with disputed usage
1284:Association of Spanish Language Academies
3661:
3196:
3194:
3173:
3161:
3049:
2897:DÄ…browska, Joanna; HÄ…cia, Agata (2012).
2794:
2726:
2440:
2236:Cakrawala Linguistik Arab (Edisi Revisi)
2220:
2097:
1787:
1564:
1480:
1196:) and the "colloquial/vernacular norm" (
986:rules, also seek to exert an influence.
918:
3628:
3602:
3407:Tamasi, Susan; Antieau, Lamont (2014).
3207:Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics
3062:A Short Introduction to English Grammar
2662:
2473:"Sprache und Nationalismus in Kroatien"
2379:
2368:
2309:
2064:
1084:Office québécois de la langue française
27:Prescriptive rules of grammar and usage
14:
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3386:. Teachers College Press. p. 20.
3306:
3288:from the original on 21 September 2013
3135:
3109:
3081:
2563:
2467:
2348:Annabelle Mooney; Betsy Evans (2018).
2139:Language and Identity: An introduction
1410:Modern Humanities Research Association
1028:the German orthographic reform of 1996
3758:
3684:
3575:
3464:"Ĺ to je (ne)standardno za kroatiste?"
3200:
3191:
3033:, (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
2987:The Languages of Native North America
2335:
2262:
2186:. Taylor & Francis. p. 117.
2152:
1166:, the Italian language academic body.
1018:, though not legally enforceable. In
937:was widely taken as an authority for
3336:
3013:(1947; South Asia, reprinted 1996);
2852:(in Polish). Polish Language Council
2258:
2256:
1420:International Standards Organization
1016:French-speaking world (francophonie)
989:
377:Conservative and innovative language
3983:International scientific vocabulary
3427:
3087:"50 Years of Stupid Grammar Advice"
2989:(Cambridge University Press, 1999;
2441:McIntyre, John (1 September 2011).
2406:
2073:(6th ed.). Blackwell. p.
2017:Common English usage misconceptions
1921: – 1946 essay by George Orwell
1552:is a central research topic within
24:
3724:
2443:"Prescription for prescriptivists"
2314:. Routledge Linguistics Classics.
2233:Moch. Syarif Hidayatullah (2017).
1056:of formal, standardized Afrikaans.
25:
4059:
3738:
3091:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2985:See, generally, Marianne Mithun,
2930:
2672:Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg
2644:from the original on 3 March 2016
2253:
2011:Examples of prescriptivist topics
1919:Politics and the English Language
1873:Constructionism (learning theory)
1569:Ptolemaic hieroglyphics from the
1304:, regulates the Turkish language.
1130:German orthography reform of 1996
1049:Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls
1006:in Paris is the national body in
923:The Royal Spanish Academy, Madrid
4003:
3784:
3534:from the original on 1 June 2012
2850:"Podstawowe informacje o Radzie"
2522:from the original on 1 June 2012
1972: – Jargon-sounding nonsense
1308:
1010:whose recommendations about the
895:", to promote special rules for
518:
457:
3732:Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
3622:
3596:
3569:
3546:
3470:. In Bierich, Alexander (ed.).
3452:
3437:VaicekauskienÄ—, Loreta (2012).
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3116:English grammar: not for debate
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2479:. In Symanzik, Bernhard (ed.).
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2445:. Baltimore Sun. Archived from
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3902:Language-for-specific-purposes
2269:Konferencje i dyskusje naukowe
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2098:Matthews, Peter Hugoe (2007).
2091:
2058:
1989:
1592:through the standard usage of
1379:proper Cantonese pronunciation
1370:The Associated Press Stylebook
1246:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
1100:Wordlist of the Dutch language
1064:Academy of Sciences of Albania
941:for much of the 20th century;
13:
1:
3340:Language and Social Relations
3186:Fowler's Modern English Usage
2297:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2208:"What is Purism in Language?"
2024:Fowler's Modern English Usage
1679:English as a foreign language
1634:
1264:standardized Russian language
1112:: The recommendations of the
765:Garner's Modern English Usage
762:(1961) and the third edition
725:; if radical, it may produce
3655:
3068:'s "corrections" of some of
2742:Study Skills for Linguistics
2663:Kapović, Mate (April 2014).
2052:
1945: – Linguistic deviation
1402:American Medical Association
1298:Turkish Language Association
1088:in the Canadian province of
914:
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
7:
3993:List of online dictionaries
3670:. Oxford University Press.
