Portuguese Mozambique

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affecting a majority of the indigenous population who suffered both state-sponsored discrimination and enormous social pressure. Many felt they had received too little opportunity or resources to upgrade their skills and improve their economic and social situation to a degree comparable to that of the Europeans. Statistically, Portuguese Mozambique's whites were indeed wealthier and more skilled than the black indigenous majority, in spite of decreasing legal discrimination of Africans starting in the 1960s.

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province. The functional cabinet consisted of five secretaries appointed by the Overseas Minister on the advice of the Governor-General. A Legislative Council had limited powers and its main activity was approving the provincial budget. Finally, an Economic and Social Council had to be consulted on all draft legislation, and the Governor-General had to justify his decision to Lisbon if he ignored its advice.

2721:(SONAREP) — a Franco-Portuguese syndicate. In the sisal plantations Swiss capital was invested, and in copra concerns, a combination of Portuguese, Swiss and French capital was invested. The large availability of capital from both Portuguese and international origin, allied to the wide range of natural resources and the growing urban population, lead to an impressive growth and development of the economy. 7705: 2772:, agricultural production for export purposes had been encouraged, and profitable arrangements for the export of labour had been made with neighbouring countries. Industrial production had been relatively insignificant but did begin to increase in the 1960s. The economic structure generally favoured the taking of some profits to Portugal rather than their total reinvestment in Mozambique because 1614:). Each subdivision was then made up of three or four individual posts, 166 in all with an average of 40,000 Africans in each. Each district, except Lourenço Marques which was run by the Governor-General, was overseen by a governor. Most Africans only had contact with the Portuguese through the post administrator, who was required to visit each village in his domain at least once a year. 3002:

sign for football teams on the mainland. The popularity of the game in the colonies also meant that there were many people who wanted to play it professionally. Many top players from Portuguese Mozambique represented Portugal at the international level, as well as playing for many clubs in the various tiers of the local, national and international leagues, most notably the likes of

2624:, and public investment which included ambitious state-managed development plans. British capital owned two of the large sugar concessions (the third was Portuguese), including the famous Sena states. The Matola Oil Refinery, Procon, was controlled by Britain and the United States. In 1948 the petroleum concession was given to the Mozambique Gulf Oil Company. At Maotize, 3031:'s, and when, 15 years later, Eusébio, recognised as Benfica's best player of all time, left Benfica, Benfica had won 21 championships to just 14 for Sporting CP. Although being a black player from Mozambique, he is considered one of the greatest Portuguese football players ever. Eusébio's contribution to Portuguese football was tremendous, and his role in the 1447:'s economy, the companies' concessions were not renewed when they ran out. This was what happened in 1942 with the Mozambique Company, which, however, continued to operate in the agricultural and commercial sectors as a corporation, and had already happened in 1929 with the termination of the Niassa Company's concession. 2407:

Lourenço Marques had always been a point of interest for artistic and architectural development since the first days of its urban expansion and this strong artistic spirit was responsible for attracting some of the world's most forward-thinking architects at the turn of the 20th century. The city was

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Each level of government could also have an advisory board or council. They were established in municipalities with more than 500 electors, in smaller municipalities or circumscriptions with more than 300 electors, and in posts with more than 20 electors. Each district also had its own board as well.

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continued and tribal federations formed and reformed as the relative power of local chiefs changed. For four centuries the Portuguese presence was meagre. Coastal and river trading posts were built, abandoned, and built again. Governors sought personal profits to take back to Portugal, and colonists

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Starting in the early 1940s, access to education was expanded in all levels. Nevertheless, "rudimentary schools" retained their poor quality. In 1956, there were 292,199 African students enrolled in first grade. Of these, only 9,486 had successfully passed third grade in 1959. By 1970, only 7.7% of

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had retreated. However, their impending presence and the fact that they wouldn't go away dominated public anxiety. Throughout the war period Portugal faced increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. For the Portuguese society the

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The Portuguese-ruled territory was introduced to several popular European and North American sports disciplines since the early urbanistic and economic booms of the 1920s and 1940s. This period was a time of city and town expansion and modernization that included the construction of several sports

