244:, located on the central Antarctic plateau, recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s, with its average for the coldest month being several degrees lower than the same statistic for Vostok. Plateau Station never recorded a temperature that surpassed the record low set at Vostok. However, temperatures at Plateau Station were only recorded during the 37 months that it was active. Had a lower temperature than the Vostok record occurred there at a later date, it would never have been recorded.
471:
157:
36:
224:. On July 21, 1983, this station recorded a temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). This is the lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded on Earth. Vostok station is located at the elevation of 3,488 m (11,444 ft) above sea level, far removed from the moderating influence of oceans (more than 1,000 km from the nearest sea coast), and high latitude that results in almost three months of
291:, at an elevation of 3,900 m (12,800 ft). The extreme low temperatures are found in hollows slightly below the peak of the ice ridge, where cold air gets trapped as it flows downhill, and since the same low temperature ranges were detected at several different sites along the ridge across multiple years, it is thought this may be the lowest temperature achievable under local atmospheric conditions.
439:. The station is at 750 m (2,460 ft) and the surrounding mountains at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), causing cold air to pool in the valley: recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area "increase" with elevation by as much as 10 °C (18 °F). The average temperature in Oymyakon has risen about 2.7 degrees Celsius since preindustrial times.
616:
450:
validated the metadata and observations and was able to conclude that the observation was credible in terms of instrument calibration, monitoring of the station and the synoptic situation. The WMO Rapporteur accepted the observation as the officially lowest observed near‐surface air temperature for
251:
above the elevation of 3,000 m (with the exception of
Plateau Station during the brief period that it was active in the 1960s), with no other stations for several hundred kilometers in any direction. Temperatures below −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), if they did occur elsewhere, would not have been
252:
recorded. The automatic weather station at Dome A was only installed in 2005, and has recorded −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F) as the coldest so far (2010). However a review of satellite measurements taken between 2010 and 2013 found several places located along a ridge between
427:
in 1892; by mistake it was written as −69.8 °C (−93.6 °F), which was later corrected. One can still find this incorrect value in some literature. The coldest reliably measured temperature in
Verkhoyansk was −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on February 5 and 7 of 1892.
228:
every year (early May to end of July), all combine to produce an environment where temperatures rarely rise above −25 °C (−13 °F) during summer and frequently fall below −70 °C (−94 °F) in winter. By comparison, the
415:
418:
made the discovery of the
Northern Pole of Cold by measuring a record temperature of −63.2 °C (−81.8 °F) in Verkhoyansk. Later, on January 15, 1885, a temperature of −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) was registered there by
420:
431:
On
February 6, 1933, a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station. At the time, this was the coldest reliably measured temperature for the
233:, due to its lower elevation, is, on average, 5 to 10 °C (9 to 18 °F) warmer than Vostok, and the lowest temperature ever recorded at the South Pole is −82.8 °C (−117 °F).
260:
which recorded even lower temperatures of −92 to −94 °C (−134 to −137 °F), with the lowest reliable temperature being −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) recorded in 2010, at
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644:
Weidner, George; King, John; Box, Jason E.; Colwell, Steve; Jones, Phil; Lazzara, Matthew; Cappelen, John; Brunet, Manola; Cerveny, Randall S. (23 September 2020).
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2416:
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The Cold Pole, too, is warming rapidly, by about 2.7 degrees
Celsius since preindustrial times in the village of Oymyakon.