3662:McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992).
2958:"Tarihçe – Türk Dil Kurumu"
1885:History of English grammars
1866:
1828:Pierre François le Courayer
1609:politically controversial.
1415:Scientific Style and Format
1406:Modern Language Association
1358:The Chicago Manual of Style
996:List of language regulators
789:The Chicago Manual of Style
437:Second-language acquisition
10:
4064:
2299:(3rd ed.). 1970–1979.
1739:standard language ideology
1599:
1429:
1312:
1014:are often followed in the
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797:standard language ideology
768:(2009) in English, or the
527:Foundations and Philosophy
115:Syntax–semantics interface
4001:
3975:
3831:
3792:
3582:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3565:. Mouton Publishers: 193.
2541:Jezierska, Beata (2016).
2382:"Jezik i konzervativizam"
2310:Cameron, Deborah (2012).
1730:prescriptive codification
1543:Japanese honorific speech
1412:; there are many others.
979:Eats, Shoots & Leaves
589:Methodological background
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
18:Linguistic prescriptivist
4043:Linguistic controversies
3685:Heinz, Michaela (2003).
3473:Varietäten im Slavischen
3316:Language and Nationalism
2575:Language and Nationalism
1982:
1707:African-American English
1282:in affiliation with the
786:. Other guides, such as
702:. Sometimes informed by
3699:10.4000/books.pum.13867
3553:Kontra, MiklĂłs (2000).
2739:Jeanette Sakel (2015).
2729:, pp. 979, 982–983
2273:Polish Language Council
2065:Crystal, David (2008).
1943:Barbarism (linguistics)
1792:Samuel Johnson, c. 1772
1586:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1268:era of the Soviet Union
1256:Union of Soviet Writers
1174:Polish Language Council
955:has done similarly for
826:
668:Linguistic prescription
566:Judicial interpretation
3988:List of lexicographers
3629:Kapović, Mate (2010).
3603:Kapović, Mate (2011).
3113:(September 11, 2010),
2380:Kapović, Mate (2013).
2153:Walsh, Olivia (2016).
2122:Janicki, Karol (2006)
1864:
1793:
1675:Received Pronunciation
1594:Egyptian hieroglyphics
1573:
1486:
1279:Real Academia Española
1201:
1193:
1185:
1114:
1082:
924:
903:, or generically anti-
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
4038:Political terminology
3917:Monolingual learner's
3718:The Elements of Style
3312:Lengua y Nacionalismo
3139:(November 15, 2010),
3064:, p. 107, condemning
2665:"Ideology in Grammar"
1907:Linguistic insecurity
1802:
1791:
1779:preposition stranding
1743:linguistic insecurity
1714:non-standard dialects
1650:The Elements of Style
1643:and other posters to
1618:political correctness
1568:
1484:
1438:and a socio-economic
1436:social stratification
1391:Modern American Usage
1300:, founded in 1932 by
952:The Elements of Style
922:
909:people-first language
893:political correctness
158:Conversation analysis
3693:. pp. 227–245.
3576:Lynch, Jack (2009).
2937:Dialektologia polska
2818:10.1075/cal.22.03lyn
2587:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
2570:Jezik i nacionalizam
2407:Kliffer, Michael D.
2263:Markowski, Andrzej.
2137:John Edwards (2009)
2001:prescriptive grammar
1499:Western Christianity
1472:ceremonial languages
1466:of language used in
1387:Modern English Usage
1186:poprawna polszczyzna
934:Modern English Usage
771:Nouveau Petit Robert
738:academic linguistics
734:descriptive approach
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
3957:Spelling dictionary
3867:Defining vocabulary
3715:Strunk and White's
3337:Agha, Asif (2007).
2681:on 14 December 2023
2674:: 8. Archived from
1931:Error (linguistics)
1925:Traditional grammar
1759:vernacular language
1745:. Propagating such
1691:Appalachian English
1550:Linguistic prestige
1460:colloquial language
712:politically correct
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
4048:Language education
4009:Linguistics portal
3842:Advanced learner's
3366:Book Review Digest
3176:, pp. 850–853
3164:, pp. 984–985
3085:(April 17, 2009),
1822:'s translation of
1794:
1747:language attitudes
1695:Australian English
1669:, for example the
1574:
1571:Temple of Kom Ombo
1487:
1135:Schleswig-Holstein
1115:Académie française
1074:standard language.
