1869:
982:, have shifted to a tiered system. For a simplified example, suppose there are three employees that pay into a state pension system: Sam, Veronica, and Jessica. The state pension system has three tiers: Tier I, Tier II, and Tier III. These three tiers are based on the employee's hire date (i.e. Tier I covers 1 January 1980 (and before) to 1 January 1995, Tier II 2 January 1995 to 1 January 2010, and Tier III 1 January 2010 to present) and have different benefit provisions (e.g. Tier I employees can retire at age 50 with 80% benefits or wait until 55 with full benefits, Tier II employees can retire at age 55 with 80% benefits or wait until 60 for full benefits, Tier III employees can retire at age 65 with full benefits). Therefore, Sam, hired in June 1983, would be subject to the provisions of the Tier I scheme, whereas Veronica, hired in August 1995, would be permitted to retire at age 60 with full benefits and Jessica, hired in December 2014, would not be able to retire with full benefits until she became 65.
1764:
2522:. To do so, it implies a permanent increase in the working age of for instance 2% and to decrease the number of retirees of an equivalent amount. For this last step, it is tantamount to decrease global real pensions by a certain number of GDP point. In order to find this precise number for the simulation, we can assume people live on average 80 years, study during 20 years and are retirees during 20 years. As a consequence, an increase of 2% for life expectancy at work amounts to a decrease of 4% for life expectancy in retirement. Real pensions make globally a certain percentage of the GDP according to the country chosen. By knowing it, you can finally find the certain number of GDP point to simulate the decrease of number of retirees. For instance, in France real pensions make globally around 15% of GDP. Finally, -4% of 15% makes a decrease of 0.6 of GDP point.
1168:
paid into an individual account for each member. The contributions are invested, for example in the stock market, and the returns on the investment (which may be positive or negative) are credited to the individual's account. On retirement, the member's account is used to provide retirement benefits, sometimes through the purchase of an annuity which then provides a regular income. Defined contribution plans have become widespread all over the world in recent years, and are now the dominant form of plan in the private sector in many countries. For example, the number of defined benefit plans in the US has been steadily declining, as more and more employers see pension contributions as a large expense avoidable by disbanding the defined benefit plan and instead offering a defined contribution plan.
1638:
1448:
collecting? Employers have sought ways of getting round this problem through pre-funding, but in civil-law countries have often been limited by the legal vehicles available. A suitable legal vehicle should ideally have three qualities. First, it should convince employees that the assets are truly secured for their benefit. Second, contributions to the vehicle should be tax-deductible to the employer (or at least, a tax deduction should be secured already). And third, to the extent that it has funded the pension liability, the employer should be able to reduce the liability shown on its balance sheet.
2036:, the federal agency that insures private-sector defined-benefit pension plans in the event of bankruptcy), testified before a Congressional hearing in October 2004, "I am particularly concerned with the temptation, and indeed, growing tendency, to use the pension insurance fund as a means to obtain an interest-free and risk-free loan to enable companies to restructure. Unfortunately, the current calculation appears to be that shifting pension liabilities onto other premium payers or potentially taxpayers is the path of least resistance rather than a last resort."
2211:, answers the aim to prevent the poverty of the elderly, provide some absolute, minimum income based on solidarity and replace some portion of lifetime pre-retirement income. It is financed on a redistributive principle without constructing large reserves and takes the form of mandatory contributions linked to earnings such as minimum pensions within earnings-related plans, or separate targeted programs for retirement income. These are provided by the public sector and typically financed on pay-as-you-go basis.
6361:
936:(RPI)) as required by law for registered pension plans. Inflation during an employee's retirement affects the purchasing power of the pension; the higher the inflation rate, the lower the purchasing power of a fixed annual pension. This effect can be mitigated by providing annual increases to the pension at the rate of inflation (usually capped, for instance at 5% in any given year). This method is advantageous for the employee since it stabilizes the purchasing power of pensions to some extent.
59:
1149:
retirement age and lifespan of the employees, the returns to be earned by the pension plan's investments and any additional taxes or levies, such as those required by the
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation in the U.S. So, for this arrangement, the benefit is relatively secure but the contribution is uncertain even when estimated by a professional. This has serious cost considerations and risks for the employer offering a pension plan.
1889:
1075:
2550:
1436:
trustees act in the best interests of the beneficiaries. These jurisdictions account for over 80% of assets held by private pension plans around the world. Of the $ 50.7 trillion of global assets in 2019, $ 32.2T were in U.S. plans, the next largest being the U.K. ($ 3.2T), Canada ($ 2.8T), Australia ($ 1.9T), Singapore ($ 0.3T), Hong Kong and
Ireland (each roughly $ 0.2T), New Zealand, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Jamaica, etc.
2086:, due to lower wages and career breaks, are also factors contributing to the gender pension gap. Furthermore, individual and occupational pensions are often based on actuarial equity, which penalises women with gender-differentiated rates. Finally, cultural and behavioural factors, such as lack of access to education and gender expectations, can also contribute to the gender pay gap and the gender pension gap.
862:
The risk and responsibility of ensuring sufficient funding through retirement is borne by the employer or plan managers. This type of plan provides a level of financial security for retirees, ensuring they will receive a specific amount of income throughout their retirement years. However this income is not usually guaranteed to keep up with inflation, so its purchasing power may decline over the years.
2386:, it is about 300 billion euros each year, namely 14-15% of French GDP. It is therefore very interesting and informative to illustrate the impacts of these different channels to finance the retirement pension, especially nowadays since many riots take place in different countries against new retirement pension reforms or willing to change the national retirement pension process.
1360:
1650:
session, Parliament established disability payments or "reliefe for
Souldiours ... adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies" in the service of the Crown. This pension was again generous by contemporary standards, even though annual pensions were not to exceed ten pounds for "private soldiers", or twenty pounds for a "lieutenant".
1133:
risks to the employer is the reason given by many employers for switching from defined benefit to defined contribution plans over recent years. The risks to the employer can sometimes be mitigated by discretionary elements in the benefit structure, for instance in the rate of increase granted on accrued pensions, both before and after retirement.
2510:: the GDP decreases. Finally, the public finance balance is improved but less than planned. Indeed, employer social contribution is increased but it happens to be less than expected as unemployment rises. In addition, income tax is lower than before the shock, employee social contribution increases and unemployment benefits expenses increase.
1601:
different branches of insurance, the INP failed to ensure that pensions acted as immediate remedial measures for the old-age problem that was evident at the time. Public intervention in social insurance in Spain during these years was greatly determined by the failure of private initiatives such as the
Savings and Pension Fund of Barcelona.
2535:. The competitivity is improved which lead to a job creation and the boost of economic activity. The GDP increases and this shock is therefore expansionist. Administration's financing capacity improved in the short term happens to be limited in the medium term. Indeed, the drop of prices decreases the tax bases, especially household income.
1056:. The future returns on the investments, and the future benefits to be paid, are not known in advance, so there is no guarantee that a given level of contributions will be enough to meet the benefits. Typically, the contributions to be paid are regularly reviewed in a valuation of the plan's assets and liabilities, carried out by an
1239:, and some provide for a portion of the employee's contributions to be matched by the employer. In exchange, the funds in such plans may not be withdrawn by the investor prior to reaching a certain age—typically the year the employee reaches 59.5 years old (with a small number of exceptions)—without incurring a substantial penalty.
1868:
769:
benefits upon retirement. It is a tax deferred savings vehicle that allows for the tax-free accumulation of a fund for later use as retirement income. Funding can be provided in other ways, such as from labor unions, government agencies, or self-funded schemes. Pension plans are therefore a form of "deferred compensation". A
2064:
2010, respectively. The countries with the highest pension gender gaps are Cyprus, Germany, the
Netherlands, and Austria, and 14 EU member states have a pension gender gap of at least 30%. However, Eastern European countries have a smaller pension gender gap due to less pronounced gender differences in
2530:
is improved as imports are reduced with the drop of domestic demand. In the medium term, through the rise of unemployment, gross salary and the real labour cost progressively decreases. It results in the progressive increase of employment and thus the gradual decrease of unemployment. The household's
2116:
Most national pension systems are based on multi-pillar schemes to ensure greater flexibility and financial security to the old in contrast to reliance on one single system. In general, there are three main functions of pension systems: saving, redistribution and insurance functions. According to the
2107:
and the increasing number of workers who are self-employed has made it more challenging to provide retirement benefits to a growing segment of the workforce due to the fact that many of these workers do not have access to employer-sponsored pension plans, making it more difficult for them to save for
2027:
Another growing challenge is the recent trend of states and businesses in the United States purposely under-funding their pension schemes in order to push the costs onto the federal government. For example, in 2009, the majority of states have unfunded pension liabilities exceeding all reported state
1767:
In the U.S., average balances of retirement accounts, for households having such accounts, exceed median net worth across all age groups. For those 65 and over, 11.6% of retirement accounts have balances of at least $ 1 million, more than twice that of the $ 407,581 average (shown). Those 65 and over
1439:
Civil-law jurisdictions with statutory trust vehicles for pensions include the
Netherlands ($ 1.8T), Japan ($ 1.7T), Switzerland ($ 1.1T), Denmark ($ 0.8T), Sweden, Brazil and S. Korea (each $ 0.5T), Germany, France, Israel, P.R. China, Mexico, Italy, Chile, Belgium, Spain and Finland (each roughly $
2457:
decreases from the short term. Indeed, the income perceived by employees is reduced following the increase of employee social contribution. As the previous channel, the drop of purchasing power result in a diminishment of consumption and demand in general. It implies a drop in activity. However, the
2441:
falls increasing thus companies' margins which limits the degradation of investments. The drop of consumption remains higher than the increase of current account which thereby results in the decrease of GDP. The public finance balance increases following the diminishment of pension benefits spent to
1591:
In
January 2018, a "total contributions approach" qualification system was announced, effective from March 2018, for those pensioners who reached state pension age after 1 September 2012. The new system requires a person to have 40 years' worth or contributions to receive the full rate and a minimum
1545:
Officials, judges and soldiers account for 238.4 billion EUR of the expected pension expenditure of almost 478 billion EUR. In addition, there are legacy issues from the times of large state-owned companies: the federal government has to pay out 171 billion EUR for old-age pensions for former postal
1451:
In the absence of appropriate statute, attempts have been made to invent suitable vehicles with varying degrees of success. The most notable has been in
Germany where, until the end of the 20th century, most occupational pensions were unfunded ("book-reserved") promises by employers. Changes started
1443:
However, pension assets alone are not a useful guide to the total distribution of occupational pensions around the world. It will be noted that four of the largest economies (Germany, France, Italy and Spain) have very little in the way of pension assets. Nevertheless, in terms of typical net income
1412:
There are many ways to finance a pension and save for retirement. Pension plans can be set up by an employer, matching a monetary contribution each month, by the state or personally through a pension scheme with a financial institution, such as a bank or brokerage firm. Pension plans often come with
1179:
In a defined contribution plan, investment risk and investment rewards are assumed by each individual/employee/retiree and not by the sponsor/employer, and these risks may be substantial. In addition, participants do not necessarily purchase annuities with their savings upon retirement, and bear the
869:
Hybrid plans, such as cash balance and pension equity plans, combine features of both defined benefit and defined contribution plans. These plans have become increasingly popular in the US since the 1990s. Cash balance plans, for example, provide a guaranteed benefit like a defined benefit plan, but
865:
On the other hand, defined contribution plans are dependent upon the amount of money contributed and the performance of the investment vehicles used. Employees are responsible for ensuring that their contributions are sufficient to provide for their retirement needs, and they face the risk of market
861:
The benefits of defined benefit and defined contribution plans differ based on the degree of financial security provided to the retiree. With defined benefit plans, retirees receive a guaranteed payout at retirement, determined by a fixed formula based on factors such as salary and years of service.