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Monitoring stations in
Antarctica are few and far between; prior to 1995, Vostok was the only research station on the
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It is generally thought that Vostok is not the coldest place in
Antarctica, and there are locations (notably,
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3072:
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646:"WMO evaluation of northern hemispheric coldest temperature: −69.6 °C at Klinck, Greenland, 22 December 1991"
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1756:
1217:
985:
17:
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2826:
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898:
645:
68:
3789:
2514:
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1932:
1833:
1825:
1808:
1426:
972:
824:
763:
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3612:
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2187:
2069:
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1707:
1694:
1567:
1293:
945:
408:
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3139:
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2048:
728:
1064:
3829:
3492:
2645:
2519:
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1948:
1775:
977:
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531:
484:
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3333:
1265:
2600:
557:
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3121:
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on 22 December 1991, as the lowest in the
Northern Hemisphere. The record was measured at an
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2731:
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2105:
2100:
2004:
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1625:
1587:
1194:
964:
932:
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660:
617:"2°C: BEYOND THE LIMIT: The climate chain reaction that threatens the heart of the Pacific"
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1399:
1382:
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520:
93:
8:
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2754:
2746:
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1751:
1640:
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882:
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has recognized in 2020 a temperature of −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F), measured near the
141:
137:
27:
Locations in the northern and southern hemispheres with the coldest recorded temperatures
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2880:
2422:
2316:
2280:
2256:
2147:
1994:
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2127:
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2142:
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1036:
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189:
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3421:
3385:
3251:
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2460:
2310:
2132:
2095:
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2016:
1550:
1538:
1481:
1409:
1310:
1207:
1201:
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814:
177:
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2400:
2162:
2021:
1984:
1884:
1876:
1684:
1020:
308:
145:
542:
WMO verifies -69.6°C Greenland temperature as
Northern hemisphere record
521:
Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite. BBC News, 9 December 2013
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3554:
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3214:
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1450:
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811:
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169:
156:
3173:
2010:
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1345:
443:
168:
In the southern hemisphere, the Pole of Cold is currently located in
755:
704:
672:
442:
On
December 22, 1991, the Klinck Automatic Weather Station (AWS) in
35:
3105:
352:
3732:
3112:
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Response of glaciers in the Suntar-Khayata Range, eastern Siberia
1899:
1978:
1303:
304:
257:
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237:
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1364:
446:
recorded a temperature of −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F). The
435:. The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and
161:
578:
614:
307:
that compete for the title of "Pole of Cold". These are
240:) that are modestly colder on average. The now inactive
2569:
544:
Press Release Number: 23092020; WMO, 23 September 2020
643:
466:
299:In the northern hemisphere, there are two towns in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
532:Landsat 8 Helps Unveil the Coldest Place On Earth
3878:
615:Simon Denyer; Chris Mooney (November 12, 2019).
771:
414:In December 1868 and then in February 1869
778:
764:
555:
425:Annals of the General Physical Observatory
411:and was uncovered after nearly 30 years.
575:"Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature"
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3836:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
423:. This measurement was published in the
155:
3411:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
608:
14:
3879:
294:
151:
2555:
797:
785:
759:
558:"On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth"
490:Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3197:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1394:Norse colonization of North America
24:
2726:United States Exploring Expedition
746:Ask about life in the Pole of Cold
567:
25:
3928:
3800:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3168:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
691:
397:World Meteorological Organization
144:hemispheres where the lowest air
3694:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3087:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
469:
34:
45:needs additional citations for
637:
596:
549:
536:
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13:
1:
3073:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3008:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2556:
507:
502:Coldest place in the universe
160:Lake Vostok composite image (
3430:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3246:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3052:French Antarctic Expeditions
2982:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2868:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
986:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
653:Royal Meteorological Society
7:
2515:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2194:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1059:Andrée's balloon expedition
729:GPX (secondary coordinates)
462:
10:
3933:
3887:Polar regions of the Earth
1716:Franklin's lost expedition
1416:Christian IV's expeditions
798:
3912:Weather extremes of Earth
3533:
3264:
2851:
2591:
2568:
2564:
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2070:Great Northern Expedition
1964:
1746:Rae–Richardson expedition
1495:
1340:
946:British Arctic Expedition
838:
810:
806:
793:
724:GPX (primary coordinates)
699:Map all coordinates using
409:automatic weather station
3354:British Antarctic Survey
3348:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2593:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
707:Download coordinates as:
3917:Princess Elizabeth Land
3897:Geography of the Arctic
3892:Geography of Antarctica
3830:Pole of inaccessibility
3493:Antarctic Treaty System
1834:2nd Grinnell expedition
485:List of weather records
751:Visit the Pole of Cold
165:
136:are the places in the
3907:Climate of Antarctica
3500:Transglobe Expedition
3399:Operation Deep Freeze
2808:Challenger expedition
1674:Coppermine expedition
1195:Drifting ice stations
719:GPX (all coordinates)
159:
741:Living in Antarctica
180:) Antarctic station
148:have been recorded.
