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persistence of a taxon rather than rates of evolutionary change. Contemporary studies instead analyze rates and modes of phenotypic evolution, but most have focused on clades that are thought to be adaptive radiations rather than on those thought to be living fossils. Thus, very little is presently known about the evolutionary mechanisms that produce living fossils or how common they might be. Some recent studies have documented exceptionally low rates of ecological and phenotypic evolution despite rapid speciation. This has been termed a "non-adaptive radiation" referring to diversification not accompanied by adaptation into various significantly different niches. Such radiations are explanation for groups that are morphologically conservative. Persistent adaptation within an adaptive zone is a common explanation for morphological stasis. The subject of very low evolutionary rates, however, has received much less attention in the recent literature than that of high rates.
401:), one article notes, "Our work shows that organisms with conservative body plans are constantly radiating, and presumably, adapting to novel conditions... I would favor retiring the term 'living fossil' altogether, as it is generally misleading." Some scientists instead prefer a new term stabilomorph, being defined as "an effect of a specific formula of adaptative strategy among organisms whose taxonomic status does not exceed genus-level. A high effectiveness of adaptation significantly reduces the need for differentiated phenotypic variants in response to environmental changes and provides for long-term evolutionary success."
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211:) is one that suddenly reappears, either in the fossil record or in nature, as if the fossil had "come to life again". In contrast to "Lazarus taxa", a living fossil in most senses is a species or lineage that has undergone exceptionally little change throughout a long fossil record, giving the impression that the extant taxon had remained identical through the entire fossil and modern period. Because of the mathematical inevitability of
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have segmented plates on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and cephalothorax, a character shared with scorpions, making it probable that after the spiders diverged from the scorpions, the earliest unique ancestor of trapdoor species was the first to split off from the lineage that contains all other
268:
changes would continue at more-or-less standard rates. Hence, a fossil lineage with apparently constant morphology need not imply equally constant physiology, and certainly neither implies any cessation of the basic evolutionary processes such as natural selection, nor reduction in the usual rate of
1078:
Fossils from the cretaceous and the tertiary period are found with many extinct species. Tulip Trees at one point were present in europe during the cretaceous and the early paleocene. Liriodendron
Tulipifera fossils dating from the pliocene and pleistocene were discovered at the chowan formation in
680:
go) rather ancient lineage, as certainly as this can be said in the absence of actual fossils. The latter is probably due to the fact that the oxpecker lineage never occurred in areas where conditions were good for fossilization of small bird bones, but of course, fossils of ancestral oxpeckers may
454:
All fresh-water basins, taken together, make a small area compared with that of the sea or of the land; and, consequently, the competition between fresh-water productions will have been less severe than elsewhere; new forms will have been more slowly formed, and old forms more slowly exterminated.
191:
Such criteria are neither well-defined nor clearly quantifiable, but modern methods for analyzing evolutionary dynamics can document the distinctive tempo of stasis. Lineages that exhibit stasis over very short time scales are not considered living fossils; what is poorly-defined is the time scale
588:
A living taxon with many characteristics believed to be primitive. This is a more neutral definition. However, it does not make it clear whether the taxon is truly old, or it simply has many plesiomorphies. Note that, as mentioned above, the converse may hold for true living fossil taxa; that is,
463:, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders now widely separated in the natural scale. These anomalous forms may almost be called living fossils; they have endured to the present day, from having inhabited a confined area, and from having thus been exposed to less severe competition.
1093:
Sweetgums appeared during the mid-late cretaceous and several extinct species are found throughout Asia Europe and North
America. The genus was once widespread in europe and asia especially during the miocene. The American Sweetgum is a living fossil itself since fossil specimens dating from the
689:
An operational definition was proposed in 2017, where a 'living fossil' lineage has a slow rate of evolution and occurs close to the middle of morphological variation (the centroid of morphospace) among related taxa (i.e. a species is morphologically conservative among relatives). The scientific
259:
This apparent stasis, in turn, gives rise to a great deal of confusion – for one thing, the fossil record seldom preserves much more than the general morphology of a specimen. To determine much about its physiology is seldom possible; not even the most dramatic examples of living fossils can be
255:
period) and, to the extent that they exhibit low rates of morphological evolution, extant species qualify as living fossils. It must be emphasised that this criterion reflects fossil evidence, and is totally independent of whether the taxa had been subject to selection at all, which all living
391:
is usually reserved for species or larger clades that are exceptional for their lack of morphological diversity and their exceptional conservatism, and several hypotheses could explain morphological stasis on a geologically long time-scale. Early analyses of evolutionary rates emphasized the
1049:
Sycamore fossils are very abundant throughout the northern hemisphere with several extinct species. Sycamore leaves and fruits are quite common in plant fossils. Sycamores exhibit many primitive features as well such their exfoliating bark which is a result of a lack of elasticity. Platanus
404:
The question posed by several recent studies pointed out that the morphological conservatism of coelacanths is not supported by paleontological data. In addition, it was shown recently that studies concluding that a slow rate of molecular evolution is linked to morphological conservatism in
419:
contain multiple species-specific insertions, indicating transposable element recent activity and contribution to post-speciation genome divergence. Such studies, however, challenge only a genome stasis hypothesis, not the hypothesis of exceptionally low rates of phenotypic evolution.
363:) of its ancestral lineage. Although it is common to say that living fossils exhibit "morphological stasis", stasis, in the scientific literature, does not mean that any species is strictly identical to its ancestor, much less remote ancestors.
199:
is much misunderstood in popular media in particular, in which it often is used meaninglessly. In professional literature the expression seldom appears and must be used with far more caution, although it has been used inconsistently.
366:
Some living fossils are relicts of formerly diverse and morphologically varied lineages, but not all survivors of ancient lineages necessarily are regarded as living fossils. See for example the uniquely and highly autapomorphic
2834:
Cavin, Lionel; Guinot, Guillaume (13 August 2014). Coelacanths as "almost living fossils". Muséum d'Histoire
Naturelle (Report). Perspective Article. Genève, Switzerland: Département de Géologie et Paléontologie.
656:
due to shared plesiomorphies, but are uniquely adapted to feed on parasites and blood of large land mammals, which has always obscured their relationships. This lineage forms part of a radiation that includes
215:, though, the DNA of the modern species is necessarily different from that of its distant, similar-looking ancestor. They almost certainly would not be able to cross-reproduce, and are not the same species.