2076:
in households. In addition, women tend to be more dependent on basic pensions, which makes them more vulnerable to reductions in these kind of pensions in favour of occupational ones. Moreover, the fact that many current pension systems require a minimum of 40 years of work to build up occupational
2068:
usage. In OECD countries, women aged 65 and over receive around 74% of men's retirement income from both public and private pension sources. The gender pension gap in OECD countries varies from 3% in
Estonia to 47% in Japan. Despite some progress in some countries over the years, the gender pension
1518:
was enacted and implemented in 1889. The Old Age
Pension program, financed by a tax on workers, was originally designed to provide a pension annuity for workers who reached the age of 70 years, though this was lowered to 65 years in 1916. Unlike accident insurance and health insurance, this program
1435:
Occupational pensions are typically provided through employment agreements between workers and employers, and their financing structure must meet legislative requirements. In common-law jurisdictions, the law requires that pensions be pre-funded in trusts, with a range of requirements to ensure the
1195:
Despite the fact that the participant in a defined contribution plan typically has control over investment decisions, the plan sponsor retains a significant degree of fiduciary responsibility over investment of plan assets, including the selection of investment options and administrative providers.
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A defined contribution (DC) plan, is a pension plan where employers set aside a certain proportion (i.e. contributions) of a worker's earnings (such as 5%) in an investment account, and the worker receives this savings and any accumulated investment earnings upon retirement. These contributions are
1140:
and open ended risk make defined benefit plans better suited to large employers with less mobile workforces, such as the public sector (which has open-ended support from taxpayers). This coupled with a lack of foresight on the employers part means a large proportion of the workforce are kept in the
1132:
than defined contribution plans, even if the plan allows a lump sum cash benefit at termination. Most plans, however, pay their benefits as an annuity, so retirees do not bear the risk of low investment returns on contributions or of outliving their retirement income. The open-ended nature of these
1023:. The social security systems of many European countries are unfunded, having benefits paid directly out of current taxes and social security contributions, although several countries have hybrid systems which are partially funded. Spain set up the Social Security Reserve Fund and France set up the
884:
A Defined Benefit (DB) pension plan is a plan in which workers accrue pension rights during their time at a firm and upon retirement the firm pays them a benefit that is a function of that worker's tenure at the firm and of their earnings. In other words, a DB plan is a plan in which the benefit on
803:
Many countries have created funds for their citizens and residents to provide income when they retire (or in some cases become disabled). Typically this requires payments throughout the citizen's working life in order to qualify for benefits later on. A basic state pension is a "contribution based"
2223:
built on the basis of defined benefit and defined contribution plans with independent investment management, aims to protect the elderly from relative poverty and provides benefits supplementary to the income from the first pillar to contributors. Therefore, the second pillar fulfils the insurance
1557:
In various federal states, efforts are being made to secure pension expenditure by setting up pension funds for newly hired civil servants. Fiscal relief is, however, to be expected only when the newly hired officials retire. The share of tax revenue needed to supply for the pensions will increase
1549:
The problem: while the government preaches private pension provision to workers, the state itself has failed to build adequate reserves for the wave of pensions in the coming years. The federal government has been trying to create a cushion since 2007. So far, however, this has amounted to only 14
1530:
The federal government's financial statements for 2016 already show the extent of that disaster. According to this, the expected costs for pensions and subsidies for medical treatment for the number of federal civil servants at the end of 2016 will amount to 647 billion EUR over the course of the
1470:
Caesar (63 BC–AD 14) introduced one of the first recognisable pension schemes in history with his military treasury. In 13 BC Augustus created a pension plan in which retired soldiers were to receive a pension (of minimum 3,000 denarii in a lump sum, which at the time represented around 13 times a
1127:
Traditional defined benefit plan designs (because of their typically flat accrual rate and the decreasing time for interest discounting as people get closer to retirement age) tend to exhibit a J-shaped accrual pattern of benefits, where the present value of benefits grows quite slowly early in an
1011:
defined benefit pension, no assets are set aside and the benefits are paid for by the employer or other pension sponsor as and when they are paid. Pension arrangements provided by the state in most countries in the world are unfunded, with benefits paid directly from current workers' contributions
2018:
for the foreseeable future. In Canada, for instance, the annual payments were increased by some 70% in 1998 to achieve this. These two nations also have an advantage from their relative openness to immigration: immigrants tend to be of working age. However, their populations are not growing as
1526:
Recently, the German government has come under criticism for the impending disaster posed by the exorbitant tax burden resulting from civil servants' pensions. A study, commissioned by the Taxpayers Association, that Professor Bernd Raffelhüschen of the Generation Contracts Research Center of the
1242:
Advocates of defined contribution plans point out that each employee has the ability to tailor the investment portfolio to his or her individual needs and financial situation, including the choice of how much to contribute, if anything at all. However, others state that these apparent advantages
1152:
One of the growing concerns with defined benefit plans is that the level of future obligations will outpace the value of assets held by the plan. This "underfunding" dilemma can be faced by any type of defined benefit plan, private or public, but it is most acute in governmental and other public
777:
is the iconic self-funded retirement plan that many Americans rely on for much of their retirement income; these sometimes include money from an employer, but are usually mostly or entirely funded by the individual using an elaborate scheme where money from the employee's paycheck is withheld, at
666:
The terms "retirement plan" and "superannuation" tend to refer to a pension granted upon retirement of the individual; the terminology varies between countries. Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, the government, or other institutions such as employer associations or
2194:
This non-contributory pillar was introduced only recently, aiming to alleviate poverty among the elderly, and permitting fiscal conditions. It is usually financed by the state and is in form of basic pension schemes or social assistance. In some typologies, the zero and the first pillar overlap.
2081:
many of them offer for babies, means that women, because of the need to interrupt their working lives for maternity, are at a disadvantage compared to men when it comes to collecting pensions; which is aggravated by the fact that occupational pensions are gaining more and more weight compared to
2063:
the average pension gender gap in the EU28 was 40.2% in 2014. This means that men aged 65–74 on average receive pensions that are 40.2% higher than those of women in the same age group. This gap is much larger than the gender pay gap (16.1%) and the annual earnings gender gap (23.0%) in 2014 and
1600:
The history of pensions in Spain began in 1908 with the creation of the National Insurance Institute (INP) and the design of old-age pensions in a free affiliation scheme subsidised by the State. Although in 1919 the pension system was made compulsory and in 1931 an attempt was made to unify the
1250:
limits on how much can be contributed, known as the section 415 limit. In 2009, the total deferral amount, including employee contribution plus employer contribution, was limited to $ 49,000 or 100% of compensation, whichever is less. The employee-only limit in 2009 was $ 16,500 with a $ 5,500
1175:
of defined contribution pensions is legally no different from the portability of defined benefit plans. However, because of the cost of administration and ease of determining the plan sponsor's liability for defined contribution plans (you do not need to pay an actuary to calculate the lump sum
2252:
The fourth pillar is usually excluded from classifications since it does not usually have a legal basis and consists of "informal support (such as family), other formal social programs (such as health care or housing), and other individual assets (such as home ownership and reverse mortgages)."
1612:
Various reforms and adjustments have been made over time, such as the 1995 reform that established the sustainability factor and the 2011 reform that raised the retirement age from 65 to 67. Currently, the pension system in Spain is still under debate to ensure its long-term sustainability with
768:
A retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income during retirement when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Often retirement plans require both the employer and employee to contribute money to a fund during their employment in order to receive defined
1144:
Defined benefit plans are sometimes criticized as being paternalistic as they enable employers or plan trustees to make decisions about the type of benefits and family structures and lifestyles of their employees. However they are typically more valuable than defined contribution plans in most
4297:
Holzmann, R., Hinz, R., von Gersdorff, H., Gill, I., Impavido, G., Musalem, A. R., … Subbarao, K. (2005). Old-Age Income Support in the 21st Century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform (pp. 10–10). N.W. Washington, DC, USA: The International Bank for Reconstruction and
2389:
Simulating these economic policies is then useful to understand every mechanism linked to these channels. Four different channels to finance retirement pensions will be simulated successively and will allow to explain their impacts on main economic variables presented below with an eight-year
2378:
These channels have been used by many governments to implement new retirement pension reforms. In the past, they had been sometimes simultaneously used (two or three channels used in the same time for a pension reform) or with a targeted way (on a certain group of persons such as in a certain
1649:
The decline of Feudal systems and formation of national states throughout Europe led to the reemergence of standing armies with their allegiances to states. Consequently, the sixteenth century in England marked the establishment of standardised systems of military pensions. During its 1592–93
1486:
in Germany founded a widows' fund for clergy in 1645 and another for teachers in 1662. "Various schemes of provision for ministers' widows were then established throughout Europe at about the start of the eighteenth century, some based on a single premium others based on yearly premiums to be
1060:
to ensure that the pension fund will meet future payment obligations. This means that in a defined benefit pension, investment risk and investment rewards are typically assumed by the sponsor/employer and not by the individual. If a plan is not well-funded, the plan sponsor may not have the
1204:
In the United States, the legal definition of a defined contribution plan is a plan providing for an individual account for each participant, and for benefits based solely on the amount contributed to the account, plus or minus income, gains, expenses and losses allocated to the account (see
1148:
The "cost" of a defined benefit plan is not easily calculated, and requires an actuary or actuarial software. However, even with the best of tools, the cost of a defined benefit plan will always be an estimate based on economic and financial assumptions. These assumptions include the average
1447:
Intergenerational solidarity operates to an extent in any country with a defined-benefit social security system, but is more controversial when applied to high levels of professional income. Why should younger generations pay for executive pensions which they themselves are unsure of
1553:
Pensions, thus, represent a considerable burden for public budgets. As Professor Bernd Raffelhüschen calculated in his study in 2005, the present value of the pension burden for the federal states amounts to 1,797 billion EUR, which is larger than the Germany's total public debt.
1153:
plans where political pressures and less rigorous accounting standards can result in excessive commitments to employees and retirees, but inadequate contributions. Many states and municipalities across the United States of America and Canada now face chronic pension crises.