54:improve this article
3670:South magnetic pole
2336:Brusilov expedition
1445:Danish colonization
883:North magnetic pole
665:2021QJRMS.147...21W
496:Life in the Freezer
457:Western Hemispheres
433:Northern Hemisphere
405:Greenland Ice Sheet
370: /
326: /
295:Northern hemisphere
275: /
199: /
152:Southern hemisphere
3361:Operation Windmill
3342:Operation Highjump
2317:Rusanov expedition
2222:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1966:North East Passage
1770:McClure expedition
401:topographic summit
375:63.250°N 143.150°E
331:67.550°N 133.383°E
204:78.467°S 106.800°E
166:
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3869:
3866:
3865:
3328:Operation Tabarin
3190:Far Eastern Party
3036:Nimrod Expedition
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2106:M. Pronchishcheva
2028:Siberian Cossacks
1497:Northwest Passage
830:Research stations
787:Polar exploration
249:Antarctic Plateau
226:civil polar night
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3924:
3375:Ronne Expedition
2860:
2854:
2718:Dumont d'Urville
2566:
2565:
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2101:V. Pronchishchev
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581:. Archived from
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556:N.A. Stepanova.
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209:-78.467; 106.800
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3405:McMurdo Station
3274:Modern research
3272:
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2995:O. Nordenskjöld
2858:
2852:
2847:
2763:Ross expedition
2587:
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2539:
1968:
1960:
1501:Northern Canada
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842:
834:
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673:10.1002/qj.3901
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621:Washington Post
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395:). However the
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380:63.250; 143.150
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242:Plateau Station
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3822:Vostok Station
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3773:Cherry-Garrard
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3613:Southern Cross
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3535:Farthest South
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3232:Ross Sea party
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2926:Southern Cross
2919:Southern Cross
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2665:Bellingshausen
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1970:Russian Arctic
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1405:Snæbjörn galti
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840:Farthest North
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692:External links
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477:Weather portal
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421:Sergey Kovalik
416:Ivan Khudyakov
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69:"Pole of Cold"
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2455:Glavsevmorput
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587:. Retrieved
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311:(located at
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146:temperatures
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110:January 2008
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Pole of cold
3519:Lake Vostok
3469:Tryoshnikov
3391:Schlossbach
3282:Christensen
3224:James Caird
3145:E. R. Evans
2911:Dobrowolski
2881:de Gerlache
2583:Expeditions
2469:Aviaarktika
2423:Samoylovich
2294:Kolomeitsev
2188:Middendorff
2148:Gedenshtrom
1568:I. Fyodorov
1330:Chilingarov
1218:E. Fyodorov
825:Expeditions
659:(734): 21.