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movements of clean, straight and functional structures. However, prominent architects such as Pancho Guedes fused this with local art schemes giving the city's buildings a unique Mozambican theme. As a result, most of the properties erected during the second construction boom take on these styling

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regime was the political system that subordinated the immense majority of Africans to local authorities entrusted with governing, in collaboration with the lowest echelon of the colonial administration, the native communities described as tribes and assumed to have a common ancestry, language, and

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In Portugal, however, Mozambique was considered to be a vital part of a world empire. Periodic recognition of the relative insignificance of the revenues it could produce was tempered by the mystique which developed regarding the mission of the Portuguese to bring their civilisation to the African

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and how they saw their colonies. There was widespread infrastructure in Mozambique to prepare the players to play football professionally. This would allow many players from the colonies to easily play for the national teams. Starting in the 1950s, many black Africans from Portuguese Africa would

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Football was a very popular sport in Portuguese Mozambique. The Portuguese enthusiasm for football led to the spread of the sport into its overseas territories. Eventually, Portugal would attempt to integrate their colonies, which would lead to them having many African players in the teams on the

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and to segregation in schools. That most Africans were perceived to engage in "uncivilised behaviour" by the Portuguese created a low opinion of Africans as a group among Europeans. The uneducated Portuguese immigrant peasants in urban areas were frequently in direct competition with Africans for

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In the last decade of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century, integration of Mozambique into the structure of the Portuguese nation was begun. After all of the area of the present province had been recognised by other European powers as belonging to Portugal, administrators waged

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The Government of Mozambique, like the Portuguese Government itself, was highly centralised. Power was concentrated in the executive branch, and all elections, where they occurred, were carried out using indirect methods. From the Prime Minister's office in Lisbon, authority extended down to the

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Between the urban and rural sectors of the society lied a steadily increasing group of Africans who were loosening their ties with rural villages and starting to participate in the urban economy, to settle in suburbs, and to adopt European customs. Members of this group would later become active

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ideologies spread out across Africa, many clandestine political movements were established in support of Mozambique's independence. These movements claimed that policies and development plans were primarily designed by the ruling authorities for the benefit of the ethnic Portuguese population,

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The highest official in the province was the Governor-General, appointed by the Portuguese Council of Ministers on recommendation of the Overseas Minister. The Governor-General had both executive and legislative authority. A Government Council advised the Governor-General in the running of the

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did not provide enough grip and an accident in the late 1960s killed 8 people and injured many more. Therefore, in 1970, the track was renovated and the surface changed to meet the highest international safety requirements that were needed at large events with many spectators. The length then

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Economically, Mozambique was a source of agricultural raw materials and an earner of foreign exchange. It also provided a market for Portuguese manufacturers which were protected from local competition. Transportation facilities had been developed to exploit the transit trade of South Africa,

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Mozambique had around 250,000 Europeans in 1974 that made up around 3% of the population. Mozambique was cosmopolitan as it had Indian, Chinese, Greek and Anglophone communities (over 25,000 Indians and 5,000 Chinese by the early 1970s). The capital of Portuguese Mozambique, Lourenço Marques

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regime was abolished in 1960. From then on, all Africans were considered Portuguese citizens, and racial discrimination became a sociological rather than a legal feature of colonial society. In fact, the rule of traditional authorities became even more integrated than before in the colonial

2212:, comprising native blacks, mulatos, Asians, and mixed-race people, who had at least some formal education and not subjected to paid forced labour. They were entitled to some citizenship rights, and held a special identification card, used to control the movements of forced labour. The 2218:

were subject to the traditional authorities, who were gradually integrated into the colonial administration and charged with solving disputes, managing the access to land, and guaranteeing the flows of workforce and the payment of taxes. As several authors have pointed out, the

1471:(1961–74). From a military standpoint, the Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during all of the conflicts against the independentist guerrilla forces, which created favourable conditions for social development and economic growth until the end of the conflict in 1974. 1553:. During some periods in the late 19th and the early 20th century, the governors-general of Mozambique received the status of royal commissioners or of high commissioners, which gave them extended executive and legislative powers, equivalent to those of a government minister. 268: 269: 1054:

wars against African polities to assert control over the territory. Civil administration was established throughout the area, the building of an infrastructure was begun, and agreements regarding the transit trade of Mozambique's land-locked neighbours to the west, such as

