Religious Issue - Knowledge

1570:, such as the criticized Decree 3,073 of 22 April 1863, which interfered in the seminary teaching system, or the protests of bishops Dom Romualdo de Seixas and Dom Sebastião Dias Laranjeira against the use of churches for political meetings and holding elections, but generally had limited impact. The bibliography considers, therefore, as a trigger for the religious issue itself, a speech given on 3 March 1872 in the Grande Oriente do Vale do Lavradio masonic lodge, in Rio de Janeiro, when José Luís de Almeida Martins, a priest, celebrated the Viscount of Rio Branco, at the time Grand Master and prime minister of Brazil, for his political victory that resulted in the enactment of the Free Womb Law. The bishop of the city, Dom Lacerda, faced with the fact, insisted that the priest distance himself from Freemasonry, as required by Church norms; these norms, however, had not received imperial approval. Indifferent to the appeal, the priest published his speech in newspapers with wide circulation. In retaliation, the bishop suspended the priest from exercising sacred orders. Outraged, Freemasonry, uniting the two Grand Orients, one under the aegis of Rio Branco and the other directed by Saldanha Marinho, asserted its strong presence in the Senate and in the Chamber of Deputies to unleash a war in the press against the episcopate. Newspapers were founded in various regions of the country with the declared purpose of fighting "Jesuitism" and ultramontanism, often using derisive and offensive jargon. 1840:"What is this Catholic majority, so insensitive, when laws, governments, literature, schools, press, industry, commerce and all other functions of national life prove to be contrary or alien to the principles and practices of Catholicism? It is evident, therefore, that, despite being the absolute majority of Brazil, as a nation, we do not have and do not live a Catholic life. That is to say: we are a majority that does not fulfill its social duties" . "Instead of a plaintive chorus, let us form a fighting legion: whoever knows how to speak, let him speak; who knows how to write, let him write; who does not speak or write, let him disseminate the writings of others" . "If any political struggle had points of Catholic doctrine as a differential character, we would no longer be in merely political affairs, but in a true religious issue" "Far be it from me the heresy of saying that Religion has nothing to do with Politics. It would be a basic error, a thousand times condemned and a thousand times condemnable". "Either the State recognizes the God of the people, or the people do not recognize the State". 1669:

orders that he restore the rights of the brotherhoods and restore the general tranquility that he had disturbed. A copy should also be sent to the Bishop of Pará. On the other hand, the pope requested that no hostile measures be taken against his prelates. With that apparently the religious issue would end. However, before the government knew about this result, which was favorable to its interests, things in Brazil took a turn for the worse, jeopardizing all the efforts of the ambassador. Only on 20 December did the report from Penedo reach Caravelas, but on 27 September an order had already been issued for the Crown prosecutor, Francisco Baltazar de Oliveira, to file a formal complaint against Dom Vital, accusing him of disobedience and to make war on the government, the Criminal Code and the Constitution. On 17 December, Dom Macedo was also formally denounced, on the same grounds. In their defense, the bishops decided to remain silent, as to respond would be to recognize the competence of the civil power to judge the cause.

1458:"The flatterers of princes, or the ministers who exercise jurisdiction over them, have converted an idea, in itself very clear and simple, into a chaos of figurative concepts, which no one understands, nor will ever understand . It is certain that princes, or temporal powers, must lend their arm in aid and protection of the Church. But this is more an obligation than a right of the power they exercise, especially those who are fortunate enough to have been illuminated by the faith. Saint Leo said to an Emperor : 'You must already notice that the supreme power was given to you not only for the government of the world, but also very mainly for the protection of the Church'. But who will confuse protection and help, with usurpation and interference? Who could base on the title of protection the right to command or appropriate the same authority to which aid and protection is rendered? Is this not a manifest violation, a contradictory course, to destroy rather than protect?" 1489:"In every State where political law is based on religious faith, political law breaks down as soon as religious faith is attacked . The first condition, then, of such a government is the absolute necessity of keeping intact the strength and unity of the religious faith on which it is based — that is, the impossible. It is the impossible and, one might even say, the immoral, barbaric, and appalling abuse of power! It would be necessary for the political law to oppress the spirits, to impose its faith on them, somehow serve as their conscience, and that the executioners finished the impossible work for their preachers Political law is then between these two stumbling blocks; it cannot live longer if it does not maintain, by force, the unity of faith; and it cannot maintain this unity by force, because political law is, despite all imaginable rigors, impotent to maintain religious beliefs. Its rigors may make victims or hypocrites, but it will not make believers." 3342: 1553: 1463:

acts of the political and social life of the nation, always in conformity with the rules and dictates of the Church". The reaction against ultramontanism was not expected either, given the strongly liberalizing context at the time, in the voices, for example, of Tavares Bastos and Barros Leite. Bastos said: "Let us rise, my friend, and let us hasten to fight the invisible and silent enemy that pursues us in the darkness. He is called the clerical spirit, that is, the corpse of the past; and we are the liberal spirit, that is is, the worker of the future". The other, speaking in the Senate, chastised the behavior of the clergy by saying: "Formerly the bishops among us took an oath to obey the King and not to do anything that could disturb the tranquility of the Empire; today they take no other oath than to the Holy See."

1467: 1598:, where the problematic union between Church and State was openly brought up. On 20 January 1873 the brotherhood turned to the bishop and asked him to compromise, but on the same date the interdict was upheld as irrevocable. Therefore, the brotherhood had nothing to do but appeal to the Crown, basing its appeal on Article 1 of Decree No. 1,911 of 28 March 1857, which dealt with cases of usurpation of temporal power and violence in the exercise of spiritual power. Intensely pressured by the Freemasons, and with the government fearing that it would take the conservative cabinet with it, the appeal was accepted and forwarded to the president of the province, Henrique Pereira de Lucena, who questioned the bishop and asked him for an explanation. 1518:. Since the beginning of the century, programs had been tried to bring immigrants from Europe, who, in addition to lending their arms to farming, would colonize uninhabited regions, and since then thousands of settlers from Germanic, Slavic and other regions had immigrated, mostly Protestants, but preferred by the Catholic government, who regarded them as industrious, moral, and trustworthy. However, in the 1860s-70s, resistance developed to the idea of settling in a country where non-Catholics were in an unfavorable situation, a reality recognized by influential politicians and journalists such as the deputy Baron of Paranapiacaba, the minister of Justice Nabuco de Araújo and Tavares Bastos, exponent of the 1388:, and others that marked the transition from the 18th to the 19th century and still remained influential, bundled in the broad denomination of liberalism. This multiform liberalism was characterized, as a whole, by a spirit of progress, and expressed a deep desire for social, political, religious and humanistic renewal, where freedom of conscience was valued above all. Even a large part of the clergy was imbued with these doctrines, without perceiving any contradiction with the dictates of Catholicism or protesting against the regalist orientation of the institutional system. The discrepancies in relation to Rome reached the point where influential clerics such as priest 1602: 1654:, recommended that he give a period of one year so that Freemasons could convert and return to the Church. If they did not, then the bishop could use the rigor of canonical penalties and even dissolve the brotherhood. But to complicate the situation, in the meantime Dom Vital had already interdicted other brotherhoods, and soon after he again confronted the civil power by publishing the papal document without the knowledge or authorization of the government, contrary to Article 102 of the Constitution, becoming a defendant of civil disobedience. If his condemnation was predictable before, with this last act it became inevitable. 1367:

the same Charter, in practice, the officialization of the Catholic cult excluded those who had not previously sworn allegiance to it from access to public offices. At the same time, the State reserved the right to exercise control over ritual prescriptions and canonical norms emanating from the Holy See if they invaded the secular sphere, if it considered them offensive against the principle of national sovereignty, if they violated Brazilian laws and if they limited autonomy of monarchical power, being able to declare them null and void within Brazilian territory, which was known as the privilege of approval.

1481:, which gave the State a powerful support, invested it with a mythical aura and justified that religion was protected and given prestige through the official union between both, but placed it at the in an ambiguous position at the same time, as the tendency towards the secularization of society was unstoppable and liberalism was gaining force even in the legal and institutional spheres. Furthermore, the country's legislation was fundamentally contradictory and did not provide for a coherent legal solution to an open conflict over precedence should it arise, all the more so since emperor 17: 1586:

withdraw from Freemasonry under penalty of excommunication. If he refused, he should be expelled from the brotherhood, and the vicar would proceed with all the other brothers who joined Freemasonry. The brotherhood refused to comply with the orders because its statutes did not provide for expulsion for that reason, since Freemasonry was authorized to function in Brazil and the statutes of the brotherhoods had approval from the civil authorities. The bishop repeated the threat, and when the brotherhood again refused, he issued an interdict on it.

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Rome had their political rights revoked, civil marriage was instituted and the civil effects of religious marriages were annulled, religious teaching was abolished in public schools and the excuse for reasons of conscience or creed for non-compliance with civil obligations was rejected, starting to imply loss of political rights. In the 1891 Constitution God was not even invoked. A practical result of this was a rapid and important decline in vocations, forcing a massive recruitment of foreign clergy to fill vacancies not covered by nationals.