378: /
342:Verkhoyansk
334: /
309:Verkhoyansk
284:-81.8; 59.3
282: /
207: /
3881:Categories
3742:Terra Nova
3647:Shackleton
3590:J. C. Ross
3549:Resolution
3539:South Pole
3314:New Swabia
3238:Mackintosh
3210:Shackleton
3129:Terra Nova
3122:Terra Nova
2856:Heroic Age
2816:Challenger
2776:J. C. Ross
2686:Bransfield
2618:Resolution
2533:icebreaker
2497:Chelyuskin
2238:expedition
2216:Expedition
2158:Matyushkin
2116:Kh. Laptev
2111:Chelyuskin
2005:Heemskerck
1995:Chancellor
1990:Willoughby
1985:Koch boats
1928:Stefansson
1862:McClintock
1826:Inglefield
1668:J. C. Ross
1575:Resolution
1427:Cunningham
1325:Sagalevich
1014:expedition
973:Stephenson
933:C. F. Hall
920:expedition
894:J. C. Ross
857:Heemskerck
844:North Pole
589:2010-06-19
508:References
384: (
340: (
231:South Pole
213: (
176:(formerly
170:Antarctica
80:newspapers
3841:Tolstikov
3627:Discovery
3597:HMS
3582:HMS
3564:Adventure
3562:HMS
3547:HMS
3483:Tolstikov
3204:Endurance
2989:Antarctic
2974:Drygalski
2947:Discovery
2940:Discovery
2901:Arctowski
2814:HMS
2787:HMS
2781:Abernethy
2769:HMS
2747:USS
2734:Vincennes
2732:USS
2712:Astrolabe
2652:San Telmo
2633:Adventure
2631:HMS
2616:HMS
2611:Kerguelen
2573:Continent
2558:Antarctic
2435:Urvantsev
2393:Vilkitsky
2246:Jeannette
2244:USS
2236:Jeannette
2200:Weyprecht
2178:Pakhtusov
2128:Chichagov
2121:D. Laptev
2064:Permyakov
2039:Stadukhin
2034:Perfilyev
2011:Mangazeya
1949:H. Larsen
1914:Rasmussen
1869:HMS
1840:USS
1789:HMS
1776:HMS
1740:Collinson
1730:HMS
1722:HMS
1700:HMS
1648:HMS
1633:HMS
1618:HMS
1603:Mackenzie
1590:Discovery
1588:HMS
1573:HMS
1545:Discovery
1524:Frobisher
1487:Rasmussen
1400:Gunnbjörn
1346:Greenland
1275:USS
1266:USS
1138:Ellsworth
1080:Roosevelt
1010:Nansen's
967:Discovery
965:HMS
952:HMS
899:Abernethy
867:Marmaduke
681:224847607
444:Greenland
172:, at the
3853:A. Fuchs
3810:V. Fuchs
3790:McKinley
3753:E. Evans
3712:Bjaaland
3707:Amundsen
3657:Marshall
3570:Furneaux
3422:V. Fuchs
3386:E. Ronne
3381:F. Ronne
3320:Ritscher
3174:SY
3162:Filchner
3106:Framheim
3100:Amundsen
2906:Racoviță
2891:Amundsen
2886:Lecointe
2755:Ringgold
2749:Porpoise
2639:Furneaux
2475:Shevelev
2430:Begichev
2409:Amundsen
2371:Nagórski
2349:Brusilov
2343:Sv. Anna
2257:Melville
2227:Palander
2183:Tsivolko
2143:Sannikov
2138:Billings
2081:Chirikov
2000:Barentsz
1942:St. Roch
1933:Bartlett
1907:Amundsen
1891:Sverdrup
1791:Resolute
1680:Franklin
1608:Kotzebue
1475:Sverdrup
1458:Scoresby
1432:Lindenov
1283:Plaisted
1268:Nautilus
1213:Shirshov
1187:Belyakov
1182:Baydukov
1156:Nautilus
1118:Amundsen
1078:SS
1037:Sverdrup
1032:Johansen
1002:Brainard
997:Lockwood
852:Barentsz
463:See also
453:Northern
386:Oymyakon
353:Oymyakon
321:133°23′E
194:106°48′E
142:northern
138:southern
3858:Messner
3805:Hillary
3785:Balchen
3733:Polheim
3727:Wisting
3605:Crozier
3577:Weddell
3555:J. Cook
3525:Kapitsa
3506:Fiennes
3448:Klenova
3417:Hillary
3367:Ketchum
3293:BANZARE
3268:·
3113:Polheim
3079:Shirase
3065:Charcot
2875:Belgica