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Although Portuguese influence gradually expanded, its power was limited and exercised through individual settlers and officials who were granted extensive autonomy. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arabs between 1500 and 1700, but, with the

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became highly regarded in the history of football in Portugal. But Eusébio's impact in Portuguese football stood out among them all to such an extent that when Eusébio arrived in Lisbon in December 1960 still as a player of Sporting Lourenço Marques, Lisbon-based

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came to be viewed as an effective part of the colonial state, remunerated for their participation in the collection of taxes, recruitment of the labour force, and agricultural production in the area under their control. Within the areas of their jurisdiction, the

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campaigns were expensive. The Portuguese economic interests in its overseas province, which dominated in banking, industry, and agriculture, exerted a powerful influence on policy and by early 1974 were fostering good levels of economic growth and development.

1300:. Historically, within Mozambique, there was slavery. Human beings were bought and sold by African tribal chiefs, Arab traders, and the Portuguese. Many Mozambican slaves were supplied by tribal chiefs who raided warring tribes and sold their captives to the 215: 2997:

mainland. Introduced in the colonies as early as the 19th century, football became increasingly popular. Mozambique saw a sizable population of white Portuguese people immigrate there during the 20th century. This was a byproduct of the policies of the

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By the mid-1920s, the Portuguese succeeded in creating a highly exploitative and coercive settler economy, in which African natives were forced to work on the fertile lands taken over by Portuguese settlers. Indigenous African peasants mainly produced

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In 1930, primary schooling became racially segregated. Africans who did not hold assimilated status had to enroll in "rudimentary schools," whereas whites and the few thousand assimilated Africans had access to "primary schools" of better quality.

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was first occupied by Portuguese explorers in the late 15th century. They quickly established a fort there, and with time a community sprang up and achieved importance as port of call, missionary base and a trading centre. The island is now a

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Although slavery had been legally abolished in Mozambique by the Portuguese colonial authorities, at the end of the 19th century the Chartered companies enacted a forced labour policy and supplied cheap – often forced – African labour to the

3227:. By 1970, the anti-guerrilla war in Africa was consuming an important part of the Portuguese budget and there was no sign of a final solution in sight. This year was marked by a large-scale military operation in northern Mozambique, the 2573:

and other African countries. The strong industrial and agricultural development that did occur throughout the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s was based on Portuguese development plans, and also included British and South African investment.

3298:) – some expelled by the new ruling power of Mozambique, some fleeing in fear. A parade and a state banquet completed the independence festivities in the capital, which was expected to be renamed Can Phumo, or "Place of Phumo", after a 1578:

of Mozambique through a rigid chain of command. The authority of the government of Mozambique was residual, primarily limited to implementing policies already decided in Europe. In 1967, Mozambique also sent seven delegates to the

1568:. Most members of the government of Mozambique were from Portugal, but a few were Africans. Nearly all members of the bureaucracy were from Portugal, as most Africans did not have the necessary qualifications to obtain positions. 1177:, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the Venetian trading monopoly. Initially, Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. With voyages led by Vasco da Gama, 1380:

to foster economic development and maintain Portuguese control in the territory's provinces, would lose their purpose when the territory was transferred to the control of the Portuguese colonial government between 1929 and 1942.

3785: 1790:, the Charter of the Mozambique Company expired, on 19 July 1942; its territory, known as Manica and Sofala, became a district of Mozambique. Mozambique was constituted as four districts on 1 January 1943 — Manica and Sofala, 3247:

war was becoming even more unpopular due to its length and financial costs, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations members, and the role it had always played as a factor of perpetuation of the

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Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, Lourenço Marques was yet again at the centre of a new wave of architectural influences made most popular by Pancho Guedes. The designs of the 1960s and 1970s were characterised by

1261:, Great Zimbabwe was an ancient capital city built of stones of marvellous size without the use of mortar. And while the site was not within Mutapa's borders, the Mwenemutapa kept noblemen and some of his wives there. 3282:

As one of the objectives of the MFA, all the Portuguese overseas territories in Africa were offered independence. FRELIMO took complete control of the Mozambican territory after a transition period, as agreed in the