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fifteen days, beginning on 9 August, to lift the interdicts. Deciding to ignore the Council's demands, Dom Macedo only gave a response on 4 October, in which he did not discuss the accusations, but justified himself by saying that he could not, "without apostatizing from the Catholic faith, recognize in civil power the authority to direct the religious functions, nor agree in any way with the doctrines of the Council of State because they are subversive of all ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and clearly condemned by the Holy Church".

1539:, specialized labor and farmers. For liberals, Protestant immigrants should be preferred because they were more "modern" and far above Catholics in love of work, education, industriousness and morality, but the Church saw the introduction of Protestantism as a threat to Brazilian traditions and a potential source of social conflict. In this way, with so many contradictions getting worse, in the Brazilian context, the system of "State religion" was patent as an anachronism, and the ground was prepared for the outbreak of crisis. 1819:

seek to recover the rights and privileges that the Republic had taken away from it, understanding that Brazil was a Catholic country and that the Church was the maximum expression of its religiosity. Again invoking principles of ultramontanism, direct reference was made to the basic problem that had not been resolved in the Empire and that until then under the Republic had remained dormant, insisting, as Schallenmueller said, "on the return of that ancient symbiosis with temporal power". Several intellectuals, such as

1786:. Catholics in general did not want a regime change; they did criticize the reigning emperor, but they looked forward to the accession to the throne of Princess Isabel, known for her religious fervor. However, the way in which the government understood its union with the Church, as a guardianship and control of it by the former, did not please the clergy, and that separation, in this context, could be equivalent to a liberation. It is significant, in this sense, that Pope Leo XIII stated to president 3830: 1375:"Our clergy is almost entirely deist; all of our current Chamber is deist; almost all of the Senate is deist; the official teaching of philosophy in the academies of São Paulo, Pernambuco, in high schools, in colleges, is exclusively deist; it is, in a word, the pure deism that dominates in all the most educated strata of our society... If we now descend to the uncultured strata of our society, which certainly constitute four-fifths of the population , excluding the slave population that is totally 1443:

defending the supremacy of the Church over all other powers, although at no time was there any question of a formal separation between State and Church. Not only that; defending a radical moralization of society and the clergy and a rigorous religious orthodoxy, it clashed with deeply rooted habits in Brazilian culture. And as a corollary of their ideology, ecclesiastics recommended disobeying civil laws if they denied the primacy of religion or caused a problem of conscience in the devotee.

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framework, they began to defend the republican regime and openly demand the separation of Church and State, which had previously rarely been suggested in public, as it meant an offense to the Constitution. For researcher Antonio Carlos Ribeiro, "the confrontation was accentuated as the traditional, conservative and Romanist wings of the Church had difficulties with the advance of liberal ideas, and the Empire's liberal intellectuals and politicians were unconcerned, since without the

1415:, began an aggressive campaign in favor of a return to the medieval way of life and the strict observance of the religious canon from 1848 onwards, condemning modern society on account of an alleged multitude of errors and vices, mainly all forms of "abominable" liberalism, nicknamed "the work of Satan", and claiming the absolute leadership of Rome in the conduct of all matters, whether religious or profane, in the doctrine known as ultramontanism, systematized in the encyclical 1737: 4803: 1678: 3817: 4841: 147: 4829: 1304: 1371:

looseness of religious customs in the country. For the historian, even if the overwhelming majority of Brazilians declared themselves to be Catholics, what was observed was a high degree of freedom and arbitrary interpretations of the religious canon, freedoms that were not only tolerated but also practiced by the national clergy. An observer at the time, Pereira Barreto, described the situation in the following terms:

1798: 1706:, which was immediately sharply rejected by Caravelas. Then the pope wrote to emperor Pedro II threatening him with divine judgment and saying that "the higher someone is, the more severe will be the reckoning". With much political acumen, the pope also said that "Your Majesty has dealt the first blow to the Church, without thinking that it is at the same time shaking the foundations of your throne". 90:, ardent defenders of ultramontane Catholicism. Based on papal ordinances not approved by the Brazilian Empire, they interdicted brotherhoods under their jurisdiction for keeping Freemason members in their circles, and refused to lift the interdicts after express order from the government, since such associations were also governed by the secular power. It was then judged that they violated the 1396:, preached the end of ecclesiastical celibacy, openly embraced liberal ideals and joined Freemasonry, which had been expressly condemned by apostolic constitutions with the penalty of excommunication. In short, strictly speaking, few people in Brazil were in fact Catholic at that time, even though they declared themselves to be; and therefore there was peace between the State and the Church. 1633:

supported by secular law — although the origin of the second was discussed throughout the entire religious issue. After being heard, the Crown prosecutor judged that the bishop had exceeded his powers, invading the jurisdiction of the judge of chapels, and forwarded the case to the Council of State. Before the Council issued its opinion, another main character entered the scene, the

1694:. However, both had defenders who came forward spontaneously. Despite the lawyers' skill, and the emotional rhetoric they developed, the jury's verdict was ruthless and predictable, moved by the political aspect of the matter, condemning the bishops to four years in prison with forced labor, a penalty to be served by Dom Vital at Fort São João, and Dom Macedo at the fortress on 1665:, Carlos Carneiro de Campos, the Viscount of Caravelas, entrusted the Baron of Penedo with a mission to the Vatican. The emissary had to get the pope's support so that he moderated his bishops, preventing similar situations from occurring in the future. And it should be no secret that the Brazilian government intended to use strong measures if it did not achieve its objective. 1719:, who was a devout Catholic, made the emperor yield. He said in a note to Caxias: "The withdrawal of the ministry would have more serious consequences than the refusal of the amnesty . Let the ministry do it, but without my approval". In a decree of 17 September 1875, the amnesty was completed and the bishops returned to their dioceses, where they were received in triumph. 1650:

declares itself as non-Catholic, or declares itself Catholic . If the Brazilian Government is Catholic, not only is it not the head or superior of the Catholic religion, but it is even its subject". On the same day that he received the warning from the government, he received the reply to a report he had made to the pope concerning the interdiction. The pope, in the brief

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denied by the bishop. Masonic newspapers began attacks and the bishop circulated a pastoral letter warning the clergy not to become involved with the Masonic movement. The prelate also began publishing a series of measures and decrees censuring brotherhoods that had Mason members and punishing recalcitrant priests, including some who were prominent political figures.

1400: 1827:, embraced the Catholic cause, and countless lay societies dedicated to militancy emerged. At the same time, the political elite, in the moment of uncertainty they were going through, understood that the Church could again serve as a legitimizing force for their purposes, and sought a rapprochement. During this period, the activism of 1782:, overthrew the 36th Cabinet of the Empire and proclaimed the Republic on 15 November 1889". Among these "other ingredients" were, as Cristiano Ottoni observed at the time, the natural evolution of the idea of republic and the massive rejection of monarchy by slaveholders, who saw themselves stripped of their main workforce with the 1877:, the alliance of 1934 was little recognized, and with the 1946 Constitution the separation between the powers deepened. The Church was still influential, but not as much as before, reaping the bitter fruits of its failed approach with the right. Finally, in some later moments, echoes of ultramontanism and a kind of new, unofficial 1862:

teaching in public schools, the possibility of subsidizing Catholic schools by the State, recognition of civil effects for religious marriage, and the right of priests to serve in the Army as chaplains, were addressed in the 1934 Constitution. In 1937, still on Leme's advice, in the wake of rapprochement with

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The republican rise was not exclusively due to the discrediting of the monarchy because of the religious issue. In the words of Cesar Vieira, "other ingredients would be added to the conflict, increasing the degree of dissatisfaction and raising the spirits of Freemasons, republicans, positivists and

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Another example, by José Soriano de Souza: "There is no moral progress without the improvement of the spirit, and only Catholicism perfects it . It would be too much to wish for the formation of a Catholic party, which took to heart the defense of Catholic doctrines, and tried to pass them on to all

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With regard to relations between Church and State, after a phase of indifference between both at the beginning of the Republic, and the dissolution of much of the prestige of the clergy, from the 1920s onwards, and especially during the Vargas Era, the Church reorganized itself and began to actively

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Penedo himself did not believe in the success of such a mission, as the government was not willing to compromise on anything, but after arduous negotiations the result was a complete success, obtaining an instruction from the Pope to Cardinal Antonelli to write a letter of censure to Dom Vital, with

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Reinforcing the connection between the two powers, the Brazilian Empire had defined Catholicism as its official state religion, as expressed in Article 5 of the 1824 Constitution. Although other religions were authorized in domestic worship and persecution for reasons of conscience was prohibited by

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attributed to the State the responsibility for building temples, organizing brotherhoods, appointing priests and bishops to their respective jurisdictions and providing for their material needs, in such a way that the church members became State employees. This transfer of attributions was justified

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A short time later they were granted amnesty, but that did not quell the fierce public debate that broke out regarding the union between Church and State, on the contrary, the problem remained under discussion, adding other ideological and social elements and increasingly extreme factions, weakening