2794:Crozier
2706:Morrell
2701:Weddell
2679:Lazarev
2624:J. Cook
2578:History
2528:Arktika
2504:Krassin
2489:Voronin
2461:Schmidt
2447:Ushakov
2386:Vaygach
2354:Albanov
2323:Rusanov
2304:Kolchak
2299:Matisen
2273:Makarov
2252:De Long
2153:Wrangel
2133:Lyakhov
2086:Malygin
2044:Dezhnev
1871:Pandora
1842:Advance
1809:Kennedy
1804:Belcher
1797:Kellett
1784:McClure
1708:Beechey
1702:Blossom
1695:Simpson
1663:Crozier
1656:Hoppner
1613:J. Ross
1581:J. Cook
1529:Gilbert
1422:J. Hall
1388:Ingólfr
1378:Naddodd
1372:Vikings
1359:Brendan
1354:Pytheas
1342:Iceland
1296:Arktika
1288:Herbert
1253:Badygin
1223:Krenkel
1208:Papanin
1177:Chkalov
1163:Wilkins
1128:Wisting
1072:F. Cook
978:Markham
938:Bessels
927:Polaris
918:Polaris
889:J. Ross
872:Carolus
820:History
661:Bibcode
403:of the
365:143°9′E
362:63°15′N
318:67°33′N
270:59°18′E
267:81°48′S
191:78°28′S
174:Russian
94:scholar
3768:Bowers
3763:Wilson
3722:Hassel
3717:Helmer
3686:Mackay
3676:Mawson
3641:Nimrod
3599:Terror
3584:Erebus
3511:Burton
3306:Rymill
3182:Mawson
3176:Aurora
3155:Lashly
3140:Wilson
3043:Nimrod
3020:Scotia
2827:Murray
2802:Cooper
2789:Terror
2771:Erebus
2740:Wilkes
2691:Palmer
2659:Vostok
2606:Bouvet
2530:-class
2510:Gakkel
2378:Taymyr
2359:Konrad
2328:Kuchin
2266:Yermak
2173:Lavrov
2091:Ovtsyn
2076:Bering
2054:Ivanov
2017:Hudson
1979:Pomors
1956:Cowper
1921:Karluk
1820:Isabel
1814:Bellot
1764:Austin
1732:Terror
1724:Erebus
1620:Griper
1596:Clerke
1556:Baffin
1539:Hudson
1470:Nansen
1383:Garðar
1304:Barneo
1171:ANT-25
1147:Italia
1123:Nobile
1092:Henson
1051:Amedeo
1027:Nansen
992:Greely
862:Hudson
800:Arctic
679:
437:Tomtor
351:) and
305:Russia
258:Dome F
254:Dome A
238:Dome A
215:Vostok
182:Vostok
178:Soviet
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3848:Crary
3795:Dufek
3758:Oates
3748:Scott
3681:David
3662:Adams
3633:Barne
3454:Mirny
3443:Somov
3253:Quest
3150:Crean
3135:Scott
3014:Bruce
2968:Gauss
2961:Gauss
2835:Jason
2822:Nares
2696:Davis
2673:Mirny
2646:Smith
2601:Roché
2521:Lenin
2441:Sadko
2366:Wiese
2311:Sedov
2282:Zarya
2205:Payer
2168:Litke
2163:Anjou
2096:Minin
2059:Vagin
2049:Popov
2022:Poole
1877:Young
1690:Dease
1635:Hecla
1626:Parry
1551:Bylot
1534:Davis
1509:Cabot
1482:Peary
1464:Jason
1451:Egede
1365:Papar
1277:Skate
1258:Wiese
1238:NP-37
1231:NP-36
1111:Norge
1099:Sedov
1087:Peary
1045:Jason
960:Nares
954:Alert
909:Hayes
877:Parry
815:Ocean
677:S2CID
649:(PDF)
561:(PDF)
301:Sakha
101:JSTOR
87:books
3902:Cold
3780:Byrd
3701:Fram
3652:Wild
3334:Marr
3300:BGLE
3287:Byrd
3215:Wild
3094:Fram
2896:Cook
2417:AARI
2402:Maud
2289:Toll
2214:Vega
1900:Gjøa
1885:Fram
1848:Kane
1685:Back
1650:Fury
1641:Lyon
1563:Munk
1202:NP-1
1104:Byrd
1021:Fram
1012:Fram
904:Kane
628:2019
602:See
455:and
451:the
256:and
162:NASA
140:and
132:The
73:news
3477:3rd
3463:2nd
3437:1st
3270:IGY
3266:IPY
1856:Fox
1752:Rae
1318:Mir
1294:NS
714:KML
669:doi
657:147
579:WMO
448:WMO
184:at
56:by
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