925:
852:standardized idiom
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
4033:Linguistic purism
4015:
4014:
3677:978-0-19-214183-5
3645:978-953-316-282-9
3589:978-0-8027-1963-8
3486:978-3-631-57010-4
3420:978-1-136-57904-2
3393:978-0-8077-5502-0
3217:978-0-521-29775-2
3072:'s constructions.
3029:Allen, James P.,
2883:978-1-85359-787-9
2766:Dylan Clairmont.
2752:978-1-317-53009-1
2713:978-1-78309-652-7
2596:978-953-188-311-5
2449:on 6 January 2020
2361:978-0-429-82339-8
2246:978-602-452-369-5
2193:978-1-317-67898-4
2166:978-90-272-6673-6
2109:978-0-19-920272-0
2084:978-1-4051-5296-9
1913:Linguistic purism
1859:Project Gutenberg
1826:is witnessed, by
1718:standard language
1539:Devanagari script
1507:Eastern Orthodoxy
1238:Moldovan Republic
990:Formal regulation
719:standard language
704:linguistic purism
665:
664:
629:judicial opinions
576:Law and economics
497:
496:
285:Distributionalism
228:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
4055:
4028:Sociolinguistics
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3907:Machine-readable
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1783:relative clauses
1763:split infinitive
1703:Nigerian English
1683:Scottish English
1590:Ptolemaic period
1554:sociolinguistics
1476:Liturgical Latin
1462:. Likewise, the
1364:New Hart's Rules
1290:in 21 countries.
1260:Russian language
1222:Romanian Academy
1144:Axel Springer AG
1117:
1087:
957:American English
907:language (e.g. "
850:to understand a
833:Standard English
814:speech community
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581:Sociology of law
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407:LGBT linguistics
397:Internationalism
372:Compositionality
233:Sociolinguistics
208:Neurolinguistics
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188:Ethnomethodology
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1641:Geoffrey Pullum
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1523:Hebrew alphabet
1501:propagated the
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1383:Bryan A. Garner
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1120:standard French
1078:Canadian French
1070:variety of the
1012:French language
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3899:
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3859:
3854:
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3752:
3740:
3739:External links
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3242:(in Italian).
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3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3128:
3102:
3074:
3054:
3052:, p. 794.
3042:
3022:
3007:David Diringer
2999:
2978:
2962:www.tdk.gov.tr
2949:
2923:
2912:(118): 96–97.
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2775:Swarthmore.edu
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1997:prescriptivism
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1798:Samuel Johnson
1751:Eastern Europe
1699:Indian English
1671:United Kingdom
1636:
1633:
1601:
1598:
1503:Latin alphabet
1450:). Sometimes,
1431:
1428:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1291:
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1249:
1230:European Union
1215:
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1202:norma uĹĽytkowa
1194:norma wzorcowa
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1155:
1123:
1107:
1093:
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1003:French Academy
994:Main article:
991:
988:
970:lexicographers
916:
913:
905:discriminatory
828:
825:
736:, employed in
714:language use.
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432:Prescriptivism
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107:
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97:
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76:
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69:
68:
66:
65:
60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4060:
4049:
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4010:
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3708:9782760619425
3704:
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3683:
3679:
3673:
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3634:
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3632:ÄŚiji je jezik
3625:
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3599:
3591:
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3581:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
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3524:CROSBI 426280
3520:
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3500:
3496:
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3488:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3413:. Routledge.
3412:
3411:
3403:
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3389:
3385:
3384:
3376:
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3360:
3352:
3350:9780521576857
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3333:
3325:
3321:
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3309:
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3287:
3283:
3279:
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3273:CROSBI 427285
3269:
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3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
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3219:
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3040:
3039:0-521-65312-6
3036:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3019:81-215-0748-0
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2995:0-521-23228-7
2992:
2988:
2982:
2968:on 2019-02-18
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2933:"Regionalizm"
2927:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:(in Polish).
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2827:9789027201003
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2797:, p. 414
2796:
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2715:
2709:
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2634:CROSBI 475567
2630:
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2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2518:
2513:
2512:CROSBI 426593
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2490:3-8258-9891-1
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2423:on 2020-01-08
2419:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2354:. Routledge.
2353:
2352:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2274:
2271:(in Polish).