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activities. As has been seen, the effects of the Religious Issue had long-term repercussions; they were not limited to the 19th century, but reheated in the first half of the 20th century and, as Wellington da Silva argued, dug "deep furrows also in the Catholic mentality of the second half of that

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persisted saying that Freemasonry was the "incarnation of the Devil", which came to cast a heavy shadow on the popular imagination and create a conspiracy theory, largely because the organization continued to be a secret society, claiming that what its members preached about patriotism, solidarity,

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In the Senate and in the Chamber of Deputies, diametrically opposed parties formed, one vehemently criticizing the jury's attitude, and the other seeing benevolence in it, and wishing that the penalty had been even more severe. The cabinet of the Baron of Rio Branco could not withstand the pressure

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on 2 January 1874, detained at the Navy Arsenal and later sent to Rio de Janeiro to be tried. Dom Macedo had the same fate, arrested on 28 April. And both, in their judgments, remained silent, claiming that "Jesus Christ was also silent", in reference to Jesus' attitude when his enemies accused him

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On the other hand, liberals and Freemasons saw in the encouraged spread of Protestantism one of the ways to fight the influence of the Catholic Church, being a period in which several Protestant missionaries and educators from the United States worked in Brazil, creating a large number of followers

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On the discipline necessary for militancy, Leme said: "An authority, a guiding center, a word of direction, a voice of command is necessary. This can only be that of the Bishop whom God has placed in the government of his Church". By founding the Catholic Electoral League, he managed to rally the

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However, even though the pope welcomed the new regime, the official separation of powers actually provoked protests from the Church, as among other measures introduced the clergy lost their immunities and had their salaries cut, members of religious communities that included a vow of obedience to

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picturesquely described, took advantage of the moment of confusion to join forces and unfurl their flags: the immediate separation between Church and State, the full freedom of worship and perfect statutory equality between them all, the separation of secular teaching from religious teaching, the

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and burial in consecrated ground. Three brotherhoods immediately appealed to the president of the province, who forwarded the petition to the Crown. Before the government became aware of the case, the Council of State issued its opinion on Dom Vital's process. Fully based on regalism, the opinion

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and its colonies when the consent was suspended there; and finally that even the defenders of the imperial approval recognized that it did not apply to ecclesiastical censures and penalties. The State could not accept either the first or the third reasons — the third because the brotherhoods were

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Dom Vital did not retract, but in his defense he claimed that the imperial approval — which authorized the functioning of Freemasonry in Brazil, repelling the condemnation of the Church — was a doctrine condemned by Rome; that even if it were an accepted doctrine, it would not cover the period in

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The condemnation of the bishops triggered an intense and passionate controversy throughout Brazil, with repercussions abroad as well. The Vatican responded indignantly, claiming that it had been tricked by the Baron of Penedo, who had assured it of the bishops' immunity—which Penedo later denied

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In the meantime, the process of the bishop of Pará was examined by the same Council, which gave the same opinion but emphasized that it was a case of greater gravity, since the bishop had taken the brotherhoods by surprise and had not bothered to respond to the official accusations. He was given

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and Dom Pedro Maria de Lacerda, and in the more conservative sectors of civil society, including some higher schools. This group, by endorsing the pope's dictum through pronouncements, pastoral letters and intense publicity, began to contest the very constitutive bases of the Empire of Brazil by

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Harmony reigned for a long time, albeit at times somewhat tense, between the civil and religious spheres, despite the implicit inconsistencies between Brazilian culture and legislation and the orthodox practice of Catholicism, a harmony that, according to Roque de Barros, can be explained by the

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imposed important commitments and costs on the State, it also brought advantages, not only political, due to ecclesial support for the reigning dynasty and government programs, but also administrative, since the Brazilian Church had been assuming virtually all of public education, assistance and

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Vital's response was predictable: without complying with the order received, he not only contested the Council's allegations point by point, but also rejected State interference in the controversy, going so far as to boldly question the entire regalist doctrine: "either the Government of Brazil

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Freemasonry commissioned the celebration of a mass to commemorate the anniversary of the founding of a Masonic lodge. The bishop privately ordered the clergy not to celebrate it and the mass did not take place. Shortly afterwards another mass was ordered in memory of a deceased Freemason, again

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While the people continued with their religious practices tinged with folklore and syncretism, and, uneducated, remained very far from the avant-garde thinking of the time, the elites immersed themselves in a sea of new concepts, doctrines and ideologies, such as the Enlightenment, Freemasonry,

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and, according to Mainwaring, influenced many of his decisions and his many movements to strengthen ties between State and Church. The result of militancy was significant, and important Catholic demands, such as the right to vote for priests, the prohibition of divorce, the return of religious

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Contrary to the emperor's prediction, the amnesty, despite officially ending the religious issue, not only did not solve the problem the crisis had raised, but also aggravated it, weakening the position of the monarchy in the eyes of public opinion. The issue became generalized, and the mutual

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Completing the picture, other elements came into play shortly before the religious issue presented itself. Many liberals, including parliamentarians, took a radical approach, in which, faced with the contradictions that were proving to be increasingly insoluble within the current institutional

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Freemasons reacted and published defamatory articles against the bishop in the newspapers. On 28 December, Dom Vital wrote to the vicar of the parish of Santo Antônio recommending that he urge Dr. Antônio da Costa Ribeiro, a Freemason and member of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, to

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The progressive ideas of positivism, evolutionism, materialism and scientism also influenced the matter, which at this time became particularly important. The very conservative office of the Viscount of Rio Branco was preparing some far-reaching reforms, long demanded by the liberals, in the

1810:. Furthermore, the opposition between Church and Freemasonry was not resolved, however, not even with the advent of the Republic, remaining lit until the middle of the 20th century. Pope Pius IX's successors issued several other documents condemning Freemasons; the same Leo XIII in the bull 1727:

to the bishops, warning that the lifting of interdicts in no way meant a tolerance for Freemasonry, on the contrary, it remained punished with excommunication. The document ended by saying that the Vatican and the Crown would soon initiate understandings, but that never happened.

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For Luiz Eugênio Véscio, the incompatibility between Church and State, explained by the religious issue, intensified the desire for the opening of independent channels of expression in many people, specific to each sphere. And little by little the old

1857:, both in 1931, the cardinal gathered real crowds in a public square in order to "show the new government the strength of the Church and the need to take it into account in the new political order that was being built". Leme was a personal friend of 1805:

The crisis also provided, in parallel, a greater penetration of Protestantism, occupying a social space opened by the general wear and tear caused by the crisis. The same loophole was taken advantage of by other minority faiths, such as Judaism and

1577:, Dom Vital de Oliveira, who had recently taken office. In a pastoral letter dated 17 March, he already instructed his diocesans to abandon the free examination of doctrine and condemned the primacy of reason and all freedom of conscience. In June, 1522:

and being notorious for the difficulties that the first Prussians, English, Swiss and Ukrainians faced in adapting and integrating into Brazilian society and in guaranteeing their freedom of worship, despite official protection to immigrants.

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stood out, who in 1921 approved the foundation, among others, of an association symptomatically called Centro Dom Vital, conservative and right-wing, which was supposed to expand the penetration of the intellectual apostolate in the country.

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regime was being dismantled: the decree of 19 April 1879 on free education exempted from the oath of allegiance to Catholicism — or to any creed — public servants in primary and secondary schools; the electoral reform instituted by the

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His apologetics, which lamented the passivity of Catholics and did not shy away from politics if it threatened morals, education and doctrinal aspects considered basic by the Church, can be exemplified in the following excerpts:

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Shortly afterwards Dom Vital visited the Pope in the Vatican, who received him paternally and said: "I approve of everything that Your Excellency has done from the beginning". On 29 April 1876, the pope addressed the encyclical

118:, with the Church regaining great political influence and constitutionally reacquiring several of its former privileges. According to some authors, its effects also reverberated throughout the second half of the 20th century. 113:

Although usually circumscribed in the bibliography to the episode of the bishops, the religious issue in its broadest sense, an expression of a complex and dynamic social and cultural reality, resurfaced with force during the

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in 1871. It was predicted that soon there would be no more slaves in Brazil, and with that the problem of where finding cheap labor became urgent, being the subject of constant debate in parliament and throughout society.

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Dom Macedo, like Dom Vital, decreed the expulsion of all Masons from brotherhoods and confraternities on 23 March 1873, and if they resisted, they would be interdicted. He also excluded Freemasons from the sacrament of

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was invited by the monarch to reorganize the government (see Cabinet Caxias of 1875), but Caxias placed the amnesty of the two bishops as a condition. The popular outcry, the Duke's demand and the pleading of

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judiciary, public administration, party organization, education and the electoral system. The campaign in favor of the abolition of slavery in the 1870s also gained momentum with the enactment of the

4068: 368: 1885:, which claimed the direction of all the Catholic organizations in the country and sought to be present in all places where the fate of Brazilian society was decided; during the government of 1485:

was on the one hand jealous of his imperial prerogatives and, on the other hand, did not wish to absolutely break with the Church. Freemason Saldanha Marinho analyzed the dilemma as follows:

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Schallenmueller, Christian Jecov (2010). "A Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil - CNBB (1952-1964): emergência de uma nova elite católica e colaboração com o desenvolvimentismo".