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holdings and requested Portuguese military outposts to protect its property. The chartered companies and the Portuguese administration built roads and ports to bring their goods to market including a railway linking

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independent since 1973, but the capital and the major towns were still under Portuguese control. In Angola and Mozambique, independence movements were only active in a few remote countryside areas from where the

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of Portugal, and by the early 1970s, it was officially upgraded to the status of Portuguese non-sovereign state, by which it would remain a Portuguese territory but with a wider administrative autonomy. The

2569:. The economy expanded rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, attracting thousands of Portuguese settlers to the country. It was around this time that the first nationalist guerrilla groups began to form in 261: 213: 2130: 1693: 237: 2693:

Mouzinho de Albuquerque Square (today Independence Square), Lourenço Marques (today Maputo), Portuguese Mozambique, 1971. The City Hall is in the background, and in front of it is the statue of

1360:, the hospital, a majestic neo-classical building constructed in 1877 by the Portuguese, with a garden decorated with ponds and fountains, was for many years the biggest hospital south of the 1042:

were not attracted to the distant area with its relatively unattractive climate; those who stayed were traders who married local women and successfully maintained relations with local chiefs.

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schools were implemented across the cities and main towns of the territory. However, access to these institutions was largely limited to whites. In 1960, only 30 out of 1,000 students of the

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flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had 2,470 km (1,530 miles), with 4,571 km (2,840 miles) of land boundaries, its highest point at

3050:(the Portuguese Cup) in football. This became also true for other sports, like basketball and rink hockey. Before the independence of Mozambique, Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques won the 2961: 262: 3139: 2060:. Other ethnic minorities included British, Greeks, Chinese and Indians. Most inhabitants were black indigenous Africans with a diversity of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, ranging from 3689: 3086: 2520: 2732:

began. At independence, Mozambique's industrial base was well-developed by Sub-Saharan Africa standards, thanks to a boom in investment in the 1960s and early 1970s. Indeed, in 1973,

1498:, were started. Within a year, almost the entire ethnic Portuguese population had left, many were killed or fleeing in fear of being killed (in mainland Portugal they were known as 211: 3804: 3290:

Within a year of the Portuguese military coup at Lisbon, almost all of the Portuguese population had left the African territory as refugees (in mainland Portugal they were known as

1459:(FRELIMO), initiated a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964. This conflict, along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of 235: 3876: 2421: 1294:

were originally developed to be held by Portuguese, through intermarriage they became African Portuguese or African Indian centres defended by large African slave armies known as

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territory. It was believed that through missionary activity and other direct contact between Africans and Europeans, the Africans could be taught to appreciate and participate in

7630: 7512: 2429: 7660: 7552: 646:. Portuguese Mozambique originally constituted a string of Portuguese possessions along the south-east African coast, and later became a unified colony, which now forms the 775:

as its capital. The island was also the seat of the Governor-General of Portuguese East Africa until the late 1890s, when that official was officially moved to the city of

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amongst others. The earliest architectural efforts around the city focused on classical European designs such as the Central Train Station (CFM) designed by architects

2044:, from both European and African ancestry, living across the territory. However, the vast majority of the population belonged to local tribal groups which included the 7507: 7055: 3828: 3816: 566: 552: 538: 524: 212: 2104:

had around 115,000 inhabitants at the time with around 30,000 Europeans. Most of the other cities ranged from 10 to 15% in the number of Europeans, win contrast with

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increased to 3,909 kilometres (2,429 miles). The city became host to several international and local events beginning with the inauguration on 26 November 1970.

1868:. Covering a total area of 801,590 km (309,500 square miles, slightly less than twice the size of California). With a tropical to subtropical climate, the 7795: 4822: 3207:

campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964. This conflict, along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese overseas territories of

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A film about Beira, Portuguese Mozambique, its Grande Hotel, and the railway station. Post-independence images of the city are shown, the film uses images of

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Until the 20th century, the land and peoples of Mozambique were barely affected by the Europeans who came to its shores and entered its major rivers. As the

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and outlying islands for several centuries. From about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts became regular ports of call on the new route to the east.