2270:
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2209:
2203:
2195:
2189:
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2184:
2176:
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2162:
2158:
2157:
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2119:
2111:
2105:
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2076:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2047:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1976:Plain English
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:Schizoglossia
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
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1847:
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1812:
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1806:lexicographer
1801:
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1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:Latin grammar
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:ancient Egypt
1579:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Arabic script
1528:
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1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
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1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:The Economist
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:serial commas
1330:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1309:Style manuals
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:for standard
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:for standard
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:for standard
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:White Booklet
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:Taalkommissie
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
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1005:
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948:
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902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:United States
882:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
860:lingua franca
857:
853:
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834:
824:
821:
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811:
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739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:pronunciation
681:
677:
673:
669:
658:
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623:
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569:
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561:Jurisprudence
559:
558:
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551:
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541:
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415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Descriptivism
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
350:
349:Structuralism
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Prague circle
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
296:
293:
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283:
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268:
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261:
260:
253:
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229:
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216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
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191:
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186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Documentation
176:
174:
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161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Computational
151:
149:
146:
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129:
128:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3947:Single-field
3882:Etymological
3877:Encyclopedic
3857:Biographical
3834:dictionaries
3786:Lexicography
3731:
3716:
3690:
3665:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3598:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3472:
3454:
3445:
3409:
3402:
3382:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3339:
3332:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3243:
3239:
3226:
3206:
3185:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3146:, retrieved
3141:
3131:
3120:, retrieved
3115:
3105:
3094:, retrieved
3090:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3045:
3030:
3025:
3010:
3002:
2986:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2961:
2952:
2941:. Retrieved
2936:
2926:
2909:
2905:
2892:
2872:
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2844:
2809:
2802:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:
2761:
2741:
2734:
2722:
2702:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2671:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2574:
2569:
2559:
2542:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2480:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2409:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2385:
2350:
2343:
2330:
2311:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2276:. Retrieved
2268:
2235:
2228:
2216:
2202:
2182:
2175:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2068:
2060:
2023:
2000:
1996:
1995:Also called
1991:
1970:Technobabble
1964:Psychobabble
1879:Skunked term
1852:
1832:un peu passé
1831:
1803:
1795:
1775:
1771:
1767:everyday use
1755:
1711:
1663:
1658:
1655:Simon Heffer
1648:
1645:Language Log
1638:
1629:Robert Lowth
1622:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1575:
1557:
1547:
1496:
1491:orthographic
1488:
1448:social class
1433:
1424:
1413:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1373:in American
1368:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1326:
1324:of English.
1318:
1277:
1258:policed the
1161:
1151:
1047:
1042:
1032:
1001:
999:
977:
967:
960:
950:
932:
929:H. W. Fowler
926:
869:
856:broadcasting
845:
830:
820:Mate Kapović
818:
810:codification
794:
787:
770:
763:
757:
754:style guides
750:dictionaries
746:
731:
716:
667:
666:
616:Legal debate
602:Prescriptive
601:
571:Positive law
553:Legal theory
431:
295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
3952:Specialized
3922:Multi-field
3887:Explanatory
3818:Phrase book
3559:Multilingua
3246:: 281–297.
3202:Lyons, John
2939:(in Polish)
2685:14 December
2551:10593/14690
1824:Father Paul
1667:upper class
1614:swear words
1578:bureaucracy
1576:Government
1517:alphabets.
1509:spread the
1444:authorities
1350:Style Guide
1329:house style
1315:Style guide
1266:during the
1148:Der Spiegel
1054:orthography
1024:Netherlands
984:punctuation
974:Lynne Truss
901:anti-racist
897:anti-sexist
607:Jurimetrics
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
4022:Categories
3892:Historical
3872:Electronic
3862:Conceptual
3803:Dictionary
3495:2009502912
3324:B09NNTBYYP
2972:2021-12-10
2943:2019-01-27
2856:2019-01-27
2605:2011520778
2453:6 November
2427:2018-11-09
2392:9 November
2336:Heinz 2003
2278:2019-02-22
1635:Criticisms
1408:, and the
1389:(formerly
1375:news style
1322:vernacular
1236:). In the
1208:Portuguese
1139:plebiscite
1137:that in a
727:neologisms
692:morphology
688:vocabulary
540:Philosophy
535:Definition
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
3962:Sub-field
3852:Bilingual
3832:Types of
3823:Thesaurus
3793:Types of
3511:149127460
3503:319695935
3310:(2021) .
3282:2182164-1
3260:835514860
3252:1824-761X
2918:0239-6858
2629:220918333
2621:15270636W
2613:729837512
2567:(2018) .
2526:4 January
2499:315818880
2053:Citations
1840:Machiavel
1811:academies
1726:registers
1722:varieties
1588:into the
1559:diglossia
1537:used the
1521:used the
1456:honorific
1452:archaisms
1440:hierarchy
1234:Vojvodina
1154:standard.
1122:speakers.
1038:Afrikaans
968:Although
915:Authority
784:registers
700:semantics
597:Normative
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
3808:Glossary
3618:: 46–48.
3538:8 August
3529:Archived
3462:(2009).
3286:Archived
3234:(2008).
3204:(1968).
3148:July 25,
3122:July 25,
3096:July 25,
2906:Edukacja
2836:65878707
2639:Archived
2517:Archived
2471:(2006).
2046:Pleonasm
1955:Legalese
1949:Solecism
1867:See also
1849:—
1735:mistakes
1535:Hinduism
1515:Cyrillic
1398:de facto
1385:and his
1337:acronyms
1242:Moldovan
1226:Romanian
1218:Romanian
1152:de facto
1072:Albanian
1066:for the
1060:Albanian
1022:and the
873:classism
854:used in
848:dialects
841:register
835:, or in
806:register
776:dialects
680:spelling
676:language
504:a series
502:Part of
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
3937:Rhyming
3932:Reverse
3927:Picture
3912:Medical
3847:Anagram
3813:Lexicon
3656:Sources
3519:3439290
3268:3445779
2780:27 July
2648:6 April
2507:3438896
1836:Boccace
1816:academy
1600:Sources
1519:Judaism
1430:Origins
1302:AtatĂĽrk
1294:Turkish
1288:Spanish
1274:Spanish
1252:Russian
1158:Italian
1020:Germany
883:in the
802:context
545:History
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
3967:Visual
3705:
3674:
3642:
3586:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3483:
3417:
3390:
3347:
3322:
3280:
3278:ZDB-ID
3266:
3258:
3250:
3214:
3070:Milton
3037:
3017:
2993:
2916:
2880:
2834:
2824:
2749:
2710:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2593:
2577:]
2505:
2497:
2487:
2358:
2318:
2243:
2190:
2163:
2106:
2081:
1830:to be
1820:Amelot
1525:, and
1468:ritual
1404:, the
1296:: The
1276:: The
1254:: The
1220:: The
1210:: The
1198:Polish
1190:Polish
1182:Polish
1178:Polish
1172:: The
1170:Polish
1160:: The
1128:: The
1126:German
1110:French
1090:Québec
1080:: The
1040:: The
1008:France
959:. The
943:Strunk
877:racism
864:codify
780:styles
742:corpus
698:, and
696:syntax
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
3976:Other
3897:Idiom
3636:(PDF)
3608:(PDF)
3532:(PDF)
3507:S2CID
3477:(PDF)
3468:(PDF)
3442:(PDF)
3314:[
3292:9 May
2902:(PDF)
2832:S2CID
2771:(PDF)
2679:(PDF)
2668:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2625:S2CID
2579:(PDF)
2573:[
2520:(PDF)
2477:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2414:(PDF)
2142:p.259
2128:p.155
1983:Notes
1842:, or
1527:Islam
1511:Greek
1464:style
1096:Dutch
962:Duden
947:White
837:style
782:, or
672:usage
625:Legal
63:Index
3942:Rime
3703:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3616:IV/2
3584:ISBN
3540:2021
3515:SSRN
3499:OCLC
3491:LCCN
3481:ISBN
3415:ISBN
3388:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3320:ASIN
3294:2019
3264:SSRN
3256:OCLC
3248:ISSN
3212:ISBN
3150:2011
3124:2011
3098:2011
3035:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2914:ISSN
2878:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2782:2022
2747:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2687:2023
2650:2022
2609:OCLC
2601:LCCN
2591:ISBN
2528:2013
2503:SSRN
2495:OCLC
2485:ISBN
2455:2018
2394:2018
2356:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2079:ISBN
1844:Caro
1724:and
1529:the
1513:and
1454:and
1361:and
1345:and
1232:and
1068:Tosk
945:and
881:AAVE
839:and
827:Aims
752:and
710:and
627:and
245:and
238:Text
3695:doi
2814:doi
2583:doi
2547:hdl
2075:384
1999:or
1857:at
1781:in
1705:or
1673:'s
1657:'s
1393:).
976:'s
949:'s
931:'s
804:or
674:of
512:Law
4024::
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3689:.
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