86:(also called "bradytely") over geologically long time scales. Popular literature may wrongly claim that a "living fossil" has undergone no significant evolution since fossil times, with practically no
455:
And it is in fresh water that we find seven genera of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some of the most anomalous forms now known in the world, as the
264:
is hardly ever possible, but even if a species were hypothetically unchanged in its physiology, it is to be expected from the very nature of the reproductive processes, that its non-functional
565:
3874:
Chambers, T.C.; Drinnan, A.N.; McLoughlin, S. (1998). "Some morphological features of
Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis: Araucariaceae) and their comparison to Cretaceous plant fossils".
411:
hypothesis that these species are 'living fossils'. Accordingly, the genome stasis hypothesis is challenged by the recent finding that the genome of the two extant coelacanth species
326:
Other examples of living fossils are single living species that have no close living relatives, but are survivors of large and widespread groups in the fossil record. For example:
3623:
Vaux, Felix; Morgan-Richards, Mary; Daly, Elizabeth E.; Trewick, Steven A. (2019). "Tuatara and a new morphometric dataset for
Rhynchocephalia: Comments on Herrera-Flores et al".
3168:"Rapid lineage accumulation in a non-adaptive radiation: phylogenetic analysis of diversification rates in eastern North American woodland salamanders (Plethodontidae: Plethodon)"
230:
million years. A living taxon that had long been thought to be extinct could be called a
Lazarus taxon once it was discovered to be still extant. A dramatic example was the order
2740:
Harmon, L.; Losos, J.; Davies, T.; Gillespie, R.; Gittleman, J.; Jennings, W.; et al. (2010). "Early bursts of body size and shape evolution are rare in comparative data".
3082:
3001:
Gu, H.; Kirsch, M.; ZinĂźmeister, C.; Söhner, S.; Meier, K.J.S.; Liu, T.; Gottschling, M. (2013). "Waking the dead: Morphological and molecular characterization of extant â€
3043:
Mertens, K.N.; Takano, Y.; Head, M.J.; Matsuoka, K. (2014). "Living fossils in the Indo-Pacific warm pool: A refuge for thermophilic dinoflagellates during glaciations".
395:
Living fossils are not expected to exhibit exceptionally low rates of molecular evolution, and some studies have shown that they do not. For example, on tadpole shrimp (
244:
resembles early members of its lineage sufficiently closely to be considered a living fossil as well as a
Lazarus taxon has been denied by some authors in recent years.
524:), also known as the Queensland lungfish, is an example of an organism that meets this criterion. Fossils identical to modern specimens have been dated at over 100
2697:
Hansen, T.; Martins, E. (1996). "Translating between microevolutionary process and macroevolutionary patterns: The correlation structure of interspecific data".
272:
Some living fossils are taxa that were known from palaeontological fossils before living representatives were discovered. The most famous examples of this are:
3242:
Estes, Suzanne; Arnold, Stevan (2007). "Resolving the paradox of stasis: Models with stabilizing selection explain evolutionary divergence on all timescales".
694:
analyses used to classify tuatara as a living fossil under this definition have been criticised however, which prompted a rebuttal from the original authors.
3395:
Friedman M, Coates MI, Anderson P (2007). "First discovery of a primitive coelacanth fin fills a major gap in the evolution of lobed fins and limbs".
4249:
4073:
Robinson, T.; Yang, F.; Harrison, W. (2002). "Chromosome painting refines the history of genome evolution in hares and rabbits (order
Lagomorpha)".
3806:
359:
The fact that a living fossil is a surviving representative of an archaic lineage does not imply that it must retain all the "primitive" features (
67:
known only from the fossil record. To be considered a living fossil, the fossil species must be old relative to the time of origin of the extant
4889:
712:
not only have existed for a long time, but also have a long life span, with some having an age of over 2,500 years. Six specimens survived the
260:
expected to be without changes, no matter how persistently constant their fossils and the extant specimens might seem. To determine much about
188:
The first two are required for recognition as a living fossil; some authors also require the third, others merely note it as a frequent trait.
2783:
Nagalingum NS, Marshall CR, Quental TB, Rai HS, Little DP, Mathews S (11 November 2011). "Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil".
3667:
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4946:
4332:
4149:
4723:
1156:
713:
4771:
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4275:
Radcliffe, Robin W.; Morkel, Peter vdB. (2014). "Chapter 54: Rhinoceroses". In West, Gary; Heard, Darryl; Caulkett, Nigel (eds.).
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4180:
Red pandas are considered by many to be living fossils. They have no close living relatives, and their nearest fossil ancestors,
3123:
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a genus whose form is little changed since the earliest days of flowering plant evolution in the
Cretaceous and possibly earlier
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97:
The minimal superficial changes to living fossils are mistakenly declared as an absence of evolution, but they are examples of
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4713:
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of a living fossil remains superficially similar, it is never the same species as the remote relatives it resembles, because
3668:"Reply to comments on: Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?"
4471:
4440:
1010:
2856:
Dawson MR, Marivaux L, Li CK, Beard KC, MĂ©tais G (10 March 2006). "Laonastes and the "Lazarus effect" in recent mammals".
4904:
4653:
4393:"The snails the dinosaurs saw: are the pleurocerid populations of the Older Appalachians a relict of the Paleozoic Era?"
323:
All the above include taxa that originally were described as fossils but now are known to include still-extant species.
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222:
time, meaning the time between when a species first is established and when it finally disappears, varies widely among
4791:
4925:
4894:
4703:
4600:
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2654:
Butler, M.; King, A. (2004). "Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution".
4930:
1019:– water caltrops, seeds, and leaves of numerous extinct species are known all the way back to the Cretaceous.
763:– the oldest living fossils, emerging 3.5 billion years ago. They exist as single bacteria or in the form of
606:
540:
million years, making this species one of the oldest, if not actually the oldest extant vertebrate species.
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4975:
4846:
3936:
Nagalingum, N. S.; Marshall, C. R.; Quental, T. B.; Rai, H. S.; Little, D. P.; Mathews, S. (2011-11-11).
2553:
Grandcolas, Philippe; Nattier, Romain; Trewick, Steve (2014-01-12). "Relict species: a relict concept?".
219:
20:
3814:
3083:"Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa"
4494:
4298:
Janis, Christine M. (1984). "Tapirs as Living
Fossils". In Eldridge, Niles; Stanley, Steven M. (eds.).
3584:"Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?"
3440:"A newly recognized fossil coelacanth highlights the early morphological diversification of the clade"
1064:
Blackgum fossils go way back to the late cretaceous period. Many extinct species are recorded as well.
4836:
3835:
Hagino, K.; Young, J. R.; Bown, P. R.; Godrijan, J.; Kulhanek, D.; Kogane, K.; Horiguchi, T. (2015).
3702:
2383:
2299:
407:
2604:
Lynch, M (1990). "The rate of evolution in mammals from the standpoint of the neutral expectation".
4868:
4860:
4756:
4708:
4464:
3536:
2166:
1027:– several species of lotus flower are known exclusively from fossils dating back to the Cretaceous.
469:
434:
2502:
Mathers, Thomas C.; Hammond, Robert L.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Hänfling, Bernd; Gómez, Africa (2013).
1144:
hatch with two visible claws on their wings, but the claws fall out once the birds reach maturity.
4806:
3308:
106:
3837:"Re-discovery of a "living fossil" coccolithophore from the coastal waters of Japan and Croatia"
4673:
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They show little morphological divergence, whether from early members of the lineage, or among
83:
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3726:"Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns"
3554:
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1715:
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over which the morphology must persist for that lineage to be recognized as a living fossil.
98:
2922:
1509:, and is noted to have been even more conserved across the Cenozoic than that of crocodiles.
1035:– many fossils of sassafras are known from the late cretaceous through the late pleistocene.
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3682:
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1526:
1502:
923:– a unique conifer endemic to Japan known in the fossil record for about 230 million years.
649:
556:
resembling a fossil taxon through a large portion of geologic time (morphological stasis).
549:
102:
91:
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emend. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) and a new approach for the study of calcareous cysts".
147:
8:
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2504:"Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of 'living fossils'"
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3489:"The coelacanth: Can a "living fossil" have active transposable elements in its genome?"
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71:. Living fossils commonly are of species-poor lineages, but they need not be. While the
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Occidentalis fossils are known from the pliocene and the pleistocene in North America.
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million years old. Modern Queensland lungfish have existed as a species for almost 30
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was found to be extant in 1938. About that there is little debate – however, whether
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that has remained recognisable in the fossil record over an unusually long time span.
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Some paleontologists believe that living fossils with large distributions (such as
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One example of a concept that could be confused with "living fossil" is that of a "
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207:", but the two are not equivalent; a Lazarus taxon (whether a single species or a
4648:
4585:
4365:
4250:"'Extinct' whale found: Odd-looking pygmy whale traced back 2 million years"
4116:
Eldridge, Niles; Stanley, Steven M., eds. (1984). "Tragulids as Living Fossils".
3354:
3309:"Diversification in Ancient Tadpole Shrimps Challenges the Term 'Living Fossil'"
3018:
2951:
Montresor, M.; Janofske, D.; Willems, H. (1997). "The cyst-theca relationship in
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1685:
1512:
1435:
1412:
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905:
881:– kauri in New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific and almasiga in the Philippines
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44:
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are reptiles, yet retain more primitive characteristics than lizards and snakes.
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populations continuously are, whether they remain genetically unchanged or not.
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miocene, pliocene and pleistocene were discovered in the eastern united states
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until now), the Triassic specimens lost most of their appendages (mostly only
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and only later arrived in Africa, where they now have a relict distribution.
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changes. Scientific investigations have repeatedly discredited such claims.
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1567:(mousebirds) – 6 living species in 2 genera. Distinct lineage of
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McLoughlin S., Vajda V.; Vajda (2005). "Ancient wollemi pines resurgent".
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Naville M, Chalopin D, Casane D, Laurenti P, Volff JN (July–August 2015).
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The two living species thus seem to represent an entirely extinct and (as
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Living fossils have two main characteristics, although some have a third:
4781:
4766:
4549:
4050:"Revealed: the first ever flower, 140m years ago, looked like a magnolia"
3330:"The Horseshoe Crab of the Genus Limulus: Living Fossil or Stabilomorph?"
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371:, which appear to be the only survivors of an ancient lineage related to
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All of these were described from fossils before later being found alive.
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19:"Living Fossil" redirects here. For the story by L. Sprague de Camp, see
3922:
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Herrera-Flores, Jorge A.; Stubbs, Thomas L.; Benton, Michael J. (2019).
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Herrera-Flores, Jorge A.; Stubbs, Thomas L.; Benton, Michael J. (2017).
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4170:. National Zoo. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 22 April 2016
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Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Anne; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G.P. (2006).
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retain the external spiral shell that its other relatives have lost.
38:
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1515:(New Zealand "wrens") – 2 living species, a few more recently
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965:– although this has been challenged by multiple lines of evidence
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remain), and they have not been thoroughly examined since 1938.
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Gittenberger, E. (1991). "What about non-adaptive radiation?".
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502:
397:
3993:"Disparity of cycad leaves dispels the living fossil metaphor"
3622:
2833:
997:– a plant from New Caledonia, possibly closest to base of the
4449:
3486:
1832:
With little change over the last 450 million years, the
1337:
1283:
1015:
962:
857:
642:
also has a low taxonomic diversity (low diversity lineages).
639:
171:
68:
4206:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3935:
3908:
2782:
2501:
2150:(peloridiid bugs; fewer than 30 living species in 13 genera)
2144:(parasitic wood wasps; about 70 living species in 16 genera)
827:
670:
3665:
3581:
3314:
accessed 2 April 2013; "The Falsity of 'Living Fossils'",
2739:
1163:
16:
Organism resembling a form long shown in the fossil record
3873:
3042:
3000:
1911:
4339:(repost). Wired Science. Vol. 152. pp. 15–20.
2950:
2552:
702:
Some of these are informally known as "living fossils".
601:
Any one of the above three definitions, but also with a
3834:
3723:
3172:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1629:(tinamous) 50 living species. Distinct lineage of
669:
strongly suggests that oxpeckers originated in eastern
3577:
3575:
3394:
767:, layered rocks produced by colonies of cyanobacteria.
665:, but appears to be the most ancient of these groups.
593:), and not be particularly "primitive" in appearance.
247:
Coelacanths disappeared from the fossil record some 80
4370:"Rediscovered hula painted frog 'is a living fossil'"
4333:"The pelican's beak: Success and evolutionary stasis"
4277:
Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia
2855:
509:
A living taxon that lived through a large portion of
3165:
4397:
Journal of the North American Benthological Society
3659:
3572:
681:one day turn up enabling this theory to be tested.
79:would inevitably change its chromosomal structure.
3991:Coiro, Mario; Seyfullah, Leyla Jean (2024-03-14).
3828:
3148:
889:– the monkey puzzle tree (as well as other extant
3938:"Recent Synchronous Radiation of a Living Fossil"
289:discovered in a remote Chinese valley (1 species)
4988:
3724:Bomfleur B, McLoughlin S, Vajda V (March 2014).
3166:Kozack, K.; Weisrock, D. W.; Larson, A. (2006).
2445:Casane, Didier; Laurenti, Patrick (2013-04-01).
589:they may possess a great many derived features (
4302:. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. pp. 80–86.
4274:
4120:. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. pp. 87–94.
4115:
3772:
3328:Kin, Adrian; BĹ‚aĹĽejowski, BĹ‚aĹĽej (2014-10-02).
2638:
1619:) – 2 living species. Distinct lineage of
382:
4890:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4390:
3990:
3437:
3327:
2946:
2944:
2444:
618:) are not real living fossils. In the case of
559:
4465:
4391:Dillon, Robert T.; Robinson, John D. (2009).
4047:
3038:
3036:
2996:
2994:
2927:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 4 ff.
2791:(6057) (published 20 October 2011): 796–799.
2696:
1193:, a lineage some 125 million years old (
184:They tend to have little taxonomic diversity.
3717:
3214:
2916:
2914:
1595:) – One living species. Distinct lineage of
1581:) – One living species. Distinct lineage of
1547:) – One living species. Distinct lineage of
1533:) – One living species. Distinct lineage of
638:Any of the first three definitions, but the
543:
4195:
4189:
3555:"The University of Chicago Medical Center:
3241:
2941:
2920:
43:, until a living specimen belonging to the
4947:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
4472:
4458:
4150:"Why is the okapi called a living fossil?"
3557:Scientists find lamprey a 'living fossil'
3033:
2991:
2653:
2447:"Why coelacanths are not 'living fossils'"
931:– one of the largest tree species in Asia.
4225:
4024:
3703:1983/846d212a-6eb6-494e-855f-e0684bede158
3616:
3607:
3512:
3463:
3371:
3353:
3217:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3191:
3076:
3074:
2911:
2840:
2639:Eldridge, Niles; Stanley, Steven (1984).
2529:
2519:
2462:
2335:(only 4 living species of the class
903:– dawn redwood (Cupressaceae; related to
684:
2440:
2438:
2436:
1827:
1816:
1173:
1162:
1159:that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs.
1147:
1136:
1118:
727:
704:
563:
487:
352:: occasionally calcareous cell remnants)
27:
4364:
3876:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3480:
3146:
1505:has been virtually unchanged since the
170:Living organisms that are members of a
4989:
4330:
3778:
3155:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3071:
4453:
4297:
3091:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2603:
2433:
105:—and perhaps the dominant process of
4971:
3005:(Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae)".
596:
478:
4905:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
4654:Extinction risk from climate change
4184:, lived 3–4 million years ago.
4048:Vallejo-Marin, Mario (2017-08-01).
2156:(1 living species, Triassic origin)
2078:(1 living genus, 11 extinct genera)
1126:are one of few mammals to lay eggs.
945:– a borderline example, related to
740:period, with some species, such as
13:
4384:
4196:Fordyce, R.E.; Marx, F.G. (2013).
3229:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00598.x
2084:(gladiators; a few living species)
112:
36:were thought to have gone extinct
14:
5018:
4434:
2907:Let's make living fossils extinct
2555:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2246:(also known as tadpole shrimp; a
4970:
4961:
4960:
4926:Decline in amphibian populations
4895:IUCN Species Survival Commission
4548:
3409:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00169.x
2977:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00122.x
2754:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01025.x
2193:(most recent common relative of
2012:(sixgill sharks and relatives) (
633:
532:million years. The contemporary
483:
251:million years ago (in the upper
146:
126:
4601:Human impact on the environment
4358:
4331:Switek, Brian (21 March 2011).
4324:
4291:
4268:
4242:
4160:
4142:
4109:
4075:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
4066:
4041:
3984:
3929:
3902:
3867:
3799:
3547:
3529:
3431:
3388:
3321:
3302:
3286:"The Falsity of Living Fossils"
3278:
3235:
3208:
3159:
3151:The Major Features of Evolution
3140:
2900:
2849:
2827:
750:for at least 180 million years.
450:(the South American lungfish):
4581:Climate variability and change
4479:
3861:10.1016/j.marmicro.2015.01.002
3438:Friedman M, Coates MI (2006).
2921:Yadav, P.R. (1 January 2009).
2776:
2733:
2690:
2647:
2632:
2597:
2546:
2495:
2224:Laurentaeglyphea neocaledonica
2162:(2 living species, 14 extinct)
724:. They still live there today.
405:coelacanths are biased by the
1:
4997:Evolutionary biology concepts
4931:Decline in insect populations
4874:IUCN Red List extinct species
4202:: The last of the cetotheres"
3561:. Uchospitals.edu. 2006-10-26
3505:10.1080/2159256X.2015.1052184
2427:
2185:(Anaxyelidae cedar wood wasp)
2126:(known as the 'dinosaur ant')
2090:(3 living species, 4 extinct)
536:has existed for more than 112
269:change of the noncoding DNA.
3355:10.1371/journal.pone.0108036
3019:10.1016/j.protis.2013.06.001
2643:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2108:(10 living species in genus
1809:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
383:Evolution and living fossils
7:
4308:10.1007/978-1-4613-8271-3_8
4126:10.1007/978-1-4613-8271-3_9
3397:Evolution & Development
3112:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.007
3003:Posoniella tricarinelloides
2924:Understanding Palaeontology
2405:
805:Posoniella tricarinelloides
771:
754:
714:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
697:
560:Retains many ancient traits
438:from 1859, when discussing
21:Living Fossil (short story)
10:
5023:
4495:Background extinction rate
4285:10.1002/9781118792919.ch54
4009:10.1038/s42003-024-06024-9
2575:10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.002
1609:) – Oldest living species.
1114:
423:
18:
4956:
4913:
4882:
4859:
4817:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
4744:
4696:
4687:
4639:
4573:
4557:
4546:
4487:
4345:10.1007/s10336-010-0537-5
4254:Christian Science Monitor
2384:Valdiviathyris quenstedti
2300:Vampyroteuthis infernalis
1836:appear as living fossils.
1372:Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
1278:Neomonachus schauinslandi
821:
544:Resembles ancient species
120:Fossil and living ginkgos
4869:Lists of extinct species
3841:Marine Micropaleontology
3779:Kazlev, M. Alan (2002).