712:. The Mozambique Company relinquished its territories back to Portuguese control in 1942, unifying Mozambique under control of the Portuguese government. 7790: 7625: 3888: 2953: 2149:

Starting in 1926, Portugal's colonial authorities abandoned conceptions of an innate inferiority of Africans, and set as their goal the development of a

3852: 7454: 3840: 3725: 7775: 7547: 4555: 2970:(1957). Several sportsmen, especially football players, that achieved wide notability in Portuguese sports were from Mozambique and excelled in the 1586: 1193:, by 1515. Their main goal was to dominate trade with India. As the Portuguese settled along the coast, they made their way into the hinterland as 7428: 7317: 7022: 7012: 3120:

Beginning in the 1950s, motorsport was introduced to Mozambique. At first race cars would compete in areas around the city, Polana and along the

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and tried to gain exclusive control over the gold trade. The Portuguese finally entered into direct relations with the Mwenemutapa in the 1560s.

3677: 2469:'s coast. Cities, towns, and villages were founded all over East African territories by the Portuguese, especially since the 19th century, like 177: 7800: 7048: 4782: 3127: 2229:

In the 1940s, the integration of traditional authorities into the colonial administration was deepened. The Portuguese colony was divided into

1428:. However, the development's administration gradually started to pass directly from the trading companies to the Portuguese government itself. 2945: 2324:

administration. Legally speaking, by the 1960s and 1970s segregation in Mozambique was minimal compared to that in neighbouring South Africa.

1364:. By the early 20th century the Portuguese had shifted the administration of much of Mozambique to private chartered companies, including the 2425: 1506:); others were expelled by the ruling power of the newly independent territory. Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975. 3864: 3749: 7721: 5127: 4717: 4594: 1530:

At least since the early 19th century, the legal status of Mozambique always considered it as much a part of Portugal as Lisbon, but as a

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dam by the Portuguese, which started to fill in December 1974 after construction was commenced in 1969. In 1971 construction work of the

4836: 3701: 2261:(tribal chieftains), the embodiment of traditional authorities. Provincial Portuguese Decree No. 5.639, of July 29, 1944, attributed to 1173:

had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the

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Duffy, James (1961). "Portuguese Africa (Angola and Mozambique): Some Crucial Problems and the Role of Education in Their Resolution".

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culture. The colonial use of traditional law and structures of power was thus an integral part of the process of colonial domination.

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Two legal systems were in force — Portuguese civil law and African customary law. Until 1961, Africans were considered to be Natives (

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in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society in the Indian Ocean world. The Portuguese gained control of the

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From the late stages of this notable period of high growth and huge development effort started in the 1950s, was the construction of

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had declined by the mid-19th century, but several of them survived. During the 19th century, other European powers, particularly the

3936: 89: 4862: 4088: 2206:(natives), subjected to colonial legislation and customary African laws. Between the two groups there was a third small group, the 392: 7279: 5517: 5467: 4108: 3042:, the highest ranked football teams of Mozambique and the other African overseas provinces of Portugal, started to compete in the 2565:. Thereafter, Mozambique, along with other Portuguese colonies, was put under the direct control of Lisbon. In 1951, it became an 1494:

of April 1974), FRELIMO took control of the territory. The talks that led to an agreement on Mozambique's independence, signed in

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were founded across the entire territory, among them were some of the largest and oldest sports organizations of Mozambique like

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at both youth level and the main squad between the ages of 15 and 18, became the most famous Portuguese sports star during the

1456: 978: 42: 3912: 3231:, which displaced the FRELIMO's bases and destroyed much of the guerrillas' military capacity. At a military level, a part of 6903: 6803: 4701: 2689: 2028: 68: 3924: 2905: 7418: 7351: 7215: 3761: 3737: 3713: 2505:. By this time, Mozambique had become a Portuguese colony, but the administration was left to the trading companies (like 2304:

also controlled the distribution of land and settled conflicts according to customary norms. To exercise their power, the

673:, and secured political control over most of its territory in 1918, facing the resistance of Africans during the process. 7780: 7310: 6070: 4855: 2793:

Mozambique's rural population was largely illiterate. However, some thousands of Africans were educated in religion, the

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founded the city in 1545 and gave his name to it. Most city streets, named for Portuguese heroes or important dates in

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Map of Portuguese East Africa, published and presented by The Lourenço Marques Port and Railways Administration, 1931.