954:
Many DB plans include early retirement provisions to encourage employees to retire early, before the attainment of normal retirement age (usually age 65). Companies would rather hire younger employees at lower wages. Some of those provisions come in the form of additional
819:". These are regular, tax-funded non-contributory cash transfers paid to older people. Over 80 countries have social pensions. Some are universal benefits, given to all older people regardless of income, assets or employment record. Examples of universal pensions include
1680:(SERPS) replaced The Graduated Pension Scheme from 1959, providing a pension related to earnings, in addition to the basic state pension. Employees and employers had the possibility to contribute to it between 6 April 1978 and 5 April 2002, when it was replaced by the
2117:
report by the World Bank titled "Averting the Old Age Crisis", countries should consider separating the saving and redistributive functions, when creating pension systems, and placing them under different financing and managerial arrangements into three main pillars.
3917:(For Average household retirement savings account balance:) Estimates of 401(k), IRA, Keogh and other defined contribution account balances based on 2019 data. Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute. . . . (For median net worth:) Source: Federal Reserve.
2185:
However, this typology is rather a prescriptive than a descriptive one and most specialists usually allocate all public programmes to the first pillar, including earnings-related public schemes, which does not fit the original definition of the first pillar.
2525:
In the short term, this labour force shock (supply policy) leads to an increase of unemployment which negatively affects household's purchasing power. The consumption decreases along with demand in general which leads to a decrease of activity. However, the
2462:
is improved as imports are reduced following the cut of interior demand. In the medium term, the implications are similar to the decrease of real pensions. Employment and the price index decrease. Exports increase and the drop of investments is limited. The
1420:(RRSP), as well as a range of employee and state pension programs. This plan allows contributions to this account to be marked as un-taxable income and remain un-taxed until withdrawal. Most countries' governments will provide advice on pension schemes.
924:
for an employee upon that employee's retirement is a defined benefit plan. In the U.S., corporate defined benefit plans, along with many other types of defined benefit plans, are governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA).
2039:
Challenges have further been increased by the post-2007 credit crunch. Total funding of the nation's 100 largest corporate pension plans fell by $ 303bn in 2008, going from a $ 86bn surplus at the end of 2007 to a $ 217bn deficit at the end of 2008.
1047:
plan, contributions from the employer, and sometimes also from plan members, are invested in a fund towards meeting the benefits. All plans must be funded in some way, even if they are pay-as-you-go, so this type of plan is more accurately known as
870:
the benefit is expressed as an account balance, like a defined contribution plan. Pension equity plans are a type of cash balance plan that credits employee accounts with a percentage of their pay each year, similar to a defined contribution plan.
1522:
Germany's mandatory state pension provisions are based on the pay-as-you-go (or redistributive) model. Funds paid in by contributors (employees and employers) are not saved and neither invested but are used to pay current pension obligations.
1258:(NEST), Germany's Riester plans, Australia's Superannuation system and New Zealand's KiwiSaver scheme. Individual pension savings plans also exist in Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain
1444:
replacement in retirement, these countries rank well relative to those with pension assets. These and other countries represent a fundamentally different approach to pension provision, often referred to as "intergenerational solidarity".
1604:
The Mandatory Workers' Retirement (ROO) was the first compulsory social insurance in Spain and was aimed at wage earners between the ages of 16 and 65 who earned no more than 4,000 pesetas a year. This was followed by the creation of the
1672:
In 1921, The Finance Act introduced tax relief on pension contributions in line with savings and life insurance. As a consequence, the overall size of the fund was increased since the income tax was now added to the pension as well.
1183:
The "cost" of a defined contribution plan is readily calculated, but the benefit from a defined contribution plan depends upon the account balance at the time an employee is looking to use the assets. So, for this arrangement, the
889:
in the United States are a type of defined benefit pension plan. Traditionally, defined benefit plans for employers have been administered by institutions which exist specifically for that purpose, by large businesses, or, for
1266:
Many developed economies are moving beyond DB & DC Plans and are adopting a new breed of collective risk sharing schemes where plan members pool their contributions and to a greater or less extent share the investment and
4051:
2019:
fast as the U.S., which supplements a high immigration rate with one of the highest birthrates among Western countries. Thus, the population in the U.S. is not ageing to the extent as those in Europe, Australia, or Canada.
3143:
Oregon – like many other states and cities, including New Jersey, Kentucky and Connecticut – is caught in a fiscal squeeze of its own making. Its economy is growing, but the cost of its state-run pension system is growing
3682:
1558:
from approximately 10% in 2001 in many federal states to over 20% in 2020. In the extreme case of the city-state of Hamburg, every fourth euro of income will be used to finance pensions for their retired civil servants.
2094:
Economic uncertainty can also be a cause for worry in the near future. As of April 2023, the global economy has been volatile in recent years, and this can have a significant impact on pension plans. For example, low
1788:
followed by approving a resolution known as Virginia Act IX of 1644 stating that "...all hurt or maymed men be relieved and provided for by the several counties, where such men reside or inhabit." Furthermore, during
2005:
pensions could potentially be a drag on their economies unless pension systems are reformed or taxes are increased. One method of reforming the pension system is to increase the retirement age. Two exceptions are
1527:
University of Freiburg carried out states that by 2050, the state will have to spend 1.3 to 1.4 trillion EUR to supply its civil servants. The majority of it, about 870 billion EUR, is therefore spent on pensions.
1128:
employee's career and accelerates significantly in mid-career: in other words it costs more to fund the pension for older employees than for younger ones (an "age bias"). Defined benefit pensions tend to be less
915:
specifies a defined benefit plan to be any pension plan that is not a defined contribution plan (see below) where a defined contribution plan is any plan with individual accounts. A traditional pension plan that
1471:
legionnaires' annual salary) after 16 years of service in a legion and four years in the military reserves. The retiring soldiers were in the beginning paid from general revenues and later from a special fund (
2442:
retirees. However, unemployment benefits increase and given the drop of consumption and of household's incomes, which implies a fall in the incomes received from income tax and VAT by public administration.
648:", where defined periodic payments are made in retirement. The sponsor of the scheme (e.g. the employer) must make further payments into the fund if necessary to support these defined retirement payments, or
866:
fluctuations that could reduce their retirement savings. However, defined contribution plans provide more flexibility for employees, who can choose how much to contribute and how to invest their funds.
2450:
This economic shock involves the permanent increase of employee social contribution by for instance 2 points. This social contribution is spent by household as a share of mass wages received by them.
2483:
This economic shock is to permanently increase employer social contribution by for instance 2 points. This social contribution is spent by employer as a share of mass wages paid to each employee.
2390:
horizon. Some software of macroeconomic simulation allows to compute and display them. The implementation of these economic shocks and their mechanisms will be analysed in the following sections.
2099:
can make it more difficult for pension funds to generate returns on their investments, which can in turn lead to lower benefits for pensioners. In addition, economic downturns can lead to higher
1243:
could also hinder some workers who might not possess the financial savvy to choose the correct investment vehicles or have the discipline to voluntarily contribute money to retirement accounts.
663:; the former is usually paid in regular amounts for life after retirement, while the latter is typically paid as a fixed amount after involuntary termination of employment before retirement.
1815:(CSRS), formed in 1920. CSRS provided retirement, disability and survivor benefits for most civilian employees in the US Federal government, until the creation of a new Federal agency, the
1580:
imposing a legal responsibility on the kin group to take care of its members who were aged, blind, deaf, sick or insane. For a discussion on pension funds and early Irish law, see F Kelly,
1409:
Defined contribution pensions, by definition, are funded, as the "guarantee" made to employees is that specified (defined) contributions will be made during an individual's working life.
1311:
1550:
billion EUR by 2018. Professor Bernd Raffelhüschen criticised that the state had made high pension commitments for decades, "but initially didn't build up any reserves for a long time."
1251:
catch-up. These numbers usually increase each year and are indexed to compensate for the effects of inflation. For 2015, the limits were raised to $ 53,000 and $ 18,000, respectively.
4318:
3353:
trading, Full Bio Eric Whiteside is the creator of the Capitalist Fool blog He has 40+ years of experience in; investing; Whiteside, finance Learn about our editorial policies Eric.
3222:
2072:
As for the possible causes of the pension gender gap phenomenon, it is likely that women are more affected due to gender segregation in the labour market and the unequal division of
4143:
1658:
1592:
total period of paid contributions of 520 weeks with ten years' full coverage. The State Pension is payable from age 66 with the age being increased to 67 in 2021 and 68 in 2028.
1466:
In the classical world, Romans offered veteran legionnaires (centurions) military pensions, typically in the form of a land grant or a special, often semi-public, appointment.
1145:
circumstances and for most employees (mainly because the employer tends to pay higher contributions than under defined contribution plans), so such criticism is rarely harsh.
2001:
increases an ever-larger portion of the population is elderly. This leaves fewer workers for each retired person. In many developed countries this means that government and
4183:
1830:
through the 1980s; since that time, defined contribution plans have become the more common type of retirement plan in the United States and many other western countries.
636: 'payment') is a fund into which amounts are paid regularly during an individual's working career, and from which periodic payments are made to support the person's
1733:
and relaxing the stringency of minimum funding requirements for pensions while ensuring protection for insolvent businesses. In a major update of the state pension, the
745:
is to describe the payments a person receives upon retirement, usually under predetermined legal or contractual terms. A recipient of a retirement pension is known as a
1428:
Social and state pensions depend largely upon legislation for their sustainability. Some have identified funds, but these hold essentially government bonds—a form of "
3328:
2406:
are therefore dropped by 1 GDP point. In the case of France (given 14–15% of GDP corresponds to retirement pensions), this is a drop of 7.5% of mass pension benefits.
1691:
completed universal coverage of social security, introducing a State Pension for everybody on a contributory basis, with men being eligible at 65 and women at 60. The
2103:, which can result in lower contributions to pension plans. This recent period of economic uncertainty has seen a rise in self-employed workers. As such, the rise of
1490:
Modern forms of pension systems were first introduced in the late 19th century. Germany was the first country to introduce a universal pension program for employees.
3419:
3912:
2467:
decreases too. Finally, in the short term, the public finance balance increases but is quickly limited (but remains an increase) with the decrease of revenues from
3205:
2343:
Access to informal (e.g. family support), other formal social programs (e.g. health) and other individual financial and nonfinancial assets (e.g. homeownership)
3020:
898:
plan, under which the pension paid is equal to the number of years worked, multiplied by the member's salary at retirement, multiplied by a factor known as the
5504:
1475:) established by Augustus in 5 or 6 AD. This was in an attempt to quell a rebellion within the Roman Empire which was facing militaristic turmoil at the time.
778:
their direction, to be contributed by their employer to the employee's plan. This money can be tax-deferred or not, depending on the exact nature of the plan.
4412:
4335:
2892:
2244:
The third tier consists of voluntary contributions in various different forms, including occupational or private saving plans, and products for individuals.
3500:
1703:
795:(commonly known as the "Bradley Commission") in 1955–56. Pensions may extend past the death of the veteran himself, continuing to be paid to the widow.
2939:
3992:
1784:, and subsequently, other colonies such as Virginia, Maryland (1670s) and NY (1690s), offered the first colonial pension. The general assembly of the
1180:
risk of outliving their assets. (In the United Kingdom, for instance, it is a legal requirement to use the bulk of the fund to purchase an annuity.)
3611:
Hinrichs, Karl; Lynch, Julia F. (2021). "28 Old-Age Pensions". In Béland, Daniel; Leibfried, Stephan; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Obinger, Herbert (eds.).
2498:
is degraded and results in the drop of the purchasing power. Job losses are then attended: the unemployment strongly increases. This shock is also
1515:
781:
Some countries also grant pensions to military veterans. Military pensions are overseen by the government; an example of a standing agency is the
3379:
1609:
system in 1963, early retirement and the possibility of partial retirement in 1978 and the special regime for self-employed workers in 1985.
4311:
782:
1826:, when wage freezes prohibited outright increases in workers' pay. The defined benefit plan had been the most popular and common type of
3763:
1763:
5342:
5320:
3252:
2429:
is improved as imports decrease following the reduce of domestic demand. In the medium term, since this cut of consumption and demand,
1856:. The plan experienced low investment returns and a benefit structure that had been increased without raises in funding. According to
1632:
655:", under which defined amounts are paid in during working life, and the retirement payments are whatever can be afforded from the fund.
578:
2845:
58:
6246:
3978:
Costa, D. L. (1995). Pensions and retirement: Evidence from union army veterans. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 297-319.
2977:
6090:
5652:
4772:
1227:
toward which the funds in the retirement plan are allocated. This may range from choosing one of a small number of pre-determined
3526:
6271:
944:
3354:
1961:
714:
A pension created by an employer for the benefit of an employee is commonly referred to as an occupational or employer pension.
6142:
5588:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4886:
3969:
Davies, W. E. (1948). The Mexican War veterans as an organized group. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 35(2), 221-238.
1613:
proposals such as the implementation of private pension plans and the revision of the conditions of access to public pensions.
1933:
1440:
0.2T), etc. Without the vast body of common law to draw upon, statutory trusts tend to be more uniform and tightly regulated.
4447:
4017:
3628:
3587:
3554:
3003:
2527:
2459:
2426:
1827:
1677:
1585:
312:
1657:, that provided 5 shillings (£0.25) a week for those over 70 whose annual means do not exceed £31.50. It coincided with the
6147:
5040:
4522:
2033:
933:
1176:
equivalent that you do for defined benefit plans) in practice, defined contribution plans have become generally portable.
4168:
OCDE (2021). "Chapter 2: Understanding the gender pension gap beyond labour market drivers through a literature review".
3904:
2414:
1940:
1816:
1567:
1318:
792:
4299:
3166:
3099:
2680:
1417:
853:. This may take the form of early entry into a retirement plan for a disabled member below the normal retirement age.
3854:
1343:
6384:
5559:
5347:
5315:
4263:
4219:
2718:
1980:
1746:
1396:
1255:
1114:
4406:"Les effets macroéconomiques des leviers d'équilibrage du système de retraite à l'aide du modèle e-mod.fr de l'OFCE"
3223:"IRS Announces 2015 Pension Plan Limitations; Taxpayers May Contribute up to $ 18,000 to their 401(k) plans in 2015"
1918:
885:
retirement is determined by a set formula, rather than depending on investment returns. Government pensions such as
6369:
4405:
2799:
2648:
1947:
1853:
1804:. They were expanded greatly, and began to be offered by a number of state and local governments during the early
1531:
next ten years. That is 63 billion EUR more than in the previous year—an increase of ten percent in just one year.
991:
979:
975:
4208:
1793:, otherwise known as the First Indian War, this Act was expanded to widows and orphans in Virginia's Act of 1675.
6379:
5459:
4039:. Policy Department of the European Parliament's Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality. pp. 28–32.
3947:
3089:
2670:
2329:
Occupational or personal pension plans, partially or fully funded defined benefit or funded defined contribution
1812:
1254:
Examples of defined contribution pension schemes in other countries are, the UK's personal pensions and proposed
1036:
886:
809:
1725:
was established as a cross-party body to review pensions in the United Kingdom. The first Act to follow was the
6389:
6152:
5524:
5476:
4747:
4695:
4458:
From Benefits and Beneficiaries: The Historical Origins of Old-Age Pensions From a Political Regime Perspective
3508:
3468:
2229:
1914:
1622:
1096:
1024:
770:
571:
17:
2943:
1929:
6240:
6132:
5544:
5097:
2398:
This economic shock is to permanently decrease the amount of real pensions paid to retirees by for example 1
1872:
1758:
1519:
covered industrial, agrarian, artisans and servants from the start and was supervised directly by the state.
1216:
1172:
1137:
1129:
967:
735:
1699:. c. 29) formally abolished the poor law, and gave a minimum income to those not paying National Insurance.
6321:
5494:
4550:
3091:
Pension Ponzi: How Public-sector Unions are Bankrupting Canada's Health Care, Education and Your Retirement
1692:
1479:
879:
828:
730:
aspect, since they often will pay benefits to survivors or disabled beneficiaries. Other vehicles (certain
645:
220:
3127:
2315:
Occupational or personal pension plans, fully funded defined benefit or fully funded defined contribution
1796:
Public pensions got their start with various 'promises', informal and legislated, made to veterans of the
1637:
6306:
5519:
1688:
1666:
1370:
1337:
696:
1274:
There are multiple naming conventions for these plans reflecting the fact that the future payouts are a
6235:
6117:
5593:
5050:
4742:
4650:
2608:
2544:
2048:
The inequality between men and women in terms of pensions is a significant issue all around the world.
1797:
4492:
6430:
6399:
6394:
6215:
5889:
5800:
5679:
3669:
Holborn, Hajo: A History of Modern Germany – 1840–1945: Princeton University Press; 1969; pp. 291–93.
1665:
to the completion of a system of social security, with unemployment and health insurance through the
1654:
1499:
1162:
718:, the government, or other organizations may also fund pensions. Occupational pensions are a form of
652:
564:
507:
302:
225:
4283:
Terziev, Venelin. (2019). Historical development and characteristics of pension systems. 5. 124-135.
6404:
6374:
6065:
5867:
5626:
5583:
5549:
5055:
5045:
4727:
4515:
3889:
3827:
3645:
2506:
drops, exports and companies' investment fall too. The current account drops and this shock is not
2256:
These five pillars and their main criteria are summarised in the table below by Holzmann and Hinz.
1910:
1899:
1834:
1711:
1606:
1378:
1247:
1223:. In such plans, the employee is responsible, to one degree or another, for selecting the types of
1092:
185:
132:
1171:
Money contributed can either be from employee salary deferral or from employer contributions. The
939:
If the pension plan allows for early retirement, payments are often reduced to recognize that the
6331:
6210:
6112:
6050:
5862:
5489:
5376:
5310:
5228:
3736:
Lynn, Theodore G.; Clarke, Blanaid J. (19 August 2010). "The Irish Corporate Governance System".
2659:
2613:
2495:
2422:
1903:
1662:
1085:
902:. The final accrued amount is available as a monthly pension or a lump sum, but usually monthly.
2224:
function. In addition to DB's and DC's, other types of pension schemes of the second pillar are
1848:
type pension plan and was only partially funded by the government, with only $ 268.4 million in
6185:
6137:
6107:
5944:
5912:
5902:
5719:
5704:
5684:
5566:
5337:
5332:
4612:
3712:"Die Pensionslasten der Bundesländer im Vergleich : Status Quo und zukünftige Entwicklung"
3484:
2464:
2399:
1954:
542:
419:
394:
352:
265:
4096:
3741:
2741:
6127:
6122:
6060:
6005:
5954:
5576:
5112:
5085:
4757:
4685:
3875:
3828:"Las primeras pensiones públicas de vejez en España. Un estudio del Retiro Obrero, 1909-1936"
3771:
2822:
2817:
Willmore, Larry (April 2003). "Universal Pensions in Mauritius: Lessons for the Rest of Us".
2665:
2653:
1742:
1461:
1235:
or other financial assets. Most self-directed retirement plans are characterized by certain
1207:
907:
719:
467:
3620:
6195:
5971:
5924:
5744:
5739:
5514:
5509:
5484:
5424:
5268:
5205:
5075:
4990:
4828:
4457:
3329:"What Is Intergenerational Solidarity, And Why Does It Matter For The French - And For Us?"
1790:
1745:, and a public competitor designed to be a low-cost and efficient fund manager, called the
1681:
1032:
547:
517:
359:
322:
285:
3277:
2357:
Government can play with four different channels to finance the retirement pension. These
8:
6100:
6095:
6033:
5981:
5699:
5667:
5657:
5539:
5529:
5065:
5060:
4881:
4861:
4782:
4702:
4680:
4660:
4508:
4486:
2966:
2638:
2618:
2060:
1722:
1706:
and Superannuation and other Funds (Validation) Act 1992. Following the highly respected
1505:
1432:" by the state which may rank no higher than the state's promise to pay future pensions.
1289:
1028:
492:
487:
389:
161:
4214:(Report). A World Bank Policy Research Report. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994.
2301:
Public pension plan, publicly managed, defined benefit or notional defined contribution
6200:
6164:
6028:
5917:
5897:
5770:
5734:
5621:
5603:
5534:
5175:
5035:
5015:
4970:
4871:
4856:
3197:
2437:
decreases as the consumption price drops. As a consequence, exports increase. The real
2383:
1801:
1730:
844:
805:
527:
414:
142:
963:, which are payable to a certain age, usually before attaining normal retirement age.
30:
This article is about the retirement income arrangement. For the type of lodging, see
6425:
6311:
6291:
6023:
5988:
5820:
5714:
5694:
5613:
5466:
5401:
5080:
5030:
5005:
4965:
4960:
4891:
4737:
4443:
4433:
4378:
4300:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPENSIONS/Resources/Old_Age_Inc_Supp_Full_En.pdf
4259:
4255:
4225:
4215:
4128:
4111:
4092:
3835:
3737:
3624:
3593:
3583:
3560:
3550:
3450:
3373:
3185:
3095:
2999:
2818:
2714:
2604:
2491:
2454:
2438:
1994:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1715:
1696:
1628:
1511:
943:
will receive the payouts for longer periods of time. In the United States, under the
894:
workers, by the government itself. A traditional form of defined benefit plan is the
708:
347:
332:
280:
260:
190:
147:
31:
4071:"European Pension Reforms: Individualization, Privatization and Gender Pension Gaps"
3167:"The Value and Risk of Defined Contribution Pension Schemes: International Evidence"
3045:
2916:
Gruber, J. (2010) Public Finance and Public Policy, Worth Publishers. G-3 (Glossary)
2867:
1478:
Widows' funds were among the first pension type arrangement to appear. For example,
966:
Due to changes in pensions over the years, many pension systems, including those in
6281:
6070:
6038:
5998:
5993:
5790:
5780:
5598:
5429:
5386:
5359:
5354:
5213:
5180:
5170:
5020:
4948:
4752:
4690:
4670:
4655:
4370:
4251:
4123:
4082:
3801:
3746:
3616:
3201:
3189:
3181:
2828:
2418:
2382:
Retirement pensions turn out to be considerable amounts of money. For instance, in
2287:"Basic" or "social pension", at least social assistance, universal or means-tested
2073:
1785:
1211:
911:
598:
439:
404:
399:
384:
369:
307:
275:
180:
66:
50:
4479:
4035:
Samek Lodovici, Manuela; Drufuca, Serena; Patrizio, Monica; Pesce, Flavia (2016).
3302:
3021:"More Cautionary Tales From Illinois: Tier II Pensions (And Why Actuaries Matter)"
2781:
6341:
6276:
6085:
6055:
6043:
5907:
5805:
5672:
5010:
4777:
4580:
4555:
4545:
4437:
3683:"Billionen-Risiko! 1,5 Millionen Beamte gehen bald in Ruhestand - wer zahlt das?"
2710:
2704:
2628:
2468:
2425:
and of demand in general. The activity is then negatively affected. However, the
2358:
1998:
1845:
1805:
1781:
1282:
of the plan sponsor rather than a guarantee, common naming conventions include:
537:
522:
482:
379:
364:
337:
317:
247:
237:
804:
benefit, and depends on an individual's contribution history. For examples, see
6326:
6075:
5976:
5929:
5631:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5290:
5223:
4980:
4938:
4622:
4590:
2582: Workers can switch between social insurance system or individual accounts
2573:
2519:
2083:
2052:
1860:, this is "apparently the first" US public pension plan to declare bankruptcy.
1588:, 1988). In 2010, there were over 76,291 pension schemes operating in Ireland.
1268:
929:
816:
680:
625:
532:
497:
342:
292:
230:
102:
39:
4037:
The gender pension gap: differences between mothers and women without children
791:
committees may also be formed to investigate specific tasks, such as the U.S.
631:
6419:
6301:
6220:
6205:
6190:
5961:
5939:
5845:
5729:
5662:
5636:
5571:
5414:
5371:
5366:
5218:
5102:
5000:
4722:
4575:
4560:
4382:
4229:
3839:
3564:
3155:
Gruber, J. Public Finance and Public Policy, Worth Publishers. G-3 (Glossary)
2623:
2503:
2312:
Consumption smoothing and elderly poverty protection through minimum pension
2096:
2065:
2002:
1702:
The early-1990s established the existing framework for state pensions in the
1236:
1232:
672:
660:
552:
512:
457:
82:
3711:
3597:
3454:
3235:
6336:
6316:
6296:
6286:
6261:
6015:
5850:
5830:
5815:
5785:
5775:
5554:
5409:
5391:
5327:
5305:
5263:
5253:
5155:
5145:
5117:
4848:
4838:
4665:
4605:
4374:
4361:
Barr, Nicholas; Diamond, Peter (Spring 2006). "The Economics of Pensions".
4209:
Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth
3852:
2599:
2507:
2499:
2487:
2430:
2410:
2100:
2078:
2029:
1823:
1707:
832:
704:
477:
374:
112:
3793:
3580:
A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications Before 1750
5949:
5872:
5840:
5300:
5248:
4866:
4823:
4798:
4767:
4762:
4717:
4642:
4632:
4617:
4570:
3805:
3750:
3393:
3072:
2675:
2633:
2434:
1228:
820:
715:
700:
472:
434:
424:
409:
137:
127:
107:
97:
92:
4087:
4070:
2832:
2082:
basic pensions in the current structure. Lower employment rates and the
1039:
system is partially funded by investment in special U.S. Treasury Bonds.
6159:
5966:
5879:
5857:
5825:
5724:
5709:
5689:
5454:
5419:
5381:
5295:
5258:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5150:
5107:
5092:
5070:
4995:
4833:
4813:
4732:
4600:
4595:
4565:
4531:
4336:"Perspectives : Réforme des retraites : les leviers d'action"
3193:
2472:
2104:
1841:
1838:
1577:
1330:
1224:
1215:). Examples of defined contribution plans in the United States include
1099: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
891:
850:
849:
Some pension plans will provide for members in the event they suffer a
637:
251:
199:
152:
122:
117:
4052:"Chaper 1: Assessing the gender gap in retirement saving arrangements"
3473:. Practising Law Institute. 1985. pp. search "security contract".
3105:
2494:
degrades the labour demand and increases the costs of production. The
1710:, occupational pensions were covered by comprehensive statutes in the
6346:
6266:
6080:
5765:
5124:
5025:
4985:
4955:
4876:
4712:
4675:
4248:
OECD Pensions at a Glance 2005: Public Policies across OECD Countries
2532:
2403:
2077:
pensions or penalise part-time employment, together with the limited
2007:
1772:
net worth of about $ 250,000 (shown), about a quarter of the group's
948:
824:
747:
727:
3903:
Dagher, Veronica; Tergesen, Anne; Ettenheim, Rosie (31 March 2023).
3128:"A$ 76,000 Monthly Pension: Why States and Cities Are Short on Cash"
1888:
1074:
6180:
5243:
5233:
5165:
5160:
5129:
4975:
4930:
4808:
4803:
4707:
4585:
4112:"Shifting the Pension Mix: Consequences for Dutch and Danish Women"
4069:
Frericks, Patricia; Maier, Robert L.; De Graaf, Willibrord (2007).
2015:
1467:
87:
35:
4034:
5810:
5760:
5499:
5238:
4943:
4627:
4474:
3470:
Foreign Pension Plans, 1985: The New Rules Under IRC Section 404A
3447:
Foreign pension plans, 1985: the new rules under IRC section 404A
2549:
2502:
given that household's consumption prices rise. As corporations'
2232:(implemented for example in Italy, Latvia, Poland and Sweden) or
1573:
1297:
1057:
971:
940:
831:
in the United States of America or the "older person's grant" in
731:
684:
502:
327:
4485:
4432:
3420:"Securing Employer-Based Pensions: An International Perspective"
2759:
1737:, which aligned and raised retirement ages. Following that, the
1659:
Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09
1645:
striking over pension changes by the government in November 2011
1538:
Pension obligations of EUR 477.96 billion (plus 9.7 percent) and
703:. Retirement pensions are typically in the form of a guaranteed
5934:
5282:
4926:
3993:"In apparent first, a public pension plan files for bankruptcy"
3534:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2011:
1220:
787:
774:
170:
2967:"Early Retirement Provisions in Defined Benefit Pension Plans"
616:
5795:
4500:
3444:
1849:
1642:
1546:
officials and 68.5 billion EUR for former railway officials.
1483:
1018:
429:
270:
4018:"Largest U.S. pension plans assets fall $ 217 billion short"
3905:"Here's What Retirement Looks Like in America in Six Charts"
2059:
countries are not an exception. As per a 2015 report by the
5835:
5278:
3549:. Vol. 1. London: William Pickering. pp. xlviii.
3050:
2478:
2445:
2056:
1324:
607:
462:
297:
175:
73:
3236:
Economic Policy Committee and European Commission (2006).
2893:"Defined-Benefit vs. Defined-Contribution Plans Explained"
1541:
Aid obligations of EUR 169.02 billion (plus 13.4 percent).
1373:
for the use of large quotes and possible original research
827:. Most social pensions, though, are means-tested, such as
613:
4818:
3937:
Hening’s Laws of Virginia, Vol. II, page 324 and page 331
2236:(applied, for instance, in Estonia, Germany and Norway).
1822:
Pension plans became popular in the United States during
1429:
932:, benefits are typically indexed for inflation (known as
723:
3528:
A History of Public Sector Pensions in the United States
1653:
The beginning of the modern state pension came with the
1304:
3902:
3303:"Pensions at a Glance : Pension replacement rates"
5505:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
4170:
Towards Improved Retirement Savings Outcomes for Women
4110:
Frericks, P.; Maier, R.; De Graaf, W. (October 2006).
4056:
Towards Improved Retirement Savings Outcomes for Women
2453:
It turns out to be a demand shock because household's
1031:(CPP) is partially funded, with assets managed by the
4109:
4068:
3876:"The Pension Timeline - complete history of pensions"
3352:
2340:
Elderly poverty protection and consumption smoothing
2298:
Elderly poverty protection and consumption smoothing
1246:
In the US, defined contribution plans are subject to
773:
is a type of employment-based Pension in the UK. The
610:
4184:"Self-employment on the rise | Knowledge for policy"
3853:
Secretaría de Estado de la Seguridad Social (2019).
1413:
a tax break depending on the country and plan type.
722:, usually advantageous to employee and employer for
604:
1729:that updated regulation by replacing OPRA with the
1704:
Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992
823:Superannuation and the Basic Retirement Pension of
601:
3986:
3984:
1061:financial resources to continue funding the plan.
726:reasons. Many pensions also contain an additional
3445:Klein, James P; Practising Law Institute (1985).
2868:"Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)"
2513:
2159:Means-tested, minimum pension guarantee, or flat
1811:Federal civilian pensions were offered under the
1780:The first "American" pensions came in 1636, when
1416:For example, Canadians have the option to open a
1012:and taxes. This method of financing is known as
951:early retirement reduction factor is acceptable.
947:, any reduction factor less than or equal to the
6417:
2518:This economic shock involves an increase of the
3981:
3278:"Pensions - Private pension assets - OECD Data"
3164:
2942:. The Pensions Advisory Service. Archived from
2702:
945:Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
3890:"A Brief History of Pensions – Fix My Pension"
3087:
2656:, California pension proposal of the 1930s-40s
4516:
4298:Development / THE WORLD BANK. Retrieved from
3615:. Oxford University Press. pp. 491–505.
3610:
2998:. Aspen Publishers Online. pp. 199–200.
2827:United Nations DESA Discussion Paper No. 32.
2538:
2032:, former executive director of the PBGC (the
2014:, where the pension system is forecast to be
1156:
572:
3896:
3524:
3449:. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute.
3094:, Mississauga, Ontario: Wiley, p. 210,
2698:
2696:
2393:
798:
783:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
763:
738:) may provide a similar stream of payments.
4360:
3928:Hening’s Laws of Virginia, Vol. I, page 287
3378:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2996:Qualified Domestic Relations Order Handbook
2531:consumption prices decrease: this shock is
2165:Personal savings plan or occupational plan
2162:Personal savings plan or occupational plan
2069:gap remains a major issue in many nations.
1917:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1487:distributed as benefits in the same year."
992:Defined benefit pension plan § Funding
4523:
4509:
4250:. Paris: OECD Publishing. pp. 21–25.
4022:USA Today, citing a report by Watson Wyatt
3735:
3238:The impact of ageing on public expenditure
3078:7 April 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
2554:First pillar of pension system by country:
2417:decreases in the short term. This drop of
1633:Timeline of pensions in the United Kingdom
579:
565:
38:. For the 2021 Marathi-language film, see
6247:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
4127:
4086:
2693:
2371:Increase of employer social contribution,
2368:Increase of employee social contribution,
1981:Learn how and when to remove this message
1397:Learn how and when to remove this message
1115:Learn how and when to remove this message
815:Many countries have also put in place a "
34:. For the mortgage repayment scheme, see
6091:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
4773:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
4293:
4291:
4289:
4246:OECD (2006). "Pension-system Typology".
4241:
4239:
4144:"The gender pay gap situation in the EU"
3952:, Statutes and Stories, 18 November 2017
3870:
3868:
3826:Terán, Alexander Elu (13 January 2006).
3706:
3704:
3677:
3675:
3613:The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State
3544:
3520:
3518:
2816:
2703:Thomas P. Lemke, Gerald T. Lins (2010).
2548:
2479:Increase of employer social contribution
2446:Increase of employee social contribution
1993:A growing challenge for many nations is
1867:
1762:
1636:
1261:
873:
6272:Credentialism and educational inflation
4279:
4277:
4275:
3990:
3088:Tufts, William; Fairbanks, Lee (2011),
2993:
2352:
2121:The Pillars of Old Age Income Security:
1294:Collective Defined Contribution Schemes
14:
6418:
6143:List of countries by unemployment rate
4418:from the original on 10 December 2019.
2402:point. Transfers from public power to
2089:
1844:protection. The retirement fund is a
1423:
838:
4504:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4286:
4236:
3865:
3825:
3701:
3672:
3621:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.28
3515:
3125:
3018:
2983:from the original on 6 December 2003.
1863:
1678:State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme
1586:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
1516:Old Age and Disability Insurance Bill
1305:Risk sharing pension sponsor examples
1141:dark over future investment schemes.
659:Pensions should not be confused with
5041:Practice-based professional learning
4272:
4245:
4167:
4049:
3915:from the original on 31 March 2023.
3794:"Pension modelling results: Ireland"
3643:
3577:
2560: Basic non-contributory pension
2034:Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
1915:adding citations to reliable sources
1882:
1878:
1828:retirement plan in the United States
1353:
1097:adding citations to reliable sources
1068:
996:Defined benefit plans may be either
5589:Workers' right to access the toilet
4436:; Arun Muralidhar (2 August 2004).
3211:from the original on 30 April 2019.
2566: Mandatory individual accounts
2203:Pillar 1, sometimes referred to as
2134:Mandatory privately managed pillar
1817:Federal Employees Retirement System
1741:has set up automatic enrolment for
1568:Pensions in the Republic of Ireland
1319:State of Wisconsin Investment Board
24:
4426:
4389:
4324:from the original on 12 June 2013.
3764:"The Pensions Board Annual Report"
3165:Cannon, Edmund; Ian Tonks (2012).
2964:
2681:Universities Superannuation Scheme
2475:and the increase of unemployment.
2131:Mandatory publicly managed pillar
1572:There is a history of pensions in
1418:registered retirement savings plan
1312:Healthcare of Ontario Pension Plan
25:
6442:
4468:
3855:"Historia de la Seguridad Social"
3326:
1747:National Employment Savings Trust
1616:
1256:National Employment Savings Trust
812:in the United States of America.
6360:
6359:
5653:Corporate collapses and scandals
4363:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
4312:"Welcome to World Bank Intranet"
4256:10.1787/pension_glance-2005-3-en
4129:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2006.00500.x
4116:Social Policy and Administration
3991:Mercado, Darla (19 April 2012).
3949:First American Colonial Pensions
3253:"How is Social Security Funded?"
3250:
3186:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2011.01456.x
3019:Bauer, Elizabeth (7 June 2019).
2929:, §1:2 (Thomson West, 2013 ed.).
2247:
2214:
2173:Redistributive plus coinsurance
1887:
1808:in the late nineteenth century.
1752:
1687:After the Second World War, the
1358:
1073:
1064:
793:Commission on Veterans' Pensions
597:
57:
4354:
4328:
4304:
4201:
4176:
4161:
4136:
4103:
4062:
4043:
4028:
4010:
3972:
3963:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3882:
3846:
3819:
3786:
3756:
3729:
3663:
3637:
3604:
3571:
3538:
3525:Clark RL, Craig LA, Wilson JW.
3493:
3477:
3461:
3438:
3412:
3386:
3346:
3320:
3295:
3270:
3244:
3229:
3215:
3158:
3149:
3119:
3081:
3066:
3038:
3012:
2987:
2958:
2940:"The Pensions Advisory Service"
2932:
2919:
2910:
2374:Increase of the retirement age.
2239:
2198:
2022:
1813:Civil Service Retirement System
1344:Arbejdsmarkedets Tillægspension
1084:needs additional citations for
6153:Employment-to-population ratio
5525:Occupational health psychology
4530:
4442:. Cambridge University Press.
3832:Revista de Historia Industrial
2885:
2860:
2838:
2810:
2792:
2774:
2752:
2734:
2514:Increase of the retirement age
2230:Notional Defined Contributions
2189:
1661:and was the first step in the
1623:Pensions in the United Kingdom
1217:individual retirement accounts
1199:
13:
1:
6241:Works Progress Administration
6133:Unemployment Convention, 1919
5545:Personal protective equipment
5098:Occupational Outlook Handbook
4462:Comparative Political Studies
4188:knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu
3646:"A Brief History of Pensions"
3507:. 20 May 2019. Archived from
3174:Journal of Risk and Insurance
3126:Walsh, Mary (14 April 2018).
3053:Glossary of Statistical Terms
2686:
2588: Social insurance system
2260:Multipillar Pension Taxonomy:
2043:
1873:2018 Russian pension protests
1759:Pensions in the United States
985:
675:, they are commonly known as
640:from work. A pension may be:
6322:Psychopathy in the workplace
5495:Human factors and ergonomics
4342:(in French). 21 January 2003
3547:History of Actuarial Science
3489:. Taxes International. 1985.
3355:"How Do Pension Funds Work?"
2800:"New Zealand Superannuation"
2760:"Industry SuperFunds - Home"
2234:occupational pension schemes
1693:National Assistance Act 1948
1349:
880:Defined benefit pension plan
829:Supplemental Security Income
734:payouts, for example, or an
707:, thus insuring against the
7:
6307:Narcissism in the workplace
5520:Occupational exposure limit
3859:Seguridad Social: Conócenos
2593:
2413:insofar as the household's
2284:Elderly poverty protection
1997:. As birth rates drop and
1800:and, more extensively, the
1689:National Insurance Act 1946
1667:National Insurance Act 1911
1576:that can be traced back to
1514:'s social legislation, the
1338:Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP
856:
741:The common use of the term
10:
6447:
6236:Civil Works Administration
6118:Technological unemployment
5594:Workplace health promotion
5051:Professional certification
4748:Personality–job fit theory
3800:. OECD. 19 November 2019.
3501:"Who was Augustus Caesar?"
2609:Fee-only financial advisor
2545:Pension systems by country
2542:
2539:Pension systems by country
2490:. Indeed, the rise of the
2421:implies a diminishment of
2365:Decrease of real pensions,
2111:
1837:Retirement Fund filed for
1756:
1626:
1620:
1582:A Guide to Early Irish Law
1565:
1561:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1459:
1455:
1160:
1157:Defined contribution plans
1029:wage-based retirement plan
989:
877:
842:
29:
6355:
6254:
6216:Guaranteed minimum income
6173:
6014:
5888:
5801:Organizational commitment
5753:
5645:
5612:
5475:
5400:
5277:
5204:
5138:
4925:
4847:
4791:
4641:
4538:
4439:Rethinking Pension Reform
3650:Davidson Asset Management
3545:Haberman, Steven (1995).
2994:Shulman, Gary A. (1999).
2394:Decrease of real pensions
2179:Savings plus coinsurance
2176:Savings plus coinsurance
1655:Old Age Pensions Act 1908
1641:Public sector workers in
1534:The sum is divided into:
1500:State Socialism (Germany)
1163:Defined contribution plan
799:Social and state pensions
764:Employment-based pensions
653:defined contribution plan
508:Guaranteed minimum income
303:Diversification (finance)
6385:Aspects of organizations
6066:Involuntary unemployment
5627:Equal pay for equal work
5550:Repetitive strain injury
5056:Professional development
5046:Professional association
4728:Letter of recommendation
3997:Pensions and Investments
3424:Pension Research Council
3046:"Unfunded Pension Plans"
2927:ERISA for Money Managers
2706:ERISA for Money Managers
2361:are the following ones:
1858:Pensions and Investments
1835:Northern Mariana Islands
1712:Pension Schemes Act 1993
1595:
1231:to selecting individual
758:
186:Employee stock ownership
133:Refund anticipation loan
6370:Aspects of corporations
6332:Slow movement (culture)
6211:Employer of last resort
6113:Structural unemployment
6051:Frictional unemployment
5490:Epilepsy and employment
5377:Performance-related pay
5311:National average salary
5229:996 working hour system
4493:The American Cyclopædia
3909:The Wall Street Journal
3716:freidok.uni-freiburg.de
3582:. John Wiley and Sons.
2660:Individual Pension Plan
2614:Generational accounting
2226:the contingent accounts
2148:Regulated fully funded
1663:Liberal welfare reforms
103:Unsecured personal loan
6380:Aspects of occupations
6186:Unemployment insurance
6138:Unemployment extension
6108:Reserve army of labour
5913:Constructive dismissal
5720:Sleeping while on duty
5685:Exploitation of labour
5567:Sick building syndrome
4743:Person–environment fit
4613:Independent contractor
3770:. 2010. Archived from
2742:"WordNet Search - 3.1"
2590:
2326:Consumption smoothing
2290:Universal or residual
1875:
1777:
1646:
1286:Defined Ambition Plans
1136:The age bias, reduced
630:
543:Universal basic income
420:Portfolio optimization
395:Investment performance
266:Alternative investment
6390:Aspects of workplaces
6128:Unemployment benefits
6123:Types of unemployment
6061:Graduate unemployment
5955:Letter of resignation
5584:Workers' compensation
5577:Occupational fatality
5086:Vocational university
4686:Employment counsellor
3644:Gianasso, Alexandre.
2804:workandincome.govt.nz
2666:Pension Rights Center
2654:Ham and Eggs Movement
2552:
2488:supply economic shock
1871:
1852:and $ 911 million in
1766:
1743:occupational pensions
1640:
1480:Duke Ernest the Pious
1462:History of retirement
1262:Risk sharing pensions
1186:contribution is known
1025:Pensions Reserve Fund
961:supplemental benefits
874:Defined benefit plans
720:deferred compensation
667:trade unions. Called
6196:Job creation program
5972:Mandatory retirement
5925:Employee offboarding
5745:Workplace incivility
5740:Workplace harassment
5515:Occupational disease
5510:Occupational burnout
5425:Disability insurance
5269:Workweek and weekend
5076:Vocational education
4991:Continuing education
4829:Permanent employment
4456:Grünewald A. 2021. "
4375:10.1093/oxrep/grj002
4148:commission.europa.eu
3806:10.1787/888934043359
3751:10.2139/ssrn.1661617
2353:Government influence
1911:improve this section
1682:State Second Pension
1290:Target benefit plans
1192:(until calculated).
1093:improve this article
1033:CPP Investment Board
689:superannuation plans
646:defined benefit plan
548:Volatility (finance)
518:Risk-return spectrum
360:Fundamental analysis
226:Defined contribution
6101:Recession-proof job
6096:Lists of recessions
6034:Economic depression
5982:Retirement planning
5863:Work–life interface
5700:Employee monitoring
5668:Corporate behaviour
5658:Accounting scandals
5540:Occupational stress
5530:Occupational injury
5066:Reflective practice
5061:Professional school
4783:Work-at-home scheme
4703:Induction programme
4681:Employment contract
4661:Business networking
3892:. 27 February 2018.
3878:. 22 February 2023.
3798:Pension at a glance
3486:Taxes International
2833:10.2139/ssrn.398280
2762:. industrysuper.com
2639:Retirement planning
2619:Pension led funding
2090:Economic challenges
2061:European Commission
2051:In this sense, the
1930:"population ageing"
1833:In April 2012, the
1723:Pensions Commission
1506:Pensions in Germany
1424:Financing structure
934:Retail Prices Index
839:Disability pensions
493:Financial inclusion
488:Financial deepening
390:Investment advisory
162:Employment contract
6364:See also templates
6201:Job creation index
6165:Youth unemployment
6029:Discouraged worker
5918:Wrongful dismissal
5898:At-will employment
5771:Civil conscription
5735:Workplace bullying
5622:Affirmative action
5604:Workplace wellness
5535:Occupational noise
5176:Long service leave
5036:Overspecialization
5016:Induction training
4971:Career development
4172:. OCDE Publishing.
4058:. OCDE Publishing.
3327:Bauer, Elizabeth.
3132:The New York Times
2591:
2486:It proves to be a
2379:business sector).
2101:unemployment rates
1876:
1864:Current challenges
1778:
1731:Pensions Regulator
1697:11 & 12 Geo. 6
1676:Then in 1978, The
1647:
1377:You can assist by
1190:benefit is unknown
845:Disability pension
806:National Insurance
528:Structured product
468:Citizen's dividend
415:Passive management
143:Debt consolidation
6413:
6412:
6312:Post-work society
6292:Kiss up kick down
6024:Barriers to entry
5989:Severance package
5821:Human trafficking
5715:Sexual harassment
5695:Employee handbook
5614:Equal opportunity
5477:Safety and health
5467:Take-home vehicle
5081:Vocational school
5031:Lifelong learning
5006:Further education
4966:Career counseling
4961:Career assessment
4738:Overqualification
4449:978-0-521-83411-7
4434:Franco Modigliani
4088:10.1093/sp/jxm008
3774:on 5 January 2012
3630:978-0-19-882838-9
3589:978-0-471-50230-2
3578:Hald, A. (1990).
3556:978-1-85196-160-3
3400:. 4 November 2020
3005:978-0-7355-0665-7
2846:"Old age pension"
2786:pension-watch.net
2605:Financial advisor
2455:disposable income
2359:economic policies
2350:
2349:
2205:the public pillar
2183:
2182:
2137:Voluntary pillar
1995:population ageing
1991:
1990:
1983:
1965:
1879:Population ageing
1819:(FERS), in 1987.
1798:Revolutionary War
1791:King Philip's War
1739:Pensions Act 2008
1735:Pensions Act 2007
1727:Pensions Act 2004
1716:Pensions Act 1995
1629:English Poor Laws
1512:Otto von Bismarck
1473:aeririum militare
1407:
1406:
1399:
1125:
1124:
1117:
709:risk of longevity
589:
588:
261:Active management
191:Employee benefits
148:Debt rescheduling
32:Pension (lodging)
16:(Redirected from
6438:
6431:Personal finance
6400:Critique of work
6395:Corporate titles
6363:
6362:
6282:Evil corporation
6148:Employment rates
6071:Jobless recovery
6039:Great Depression
5999:Golden parachute
5994:Golden handshake
5791:Job satisfaction
5781:Critique of work
5599:Workplace phobia
5430:Health insurance
5387:Wage compression
5355:Progressive wage
5214:35-hour workweek
5181:No call, no show
5171:Leave of absence
5021:Knowledge worker
4949:Master craftsman
4753:Personality hire
4691:Executive search
4671:Curriculum vitae
4656:Background check
4525:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4480:UK State pension
4453:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4387:
4386:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4284:
4281:
4270:
4269:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4024:. 10 March 2009.
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3768:pensionsboard.ie
3760:
3754:
3745:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3104:, archived from
3085:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2925:Lemke and Lins,
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2842:
2836:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2700:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2419:purchasing power
2415:available income
2409:It proves to be
2273:Characteristics
2264:
2263:
2228:, known also as
2221:the second tier,
2125:
2124:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1923:
1891:
1883:
1786:Virginia Company
1402:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1214:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1077:
1069:
1027:; in Canada the
914:
669:retirement plans
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
581:
574:
567:
450:
440:Target date fund
405:Investor profile
400:Investment style
385:Impact investing
370:Growth investing
308:Equity (finance)
181:Salary packaging
61:
51:Personal finance
47:
46:
21:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6405:Organized labor
6375:Aspects of jobs
6351:
6342:Toxic workplace
6277:Emotional labor
6250:
6174:Public programs
6169:
6086:Great Recession
6056:Full employment
6044:Long Depression
6010:
5908:Banishment room
5884:
5806:Refusal of work
5749:
5673:Corporate crime
5641:
5608:
5471:
5396:
5273:
5200:
5134:
5011:Graduate school
4921:
4843:
4787:
4778:Underemployment
4637:
4581:Self-employment
4556:Contingent work
4546:Academic tenure
4539:Classifications
4534:
4529:
4487:"Pension"
4484:
4471:
4450:
4429:
4427:Further reading
4424:
4423:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4390:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4244:
4237:
4222:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4108:
4104:
4075:Social Politics
4067:
4063:
4048:
4044:
4033:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3851:
3847:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3609:
3605:
3590:
3576:
3572:
3557:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3516:
3511:on 21 May 2019.
3499:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3136:
3134:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3073:"Falling Short"
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2969:
2965:Foster, Ann C.
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2711:Thomson Reuters
2701:
2694:
2689:
2649:Bankruptcy code
2629:Pensions crisis
2596:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2528:current account
2516:
2481:
2460:current account
2448:
2433:increases. The
2427:current account
2396:
2355:
2250:
2242:
2217:
2201:
2192:
2114:
2092:
2046:
2025:
1999:life expectancy
1987:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1924:
1922:
1908:
1892:
1881:
1866:
1846:defined benefit
1806:Progressive Era
1782:Plymouth colony
1761:
1755:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1607:Social Security
1598:
1570:
1564:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1464:
1458:
1426:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1307:
1264:
1206:
1202:
1165:
1159:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1090:
1078:
1067:
1037:Social Security
1035:while the U.S.
994:
988:
906:
887:Social Security
882:
876:
859:
847:
841:
810:Social Security
801:
766:
761:
677:pension schemes
600:
596:
585:
538:Systematic risk
523:Social dividend
483:Economic bubble
448:
380:Hedge (finance)
365:Government bond
318:Estate planning
248:Personal budget
242:
238:Social security
221:Defined benefit
214:
43:
28:
27:Retirement fund
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Sunday scaries
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6078:
6076:Phillips curve
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5977:Retirement age
5974:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5930:Exit interview
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5680:Discrimination
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5632:Gender pay gap
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5447:
5445:Parental leave
5442:
5440:Marriage leave
5437:
5435:Life insurance
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Income bracket
5287:
5285:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5224:Eight-hour day
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4981:Creative class
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4939:Apprenticeship
4935:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4907:Scarlet-collar
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4623:Temporary work
4620:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4591:Skilled worker
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4469:External links
4467:
4466:
4465:
4454:
4448:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4388:
4353:
4327:
4303:
4285:
4271:
4264:
4235:
4220:
4200:
4175:
4160:
4135:
4122:(5): 475–492.
4102:
4081:(2): 212–237.
4061:
4042:
4027:
4009:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3895:
3881:
3864:
3845:
3818:
3785:
3755:
3728:
3700:
3671:
3662:
3636:
3629:
3603:
3588:
3570:
3555:
3537:
3514:
3492:
3476:
3460:
3437:
3426:. 23 July 2015
3411:
3385:
3345:
3319:
3307:stats.oecd.org
3294:
3269:
3243:
3228:
3214:
3157:
3148:
3118:
3108:on 28 May 2014
3101:978-1118098738
3100:
3080:
3065:
3037:
3011:
3004:
2986:
2957:
2946:on 28 May 2010
2931:
2918:
2909:
2884:
2859:
2837:
2809:
2791:
2773:
2751:
2733:
2719:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Provident Fund
2668:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2574:Provident fund
2568:
2562:
2556:
2543:Main article:
2540:
2537:
2520:retirement age
2515:
2512:
2480:
2477:
2447:
2444:
2395:
2392:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2276:Participation
2274:
2271:
2268:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2216:
2213:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2113:
2110:
2097:interest rates
2091:
2088:
2084:gender pay gap
2066:part-time work
2053:European Union
2045:
2042:
2024:
2021:
1989:
1988:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1862:
1757:Main article:
1754:
1751:
1621:Main article:
1618:
1617:United Kingdom
1615:
1597:
1594:
1566:Main article:
1563:
1560:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1498:Main article:
1495:
1492:
1457:
1454:
1425:
1422:
1405:
1404:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1269:longevity risk
1263:
1260:
1237:tax advantages
1201:
1198:
1161:Main article:
1158:
1155:
1123:
1122:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1063:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
930:United Kingdom
878:Main article:
875:
872:
858:
855:
843:Main article:
840:
837:
817:social pension
808:in the UK, or
800:
797:
765:
762:
760:
757:
681:United Kingdom
657:
656:
649:
587:
586:
584:
583:
576:
569:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Sustainability
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
498:Financial risk
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
452:
451:
445:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
293:Bond (finance)
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
268:
263:
255:
254:
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
234:
233:
231:Social pension
228:
223:
215:
213:
212:
206:
203:
202:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
165:
164:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
77:
76:
63:
62:
54:
53:
40:Pension (film)
26:
18:Pension system
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6443:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Make-work job
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:Right to work
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Job guarantee
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:Make-work job
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Restructuring
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Notice period
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Unfree labour
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:Bonded labour
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:Whistleblower
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:Control fraud
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5637:Glass ceiling
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:Work accident
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5560:United States
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5460:United States
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:Casual Friday
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Paid time off
5370:
5368:
5367:Overtime rate
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5348:United States
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Four-day week
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Practice firm
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Employability
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Orange-collar
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4849:Working class
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Job interview
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Part-time job
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Full-time job
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:US Retirement
4473:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4265:9789264018716
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4221:0-19-520996-6
4217:
4210:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4171:
4164:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4050:OCDE (2021).
4046:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4013:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3966:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3861:(in Spanish).
3860:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3399:
3395:
3394:"Plan Assets"
3389:
3381:
3375:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3076:The Economist
3074:
3069:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2782:"Country map"
2777:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2746:princeton.edu
2743:
2737:
2722:
2720:9780314902023
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Pension model
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2575:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:profitability
2501:
2497:
2496:competitivity
2493:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2248:Fourth Pillar
2245:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:Pillar 2, or
2215:Second pillar
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:Fully funded
2150:
2147:
2145:Tax-financed
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:care services
2075:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:public sector
2000:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932: –
1931:
1927:
1926:Find sources:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1896:This section
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1753:United States
1750:
1749:(or "Nest").
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:In 2002, the
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1367:This section
1365:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:Netherlands:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:§ 414(i)
1209:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:This section
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:DB criticisms
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:pay-as-you-go
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
913:
912:§ 414(j)
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
881:
871:
867:
863:
854:
852:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
796:
794:
790:
789:
784:
779:
776:
772:
756:
754:
750:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:United States
670:
664:
662:
661:severance pay
654:
650:
647:
643:
642:
641:
639:
635:
634:
633:
627:
621:
594:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
553:Watered stock
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Market impact
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:Asset pricing
456:
455:
454:
453:
447:
446:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
249:
246:
245:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
208:
207:
205:
204:
201:
198:
197:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
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6337:Toxic leader
6317:Presenteeism
6297:Labor rights
6287:Going postal
6262:Bullshit job
6245:
6230:
6225:
6016:Unemployment
5868:Downshifting
5851:Wage slavery
5831:Penal labour
5786:Dead-end job
5776:Conscription
5555:Right to sit
5449:
5410:Annual leave
5392:Working poor
5328:Minimum wage
5306:Maximum wage
5264:Working time
5254:Six-hour day
5156:Career break
5118:Professional
4912:Black-collar
4882:White-collar
4862:Green-collar
4839:Volunteering
4676:Drug testing
4666:Cover letter
4606:Tradesperson
4491:
4461:
4438:
4369:(1): 15–39.
4366:
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2600:Elderly care
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2533:deflationary
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2508:expansionist
2500:inflationary
2485:
2482:
2473:income taxes
2452:
2449:
2431:unemployment
2411:demand shock
2408:
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2388:
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2259:
2258:
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2243:
2240:Third pillar
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2108:retirement.
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2071:
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2038:
2030:Bradley Belt
2026:
2023:Underfunding
1992:
1977:
1968:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1925:
1909:Please help
1897:
1857:
1832:
1824:World War II
1821:
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1773:
1769:
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1708:Goode Report
1701:
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1371:copy editing
1369:may require
1368:
1333:Pension Fund
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1273:
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1253:
1245:
1241:
1229:mutual funds
1221:401(k) plans
1203:
1194:
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1170:
1166:
1151:
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1143:
1135:
1126:
1111:
1105:October 2015
1102:
1091:Please help
1086:verification
1083:
1054:fully-funded
1053:
1049:
1044:
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1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
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960:
956:
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900:accrual rate
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896:final salary
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883:
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864:
860:
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833:South Africa
814:
802:
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780:
767:
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716:Labor unions
713:
705:life annuity
692:
688:
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668:
665:
658:
629:
592:
590:
478:Credit union
375:Growth stock
353:independence
209:
113:Student loan
70:
44:
6226:Historical:
5950:Resignation
5890:Termination
5873:Slow living
5841:Truck wages
5826:Labour camp
5754:Willingness
5646:Infractions
5301:Living wage
5249:Remote work
4917:Gold-collar
4872:Pink-collar
4867:Grey-collar
4857:Blue-collar
4824:Labour hire
4799:Cooperative
4763:Recruitment
4718:Job hunting
4651:Application
4633:Wage labour
4618:Labour hire
4571:Job sharing
4340:Le Monde.fr
3778:15 December
3689:(in German)
3398:xplaind.com
3194:10036/86956
2676:Roth 401(k)
2634:Public debt
2492:labour cost
2439:labour cost
2435:price index
2423:consumption
2270:Objectives
2190:Zero pillar
2170:Objectives
2128:Properties
2105:gig economy
1854:liabilities
1510:As part of
1225:investments
1219:(IRAs) and
1200:DC examples
1173:portability
1138:portability
905:In the US,
821:New Zealand
701:New Zealand
624:; from
473:Cooperative
435:Stockbroker
425:Speculation
410:Market risk
138:Refinancing
128:Payday loan
108:Rent-to-own
98:Credit card
93:Charge card
6420:Categories
6160:Wage curve
5967:Retirement
5880:Workaholic
5858:Work ethic
5725:Wage theft
5710:Labour law
5705:Evaluation
5690:Dress code
5455:Sick leave
5420:Child care
5382:Salary cap
5296:Income tax
5259:Shift work
5196:Time clock
5191:Sick leave
5186:Sabbatical
5151:Break room
5139:Attendance
5108:Profession
5093:Mentorship
5071:Retraining
4996:E-learning
4892:New-collar
4887:Red-collar
4834:Supervisor
4814:Internship
4733:Onboarding
4601:Technician
4596:Journeyman
4566:Gig worker
4532:Employment
3180:: 95–119.
3058:26 January
2726:11 October
2687:References
2644:Specific:
2404:households
2346:Voluntary
2332:Voluntary
2209:first-tier
2142:Financing
2074:care roles
2044:Gender gap
1971:March 2024
1941:newspapers
1842:bankruptcy
1839:Chapter 11
1627:See also:
1578:Brehon Law
1504:See also:
1460:See also:
1387:March 2024
1379:editing it
1331:Royal Mail
1050:pre-funded
986:DB funding
972:California
892:government
851:disability
638:retirement
276:allocation
252:investment
200:Retirement
153:Bankruptcy
123:Title loan
6347:Workhouse
6267:Busy work
6081:Recession
5945:Pink slip
5903:Dismissal
5766:Careerism
5360:Singapore
5338:Hong Kong
5206:Schedules
5125:Tradesman
5026:Licensure
4986:Education
4956:Avocation
4897:No-collar
4877:Precariat
4758:Probation
4713:Job fraud
4383:0266-903X
4230:1020-0851
3840:2385-3247
3834:: 33–68.
3565:468359649
2318:Mandated
2304:Mandated
2008:Australia
1898:does not
1802:Civil War
1584:(Dublin,
1452:in 1983.
1350:Financing
1342:Denmark:
1208:26 U.S.C.
957:temporary
949:actuarial
908:26 U.S.C.
825:Mauritius
748:pensioner
728:insurance
697:Australia
328:Financial
281:economics
6426:Pensions
6255:See also
6181:Workfare
6006:Turnover
5402:Benefits
5283:salaries
5244:Overtime
5234:Flextime
5166:Gap year
5161:Furlough
5130:Vocation
5113:Operator
4976:Coaching
4931:training
4809:Employer
4804:Employee
4708:Job fair
4586:Side job
4413:Archived
4346:13 April
4319:Archived
4193:28 April
4153:28 April
4002:28 April
3956:29 April
3913:Archived
3811:18 April
3721:28 April
3693:28 April
3598:19629739
3455:12414718
3430:2 August
3404:2 August
3374:cite web
3364:2 August
3338:2 August
3312:2 August
3287:1 August
3262:1 August
3206:Archived
2978:Archived
2902:28 April
2877:28 April
2594:See also
1714:and the
1468:Augustus
1310:Canada:
1300:Pensions
1280:ambition
1188:but the
1130:portable
1009:unfunded
1002:unfunded
980:New York
941:retirees
857:Benefits
449:See also
88:Car loan
83:Mortgage
36:Mortgage
6231:U.S.A.:
5836:Peonage
5811:Slavery
5761:Boreout
5500:Karoshi
5450:Pension
5239:On-call
4944:Artisan
4628:Laborer
4496:. 1879.
4097:1447686
3742:1661617
3655:29 June
3505:Culture
3282:theOECD
3202:7975555
3144:faster.
3030:19 July
2974:bls.gov
2852:7 April
2267:Pillar
2112:Pillars
2016:solvent
1955:scholar
1919:removed
1904:sources
1774:average
1768:have a
1574:Ireland
1562:Ireland
1494:Germany
1456:History
1314:(HOOPP)
1298:Tontine
1058:actuary
976:Indiana
968:Alabama
928:In the
922:benefit
918:defines
753:retiree
743:pension
736:annuity
732:lottery
685:Ireland
679:in the
671:in the
593:pension
503:Fintech
348:planner
333:adviser
210:Pension
5935:Layoff
5485:Crunch
5343:Europe
5333:Canada
5321:Europe
4927:Career
4768:Résumé
4643:Hiring
4551:Casual
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3251:AARP.
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3112:28 May
3098:
3025:Forbes
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2848:. GCIS
2823:398280
2821:
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2576:system
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2570:
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2384:France
2028:debt.
2012:Canada
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1850:assets
1770:median
1276:target
1233:stocks
1210:
1045:funded
1007:In an
998:funded
978:, and
910:
788:Ad hoc
775:401(k)
632:pensiō
286:growth
171:Salary
69:
67:Credit
5796:McJob
5316:World
5279:Wages
5146:Break
4792:Roles
4416:(PDF)
4409:(PDF)
4322:(PDF)
4315:(PDF)
4212:(PDF)
3532:(PDF)
3240:. EU.
3209:(PDF)
3198:S2CID
3170:(PDF)
3137:1 May
2981:(PDF)
2970:(PDF)
2662:(IPP)
2156:Form
1962:JSTOR
1948:books
1643:Leeds
1596:Spain
1484:Gotha
1043:In a
1019:PAYGO
1016:, or
759:Types
695:) in
693:super
628:
626:Latin
430:Stock
338:asset
271:Asset
5281:and
4929:and
4696:list
4444:ISBN
4379:ISSN
4348:2021
4260:ISBN
4226:ISSN
4216:ISBN
4195:2023
4155:2023
4093:SSRN
4004:2012
3958:2020
3836:ISSN
3813:2022
3780:2011
3738:SSRN
3723:2020
3695:2020
3657:2015
3625:ISBN
3594:OCLC
3584:ISBN
3561:OCLC
3551:ISBN
3451:OCLC
3432:2021
3406:2021
3380:link
3366:2021
3340:2021
3314:2021
3289:2021
3264:2021
3257:AARP
3139:2018
3114:2014
3096:ISBN
3060:2009
3051:OECD
3032:2020
3000:ISBN
2952:2010
2904:2023
2879:2023
2854:2013
2819:SSRN
2768:2010
2728:2015
2715:ISBN
2607:and
2471:and
2057:OECD
2055:and
2010:and
1934:news
1902:any
1900:cite
1631:and
1329:UK:
1325:TIAA
1323:US:
1317:US:
771:SSAS
699:and
691:(or
687:and
683:and
463:Bank
343:plan
298:Cash
250:and
176:Wage
118:Pawn
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4819:Job
4460:."
4371:doi
4252:doi
4124:doi
4083:doi
3802:doi
3747:doi
3617:doi
3190:hdl
3182:doi
2872:DOL
2829:doi
2469:VAT
2465:GDP
2400:GDP
2207:or
1913:by
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1430:IOU
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1248:IRS
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