3537:On the Origin of Species
3147:Simpson, George (1953).
2238:(deep sea blind lobster)
2218:(2 living species:
2167:Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae
1100:
928:Taiwania cryptomerioides
794:Dapsilidinium pastielsii
470:On the Origin of Species
435:On the Origin of Species
226:, but averages about 2–3
209:group of related species
137:million-year-old fossil
4198:"The pygmy right whale
3962:10.1126/science.1209926
3811:ircamera.as.arizona.edu
3750:10.1126/science.1249884
3493:Mobile Genetic Elements
3244:The American Naturalist
2953:Calciodinellum operosum
2878:10.1126/science.1124187
2842:10.3389/fevo.2014.00049
2805:10.1126/science.1209926
2656:The American Naturalist
2606:The American Naturalist
2118:(3 species-poor genera)
1670:Carettochelys insculpta
1252:Tetracerus quadricornis
783:Calciodinellum operosum
428:The term was coined by
305:Eomeropid scorpionflies
107:morphological evolution
82:Living fossils exhibit
47:was discovered in 1938.
41: million years ago
4674:Latent extinction risk
4218:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645
3997:Communications Biology
3456:10.1098/rspb.2005.3316
3318:accessed 2 April 2013.
3184:10.1098/rspb.2005.3326
2464:10.1002/bies.201200145
2292:Entemnotrochus rumphii
1837:
1825:
1758:Leatherback sea turtle
1745:Xenopeltis hainanensis
1519:. Distinct lineage of
1288:Phascolarctos cinereus
1268:Ailuropoda melanoleuca
1198:
1186:representative of the
1171:
1160:
1145:
1127:
815:Tergestiella adriatica
751:
725:
685:Operational definition
585:
572:, such as this female
506:
476:
48:
4631:Paradox of enrichment
4520:Functional extinction
4510:Ecological extinction
4154:The Milwaukee Journal
1902:Latimeria menadoensis
1831:
1820:
1716:Asian forest tortoise
1593:Anseranas semipalmata
1392:Chrysocyon brachyurus
1232:Asian striped rabbits
1177:
1166:
1157:K–Pg extinction event
1151:
1140:
1122:
731:
708:
567:
495:resemble the extinct
491:
452:
348:(typified on coccoid
342:, the cedar wood wasp
234:, of which the genus
99:stabilizing selection
31:
4900:Extinction Rebellion
4842:Pliocene–Pleistocene
4724:Cretaceous–Paleogene
4669:Hypothetical species
4659:Extinction threshold
4616:Overabundant species
4441:MyTriops introduces
2957:Journal of Phycology
2396:Paleodictyon nodosum
2220:Neoglyphea inopinata
2095:Micromalthus debilis
2034:Chlamydoselachus sp.
1926:Neoceratodus fosteri
1762:Dermochelys coriacea
1579:Ophisthocomus hoazin
1527:Broad-billed sapayoa
1450:Pseudorca crassidens
1308:Dromiciops gliroides
1298:Laonastes aenigmamus
652:somewhat similar to
522:Neoceratodus fosteri
103:evolutionary process
4827:Cenomanian-Turonian
4772:Cambrian–Ordovician
4704:Ordovician–Silurian
4611:Mutational meltdown
4596:Habitat destruction
4515:Extinct in the wild
3954:2011Sci...334..796N
3923:10.1511/2005.56.981
3853:2015MarMP.116...28H
3742:2014Sci...343.1376B
3687:2019Palgy..62..335H
3637:2019Palgy..62..321V
3600:2017Palgy..60..319H
3346:2014PLoSO...9j8036K
3104:2006MolPE..41..333Z
3057:2014Geo....42..531M
2969:1997JPcgy..33..122M
2870:2006Sci...311.1456D
2864:(5766): 1456–1458.
2797:2011Sci...334..796N
2567:2014TEcoE..29..655G
2318:Other invertebrates
2243:Triops cancriformis
2182:Syntexis libocedrii
2154:Rhinorhipid beetles
2044:Mitsukurina owstoni
2024:Callorhinchus milii
1922:Queensland lungfish
1906:Latimeria chalumnae
1798:Latonia nigriventer
1751:Xenopeltis unicolor
1703:Sphenodon punctatus
1607:Antigone canadensis
1419:Solenodon paradoxus
1222:Pentalagus furnessi
748:evolutionary stasis
743:Osmunda claytoniana
736:plant group in the
620:Triops cancriformis
615:Triops cancriformis
603:relict distribution
518:Australian lungfish
444:(the platypus) and
339:Syntexis libocedrii
88:molecular evolution
3911:American Scientist
3695:10.1111/pala.12404
3645:10.1111/pala.12402
3609:10.1111/pala.12284
2361:(trapdoor spiders)
2269:Nautilus pompilius
2190:Cyatta abscondita
2106:Mymarommatid wasps
1994:Brachaelurus waddi
1967:Protanguilla palau
1900:(the lobed-finned
1861:Petromyzontiformes
1838:
1826:
1728:Impressed tortoise
1709:Sphenodon guntheri
1446:False killer whale
1440:Tremarctos ornatus
1382:Speothos venaticus
1362:Neofelis nebulousa
1274:Hawaiian monk seal
1199:
1172:
1161:
1146:
1128:
973:tree (Ginkgoaceae)
886:Araucaria araucana
752:
726:
586:
507:
299:Mymarommatid wasps
293:Glypheoid lobsters
279:fishes (2 species)
63:resembles related
49:
4984:
4983:
4936:Extinction symbol
4855:
4854:
4719:Triassic–Jurassic
4689:Extinction events
4565:Extinction vortex
4525:Genetic pollution
4445:as living fossils
4317:978-1-4613-8273-7
4200:Caperea marginata
4135:978-1-4613-8273-7
4087:10.1159/000063034
3948:(6057): 796–799.
3781:"Palaeos website"
3450:(1583): 245–250.
3178:(1586): 539–546.
2934:978-81-8356-477-9
2351:(an inarticulate
2131:Notiothauma reedi
1793:Hula painted frog
1775:Giant salamanders
1733:Manouria impressa
1545:Panurus biarmicus
1470:Dinomys branickii
1460:Caperea marginata
1456:Pygmy right whale
1413:Solenodon cubanus
622:(living from the
597:Relict population
479:Other definitions
232:Coelacanthiformes
5014:
4974:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4941:Human extinction
4832:Eocene–Oligocene
4714:Permian–Triassic
4694:
4693:
4664:Field of Bullets
4621:Overexploitation
4606:Muller's ratchet
4591:Invasive species
4552:
4540:Pseudoextinction
4535:Local extinction
4474:
4467:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4429:
4428:
4409:10.1899/08-034.1
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4366:Morelle, Rebecca
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4279:(2nd ed.).
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4081:(1–4): 223–227.
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4054:The Conversation
4045:
4039:
4038:
4028:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3813:. Archived from
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3783:. Archived from
3776:
3770:
3769:
3736:(6177): 1376–7.
3721:
3715:
3714:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3357:
3325:
3319:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3122:. Archived from
3087:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3065:10.1130/G35456.1
3040:
3031:
3030:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2918:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2748:(8): 2385–2396.
2737:
2731:
2730:
2705:(4): 1404–1417.
2694:
2688:
2687:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2521:10.7717/peerj.62
2499:
2493:
2492:
2466:
2442:
2412:Relict (biology)
2082:Mantophasmatodea
2054:Centrophorus sp.
2004:Heterodontus sp.
1950:Acipenseriformes
1932:African lungfish
1680:Dermatemys mawii
1666:Pig-nosed turtle
1541:Bearded reedling
1478:(Rhinocerotidae)
1342:Okapia johnstoni
1304:Monito del monte
1294:Laotian rock rat
1212:Orycteropus afer
1195:early Cretaceous
999:flowering plants
690:accuracy of the
570:trapdoor spiders
539:
531:
527:
474:
317:Soft sea urchins
250:
229:
220:species turnover
150:
136:
130:
42:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4952:
4909:
4878:
4861:Extinct species
4851:
4807:Carnian Pluvial
4752:Great Oxidation
4740:
4683:
4649:Extinction debt
4641:
4635:
4586:Genetic erosion
4569:
4553:
4544:
4483:
4478:
4437:
4432:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4368:(4 June 2013).
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4296:
4292:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4256:. 23 April 2012
4248:
4247:
4243:
4194:
4190:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4156:. 24 June 1954.
4148:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4114:
4110:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4042:
3989:
3985:
3934:
3930:
3907:
3903:
3872:
3868:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3807:"cyanobacteria"
3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3777:
3773:
3722:
3718:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3621:
3617:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3534:
3530:
3485:
3481:
3444:Proc. R. Soc. B
3436:
3432:
3393:
3389:
3340:(10): e108036.
3326:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3240:
3236:
3213:
3209:
3164:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3041:
3034:
2999:
2992:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2854:
2850:
2832:
2828:
2781:
2777:
2738:
2734:
2711:10.2307/2410878
2695:
2691:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2602:
2598:
2561:(12): 655–663.
2551:
2547:
2500:
2496:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2408:
2348:Lingula anatina
2333:Horseshoe crabs
2282:Monoplacophoran
2232:(mantis shrimp)
1936:Protopterus sp.
1834:horseshoe crabs
1686:Snapping turtle
1531:Sapayoa aenigma
1513:Acanthisittidae
1436:Spectacled bear
1402:Ailurus fulgens
1358:Clouded leopard
1332:Aplodontia rufa
1328:Mountain beaver
1260:(Macroscelidea)
1117:
1103:
1079:North Carolina.
824:
812:coccolithophore
774:
757:
732:Ferns were the
700:
687:
650:morphologically
636:
599:
568:More primitive
562:
554:physiologically
550:morphologically
548:A living taxon
546:
537:
529:
525:
493:Elephant shrews
486:
481:
475:
467:
457:Ornithorhynchus
441:Ornithorhynchus
426:
385:
346:Dinoflagellates
311:Jurodid beetles
277:Coelacanthiform
248:
227:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
151:
143:
142:
134:
131:
122:
121:
115:
113:Characteristics
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5020:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4837:Middle Miocene
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4802:End-Capitanian
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4436:
4435:External links
4433:
4431:
4430:
4383:
4357:
4323:
4316:
4300:Living Fossils
4290:
4267:
4241:
4188:
4159:
4141:
4134:
4118:Living Fossils
4108:
4065:
4040:
3983:
3928:
3917:(6): 540–547.
3901:
3888:10.1086/297534
3866:
3827:
3798:
3771:
3716:
3681:(2): 335–338.
3658:
3631:(2): 321–334.
3615:
3594:(3): 319–328.
3571:
3546:
3528:
3479:
3430:
3387:
3320:
3301:
3277:
3256:10.1086/510633
3250:(2): 227–244.
3234:
3223:(4): 263–272.
3207:
3158:
3139:
3098:(2): 333–344.
3070:
3051:(6): 531–534.
3032:
3013:(5): 583–597.
2990:
2963:(1): 122–131.
2940:
2933:
2910:
2899:
2848:
2826:
2775:
2732:
2689:
2668:10.1086/426002
2662:(6): 683–695.
2646:
2641:Living Fossils
2631:
2618:10.1086/285128
2612:(6): 727–741.
2596:
2545:
2494:
2457:(4): 332–338.
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2367:(velvet worms)
2362:
2356:
2344:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2296:
2284:
2273:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2178:
2163:
2160:Rotoitid wasps
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2020:Elephant shark
2017:
2007:
2000:Bullhead shark
1997:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1895:
1885:
1882:Osteoglossidae
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1790:
1780:Cryptobranchus
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1695:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1610:
1603:Sandhill crane
1600:
1586:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1538:
1524:
1510:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1258:Elephant shrew
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1191:Mitsukurinidae
1135:
1134:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1001:
983:
982:
981:
974:
966:
960:
959:
958:
932:
924:
916:
912:Sequoiadendron
896:
882:
862:
861:
860:
851:
846:
830:
823:
820:
819:
818:
808:
801:dinoflagellate
797:
790:dinoflagellate
786:
779:dinoflagellate
773:
770:
769:
768:
756:
753:
746:, maintaining
699:
696:
686:
683:
635:
632:
598:
595:
591:autapomorphies
561:
558:
545:
542:
485:
482:
480:
477:
465:
430:Charles Darwin
425:
422:
417:L. menadoensis
384:
381:
361:plesiomorphies
354:
353:
343:
335:
321:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
280:
186:
185:
182:
179:extant species
175:
152:
145:
144:
132:
125:
124:
123:
119:
118:
117:
116:
114:
111:
101:, which is an
61:phenotypically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5019:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4977:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:Organizations
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Carboniferous
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:End-Ediacaran
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Late Devonian
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4679:Living fossil
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Lazarus taxon
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:De-extinction
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:(1753): 1–6.
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4169:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3817:on 2019-05-03
3816:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3787:on 2006-01-05
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:Palaeontology
3669:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:Palaeontology
3619:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:Palaeontology
3585:
3578:
3576:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:(4): 329–37.
3402:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3316:The Scientist
3313:
3312:
3311:Science Daily
3305:
3291:
3290:The Scientist
3287:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3129:on 2021-10-25
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2422:Lazarus taxon
2420:
2418:
2417:Breeding back
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:Onychophorans
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:vampire squid
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:Nothomyrmecia
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:Helorid wasps
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:Invertebrates
2062:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:Frilled shark
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:Lepisosteidae
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:Sunbeam snake
1738:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:Manouria emys
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1631:Palaeognathae
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:Passeriformes
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:Caenolestidae
1427:
1426:Shrew opossum
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:survived the
1154:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
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1084:
1077:
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984:
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979:
975:
972:
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964:
961:
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950:
949:
944:
943:
942:Araucariaceae
938:
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933:
930:
929:
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922:
921:
917:
914:
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845:
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837:
836:
835:
834:Pteridophytes
831:
829:
826:
825:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
766:
765:stromatolites
762:
761:Cyanobacteria
759:
758:
749:
745:
744:
739:
735:
730:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
682:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
641:
634:Low diversity
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
610:
608:
604:
594:
592:
583:
578:
576:
571:
566:
557:
555:
551:
541:
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523:
519:
514:
512:
511:geologic time
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
484:Long-enduring
472:
471:
464:
462:
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451:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
421:
418:
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389:living fossil
380:
378:
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370:
364:
362:
357:
351:
347:
344:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
332:Ginkgo biloba
329:
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303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
284:
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278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
267:
263:
262:noncoding DNA
257:
254:
245:
243:
239:
238:
233:
225:
221:
216:
214:
213:genetic drift
210:
206:
205:Lazarus taxon
201:
198:
197:living fossil
193:
189:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
168:
167:
158:
157:
156:Ginkgo biloba
149:
140:
129:
110:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
92:morphological
89:
85:
80:
78:
77:genetic drift
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
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53:living fossil
46:
40:
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26:
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4921:Anthropocene
4762:End-Botomian
4678:
4642:and concepts
4500:Coextinction
4442:
4400:
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4360:
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4336:
4326:
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3785:the original
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3556:
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3124:the original
3095:
3089:
3048:
3044:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2960:
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2923:
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2558:
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2507:
2497:
2454:
2450:
2394:
2382:
2377:hemichordate
2372:Rhabdopleura
2370:
2359:Liphistiidae
2346:
2317:
2298:
2290:
2275:
2267:
2258:
2241:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2165:
2148:Peloridiidae
2129:
2121:
2116:Nevrorthidae
2109:
2093:
2070:
2053:
2050:Gulper shark
2043:
2040:Goblin shark
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1965:
1960:Polypteridae
1959:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1868:
1860:
1850:
1842:Jawless fish
1841:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1701:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1638:
1627:Tinamiformes
1616:
1606:
1597:Anseriformes
1592:
1589:Magpie goose
1578:
1544:
1530:
1498:
1489:
1476:Rhinoceroses
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1417:
1411:
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1391:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1331:
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1287:
1277:
1267:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1218:Amami rabbit
1211:
1202:
1182:is the only
1180:goblin shark
1153:Crocodilians
1106:
1088:
1075:Liriodendron
1073:
1059:
1044:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1003:
992:
985:
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968:
952:
946:
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934:
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918:
910:
904:
898:
890:
884:
876:
864:
843:
832:
814:
804:
793:
782:
741:
701:
692:morphometric
688:
675:
667:Biogeography
644:
637:
619:
613:
611:
600:
587:
573:
547:
521:
515:
508:
498:Leptictidium
496:
468:
460:
456:
453:
445:
439:
433:
427:
416:
413:L. chalumnae
412:
406:
403:
396:
394:
388:
386:
377:mockingbirds
365:
358:
355:
337:
330:
325:
322:
319:(59 species)
301:(10 species)
287:dawn redwood
282:
271:
258:
246:
241:
235:
218:The average
217:
202:
196:
194:
190:
187:
165:
154:
138:
96:
81:
57:extant taxon
52:
50:
25:
4767:Dresbachian
4403:(1): 1–11.
4260:19 December
4168:"Red panda"
3882:: 160–171.
3499:(4): 55–9.
2391:brachiopod)
2389:craniforman
2328:Springtails
2310:Pleurocerid
2248:notostracan
2236:Polychelida
2230:Stomatopods
2211:Crustaceans
2205:ant genera)
2136:scorpionfly
2110:Palaeomymar
2014:Hexanchidae
1990:Blind shark
1977:Oxudercinae
1805:Purple frog
1691:Chelydridae
1565:Coliiformes
1561:(rockfowls)
1559:Picathartes
1484:(Tapiridae)
1352:Didelphidae
1264:Giant panda
1131:Vertebrates
1090:Liquidambar
987:Angiosperms
978:Welwitschia
920:Sciadopitys
900:Metasequoia
866:Gymnosperms
722:ground zero
534:nurse shark
461:Lepidosiren
447:Lepidosiren
313:(1 species)
307:(1 species)
295:(2 species)
283:Metasequoia
34:coelacanths
5002:Extinction
4991:Categories
4847:Quaternary
4481:Extinction
4372:. BBC News
4182:Parailurus
4059:2023-05-17
4003:(1): 328.
3821:2019-04-27
3565:2012-05-16
3295:2015-12-03
3133:2011-02-20
2428:References
2353:brachiopod
2287:Slit snail
2251:crustacean
2216:Glypheidea
2202:Acromyrmex
2088:Meropeidae
1973:Mudskipper
1946:paddlefish
1898:Coelacanth
1892:Amia calva
1770:Amphibians
1660:alligators
1648:crocodiles
1644:Crocodilia
1617:Cariamidae
1553:Sylvioidea
1388:Maned wolf
1314:Monotremes
1248:Chousingha
1242:Tragulidae
1238:Chevrotain
854:Tree ferns
840:Horsetails
718:kilometers
575:Liphistius
253:Cretaceous
4626:Overshoot
4488:Phenomena
4417:0887-3593
4017:2399-3642
3970:0036-8075
3711:133726749
3653:134902015
3364:1932-6203
2821:206535984
2742:Evolution
2699:Evolution
2583:0169-5347
2473:1521-1878
2451:BioEssays
2399:(unknown)
2341:Limulidae
2339:, family
2337:Xiphosura
2277:Neopilina
2264:Nautilina
2142:Orussidae
2138:relative)
2010:Cow shark
1942:Sturgeons
1869:Bony fish
1851:Myxinidae
1549:Passerida
1499:Pelecanus
1408:Solenodon
1398:Red panda
1228:Nesolagus
1032:Sassafras
994:Amborella
954:Araucaria
892:Araucaria
844:Equisetum
716:, 1 to 2
678:Passerida
659:Sturnidae
654:starlings
646:Oxpeckers
628:carapaces
387:The term
373:starlings
369:oxpeckers
350:dinocysts
242:Latimeria
237:Latimeria
195:The term
73:body plan
4966:Category
4914:See also
4812:Toarcian
4777:Ireviken
4734:Timeline
4729:Holocene
4640:Theories
4425:85340338
4236:23256199
4103:19327437
4095:12438803
4035:38485767
4026:10940627
3978:22021670
3896:84425685
3791:July 22,
3766:38248823
3758:24653037
3540:, 1859,
3523:26442185
3474:16555794
3425:23069133
3417:17651357
3382:25275563
3334:PLOS ONE
3272:18734233
3264:17211806
3202:16537124
3120:16806992
3027:23850812
2985:84169394
2894:25506765
2886:16527978
2813:22021670
2770:17544335
2762:20455932
2727:28565714
2676:29641928
2626:11055926
2591:25454211
2540:23638400
2481:23382020
2406:See also
2323:Crinoids
2259:Molluscs
1958:(family
1878:arapaima
1853:) family
1822:Nautilus
1694:) family
1676:Hickatee
1639:Reptiles
1621:Cariamae
1495:Pelicans
1466:Pacarana
1378:Bush dog
1368:Capybara
1348:Opossums
1318:platypus
1208:Aardvark
1124:Echidnas
1108:Neolecta
1046:Platanus
1005:Magnolia
936:Wollemia
895:species)
872:Conifers
849:Lycopods
772:Protists
755:Bacteria
738:Jurassic
734:dominant
698:Examples
624:Triassic
584:spiders.
466:—
408:a priori
5007:Fossils
4976:Commons
4797:Olson's
4350:10 June
4227:3574355
3950:Bibcode
3942:Science
3849:Bibcode
3738:Bibcode
3730:Science
3683:Bibcode
3633:Bibcode
3596:Bibcode
3514:4588170
3465:1560029
3373:4183490
3342:Bibcode
3193:1560065
3100:Bibcode
3053:Bibcode
3045:Geology
3007:Protist
2965:Bibcode
2866:Bibcode
2858:Science
2793:Bibcode
2785:Science
2719:2410878
2684:4795316
2563:Bibcode
2531:3628881
2514:: e62.
2489:2751255
2289:(e.g.,
2266:(e.g.,
2172:jurodid
2071:Insects
1874:Arowana
1857:Lamprey
1847:Hagfish
1786:Andrias
1698:Tuatara
1656:caimans
1652:gavials
1613:Seriema
1583:Neoaves
1575:Hoatzin
1569:Neoaves
1535:Tyranni
1517:extinct
1322:echidna
1203:Mammals
1168:Tuatara
1142:Hoatzin
1115:Animals
1024:Nelumbo
948:Agathis
906:Sequoia
878:Agathis
710:Ginkgos
663:Mimidae
607:refuges
552:and/or
505:Europe.
432:in his
424:History
266:genomic
153:Living
65:species
4822:Aptian
4574:Causes
4558:Models
4443:Triops
4423:
4415:
4376:4 June
4314:
4234:
4224:
4132:
4101:
4093:
4033:
4023:
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2303:– the
2175:beetle
2100:beetle
1985:Sharks
1956:Bichir
1888:Bowfin
1507:Eocene
1482:Tapirs
1188:family
1184:extant
970:Ginkgo
963:Cycads
939:tree (
822:Plants
582:extant
538:
530:
526:
503:Eocene
473:, 1859
398:Triops
285:, the
249:
228:
141:leaves
139:Ginkgo
135:
84:stasis
55:is an
4782:Mulde
4745:Other
4697:Major
4421:S2CID
4337:Wired
4174:4 May
4099:S2CID
3892:S2CID
3762:S2CID
3707:S2CID
3671:(PDF)
3649:S2CID
3421:S2CID
3268:S2CID
3127:(PDF)
3086:(PDF)
2981:S2CID
2890:S2CID
2817:S2CID
2766:S2CID
2715:JSTOR
2680:S2CID
2622:S2CID
2508:PeerJ
2485:S2CID
1490:Birds
1338:Okapi
1316:(the
1284:Koala
1101:Fungi
1061:Nyssa
1016:Trapa
858:ferns
720:from
640:clade
224:phyla
172:taxon
159:plant
69:clade
59:that
45:order
4413:ISSN
4378:2013
4352:2013
4312:ISBN
4262:2012
4232:PMID
4176:2017
4130:ISBN
4091:PMID
4031:PMID
4013:ISSN
3974:PMID
3966:ISSN
3793:2008
3754:PMID
3519:PMID
3470:PMID
3413:PMID
3378:PMID
3360:ISSN
3260:PMID
3198:PMID
3116:PMID
3023:PMID
2929:ISBN
2882:PMID
2809:PMID
2758:PMID
2723:PMID
2672:PMID
2587:PMID
2579:ISSN
2536:PMID
2477:PMID
2469:ISSN
2222:and
2199:and
2196:Atta
1944:and
1904:and
1876:and
1783:and
1748:and
1706:and
1658:and
1503:form
1501:) –
1416:and
1320:and
1178:The
951:and
909:and
856:and
828:Moss
810:The
799:The
788:The
777:The
671:Asia
661:and
648:are
577:sp.,
516:The
459:and
415:and
375:and
32:The
4787:Lau
4405:doi
4341:doi
4304:doi
4281:doi
4222:PMC
4214:doi
4210:280
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4083:doi
4021:PMC
4005:doi
3958:doi
3946:334
3919:doi
3884:doi
3880:159
3857:doi
3845:116
3746:doi
3734:343
3699:hdl
3691:doi
3641:doi
3604:doi
3509:PMC
3501:doi
3460:PMC
3452:doi
3448:273
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3350:doi
3252:doi
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3180:doi
3176:273
3108:doi
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