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with the ocean to the east with a length of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 miles). The initial surface of the new track, named

1004: 108: 7392: 4768: 4338:, a film of the cosmopolitan port of Quelimane and tea centre of Vila Junqueiro, Portuguese Mozambique, before 1975. 4015: 1280:

The Portuguese attempted to legitimate and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the creation of

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Colonial legislation discriminated against Africans on cultural grounds. Colonial legislation submitted Africans to

986: 7002: 6913: 2674:). Nine out of the twenty-three insurance companies were Portuguese, which included insurance companies related to 2036:

By 1970, the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique had about 8,168,933 inhabitants. Nearly 300,000 were white

783:, which lay north-east of Lourenço Marques. Once these colonies were merged, the region as a whole became known as 7341: 4694:

Following the Ball : The Migration of African Soccer Players Across the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1949–1975

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dominated in the south. In addition, several other minority groups lived a tribal lifestyle across the territory.

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Ponta Vermelha Palace, former residence of the Portuguese governor and current presidential palace of Mozambique

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After ten years of sporadic warfare and after Portugal's return to democracy through a leftist military coup in

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in 1974 – an event that would lead to the independence of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa. A leftist

2554: 1392: 1376:, which established several railroad lines to neighbouring countries. The companies, granted a charter by the 662: 281: 7574: 6816: 6777: 4164:

Silva, Filipa Ribeiro da, "Forms of Slavery and Patterns of Slave Holding in Urban Mozambique in the 1820s",

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The Portuguese overseas province of Mozambique was the first territory of Portugal, including the European

4811: 3613: 3446: 3340: 2981: 3364: 3105:. Opened in 1968, it was at the time the most advanced in Mozambique conforming to standards set by both 3054:

three times, in 1968, 1971 and 1973, and the Desportivo de Lourenço Marques won the 1969, 1971 and 1973

3219:(1961–74). Several African territories under European rule had achieved independence in recent decades. 1037:, were displaced from their coastal centres and routes to the interior by the Portuguese, migrations of 2915: 2647: 2584:

reservoir — the dam began construction in 1969 and was at the time one of the biggest in all of Africa.

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in the north. Cabo Delgado was initially merely a strip of territory along the Rovuma River, including

7164: 7103: 4830: 2669: 2163:(The Statute of Indigenous Populations) adopted in 1929, which was based on the subjective concept of 4039: 3522: 2621: 2279:(administrative assistants). Gradually, these traditional titles lost some of their content, and the 7403: 4792: 1326:) in 1698, the pendulum began to swing in the other direction. As a result, investment lagged while 7640: 4556:"Adult Literacy Rates – Historical Data Visualization – Business History – Harvard Business School" 4003: 3991: 3589: 3253:

regime. It was this escalation that would lead directly to the mutiny of members of the FAP in the

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directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the

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Herrick, Allison and others (1969). "Area Handbook for Mozambique", US Government Printing Office.

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Mozambique was divided into nine districts, which were further subdivided into 61 municipalities (

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in 1498 was then successful in reaching India thereby permitting the Portuguese to trade with the

7494: 7190: 4206: 4027: 3979: 3216: 2937: 2853: 1877: 1468: 971: 814:. This policy was largely unsuccessful, however, and African opposition to colonisation led to a 35: 1844:

By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of

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In the early- and mid-20th century, a number of changes occurred. Firstly, on 28 June 1919, the

1654:), rather than citizens. After 1961, the previous native laws were repealed and Africans gained 7484: 7210: 7205: 7185: 6872: 6317: 5963: 4163: 4078: 3482: 3346: 3271: 3228: 2989: 2644:, and the remaining 10% by the Government of the territory. Three banks were in operation, the 2560: 1635:, an African or Portuguese official chosen on the recommendation of local residents. Under the 1559: 1546: 1481: 1460: 1434: 1410: 1377: 1353: 791: 647: 316: 2336:

Central train station of Lourenço Marques (renamed as Maputo after independence from Portugal)

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regime that ruled Portugal from 1933 to 1974, until the military coup in Lisbon, known as the

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Since the 15th century, Portugal founded settlements, trading posts, forts, and ports on the

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From 1837, the highest government official in the province of Mozambique has always been the

1522: 1413:. The Zambezia Company, the most profitable chartered company, took over a number of smaller 1182: 736: 705: 669:

in 1544. The Portuguese increased efforts for occupying the interior of the colony after the

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which recognized Mozambique's right to independence and the terms of the transfer of power.