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Satire on the Religious Issue. The caption reads: "His Majesty took advantage of the occasion to, not disregarding the Pope's macaroni, assert the advantages and excellence of a good

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In the third time he held the office of Prime Minister, Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, the Duke of Caxias, participated in the end of the conflict between the State and the bishops

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Pius IX launched a voluminous series of other encyclicals, bulls, briefs and other documents defending his point of view, reinforcing it with the conquest of the prerogative of

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by the Church as being a privilege granted to civil administrations that demonstrated dedication "to spreading the religion and as a stimulus to future good works". If the

4729: 4682: 4387: 4677: 373: 28:(title of a document by Pope Pius IX condemning the mistakes of modern civilization) appears on the macaroni dish, and the Constitution of Brazil on the feijoada dish 382: 1774:

secularization of cemeteries, the institution of civil marriage and civil registration of births and deaths, and, of course, the adoption of the republican regime.

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attacks and provocations became more poignant. And even with all this, the formal separation between the constituted powers was still not desired by any of them.

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beneficence, religious tolerance, equality and fraternity, were nothing but decoys that concealed dangers and subversion and sought the destruction of humanity.

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Brandão, Marcella de Sá (2011). "A maçonaria e os bispos ultramontanos na segunda metade do século XIX: breve análise a partir do jornal religioso O Apostolo".

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For the government, the situation was clear: the bishops' rebellion was a serious matter and threatened to spread throughout the country. On 21 August, the

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VIII Seminário Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas: "História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - História, Educação e Transformação: tendências e perspectivas"

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Catholic electorate, instructing them to only vote for candidates approved by the clergy. On the occasion of popular events such as the inauguration of

242: 98:

the authority and the prestige of the monarchy in Brazil. For this reason, the religious issue is considered one of the most striking moments of the

2870:

Castro, Giane de Souza (2006). "A Cruz e o Compasso: as relações entre Igreja Católica e maçonaria no contexto do ultramontanismo em Juiz de Fora".

1769:

Complete separation would only be achieved in the First Brazilian Republic. In fact, the previously disunited republicans, worsening the crisis, as

4272: 4094: 2919:

Di Gregorio, Maria Fátima (2009). "Juventude Universitária Católica: figurações e configurações da identidade entre ação religiosa e luta armada".

1634: 2506: 2996:

Martins, Karla Denise (2008). "Dai a César o que é de César e a Deus o que é de Deus: relações entre a Igreja e o Estado no Pará oitocentista".

4517: 3149:

Tradição e Profecia: o pensamento político da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB) e seu contexto social e intelectual (1952-1964)

1574: 1711: 3935: 3702: 1218: 1527:

and students and influencing in the country's politics through their links with powerful patrons. Also coming from there, many Protestant

1407:

This peace was illusory and precarious, and it would only be necessary for orthodoxy to stand up for it to be broken. And so it was when

1332: 1254: 1244: 1379:, despite the Catholic label that covers it, we are left with a large fraction that lives engulfed in the deepest primitive polytheism". 4876: 3271: 363: 353: 338: 213: 963: 973: 412: 2836: 1552: 1438:(1869-1870). The ultramontane doctrine soon found an echo in some prominent Brazilian clerics, such as bishops Dom Antônio de Melo, 4493: 4267: 3488: 1890: 1866:

and fascism and the fight against communism, another of his Catholic projects, Vargas did not resume commercial relations with the

1189: 889: 76: 56:, ended up becoming a serious state issue. Its causes can be traced back a long time, based on irreconcilable divergences between 3512: 4303: 4232: 3209: 3052: 2860: 1194: 944: 649: 479: 103: 4871: 4724: 3465: 1662: 932: 407: 1139: 291: 83: 3604: 3505: 3478: 3423: 1716: 1249: 549: 1466: 3220: 343: 3973: 1790:

in 1898 that "the Church feels better today in Brazil with its republican institutions than under the fallen regime".

1763: 4575: 4043: 3963: 3326: 3306: 2970: 1646:

refuted the bishop's arguments and, in a letter dated 12 June, gave him a period of one month to lift the interdict.

1393: 1204: 1134: 1109: 904: 512: 3695: 3398: 1239: 849: 173: 884: 829: 807: 4783: 4638: 4033: 4028: 4018: 3316: 3310: 3294: 2937:

Gabatz, Celso (2011). "A Influência do Liberalismo e do Protestantismo na Constituição da Sociedade Brasileira".

1325: 877: 730: 557: 504: 452: 166: 99: 3629: 1828: 4866: 4023: 4013: 3983: 3953: 3439: 3331: 3302: 3264: 3006: 1882: 1766:

explicitly recognized that the issue had not yet been resolved, and required the attention of the legislature.

1179: 1114: 812: 787: 654: 489: 472: 264: 91: 3192: 3130: 4618: 4610: 4467: 4417: 4392: 4375: 3925: 3920: 3880: 3845: 3746: 3530: 3522: 3063: 2888:

Cerqueira, Gabriel Souza (2010). "Idéias Jurídicas, Sentimentos Políticos e Reformas no Brasil (1872-1889)".

1787: 1284: 1279: 1259: 1229: 1214: 1184: 1074: 993: 447: 225: 3221:"Imprensa Protestante e Imigração: A distribuição de textos religiosos aos imigrantes no Brasil (1850-1930)" 3106: 1744:

referring to the bishops' amnesty. The original caption read: After all... he ceded his hand to the paddle!

4719: 4714: 4687: 4217: 4147: 3991: 3796: 3765: 3536: 2947: 1846: 1519: 1514:, since slaves were private property and the right to property was an article of faith since the papacy of 1439: 1119: 782: 777: 494: 442: 1054: 4861: 4778: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4440: 4410: 4197: 4187: 3910: 3834: 3688: 3655: 3165:

Silva, Wellington Teodoro da (2008). "Catolicismo Militante na Primeira Metade do Século XX Brasileiro".

1894: 998: 914: 579: 4819: 4430: 4112: 4073: 3915: 3856: 3191:(in Portuguese). Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas "História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil. Archived from 3084: 1318: 1234: 1199: 1011: 792: 564: 417: 130: 2514: 87: 4757: 4752: 4397: 4298: 4177: 4172: 4107: 4003: 3418: 3388: 3378: 3373: 3257: 3241:

Vieira, Filipe dos Santos (2013). "Imigração europeia e liberdade religiosa no Brasil oitocentista".

842: 745: 695: 519: 306: 21: 4422: 2783:

Com quantos tolos se faz uma República? Padre Correia de Almeida e sua sátira ao Brasil oitocentista

690: 664: 4623: 4488: 4457: 4313: 4288: 4222: 4202: 4157: 4008: 3413: 3383: 1912: 1907: 1770: 642: 629: 107: 73: 358: 4633: 4628: 4435: 4370: 4331: 4262: 4240: 4212: 4182: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4142: 4122: 3948: 3885: 3619: 3495: 3473: 3444: 3234:

Protestantismo e Educação: a presença liberal norte americana na Reforma Caetano de Campos - 1890

1741: 1612: 1289: 1079: 770: 4555: 4537: 4532: 4503: 4462: 4452: 4405: 4380: 4127: 4102: 3968: 3890: 3756: 3720: 3645: 3298: 3107:"Protestantismo, Liberalismo, Maçonaria e a Educação no Brasil na Segunda Metade do Século XIX" 1224: 1169: 1069: 951: 899: 824: 430: 247: 3140:

Anais do II Seminário Nacional de Sociologia e Política: Tendeências e Desafios Contemporâneos

1363:

public services such as registration of births, marriages, baptisms and deaths for centuries.

1124: 1064: 1049: 854: 4736: 4648: 4498: 4308: 4254: 4137: 4048: 4038: 3996: 3958: 3791: 3751: 3732: 3500: 3483: 1854: 1820: 1601: 1478: 1435: 1099: 683: 609: 254: 235: 208: 94:

and incurred the guilt of civil disobedience, being arrested and sentenced to forced labor.

1762:, of 9 January 1881, authorized people of any religion to become eligible. Even so, in 1884 1089: 16: 4806: 4483: 4447: 4293: 4207: 4117: 3978: 3930: 3821: 3114:

III Congresso Brasileiro de História da Educação: Educação Escolar em Perspectiva Histórica

1886: 1874: 1149: 819: 800: 1094: 725: 72:. It led to the imprisonment of two bishops and contributed to the fall of the cabinet of 8: 4192: 4132: 3776: 3609: 1807: 1629: 1431: 1174: 1034: 524: 323: 318: 296: 220: 37: 3093: 1801:

Cardinal Leme, the most notable exponent of the new Catholic militancy in the Vargas Era

1531:

and slaveholders sought a refuge in Brazil from the afflictions they experienced in the

1104: 1059: 1044: 1029: 983: 4845: 4709: 4643: 4547: 3366: 3321: 3175: 3156:

Schwartzman, Simon (1986). "A política da Igreja e a educação: o sentido de um pacto".

1824: 1779: 1532: 1482: 1423: 1144: 1129: 1024: 988: 894: 735: 705: 402: 301: 281: 1594:

The case went beyond the limits of the diocese and reached the Chamber of Deputies in

1566:

Disagreements between secular and religious powers occurred several times in previous

1084: 3771: 3587: 3361: 3356: 3205: 3048: 2964: 2856: 1625: 1567: 1511: 1510:

The Church contributed with important ideological elements for the legitimization of

1346: 909: 859: 678: 619: 589: 259: 188: 138: 69: 2930:

Um defunto estrambótico: análise e interpretação das Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas

1858: 3341: 3280: 1617: 1471: 1412: 1039: 465: 333: 48:

in the 1870s, which, having started on 3 March 1872 as a confrontation between the

45: 3019: 4580: 4542: 4359: 2899:

A Reforma Católica em Mariana e o Discurso Ultramontano de Dom Viçoso (1844-1875)

1695: 1019: 569: 274: 201: 49: 4338: 3806: 3724: 3660: 3650: 3614: 3572: 3548: 3542: 1889:, who financed many Church initiatives and sought a rapprochement, and in the " 1595: 1536: 1515: 1503: 1209: 740: 720: 710: 599: 539: 499: 484: 57: 1389: 529: 348: 4855: 4833: 4788: 4664: 3829: 3801: 3786: 3781: 3728: 3596: 3566: 2901:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). Juiz de Fora: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. 1308: 864: 594: 2989:

O Pêndulo da História: tempo e eternidade no pensamento católico (1800–1960)

1353:

regime was still in force in Brazil. It was a legal instrument by which the

919: 4773: 1867: 1528: 1498:

of the Emperor no decision or instruction of Rome would come into force".

1451: 1408: 958: 673: 574: 311: 286: 155: 4069:

United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory

3665: 3624: 1783: 624: 3761: 3711: 3560: 2912:

Revista de Estudios Historicos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña

1881:

would still be heard again, sometimes vigorously, as in the birth of the

1863: 1759: 1736: 1698:. Shortly afterwards the sentences were commuted to simple imprisonment. 1417: 614: 584: 437: 328: 178: 53: 3225:

Histórica - Revista eletrônica do Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo

1677: 1642: 1578: 1535:. The government itself encouraged immigration to get soldiers for the 978: 763: 700: 115: 2906:

Costa, Luís Mário Ferreira (2011). "A consolidação e transformação do

110:, the separation between religious and secular powers was formalized. 3554: 1850: 1385: 1376: 750: 534: 3010: 2615: 4840: 4588: 3816: 3249: 3038:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). Niterói: Universidade Federal Fluminense. 2679: 2677: 2675: 1691: 1354: 968: 715: 544: 183: 146: 63: 3723:

with origins in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, sorted by

3009:(in Portuguese). Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie. Archived from 2647: 2645: 106:, but its analysis remains controversial. With the advent of the 3094:"Protestantismo de Imigração: Chegada e re-orientação teológica" 2672: 1797: 1702:

having done. The first protest came through the internunciation

2980:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880)

2881:

Cristianismo & Política: teoria bíblica e prática histórica

2725: 1686: 3680: 3116:(in Portuguese). Sociedade Brasileira de História da Educação. 2642: 3036:

Festa e Conflito: Dom Antônio e Questão de Nazaré (1868-1871)

2632: 2630: 2603: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2427: 2376: 2374: 2545: 2543: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2325: 2323: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 3176:"A Questão Religiosa no Brasil pelos olhos de um 'padreco'" 2689: 2662: 2660: 2245: 2243: 2159: 2157: 1959: 1957: 2627: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2468: 2415: 2403: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2144: 2142: 2048: 1399: 3047:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 2808:

Barros, Roque Spencer de (1974b). "A Questão Religiosa".

2737: 2713: 2540: 2386: 2320: 2255: 2096: 2084: 4061: 3082: 2701: 2657: 2621: 2279: 2240: 2154: 2115: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 1981: 1954: 1477:

Another fact relevant to the issue was the principle of

2982:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 2521: 2267: 2230: 2228: 2184: 2139: 1993: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2308: 2174: 2172: 4817: 3062:

Oliveira, Vital Maria Gonçalves de (4 January 1874).

2819:

Revista Brasileira de História & Ciências Sociais

2792:

Júlio de Castilhos: positivismo, abolição e república

2591: 2567: 2439: 2201: 2127: 2072: 2017: 1470:

Emperor Pedro II in his "Throne Speech", painting by

82:

The issue evolved centered on the actions of bishops

3045:

O Duque de Ferro: novos aspectos da figura de Caxias

2749: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2225: 2060: 1969: 1942: 3169:(in Portuguese). Vol. 13, no. 2. Goiânia. 3000:(in Portuguese). Vol. 13, no. 2. Inverno. 2799:Barros, Roque Spencer de (1974). "Vida Religiosa". 2579: 2555: 2451: 2169: 2005: 4576:Order of Royal and Select Masters (Anglo-European) 2855:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 3020:"O protestantismo no Brasil e suas encruzilhadas" 2487: 2291: 2213: 1930: 4853: 3105:Ribeiro, Viviane; Filho, Geraldo Inácio (2004). 2945: 2433: 1345:In a tradition that had been inherited from the 61: 3146: 3137: 2890:XIV Encontro da ANPUH-Rio: Memória e Patrimônio 2874:(in Portuguese). Vol. 3, no. 1. UFJF. 2812:(in Portuguese). Vol. 4. São Paulo: Difel. 2803:(in Portuguese). Vol. 4. São Paulo: Difel. 2731: 2683: 2828:O Catolicismo Brasileiro em Época de Transição 3696: 3265: 3236:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). Piracicaba: Unimep. 3034:Monnerat, Patrícia Carvalho Santório (2009). 2513:(in Portuguese). 11 June 2008. Archived from 1778:the military themselves, who, led by marshal 1326: 102:and one of the factors that precipitated the 3936:Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany 3104: 3007:"Breve História do Protestantismo no Brasil" 2249: 1628:, were published, recognized throughout the 3218: 3204:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. 3187:Toledo, Cézar de Alencar Arnaut de (2012). 3155: 2918: 2830:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Edições Loyola. 2719: 2695: 2651: 2273: 1542: 3703: 3689: 3272: 3258: 3219:Vasconcelos, Micheline Reinaux de (2011). 3100:(in Portuguese). Vol. 16, no. 2. 2878: 2609: 2511:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional 1411:, continuing the trend of his predecessor 1333: 1319: 364:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 3151:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). São Paulo: USP. 3147:Schallenmueller, Christian Jecov (2011). 2914:(in Portuguese). Vol. 3, no. 1. 2887: 2821:(in Portuguese). Vol. 3, no. 5. 2163: 1573:The following events centered around the 77:José Paranhos, the Viscount of Rio Branco 3174:Terra, João Evangelista Martins (2011). 3061: 3033: 3017: 2892:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Unirio. 2850: 2810:História Geral da Civilização Brasileira 2801:História Geral da Civilização Brasileira 2445: 2397: 2329: 2261: 1883:National Conference of Bishops of Brazil 1796: 1735: 1676: 1600: 1551: 1465: 1398: 15: 4476: 3199: 3091: 2995: 2927: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2781:Araújo, Maria Marta Martins de (2007). 2481: 2421: 2409: 2380: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2314: 2285: 2207: 2178: 2121: 2054: 1999: 1948: 1853:and the consecration of the country to 4854: 4604:Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests 3240: 3231: 3186: 3042: 2986: 2936: 2896: 2869: 2798: 2780: 2771: 2743: 2636: 2597: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2534: 2234: 2195: 2148: 2133: 2109: 2090: 2078: 2042: 2011: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1936: 1893:" of 1964, or in small circles, as in 1454:, since the 1850s already proclaimed: 44:) was a crisis that took place in the 3684: 3253: 3173: 3164: 3120: 3004: 2905: 2789: 2755: 2707: 2666: 2585: 2493: 2302: 2219: 2066: 2030: 1589: 4653:Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor 3279: 3232:Vieira, Cesar Romero Amaral (2006). 2977: 4607:Knights of the York Cross of Honour 3605:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil 3121:Sales, Eugênio (15 November 2007). 3043:Morais, Eugênio Vilhena de (2003). 2946:Jornal do Recife (3 January 1874), 2923:(in Portuguese). Campinas: UNICAMP. 550:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 13: 2883:(in Portuguese). Editora Ultimato. 2834: 2790:Bakos, Margaret Marchiori (2006). 2776:(in Portuguese). Atelie Editorial. 2462: 354:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 339:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 68:regime, and on complex aspects of 14: 4888: 4877:Catholicism-related controversies 3083:Presidência da República (1891). 3018:Mendonça, Antônio Gouvêa (2005). 2910:maçônica em terras brasileiras". 2851:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). 2837:"Dom Vital e a Questão Religiosa" 905:March of the One Hundred Thousand 4839: 4827: 4802: 4801: 4543:Holy Royal Arch (Anglo-European) 3828: 3815: 3340: 3142:(in Portuguese). Curitiba: UFPR. 3092:Ribeiro, Antonio Carlos (2008). 2991:(in Portuguese). Maringá: EDUEM. 2853:D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser 1547: 1392:, one of the regents during the 1302: 145: 4784:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory 3710: 3129:(in Portuguese). Archived from 3005:Matos, Alderi Souza de (2011). 2987:Manoel, Ivan Aparecido (2004). 2765: 2499: 3245:(in Portuguese). Vol. 28. 3029:(in Portuguese). Vol. 67. 2897:Coelho, Tatiana Costa (2010). 2785:(in Portuguese). Editora UFMG. 1873:However, with the fall of the 974:1993 Constitutional referendum 964:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 413:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 383:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 104:fall of the monarchy in Brazil 1: 4619:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon 4548:Royal Arch Masonry (American) 3926:Norwegian Order of Freemasons 3921:Icelandic Order of Freemasons 3881:United Grand Lodge of England 3202:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial 2969:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2879:Cavalcanti, Robinson (2004). 2774:Franklin Távora e o seu tempo 2622:Presidência da República 1891 1918: 1557: 994:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 226:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 214:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 121: 4688:Supreme Council of Louisiana 3630:Francisco José do Nascimento 3537:Confederation of the Equator 2998:Revista de História Regional 1923: 1731: 1622:Provida Romanorum Pontificum 1432:infallibility for the papacy 783:Constitutionalist Revolution 650:Proclamation of the Republic 495:Confederation of the Equator 396:United Kingdom with Portugal 7: 4872:Catholicism and Freemasonry 4656:York Rite Sovereign College 4629:Reformed and Rectified Rite 4571:Order of the Secret Monitor 4561:Order of Mark Master Masons 3911:Swedish Order of Freemasons 1901: 1663:Minister of Foreign Affairs 1605:Dom Antônio de Macedo Costa 453:Recognition of Independence 443:Declaration of Independence 10: 4893: 4581:Cryptic Masonry (American) 4074:Grand Lodge of New Zealand 3916:Danish Order of Freemasons 3180:Revista Textos & Texts 2928:Facioli, Valentim (2008). 2826:Bruneau, Thomas C (1974). 2794:(in Portuguese). EDIPUCRS. 1685:Dom Vital was arrested in 1672: 1434:, erected in dogma in the 1421:and its annex, the famous 885:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 808:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 793:Communist uprising of 1935 565:Liberal rebellions of 1842 418:Constituent Cortes of 1820 92:Constitution of the Empire 4797: 4766: 4745: 4702: 4663: 4615:Masonic Order of the Bath 4597: 4566:Order of the Scarlet Cord 4525: 4516: 4352: 4330: 4281: 4268:Newfoundland and Labrador 4253: 4231: 4093: 4086: 4062:Australia and New Zealand 3903: 3873: 3866: 3855: 3841:headquarters (1775/1933-) 3813: 3739: 3718: 3638: 3595: 3586: 3521: 3464: 3457: 3432: 3406: 3397: 3379:Prince Imperial of Brazil 3374:Brazilian imperial family 3349: 3338: 3287: 3200:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). 3098:Protestantismo em Revista 945:1988 Constituent Assembly 890:Vacancy in the Presidency 830:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 771:Second Brazilian Republic 696:Coffee with milk politics 630:Post–abolition of slavery 480:1823 Constituent Assembly 408:Conquest of French Guiana 4624:Red Cross of Constantine 3123:"Dom Vital Maria, Bispo" 2772:Aguiar, Cláudio (1997). 2250:Ribeiro & Filho 2004 1908:Papal ban of Freemasonry 1543:Chronology of the crisis 1479:monarchy by divine right 855:Construction of Brasília 850:Lott's preventative coup 108:First Brazilian Republic 4634:Royal Order of Scotland 4241:Prince Hall Freemasonry 3886:Grand Lodge of Scotland 3721:Fraternal organisations 3496:Imperial Brazilian Navy 3474:Imperial Brazilian Army 3445:Reverse parliamentarism 3127:Pro Catholica Societate 2932:(in Portuguese). EdUSP. 1725:Exortae in ista ditione 359:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 4556:Order of Knight Masons 4538:Grand College of Rites 4533:Allied Masonic Degrees 3891:Grand Lodge of Ireland 3656:Eusébio de Queirós Law 3646:Abolitionism in Brazil 3299:Independence of Brazil 3085:"Constituição de 1891" 1891:marches for the family 1842: 1802: 1745: 1682: 1606: 1563: 1491: 1474: 1460: 1404: 1381: 989:Car Wash investigation 900:Araguaia Guerrilla War 580:Eusébio de Queirós Law 62: 41: 29: 4867:Freemasonry in Brazil 4737:Freemasonry and women 4683:Southern Jurisdiction 4678:Northern Jurisdiction 4649:Societas Rosicruciana 4431:Grand Orient of Italy 3752:Chamber of Reflection 3484:Fatherland Volunteers 2978:Lyra, Heitor (1977). 2949:A prisão do diocesano 2507:"A questão religiosa" 2434:Jornal do Recife 1874 1855:Our Lady of Aparecida 1838: 1821:Jackson de Figueiredo 1800: 1739: 1680: 1604: 1555: 1487: 1469: 1456: 1436:First Vatican Council 1402: 1373: 878:Military dictatorship 684:Federalist Revolution 660:Republic of the Sword 610:Revolt of the Muckers 505:Abdication of Pedro I 297:Quilombo dos Palmares 209:Treaty of Tordesillas 60:, liberalism and the 19: 4665:Ancient and Accepted 4484:Universal Co-Masonry 3931:Grand Lodge of Spain 3797:Ritual and Symbolism 3440:Constitution of 1824 3332:Units of measurement 3195:on 27 December 2011. 3158:Religião e Sociedade 3013:on 28 November 2012. 2732:Schallenmueller 2010 2684:Schallenmueller 2011 2639:, pp. 8, 14–16. 1913:Quebra-Quilos revolt 1887:Juscelino Kubitschek 1637:, Dom Macedo Costa. 999:Coronavirus pandemic 820:Integralist Uprising 625:Abolition of Slavery 369:Opening of the ports 4779:Conspiracy theories 4363:(several countries) 3992:Regular Grand Lodge 3407:Political instances 3384:Prince of Grão-Pará 2908:mito da conspiração 2872:Revista Sacrilegens 2746:, pp. 182–183. 2710:, pp. 549–551. 2669:, pp. 541–560. 2654:, pp. 108–127. 2612:, pp. 190–191. 2552:, pp. 335–337. 2484:, pp. 362–363. 2424:, pp. 351–357. 2412:, pp. 350–351. 2383:, pp. 345–350. 2368:, pp. 341–345. 2356:, pp. 341–342. 2344:, pp. 340–341. 2112:, pp. 329–337. 2093:, pp. 327–329. 2057:, pp. 138–140. 2045:, pp. 325–327. 1990:, pp. 321–324. 1966:, pp. 317–320. 1847:Christ the Redeemer 1771:José Ramos Tinhorão 1630:kingdom of Portugal 1390:Diogo Antônio Feijó 1115:Rio Grande do Norte 525:1834 Additional Act 448:War of Independence 324:War of the Emboabas 4862:Religious Question 4710:List of Freemasons 4644:Royal Order of Eri 4585:Royal Ark Mariners 4552:Order of Athelstan 4526:Non-Denominational 4441:Female Grand Lodge 4376:Female Grand Lodge 4304:Dominican Republic 3620:José do Patrocínio 3133:on 8 January 2008. 2844:Instituto do Ceará 2835:Câmara, Fernando. 1825:Alceu Amoroso Lima 1803: 1780:Deodoro da Fonseca 1764:Júlio de Castilhos 1746: 1683: 1607: 1590:State intervention 1564: 1533:American Civil War 1475: 1440:Dom Antônio Viçoso 1405: 1075:Mato Grosso do Sul 1012:By federative unit 895:Institutional Acts 778:Revolution of 1930 751:Lieutenant revolts 736:Revolt of the Lash 716:Annexation of Acre 706:Amazon rubber boom 302:France Equinoxiale 282:France Antarctique 221:European discovery 174:Indigenous Peoples 30: 4815: 4814: 4753:Masonic Buildings 4698: 4697: 4512: 4511: 4411:Mixed Grand Lodge 4364: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4249: 4248: 4082: 4081: 4057: 4056: 3944: 3943: 3899: 3898: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3582: 3581: 3453: 3452: 3357:Emperor of Brazil 3211:978-85-7302-441-8 3054:978-85-7011-329-0 2862:978-85-359-0969-2 2686:, pp. 21–24. 2537:, pp. 86–89. 2465:, pp. 21–27. 2400:, pp. 72–73. 2332:, pp. 70–71. 2288:, pp. 85–90. 2264:, pp. 48–67. 2198:, pp. 79–87. 2151:, pp. 65–66. 2124:, pp. 79–82. 2033:, pp. 46–61. 2002:, pp. 75–77. 1784:abolition of 1888 1568:Brazilian history 1347:Portuguese Empire 1343: 1342: 1309:Brazil portal 1230:Jewish Brazilians 1120:Rio Grande do Sul 952:1988 Constitution 915:Redemocratization 910:Brazilian Miracle 860:Legality Campaign 843:Populist Republic 813:1937 Constitution 788:1934 Constitution 726:Taubaté Agreement 655:1891 Constitution 620:Military Question 558:Reign of Pedro II 490:1824 Constitution 403:Pernambuco Revolt 189:Marajoara culture 139:History of Brazil 70:Brazilian culture 42:Questão Religiosa 4884: 4844: 4843: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4805: 4804: 4523: 4522: 4518:Appendant Orders 4362: 4350: 4349: 4233:African-American 4229: 4228: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4059: 4058: 3901: 3900: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3848:Lodge of England 3835:Freemasons' Hall 3832: 3819: 3731:, locations and 3705: 3698: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3593: 3592: 3531:Independence War 3489:List of generals 3479:Military Academy 3462: 3461: 3424:Moderating Power 3419:General Assembly 3404: 3403: 3389:Prince of Brazil 3344: 3281:Empire of Brazil 3274: 3267: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3243:Revista Urutágua 3237: 3228: 3227:(in Portuguese). 3215: 3196: 3183: 3182:(in Portuguese). 3170: 3167:História Revista 3161: 3160:(in Portuguese). 3152: 3143: 3134: 3117: 3111: 3101: 3088: 3087:(in Portuguese). 3079: 3077: 3075: 3058: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3014: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2941:(in Portuguese). 2933: 2924: 2915: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2847: 2846:(in Portuguese). 2841: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2734:, pp. 9–13. 2729: 2723: 2720:Di Gregorio 2009 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2698:, pp. 8–20. 2696:Di Gregorio 2009 2693: 2687: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2652:Schwartzman 1986 2649: 2640: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2519: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2466: 2460: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2274:Vasconcelos 2011 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1742:Bordalo Pinheiro 1652:Quamquam dolores 1610:which the bulls 1575:bishop of Olinda 1562: 1559: 1472:Victor Meirelles 1335: 1328: 1321: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1050:Federal District 668: 473:Reign of Pedro I 466:Empire of Brazil 377: 344:Treaty of Madrid 334:Vila Rica Revolt 251: 243:Brazilwood cycle 149: 126: 125: 88:Dom Macedo Costa 67: 46:Empire of Brazil 4892: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4816: 4811: 4793: 4762: 4741: 4694: 4666: 4659: 4611:Knights Templar 4593: 4508: 4472: 4360:Le Droit Humain 4342: 4337: 4333: 4318: 4277: 4245: 4227: 4078: 4053: 4009:North Macedonia 3940: 3895: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3811: 3735: 3714: 3709: 3679: 3670: 3634: 3578: 3517: 3449: 3428: 3393: 3345: 3336: 3283: 3278: 3212: 3109: 3073: 3071: 3070:(in Portuguese) 3055: 3022: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2952:(in Portuguese) 2863: 2839: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2610:Cavalcanti 2004 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2522: 2517:on 19 May 2011. 2505: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2387: 2379: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2166:, pp. 1–2. 2162: 2155: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1904: 1898:same century". 1740:1875 satire by 1734: 1717:Princess Isabel 1696:Ilha das Cobras 1675: 1592: 1560: 1550: 1545: 1339: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1290:Years in Brazil 1274: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1190:Catholic Church 1170:Afro-Brazilians 1164: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1014: 1004: 1003: 935: 925: 924: 880: 870: 869: 845: 835: 834: 797: 766: 756: 755: 731:Naval arms race 662: 645: 635: 634: 605:Religious Issue 590:Christie Affair 570:Praieira revolt 554: 509: 468: 458: 457: 433: 423: 422: 398: 388: 387: 371: 307:Dutch invasions 292:Jesuit missions 275:State of Brazil 271: 245: 232: 204: 202:Colonial Brazil 194: 193: 169: 159: 124: 50:Catholic Church 34:Religious Issue 12: 11: 5: 4890: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4849: 4848: 4836: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4598:Christian Only 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4347: 4339:Co-Freemasonry 4328: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3964:Czech Republic 3961: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3857:Anglo-American 3853: 3852: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3807:Research lodge 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3661:Rio Branco Law 3658: 3653: 3651:Netto Question 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3615:Joaquim Nabuco 3612: 3610:André Rebouças 3607: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3573:Paraguayan War 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3549:Ragamuffin War 3546: 3543:Cisplatine War 3540: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3513:Military Ranks 3510: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3414:Prime Minister 3410: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3291: 3289: 3288:General topics 3285: 3284: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3216: 3210: 3197: 3184: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3118: 3102: 3089: 3080: 3059: 3053: 3040: 3031: 3015: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2943: 2939:Revista Semina 2934: 2925: 2916: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2861: 2848: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2758:, p. 543. 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2671: 2656: 2641: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2600:, p. 219. 2590: 2578: 2576:, p. 336. 2566: 2554: 2539: 2520: 2498: 2486: 2467: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2385: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2319: 2317:, p. 340. 2307: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2239: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2183: 2168: 2164:Cerqueira 2010 2153: 2138: 2136:, p. 333. 2126: 2114: 2095: 2083: 2081:, p. 110. 2071: 2069:, p. 542. 2059: 2047: 2035: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1978:, p. 321. 1968: 1953: 1941: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1859:Getúlio Vargas 1733: 1730: 1712:Duke of Caxias 1710:and fell. The 1674: 1671: 1635:Bishop of Pará 1596:Rio de Janeiro 1591: 1588: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1537:Paraguayan War 1446:The newspaper 1394:regency period 1341: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1250:Rail transport 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:Santa Catarina 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1110:Rio de Janeiro 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1055:Espírito Santo 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 955: 954: 948: 947: 942: 936: 931: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 881: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 862: 857: 852: 846: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 816: 815: 804: 803: 796: 795: 790: 785: 780: 774: 773: 767: 762: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 748: 743: 741:Contestado War 738: 733: 728: 723: 721:Vaccine Revolt 718: 713: 711:War of Canudos 708: 703: 698: 693: 687: 686: 681: 676: 670: 669: 657: 652: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Paraguayan War 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 561: 560: 553: 552: 547: 542: 540:Ragamuffin War 537: 532: 527: 522: 516: 515: 513:Regency Period 508: 507: 502: 500:Cisplatine War 497: 492: 487: 485:Night of Agony 482: 476: 475: 469: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 434: 429: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 399: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 380: 379: 378: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 315: 314: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 278: 277: 270: 269: 268: 267: 257: 252: 239: 238: 231: 230: 229: 228: 217: 216: 211: 205: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 170: 165: 164: 161: 160: 152:Terra Brasilis 150: 142: 141: 135: 134: 123: 120: 74:Prime Minister 58:ultramontanism 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4889: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4808: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4789:Morgan Affair 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730:US presidents 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4667:Scottish Rite 4662: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4494:United States 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282:Latin America 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218:West Virginia 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148:Massachusetts 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4095:United States 4092: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874:British Isles 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787:Masonic myths 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:Abbreviations 3745: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3597:Abolitionists 3594: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3567:Uruguayan War 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506:List of ships 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2722:, p. 15. 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2588:, p. 53. 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2446:Oliveira 1874 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2398:Monnerat 2009 2394: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2330:Monnerat 2009 2326: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2262:Mendonça 2005 2258: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2237:, p. 10. 2236: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2216: 2210:, p. 28. 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2014:, p. 45. 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1951:, p. 31. 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1829:Cardinal Leme 1826: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1812:Humanus genus 1809: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1554: 1548:The beginning 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1520:Liberal Party 1517: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1504:Free Womb Law 1499: 1497: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219:Football Team 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1159: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 953: 950: 949: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 934: 929: 928: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 879: 874: 873: 866: 865:Plano Trienal 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 844: 839: 838: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 799: 798: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 769: 768: 765: 760: 759: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 666: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 639: 638: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 595:Uruguayan War 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 514: 511: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 474: 471: 470: 467: 462: 461: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 432: 427: 426: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 397: 392: 391: 384: 381: 375: 370: 367: 366: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 272: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 256: 253: 249: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 233: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 203: 198: 197: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167:Pre-Cabraline 163: 162: 157: 153: 148: 144: 143: 140: 137: 136: 132: 128: 127: 119: 117: 111: 109: 105: 101: 95: 93: 89: 85: 80: 78: 75: 71: 66: 65: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 27: 23: 18: 4774:Anti-Masonry 4767:Anti-Masonry 4406:Grand Orient 4371:Grand Orient 4198:Pennsylvania 4188:North Dakota 3997:Grand Orient 3904:Swedish Rite 3846:United Grand 3501:Naval School 3466:Armed Forces 3311:Second Reign 3242: 3233: 3224: 3201: 3193:the original 3179: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3131:the original 3126: 3113: 3097: 3072:. Retrieved 3067: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3011:the original 2997: 2988: 2979: 2954:, retrieved 2948: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2852: 2843: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2766:Bibliography 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2564:, p. 8. 2557: 2515:the original 2510: 2501: 2489: 2482:Barros 1974b 2448:, p. 2. 2441: 2436:, p. 3. 2429: 2422:Barros 1974b 2417: 2410:Barros 1974b 2405: 2381:Barros 1974b 2366:Barros 1974b 2361: 2354:Barros 1974b 2349: 2342:Barros 1974b 2337: 2315:Barros 1974b 2310: 2286:Martins 2008 2281: 2269: 2257: 2215: 2208:Facioli 2008 2203: 2179:Ribeiro 2008 2129: 2122:Martins 2008 2117: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2055:Brandão 2011 2050: 2038: 2007: 2000:Martins 2008 1995: 1983: 1971: 1949:Bruneau 1974 1944: 1932: 1878: 1872: 1868:Soviet Union 1843: 1839: 1834: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1792: 1788:Campos Sales 1776: 1768: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1724: 1721: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1684: 1667: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1626:Benedict XIV 1621: 1611: 1608: 1593: 1584: 1572: 1565: 1529:confederates 1525: 1509: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1476: 1461: 1457: 1452:Minas Gerais 1447: 1445: 1429: 1422: 1416: 1409:Pope Pius IX 1406: 1403:Pope Pius IX 1382: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1350: 1344: 1195:Constitution 1080:Minas Gerais 959:Plano Collor 933:New Republic 825:World War II 691:Belle Époque 679:Navy Revolts 674:Encilhamento 643:Old Republic 604: 575:Coffee cycle 520:April Revolt 431:Independence 312:Dutch Brazil 287:Bandeirantes 156:Miller Atlas 151: 112: 100:Second Reign 96: 81: 33: 31: 25: 24:". The word 4846:Catholicism 4436:Grand Lodge 4381:Grand Lodge 4334:Freemasonry 4332:Continental 4113:Connecticut 4044:Switzerland 4024:Philippines 4019:Netherlands 3859:Freemasonry 3777:Manuscripts 3762:Grand Lodge 3712:Freemasonry 3575:(1864–1870) 3569:(1864–1865) 3563:(1851–1852) 3561:Platine War 3557:(1835–1840) 3551:(1835–1845) 3545:(1825–1828) 3533:(1822–1824) 3303:First Reign 3068:A Província 3027:Revista USP 2744:Araújo 2007 2637:Castro 2006 2598:Aguiar 1997 2574:Barros 1974 2562:Castro 2006 2550:Barros 1974 2535:Vieira 2006 2235:Gabatz 2011 2196:Vieira 2013 2149:Vieira 2006 2134:Barros 1974 2110:Barros 1974 2091:Barros 1974 2079:Coelho 2010 2043:Barros 1974 2012:Manoel 2004 1988:Barros 1974 1976:Barros 1974 1964:Barros 1974 1937:Toledo 2012 1875:Estado Novo 1864:integralism 1760:Saraiva Law 1624:(1751), by 1618:Clement XII 1616:(1738), by 1613:In Eminenti 1561: 1879 1556:Dom Vital, 1418:Quanta cura 1413:Gregory XVI 1377:fetishistic 1260:Transgender 1240:Nationality 1070:Mato Grosso 940:Lost Decade 801:Estado Novo 746:World War I 663: [ 615:Grande Seca 585:Platine War 530:Malê Revolt 438:Dia do Fico 372: [ 349:Guaraní War 329:Mascate War 265:Slave trade 255:Sugar cycle 246: [ 236:Captaincies 54:Freemasonry 4856:Categories 4343:including 4299:Costa Rica 4178:New Mexico 4173:New Jersey 4108:California 4004:Luxembourg 3822:Square and 3189:"Padroado" 3064:"Protesto" 2756:Silva 2008 2708:Silva 2008 2667:Silva 2008 2586:Bakos 2006 2494:Sales 2007 2303:Terra 2011 2220:Matos 2011 2067:Silva 2008 2031:Costa 2011 1919:References 1643:absolution 1579:Pernambuco 1100:Pernambuco 979:Plano Real 920:Diretas Já 764:Vargas Era 701:Coronelism 319:Gold cycle 122:Background 116:Vargas Era 38:Portuguese 4758:Libraries 4489:Venezuela 4398:Catalonia 4314:Venezuela 4223:Wisconsin 4203:Tennessee 4158:Minnesota 3824:Compasses 3772:Landmarks 3666:Lei Áurea 3625:Luís Gama 3555:Cabanagem 3327:Provinces 1924:Citations 1851:Corcovado 1808:Spiritism 1732:Aftermath 1704:Sanguigni 1516:John XXII 1386:scientism 1285:Conflicts 1255:Socialism 1210:Etymology 1180:Animation 1175:Anarchism 1150:Tocantins 1140:São Paulo 535:Cabanagem 84:Dom Vital 4807:Category 4725:monarchs 4639:S.R.I.A. 4589:Shriners 4477:Americas 4458:Portugal 4388:Denmark 4367:Belgium 4263:Manitoba 4213:Virginia 4183:New York 4168:Nebraska 4163:Missouri 4153:Michigan 4143:Kentucky 4123:Illinois 4087:Americas 4029:Portugal 3458:Military 3399:Politics 3367:Pedro II 3350:Monarchy 3322:Nobility 2965:citation 1902:See also 1879:padroado 1755:padroado 1692:Caiaphas 1483:Pedro II 1448:O Romano 1424:Syllabus 1360:padroado 1355:Holy See 1351:padroado 1280:Timeline 1273:Research 1235:Military 1215:Football 1125:Rondônia 1065:Maranhão 1035:Amazonas 984:Mensalão 969:Mercosul 545:Balaiada 184:Kuhikugu 131:a series 129:Part of 64:padroado 26:Syllabus 22:feijoada 4820:Portals 4463:Romania 4423:Ibérico 4402:France 4353:Eurasia 4345:CLIPSAS 4273:Ontario 4128:Indiana 4103:Alabama 4034:Romania 3984:Germany 3969:Finland 3954:Belgium 3949:Armenia 3867:Eurasia 3850:(1722-) 3839:London, 3757:History 3740:General 3588:Slavery 3362:Pedro I 3317:Economy 3307:Regency 3295:History 3074:3 March 2956:3 March 1690:before 1673:Outcome 1512:slavery 1450:, from 1205:Ethanol 1200:Economy 1145:Sergipe 1130:Roraima 1090:Paraíba 1025:Alagoas 260:Slavery 4834:Brazil 4746:Places 4703:People 4504:Mexico 4499:Canada 4468:Turkey 4453:Poland 4427:Italy 4418:Greece 4309:Mexico 4289:Brazil 4255:Canada 4138:Kansas 4049:Turkey 4039:Russia 3988:Italy 3974:France 3959:Cyprus 3843:of the 3729:lodges 3725:bodies 3639:Others 3539:(1824) 3433:Others 3208: 3051: 2859: 2463:Câmara 1687:Recife 1620:, and 1496:placet 1349:, the 1245:Postal 1163:Topics 1095:Paraná 158:, 1519 133:on the 4448:Malta 4393:Spain 4294:Chile 4208:Texas 4118:Idaho 4014:Malta 3979:India 3802:Lodge 3792:Rites 3782:Music 3733:rites 3110:(PDF) 3023:(PDF) 2840:(PDF) 1105:Piauí 1060:Goiás 1045:Ceará 1040:Bahia 1030:Amapá 667:] 376:] 250:] 179:Luzia 4674:USA 4193:Ohio 4133:Iowa 3766:List 3523:Wars 3206:ISBN 3076:2023 3049:ISBN 2971:link 2958:2023 2857:ISBN 1823:and 1225:LGBT 1185:Book 1085:Pará 1020:Acre 86:and 52:and 32:The 4720:E–Z 4715:A–D 4336:and 1895:TFP 1849:on 4858:: 3727:, 3309:, 3305:, 3301:, 3223:. 3178:. 3125:. 3112:. 3096:. 3066:. 3025:. 2967:}} 2963:{{ 2842:. 2674:^ 2659:^ 2644:^ 2629:^ 2542:^ 2523:^ 2509:. 2470:^ 2453:^ 2388:^ 2373:^ 2322:^ 2293:^ 2242:^ 2227:^ 2186:^ 2171:^ 2156:^ 2141:^ 2098:^ 2019:^ 1956:^ 1870:. 1558:c. 1427:. 665:pt 374:pt 248:pt 154:, 79:. 40:: 4822:: 4341:, 3837:, 3768:) 3764:( 3704:e 3697:t 3690:v 3313:) 3297:( 3273:e 3266:t 3259:v 3214:. 3078:. 3057:. 2973:) 2865:. 2624:. 2496:. 2305:. 2276:. 2252:. 2222:. 2181:. 1939:. 1334:e 1327:t 1320:v 1221:) 1217:( 36:(

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