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In 1900, the part of modern Mozambique northwest of the Zambezi and Shire Rivers was called

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Portuguese trading settlements—and later, colonies—were formed along the coast and into the

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was mined; the industry was chiefly financed by Belgian capital. 60% of the capital of the

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They recorded a wealth of information about the Mutapa kingdom as well as its predecessor,

1178: 1135: 1110: 819: 772: 366: 183: 3422: 3406: 8: 7542: 7517: 7195: 7134: 6839: 6461: 3464: 3311: 3039: 3032: 2794: 2372:

ports and a melting pot of several cultures, with a strong South African influence. The

2237:(municipalities), in urban areas, governed by colonial and metropolitan legislation, and 1591: 1311: 843: 677: 670: 621: 332: 136: 3440: 3045: 2347: 1342:

reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south. Many

1257:. According to Swahili traders whose accounts were recorded by the Portuguese historian 199: 7619: 7585: 6372: 4953: 4537: 4465: 3607: 3358: 3035:

is still remembered today as a significant milestone in Portugal’s football history.

2887: 2641: 2506: 2466: 2393: 2377: 2172: 2121: 1780: 1739: 1365: 1269: 1170: 1047: 811: 732: 688:), which had the concession of the lands corresponding to the present-day provinces of 681: 529: 167: 3504: 7615: 7595: 7580: 7527: 7469: 7449: 7259: 7249: 7240: 7225: 6258: 5541: 5534: 5488: 5363: 5257: 4999: 4940: 4878: 4697: 4649: 4529: 4103: 4093: 4063: 4055: 3388: 3376: 3232: 3224: 3212: 3208: 2757: 2702: 2566: 2474: 2353: 2341: 2139: 2105: 2101: 2037: 1924: 1535: 1464: 1451: 1444: 1425: 1421: 1127: 1059: 1055: 760: 752: 744: 676:

Some territories in Mozambique were handed over in the late 19th century for rule by

643: 557: 543: 482: 4741: 4623: 2967: 1258: 7284: 7269: 7264: 7088: 7017: 6507: 6483: 6451: 5903: 5498: 4639: 4631: 4521: 3516: 3434: 3370: 3220: 2984:, a man born in Portuguese Mozambique who graduated as a footballer and played for 2895: 2813: 2773: 2581: 2373: 2369: 2135: 1948: 1440: 1369: 1243: 1239: 851: 799: 795: 768: 2830:

were Africans, in spite of whites making up only 2% of the Mozambican population.

2577: 834:, the present-day territory of Mozambique had the following formal designations: 411: 6829: 6751: 6105: 5087: 4787: 3894:

Hotel Polana 1929, once one of the largest and most luxurious in southern Africa.

3552: 3352: 3276: 3243: 3074: 2918:(Sporting CP). Other major sports clubs were founded in the following years like 2176: 2125: 1772: 1339: 807: 720: 709: 693: 689: 477: 3637: 3631: 3476: 3382: 3167: 3015: 2490: 1982: 1431:

Because of their unsatisfactory performance and because of the shift, under the

7709: 7600: 7220: 7159: 7144: 6382: 6221: 5664: 5624: 5320: 5048: 4927: 3595: 3540: 3126:

but as funding and interest increased, a dedicated race track was built in the

2679: 2510: 2482: 2193: 2065: 2017: 1743: 1373: 1356:, became increasingly involved in the trade and politics of the region. In the 1349: 1319: 1254: 1206: 1190: 1095: 1034: 876:); Separate government, independent from that of the Portuguese State of India. 697: 4477: 4429: 4408: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4320: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4220: 4196: 1396:

Former Portuguese administrative buildings and hospital, on Mozambique Island.

735:

in 1919, but it was enlarged southward to the Lurio River to form what is now

7754: 7736: 7723: 7698: 7665: 7605: 7368: 6231: 6187: 5818: 5705: 4986: 4829: 4653: 4533: 4279:, short film of Inhambane, Portuguese Mozambique before independence in 1975. 3601: 3546: 3534: 3528: 3458: 3299: 3284: 3258: 3188: 3158: 3114: 3011: 2729: 2663: 2653: 2437: 2433: 2413: 2409: 2180: 2057: 1264: 1247: 1220: 1123: 1099: 1070: 1038: 748: 658: 654: 495: 223: 6582:

1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent

4668:"EUSÉBIO NO SPORTING? por Rui Alves - Replay, RTP Memoria - Canais TV - RTP" 1705:. It was a long coastal strip with Portuguese strongholds, from current day 1623:, settlements inhabited by Africans living according to customary law. Each 1384: 7610: 7459: 6408: 5768: 5588: 5300: 3643: 3619: 3564: 3070: 3028: 2985: 2899: 2725: 2683: 2620:. The expanding economy of the Portuguese overseas province was fuelled by 2553:. This arrangement ended in 1932 after the takeover in Portugal by the new 2164: 2081: 2073: 2053: 2049: 2045: 1853: 1787: 1776: 1210: 1174: 1155: 1131: 767:), which were for a time merged as Zambezia. The colony of Moçambique (now 728: 249: 4362:, short film of Nacala, Portuguese Mozambique before independence in 1975. 2977: 2392:

cultures were also felt. The cuisine was diverse, owing especially to the

2332: 1900: 7680: 7464: 6694: 6174: 6151: 6138: 5884: 5748: 5654: 3576: 3410: 3024: 2871: 2733: 2493:. Others were expanded and developed greatly under Portuguese rule, like 2486: 2150: 2085: 2077: 2032:

Administrative divisions and ethnic groups of Portuguese Mozambique, 1964

1994: 1873: 1702: 1678: 1231: 1163: 1151: 1091: 822:

at Lisbon in April 1974 and the independence from Portugal in June 1975.

803: 571: 436: 7295: 7033: 5200: 4075:(archives in Lisbon documenting Portuguese Empire, including Mozambique) 2192:

established a distinction between the colonial citizens, subject to the

1556:

In the 20th century, the province was also subject to the authoritarian

7670: 7650: 7590: 6962: 6936: 6538: 6488: 5828: 5788: 5411: 5343: 4541: 3558: 3394: 3293: 2891: 2879: 2875: 2834: 2798: 2747:

moored at Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique on December 25, 1967.

2675: 2593: 2154: 2069: 1714: 1685: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1538:) enjoyed special derogations to account for its distance from Europe. 1501: 1406: 1315: 1219:

managed to travel through almost all the Shona kingdoms, including the

1185:, the Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, including 666: 639: 609: 459: 5211: 4644: 3791:

Border post between Portuguese Mozambique and British-Swaziland, 1929.

3019: 3007: 2100:), had a population of 355,000 in 1970 with around 100,000 Europeans. 1288:(land grants) tied to Portuguese settlement and administration. While 7645: 6197: 6007: 5061: 5035: 4963: 4635: 3498: 3328: 3204: 3184: 2753: 2706: 2534: 2530: 2494: 2478: 2445: 2432:

and built between 1913 and 1916 (sometimes mistaken with the work of

2365: 2357: 2197: 2168: 1959: 1936: 1912: 1857: 1074: 1063: 780: 740: 4847: 4525: 956: 24: 7124: 7078: 6684: 6431: 6294: 6271: 6248: 6095: 6059: 5679: 5310: 5074: 3237: 3200: 2883: 2761: 2570: 2232: 2196:

and entitled to all citizenship rights and duties effective in the

2089: 2061: 1861: 1849: 1706: 1331: 1296: 1227: 1147: 764: 490: 6949: 4452:

Maputo, Património da Estrutura e Forma Urbana, Topologia do Lugar

7356: 7180: 7154: 7129: 7083: 6632: 6561: 6518: 6395: 6128: 6022: 5725: 5674: 5454: 5385: 5333: 5280: 4976: 4464: