Stone Age - Knowledge

3285: 4085: 4300: 2334: 3561: 144: 2777: 3689: 2547: 3411: 4179: 3546: 2282: 45: 958: 4402: 4241: 3520:(Middle Stone Age), used for parts of Eurasia, but not outside it. The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site. Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools, resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements, such as 3154:

blank. Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard-hammer percussion on an anvil stone. Finally the edge is retouched: small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it. The core can be either the blank or another flake. Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone.

3158:

to the Oldowan "small flake" tradition, Acheulean is "large flake:" "The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes (>10 cm) as blanks for making large cutting tools (handaxes and cleavers) in the Acheulean." "Large Cutting Tool (LCT)" has become part of the standard terminology as well.

3119: 2463:. If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A, there must be a boundary between A and B, the A–B boundary. The problem is in the nature of this boundary. If there is no distinct boundary, then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B, an unlikely scenario in the process of 3104:

by the time the previously assumed "earliest" culture arrived in northern Europe, the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous. In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt.

2923:, interspersed with trees and groves, in favor of open grassland, dated 1.8–1.7 mya. During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from around 15–25% to 45%, dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably, which 3962:, plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet. A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction: certainly over-hunting, but also deforestation and climate change. The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment. 2391:

which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time.

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These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate. Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified

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Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1, there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean, which can lead to confusion. Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge. One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes. In contrast

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Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best. In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain

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Anita Quiles, Hélène Valladas, Hervé Bocherens, Emmanuelle Delqué-Kolic, Evelyne Kaltnecker, Johannes van der Plicht, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Valérie Feruglio, Carole Fritz, Julien Monney, Michel Philippe, Gilles Tosello, Jean Clottes, and Jean-Michel Geneste "A high-precision chronological model for

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at 0.9 mya. Archaeological attention, however, shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley, an extension of the East African Rift Valley (the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa). Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit, but Hominans could

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The whole point of their utility is that each is a "sharp-edged rock" in locations where nature has not provided any. There is additional evidence that Oldowan, or Mode 1, tools were used in "percussion technology"; that is, they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with

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The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble, or stones like it, with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges. The original stone is called a core; the resultant pieces, flakes. Typically, but not necessarily, small pieces are detached from a larger

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provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa. The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations. The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions. The burden on African archaeologists became all the

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as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of

2012:

The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks; these are 3.4 million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia. Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015, identifying what may be the oldest evidence of hominin use of tools

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on the shore of a variable-level palaeo-lake, long since vanished. The geology was created by successive "transgression and regression" of the lake resulting in four cycles of layers. The tools are located in the first two, Cycles Li (Limnic Inferior) and Fi (Fluviatile Inferior), but mostly in Fi.

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, archaeologists worked on the assumption that a succession of Hominans and cultures prevailed, that one replaced another. Today the presence of multiple hominans living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proven true; moreover,

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Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century,

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The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative, whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology, but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean. For example, the Acheulean site at Bose, China, is dated 0.803±3K mya. The

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is not to be identified with "Old Stone Age", a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the "Earlier Stone Age" that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in

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A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around, except in the case of tools intended to feature a point. More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool. The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a

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Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern. They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain, the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord, Italy. The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time; at 1.6 mya they were

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There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west; nevertheless, Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East. The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain, dated to greater than 0.9 mya. Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found

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Useful as it has been, the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations. The date range of this period is ambiguous, disputed, and variable, depending upon the region in question. While it is possible to speak of a general 'Stone Age' period for the whole of humanity, some groups never developed

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cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BC, when gold, copper, and silver made their entrance. The peoples of the Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting bronze or iron after the Stone Age period, although the technology existed.

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At 'Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators, an activity that has been termed "scavenging". There are no living floors, nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow. These activities

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lower and covered with grassland (as much of the highlands still are). Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest, a formidable terrain for warm-weather savanna dwellers. Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to

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In addition to lithic analysis, field prehistorians use a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields. The work of archaeologists in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of geologic specialists in identifying layers of rock

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to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe could be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a particular Stone-Age technology. As a description of people living today, the term

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in Spain, dated to about 7,000–4,000 BC, depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other, each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other. A file of five men leads one band, one of whom is a figure with a "high crowned hat".

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The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna, which makes it possible to date them. They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy, known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta, dated to 1.6–1.2 mya.

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At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors. A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition, known as the

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This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai; nevertheless, the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts, mainly across Eurasia, that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble-tool.

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Some scenes of the Mesolithic, however, can be typed and therefore, judging from their various modifications, are fairly clear. One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers. For example, "the marching Warriors", a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola,

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is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses.

3281:. It is dated 1.53–1.27 mya. The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya; 1.4 is often given as a date. This chronology, which is definitely later than in Kenya, supports the "out of Africa" hypothesis for Acheulean, if not for the Hominans. 2248:, the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of humanity and society. They serve as diagnostics of date, rather than characterizing the people or the society. 2432:

the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies.

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developed or deposited over geologic time; of paleontological specialists in identifying bones and animals; of palynologists in discovering and identifying pollen, spores and plant species; of physicists and chemists in laboratories determining ages of materials by

2414:= new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean 3067:, suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa, or that, in fact, erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia. The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence. Erectus was found also at 3976:

is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at

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and other methods. The study of the Stone Age has never been limited to stone tools and archaeology, even though they are important forms of evidence. The chief focus of study has always been on the society and the living people who belonged to it.

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is one of Europe's best examples of a Neolithic village. The community contains stone beds, shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls, e.g., Jericho

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The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments. During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved: from 38 to 30 kya

3776:) refers to a period in African prehistory. Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic. It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions. 4107:

abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods, usually by prehistoric peoples. They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols. Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world, including Australia

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in Kenya, dated to 1.78 mya. An early skull fragment, KNM-ER 2598, dated to 1.9 mya, is considered a good candidate also. Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find, if not impossible, but based on the "long-legged"

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Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Boden, Andrea L.; Leakey, Richard E (eds.).

2467:. More realistically, a distinct border period, the A/B transition, existed, in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired. If transitions do not exist, then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B. 4193:

The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown. They may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as

3580:, or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called 2982:

came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others. Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges, presumably subsisting in different niches, but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which.

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sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild, and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split, creating an Oldowan tool, the tradition may well be far older than its current record.

3308:, India, about 1.2 mya. It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia. There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya, called the 3877:, depend on tool use for survival. The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture, which are possessed only by Hominans, are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips. 2664:

and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of "human technological history", where "human" and "humanity" are interpreted to mean the genus

2527:, a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, at Burg Wartenstein Castle, which it then owned in Austria, attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress, including Louis Leakey and 2746:. Alongside the hand-axe tradition, there developed a distinct and very different stone-tool industry, based on flakes of stone: special tools were made from worked (carefully shaped) flakes of flint. In Europe, the 3747:

The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age. It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago. It is considered as an equivalent of European

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According to the current evidence (which may change at any time) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa, and to 0.5 mya outside of it. The genus Homo is known from

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After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947, the Three-Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle, to encompass the

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Once seriously questioned, the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence, but were officially rejected in 1965 (again on an advisory basis) by Burg Wartenstein Conference #29,

3516:) tools began in response to these changes. They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools, hence the term Epipaleolithic, or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, hence the term 2131:, each of which was smelted separately. The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper, but did not yet manufacture bronze, a time known as the 3391:

when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate. The

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To describe any living group as 'primitive' or 'Stone Age' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind.

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The terms "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", and "Iron Age" are not intended to suggest that advancements and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material, rather than, for example,

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Arnott, D. W. (June 1959). "J. Desmond Clark and Sonia Cole (ed.): Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, Livingstone, 1955. xxxix, 440 pp., 7 col. plates. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957. 75s".

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of the people in those prehistoric times. It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food, body coverings, and shelters. Specific

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technology and others. The chronologic basis for the definition was entirely relative. With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology, the two intermediates turned out to be

2864:, Member 5 East, in South Africa. As the blood must have come from a fresh kill, the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering. Plant residues bonded to the 4697:"Archaeologists in China Discover the Oldest Stone Tools Outside Africa – Chipped rocks found in western China indicate that human ancestors ventured from Africa earlier than previously believed" 6113:

Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2009). "From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record". In Camps i Calbet, Marta; Chauhan, Parth R. (eds.).

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It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley.

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Bowler, J.M.; Johnston, H.; Olley, J.M.; Prescott, J.R.; Roberts, R.G.; Shawcross, W.; Spooner, N.A. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".

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probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone. About 700,000 years ago, a new Lower Paleolithic tool, the hand axe, appeared. The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the

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of the raw materials and methods used to make the prehistoric artifacts that are discovered. Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists. In

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that began in 1851. In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two

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In other scenes elsewhere, the men wear head-dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude. Some scenes depict the dead and wounded, bristling with arrows. One is reminded of

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Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping.

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In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of

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The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see

2035:, northwestern Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years old. Prior to the discovery of these "Lomekwian" tools, the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at 3600:

and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of

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the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France" PNAS 2016 113 (17) 4670–4675; published ahead of print 11 April 2016, doi:10.1073/pnas.1523158113

4447: 2439:, which meets every four years to resolve the archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic. 2000: 3452:. All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans. Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate. 600: 3254:

cannot be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans. Their interests were selective: they were primarily harvesting the meat of

3150:. It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced Hominan; consequently, they are typically given credit for the innovation. 2974:, who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya. Meanwhile, living contemporaneously in the same regions 2819:

Consequently, the method is often called "core-and-flake". More recently, the tradition has been called "small flake" since the flakes were small compared to subsequent

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The majority of the animals at the site were of "Palaearctic biogeographic origin". However, these overlapped in range on 30–60% of "African biogeographic origin". The

2051:. The oldest sites discovered to contain tools are dated to 2.6–2.55 mya. One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late 5617:

Olley, J.M.; Roberts, R.G.; Yoshida, H.; Bowler, J.M. (2006). "Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia".

3596:. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BC in the 3316:. On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues, but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1, with flaking down the sides. In Athirampakkam at 2792:

have been found in eastern Africa, manufacturers unknown, at the 3.3 million-year-old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya. Better known are the later tools belonging to an

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The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are

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Turvey, Samuel T. (2009). "Chapter 2: In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene". In Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.).

3178:, one side or the other. A crossing would not have been necessary, but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either 2851:

Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting, scraping or chopping tasks, but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp-edged rock.

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Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers, discoids, polyhedrons, subspheroid, etc. To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained:

5003: 2067:…. The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include … gaps in the geological record. 2877:. They cannot be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology. They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin. As 4767: 3008:

Unfortunately, the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits cannot be positively identified. All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean.

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technology, and so remained in the so-called 'Stone Age' until they encountered technologically developed cultures. The term was innovated to describe the

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established itself from South Africa through the rift, North Africa, and across Asia to modern China. This has been called "transcontinental 'savannahstan

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regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BC. Europe, and the rest of Asia became post-Stone Age societies by about 4000 BC. The

4154:). Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include handprints and half-human/half-animal figures. The Cave of Chauvet in the 2996:. C.E.P, Brooks, a British climatologist working in the United States, used the term to describe a "chalky boulder clay" underlying a layer of gravel at 8133: 2139:

or Eneolithic, both meaning 'copper–stone'). The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the

3024: – Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist, especially in the Far East. One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only 3146:, South Africa, they are in Member 5 West, 1.7–1.4 mya. The 1.7 is a fairly certain, fairly standard date. Mode 2 is often found in association with 3059:, Pakistan, at 2.0 mya, and Renzidong, South China, at over 2 mya. The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta, Pernung Peninsula on 3424:

From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe, the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era (the end of the

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is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called

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with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the

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but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments.

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Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2007). "21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology". In Henke, H.C. Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tattersall, Ian (eds.).

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The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland

3935:, in Israel. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the 3289: 6272: 6251: 6063: 8486: 7995: 5840: 3284: 2531:, who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools, to be included in her 1971 contribution to 5455: 3655:. A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the 3139: 797: 590: 4070:

can be found on rocks of any kind. The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings. The art may or may not have had a religious function.

3051:, Member 5, South Africa, and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba, Algeria, North Africa. The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at 2716:

industry, is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named

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The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions. The 19th and early 20th-century innovators of the modern

8318: 7769: 6370: 3651:, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and 3328:

authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown, as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in.

1945:, represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into 1744: 605: 5240:

Brooks, Charles E.P. (1919), "The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with Those of the Continent of Europe",

2816:. The prevalent usage, however, is to call all the results flakes, which can be confusing. A split in half is called bipolar flaking. 841:. It therefore represents nearly 99.3% of human history. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of 3305: 3265:

was Mediterranean, not savanna. The animals were not passing through; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges. Of the Hominans,

1614: 4670:, broken out to include the more robust forms, anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources. 4451: 2738:, evidence of which has been found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at 2871:

Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown, Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by

2427:). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was 1634: 1003: 3733:

respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology.

5994: 5695: 5668: 4218:, a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier, who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back. 6510: 1594: 790: 248: 4142:

In paleolithic times, mostly animals were painted, in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength, such as the

921:, respectively. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: the earliest and most primitive being the 6178: 6159: 5930: 5705: 5678: 5354: 5062: 4779: 4084: 3418: 3000:, central England, where Acheulean tools had been found. Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known. 2362: 3273:. The tools are classified as "Lower Acheulean" and "Developed Oldowan". The latter is a disputed classification created by 833:

with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 4000

6765: 4506: 3758:. Early physical evidence comes from Omo and Herto, both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka. 4299: 6493: 408: 109: 6342: 4001: 2398:, a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled "Stone Age Cultures of South Africa" in the journal 1923:

may have manufactured tools. According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the

965:, Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found 869:

Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the

81: 7896: 6802: 6395: 3986: 3978: 2931:"across much of Africa and Asia, substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire ...." 2447:

in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later.

776: 128: 6241: 5804:

Efraim Lev; Mordechai E. Kislev; Ofer Bar-Yosef (March 2005). "Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel".

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Harmand, Sonia; et al. (21 May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

3632:

temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free standing structures in the world, erected

1574: 4845: 4267:

relating to death and burial were practiced, though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures.

3304:

From Southwest Asia, as the Levant is now called, the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward, arriving at

2186: 8515: 7906: 6944: 6758: 6195: 2661: 1784: 741: 213: 88: 5728:. Volume. Vol. I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. 4961:. Volume. Vol. I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 246. 2947:

from 2.3 to 2.0 mya, with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora, Kenya, from 1.4 mya.

6734: 6363: 6021:

The Cave and the Cathedral: How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man

4382: 2750:

is one example of a flake tradition. The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the

66: 5652:

Kuijt, Ian (2000). "Chapter 13: Near Eastern Neolithic Research: Directions and Trends". In Kuijt, Ian (ed.).

4163:, France, contains the most important cave paintings of the paleolithic era, dating from about 36,000 BC. The 3368:, but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent 2219:

Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area. In Europe and North America,

913:

to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory into functional periods, with the next two being the

8128: 7658: 6918: 2479:

greater, because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa. The problem is difficult and ongoing.

2394:

The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and

938: 751: 6986: 3958:. It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of 3100:, who must have inherited the tools. He also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya. 8123: 7663: 7136: 6334: 2079: 1224: 996: 698: 678: 635: 625: 550: 510: 95: 6812: 2459:

in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort. In archaeology, the relationship is one of

7089: 6575: 4729: 3989:). Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe, including: 3161:

In North Africa, the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery, as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in

2903: 2428: 2258:

to determine their typology, function and technologies involved. It includes the scientific study of the

973: 595: 3032:, Israel, Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya, about 0.5 my earlier than the known 2024:

hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya, in 1999) may have been the earliest tool-users known.

8391: 8192: 5959: 4696: 4380:

tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire. A 21st-century series,

4117: 3428:). Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic. 3414: 3376:

in Eastern Europe/Eurasia. There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa, Australia or the Americas.

2474:

recognized the problem of the initial transition, the "gap" between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

2333: 1677: 1411: 1403: 1395: 683: 273: 62: 31: 5078: 5027: 3396:

exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old.

2558:

first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish

77: 8197: 8012: 6670: 6356: 6276: 6255: 6219: 3955: 3900: 3238: 2671:), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by 2423: 1515: 894:

have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the

3512:

and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources. The development of Mode 5 (

3047:

After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya, pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at

8386: 7478: 7023: 6559: 6307: 4324:

coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as

2263: 2215: 746: 688: 673: 668: 615: 17: 7550: 7545: 5667:

Boehm, Christopher (2000). "The Origin of Morality as Social Control". In Katz, Leonard D. (ed.).

4852:. Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth. 27 August 2007. Archived from 4320:, but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and 4207: 3189:

Meanwhile, Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of

2835:

Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard-hammer percussion.

8503: 8413: 7585: 7352: 7171: 7104: 6836: 6530: 6467: 6462: 6338: 6209: 6072: 5525: 5498: 4023:. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along the 3834:(deer) and other materials were widely used, as well. During the most recent part of the period, 3393: 3388: 3258:, which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill. 3202: 2793: 1485: 989: 567: 494: 401: 55: 5887: 5479: 3364:

lived in Europe and the Near East (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the

2538:

However, although the intermediate periods were gone, the search for the transitions continued.

2254:

is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation. It involves the measurement of

8591: 8465: 8071: 7962: 7950: 7646: 7387: 7226: 6863: 6797: 6781: 5465: 4425: 4332: 4109: 3959: 3456: 2625: 2395: 2311: 2073: 2043:, which serve to date them. All the tools come from the Busidama Formation, which lies above a 1444: 718: 703: 663: 645: 540: 446: 439: 6065:

Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis)

5841:"Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis" 5724:(1982). "The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age". In Clark, J. Desmond (ed.). 5656:. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 317. 3459:

at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago. The earliest

367: 8330: 8266: 8140: 7833: 7759: 7533: 7528: 7466: 7405: 7342: 7290: 7283: 6829: 6620: 6498: 6457: 5920: 5526:"Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy" 4821: 4415: 4372: 4255:

Modern studies and the in-depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain

4125: 3324:

the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe.

2857: 2484: 1216: 895: 771: 572: 500: 424: 337: 7715: 6055:

The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers

5748: 5544: 4802:

Easby, Dudley T. (April 1965). "Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World".

3890: 3527:

The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as

2491:

technologies, and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later, to encompass the

8596: 8547: 8542: 8525: 8520: 8498: 8288: 8002: 7855: 7747: 7651: 7444: 7129: 6928: 6871: 6739: 6715: 6503: 6474: 5855: 5813: 5626: 5575: 5540: 5338: 4589: 4316: 4231: 4227: 4104: 4005: 3943: 3924: 3643:

with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles.

3581: 3560: 3096: 3094:

is regarded as having been extinct; however, a more modern version apparently had evolved,

2820: 2727: 2690: 1853: 1654: 1501: 1370: 1355: 942: 723: 461: 351: 264: 7099: 5328:"Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry I (Casablanca, Morocco): Recent findings and their context" 3869:

can both use and manufacture stone tools. This combination of abilities is more marked in

3332:

there also. The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near

2314:

of Europe. It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the

2100:

of the known oldest stone tools outside Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.

8: 8586: 8251: 8056: 7889: 7422: 7295: 7176: 7151: 6600: 6235: 5654:

Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and differentiation

4420: 4377: 4351: 4187: 3668: 3425: 2755: 2747: 2567: 2233: 708: 640: 332: 27:

Prehistoric period during which stone was widely used by humans to make tools and weapons

5859: 5817: 5673:. Journal of Consciousness Studies Volume 7. Thorverton: Imprint Academic. p. 158. 5630: 5579: 5342: 4593: 4559: 2223:

were in use until well into the 20th century, and still are in many parts of the world.

177: 8627: 8537: 8440: 8342: 8155: 7337: 7067: 7033: 6700: 6644: 6605: 6515: 6420: 5879: 5599: 4936: 4748: 4701: 4613: 4465: 4390:

tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan.

4244: 3749: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3471: 3355: 2751: 2735: 2555: 2500: 2207: 1764: 535: 481: 394: 327: 225: 102: 4846:"ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups" 4215: 3697: 3593: 3474:

which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels. These people are called the

3433: 3369: 2196: 1831: 8579: 8569: 8559: 8508: 8165: 8083: 7377: 7362: 7347: 7327: 7218: 7197: 7008: 6851: 6710: 6683: 6615: 6595: 6583: 6425: 6415: 6174: 6155: 6093: 5926: 5871: 5701: 5674: 5591: 5058: 4940: 4928: 4775: 4752: 4605: 4063: 3994: 3936: 3718: 3702: 3683: 3588:, polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as 3405: 3222: 2878: 2706: 2504: 2170: 2166: 1924: 764: 610: 455: 255: 199: 5638: 5262:. New Haven: Yale University Press for the Hispanic Society of America. p. 272. 5049:. Volume. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 1944. 2776: 8574: 8481: 8224: 8007: 7807: 7727: 7683: 7483: 7305: 7156: 7116: 6695: 6588: 6525: 6520: 6442: 6379: 5883: 5863: 5821: 5721: 5634: 5603: 5583: 5548: 5506: 5346: 5050: 4920: 4738: 4660: 4617: 4597: 4304: 3886: 3742: 3597: 3338: 3313: 3087: 2964: 2645: 2496: 2471: 2379: 2353: 2259: 2241: 2006: 1979: 1436: 1385: 906: 880: 693: 620: 362: 288: 229: 8066: 8022: 4012:, dates to around 23,000 BC. The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones. 2860:. Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at 2174: 8455: 8425: 8187: 8115: 8093: 8051: 7946: 7916: 7781: 7776: 7427: 7310: 6881: 6690: 6452: 6447: 6099:. Ancient People and Places, Volume 72. New York; Washington: Praeger Publishers. 5838: 5350: 5054: 4555: 4326: 4271: 4164: 4059: 3904: 3896: 3767: 3524:. Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period. 3483: 2843:

From a functional standpoint, pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose.

2827:

The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes.

2759: 2641: 2563: 2323: 2298: 2266:, researchers attempt to create replica tools, to understand how they were made. 2251: 1946: 1469: 1238: 1194: 934: 849:

for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and

555: 545: 505: 322: 281: 259: 143: 6214: 5000:"History: Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary" 3589: 2456: 2055:, where prior to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the 8564: 8491: 8313: 8278: 8209: 8098: 7970: 7678: 7263: 7253: 7074: 7055: 6705: 6678: 6649: 5982: 5552: 5255: 4743: 4724: 4407: 4387: 4279: 4235: 4009: 3951: 3648: 3621: 3509: 3495: 3479: 3346:", a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby, dated 0.46 mya. 3079:

or earlier hominans. They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts.

3001: 2912: 2694: 2609: 2559: 2211: 2036: 2032: 1290: 1277: 1207: 1181: 945:. In the chronology of prehistory, the Neolithic era usually overlaps with the 826: 713: 5825: 4924: 4167:

cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others,

4159: 3569: 3372:

archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the

2885:

Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa a new species appeared over the range of

8621: 8450: 8435: 8381: 8359: 8256: 8244: 8160: 8029: 7911: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7560: 7471: 7400: 7141: 7084: 7062: 6971: 6903: 6898: 6876: 6115:

Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations

5954: 4932: 4507:"Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution" 4137: 3847: 3802: 3688: 3475: 3278: 2801: 2739: 2713: 2352:

Archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the

2064: 2044: 2015: 1809: 1477: 355: 306: 268: 6991: 6292: 6038:. The Imprint of Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–51. 5995:"Chauvet cave: The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when" 5254: 3269:

left several cranial fragments. Teeth of undetermined species may have been

2281: 1982:

as a tool-maker and developed a dependence on it, becoming a "tool-equipped

1919:, with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to 8369: 8325: 8306: 8261: 8061: 7985: 7742: 7737: 7693: 7320: 7202: 7166: 7146: 6998: 6976: 6888: 6610: 5875: 5803: 5595: 4666: 4609: 4364: 4356: 4248: 4151: 4067: 3972: 3819: 3754: 3601: 3528: 3521: 3460: 3242: 3206: 3194: 3167: 3143: 3048: 2970: 2873: 2861: 2813: 2717: 2677: 2475: 2440: 2327: 2275: 2267: 2237: 2210:, the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age. The Middle East and 2151: 2136: 2089: 1974: 1885: 1459: 1426: 1340: 1264: 1251: 946: 886: 854: 838: 466: 384: 8418: 5510: 4957:(1982). "The Earliest Archaeological Traces". In Clark, J. Desmond (ed.). 4178: 3954:

occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. This was the first

3410: 2546: 8408: 8398: 8354: 8349: 8301: 8239: 8202: 8175: 8076: 8046: 7921: 7843: 7764: 7752: 7513: 7498: 7488: 7459: 7417: 7332: 7300: 7248: 7181: 7018: 6893: 6750: 6410: 6230: 6106:

Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age

5839:

Dolores R. Piperno; Ehud Weiss; Irene Holst; Dani Nadel (5 August 2004).

5242:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1917

4954: 4772:

West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives

4692: 4360: 4047: 3932: 3827: 3823: 3679: 3656: 3652: 3449: 3437: 3361: 3309: 3274: 3245:, then frequented over the long term (hundreds of thousands of years) by 3083: 2993: 2809: 2731: 2722:. Although no such fossil tools have yet been found, it is believed that 2682: 2637: 2595: 2586: 2579: 2528: 2403: 2190: 2056: 2040: 1941: 1788: 1531: 1155: 962: 922: 910: 846: 834: 515: 235: 193: 5867: 5587: 4601: 4448:"Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed | Natural History Museum" 3713:

has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the

3629: 2146:

The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 and 2500

147: 8552: 8445: 8403: 8219: 8182: 8145: 8041: 7628: 7540: 7367: 7268: 7241: 7161: 6959: 6913: 6824: 6792: 6654: 6546: 6432: 6405: 6400: 4853: 4725:"Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC" 4338: 4287: 4143: 4121: 4096: 4079: 3928: 3789: 3730: 3625: 3608: 3549: 3517: 3499: 3441: 3365: 3321: 3297: 3135: 2916:

in East Africa, an evolution from one of those two has been suggested.

2898: 2789: 2781: 2686: 2605: 2415: 2286: 2255: 2162: 2147: 2132: 2116: 2071:

The species that made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. Fragments of

2048: 1961: 1932: 926: 914: 899: 862: 830: 822: 520: 471: 294: 218: 6171:

Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology

4155: 2624:

The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region (and

2550:

Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years

8460: 8229: 8214: 7812: 7797: 7722: 7705: 7623: 7508: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7357: 7236: 7124: 7050: 6817: 6437: 5460: 4283: 4183: 4113: 4100: 4043: 4032: 3947: 3858: 3815: 3726: 3640: 3577: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3513: 3464: 3445: 3384: 3373: 3179: 3131: 3123: 3113: 2615: 2525:

Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary

2512: 2464: 2460: 2407: 2342: 2294: 2220: 2203:

from about 3300 BC, carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife.

2178: 1869: 1546: 930: 891: 842: 530: 343: 302: 6127:. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. pp. 47–64. 3639:–2500 BC. The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the 2435:

By voluntary agreement, archaeologists respect the decisions of the

2240:

exploited, adaptation to climate, adoption of agriculture, cooking,

44: 8234: 8170: 8017: 7975: 7710: 7618: 7493: 7315: 7278: 7258: 6636: 6348: 6330:. Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth. 4346:

dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.

4321: 4195: 3835: 3616: 3508:, 10,000 years ago, to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by 3171: 2959: 2599: 2575: 2516: 2492: 2338: 2307: 2182: 2140: 2109: 2052: 2021: 2003: 1928: 1720: 1168: 1142: 918: 850: 476: 317: 184: 5908:. Oxford Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17. 5486:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 28 January 2010. 1953:

into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the

8296: 8088: 8034: 7980: 7802: 7608: 7518: 7372: 7273: 7231: 7094: 7013: 6966: 6954: 5670:

Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives

4311: 4199: 4172: 4147: 4036: 4028: 4020: 4016: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3843: 3722: 3585: 3505: 3317: 3218: 3213:, a more advanced, but not yet modern, descendant most likely of 3175: 3162: 3130:

The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of

3068: 2920: 2894: 2865: 2797: 2771: 2672: 2488: 2444: 2346: 2319: 2245: 2155: 2128: 2115:

is regarded as the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the

2028: 1983: 1936: 1913:

The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus

1325: 1317: 1303: 1127: 525: 372: 3463:

remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of

3071:, Georgia, from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools. 3004:, a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain, quipped: 957: 8364: 7901: 7879: 7732: 7668: 7613: 7003: 6981: 6949: 6923: 6554: 6057:. Cambridge World Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4974:

The evolution of modern humans in Africa: a comprehensive guide

4768:"An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society" 4275: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4089: 4024: 3920: 3912: 3831: 3811: 3807: 3612: 3383:

burial indicating an organised society. The earliest evidence (

3380: 3333: 3293: 3255: 3183: 3138:. The earliest known instances are in the 1.7–1.6 mya layer at 3036:

finds. If the date is correct, either another Hominan preceded

2978:

inherited the tools around 2.3 mya. At about 1.9 mya

2656: 2508: 2315: 2120: 2047:, or missing layer, which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 1954: 858: 4240: 3336:

in Italy dated to 0.45 mya, which is generally linked to

3086:, United Kingdom, from 0.8 mya. The last traces are from 2847:

However, they would not have been manufactured for no purpose:

933:

era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from

8430: 8150: 7884: 7838: 7700: 7555: 7503: 7079: 7045: 4168: 3916: 3908: 3797: 3793: 3752:. It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern 3565: 3262: 3056: 3052: 3029: 2997: 2271: 2200: 2097: 1965: 870: 310: 242: 161:–2500 BC, some of the world's oldest free-standing structures 6311: 5797: 3717:. The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the 2519:. Magosian is "an artificial mix of two different periods". 1999: 878:, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera 8376: 8337: 7817: 7673: 7603: 7523: 7395: 6908: 5610: 5565: 4349:

Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best-selling

4343: 3985:, France. (Concerns about the dating have been raised, see 3982: 3839: 3246: 3060: 2667: 2093:, have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools. 1950: 1915: 874: 207: 151: 6125:

Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia

5700:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 419–420. 5079:"Paleolithic Period | Definition, Dates, & Facts" 4175:, Dordogne, France, dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC. 3197:, Kenya, dated to about 0.9 mya. Its owner was still 3118: 2734:; a later, more refined hand-axe tradition is seen in the 2730:, which developed in northern France in the valley of the 2685:

around 10,000 BC. The Paleolithic era ended with the

7688: 7454: 7412: 6327: 5616: 3870: 2124: 2112: 1902: 925:

era; a transitional period with finer tools known as the

2927:

obviously had. The ultimate proof is the "dispersal" of

2831:

Another naming scheme is "Pebble Core Technology (PBC)":

2808:

piece, in which case the larger piece may be called the

6023:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 157–158. 3482:

sites, some 13,500 years ago. Globally, societies were

3082:

In northern Europe, pebble tools are found earliest at

2027:

The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of

4913:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3647:

chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the

3360:

This period is best known as the era during which the

2650:

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός,

2119:. The first highly significant metal manufactured was 898:. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of 5244:, Washington: Government Pronting Office, p. 277 3927:, as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the 3846:. Agriculture was developed and certain animals were 3277:

to describe an Acheulean-like tradition in Bed II at

2954:

According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by

2856:

the edge, from which use they were given the name of

6246:

Robert A. Giusepi, 2000. History World International

4397: 3772:

The Later Stone Age (LSA, sometimes also called the

2660:, "stone" lit. "old stone", coined by archaeologist 1972:" recently. Starting in the grasslands of the rift, 5040: 5038: 4723:Radivojević, Miljana; Roberts, Benjamin W. (2021). 3721:and happens to include the same main technologies, 3478:, and the earliest accepted dates are those of the 2096:In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery in 968: 937:societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6092: 5131: 5129: 4722: 853:of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. In 6143:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 4804:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4019:bones have been found in East-Central Europe and 4004:with a roof supported with timber, discovered in 3792:were made from a variety of stones. For example, 3692:Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area, Ethiopia 2893:. The earliest "unambiguous" evidence is a whole 8619: 6145:. Thornham/Norfolk (UK): Brazen Head Publishing. 5523: 5325: 5035: 4221: 3946:, 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, mass extinction of 3899:were wild plants and animals harvested from the 3379:Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised 2402:. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or 6275:. AerobiologicalEngineering.com. Archived from 6254:. AerobiologicalEngineering.com. Archived from 5919:Ranger, Terence O.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (1976). 5456:"Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai" 5126: 4976:. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. p. 54. 3193:there. The last Acheulean in East Africa is at 1700: 6052: 5925:. University of California Press. p. 30. 5791: 5779: 5313: 5301: 5272: 5227: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5091: 4986: 4770:. In Swartz, B.K.; Dumett, Raymond E. (eds.). 4685: 4575: 4573: 4542: 4530: 4202:use, but the evidence remains interpretative. 2868:of some tools confirm the use to chop plants. 2063:… the earliest stone tool makers were skilled 1960:Starting from about 4 million years ago ( 1935:. The closest relative among the other living 6766: 6364: 6104:Deacon, Hilary John; Deacon, Janette (1999). 5918: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5158: 5156: 4765: 4042:An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to 3993:A tent-like structure inside a cave near the 3504:The period starting from the end of the last 3387:) of settlement in Australia dates to around 2535:, "Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963." 2450: 2059:. Excavators at the locality point out that: 1994: 1978:, the predecessor of modern humans, found an 997: 798: 402: 6108:. Walnut Creek, California : Altamira Press. 6103: 5832: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5002:. The Wenner-Gren Foundation. Archived from 4898: 4363:and are loosely based on archaeological and 3923:were part of the human diet long before the 3489: 3467:; they have been dated at 42,000 years old. 3016:There are ample associations of Mode 2 with 2270:are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce 2173: BC in the archaeological sites of the 857:, this occurred by about 3000 BC, when 6152:Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology 6112: 6071:. Paleoanthropology Society. Archived from 5559: 5258:; Christine Matthew; Henry Osborne (1924). 4679: 4642: 4630: 4570: 4442: 4440: 4303:Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age, by 4050:, was discovered at Plateau Parain, France. 2226: 1989: 6780: 6773: 6759: 6371: 6357: 6168: 6053:Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008). 5952: 5912: 5168: 5153: 5044: 4971: 4066:is inferred from found instruments, while 3232: 2992:the term "Pre-Acheulean" came into use in 2758:, which is associated with the remains of 2742:(Tanzania) in association with remains of 1004: 990: 952: 805: 791: 409: 395: 6169:Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas (1993). 5278: 5116: 5114: 5112: 4742: 4294: 3873:and men, but only men, or more generally 3857:are able to use stone tools, such as the 3736: 949:("Copper") era preceding the Bronze Age. 905:The Stone Age is the first period in the 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 6663: 6568: 6483: 6061: 6033: 5922:The Historical Study of African Religion 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 4437: 4298: 4239: 4177: 4083: 4039:, Czech Republic and in southern Poland. 3761: 3687: 3673: 3559: 3544: 3409: 3283: 3237:Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at ' 3126:tool, not worked over the entire surface 3117: 2986: 2775: 2545: 2332: 2280: 1998: 956: 142: 6293:"PanAfrican Archaeological Association" 6140: 5992: 5986: 5693: 4579: 4554: 2897:, KNM-ER 3733 (a find identifier) from 2631: 2507:. Fauresmith is now considered to be a 2103: 1927:System, especially toward the north in 14: 8620: 6308:"Society of Africanist Archaeologists" 6238:1910, Boston: Houghton Mifflin company 6149: 5903: 5524:Giovanni Muttoni; et al. (2009). 5496: 5326:Jean-Paul Raynal; et al. (2010). 5239: 5109: 4910: 4691: 3965: 3564:Different views of one arrowhead from 3107: 1898: 929:era; and the final stage known as the 249:Recent African origin of modern humans 7944: 7583: 6849: 6754: 6352: 6090: 6018: 5953:Groeneveld, Emma (12 February 2017). 5749:"Biological origins of modern humans" 5720: 5666: 5651: 4953: 4886: 4874: 4823:KM 11708 Kiuruveden kirves; Esinekuva 4801: 4489: 3662: 3419:Kimberley region of Western Australia 3349: 3225:, in the same evolutionary status as 2373: 2363:Association of Social Anthropologists 982: 837:and 2000 BC, with the advent of 7945: 6378: 6270: 6249: 6121: 5289: 5215: 5120: 5103: 4560:"Oldest tools pre-date first humans" 3470:The Americas were colonised via the 3399: 3201:, but in South Africa, Acheulean at 2765: 2700: 2582:boundary (highly glaciated climate) 2341:engraved with human face found from 2326:used stone for tools until European 1841: 1819: 1797: 1773: 1753: 1733: 1709: 1689: 1666: 1643: 1623: 1603: 1583: 1563: 971: 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 6034:Martínez, Antonio Beltrán (1982) . 5533:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3779: 3729:, which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 3552:, Scotland: Europe's most complete 3090:, dated 0.5 mya. By that time 2935:carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia. 2013:known to date, have indicated that 24: 6343:National Museum of Natural History 6173:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6133: 5993:Netburn, Deborah (December 2016). 4774:. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 329. 4504: 3455:Most scholars date the arrival of 3205:, 1.0–0.6 mya, is associated with 2437:Pan-African Congress on Prehistory 2400:Annals of the South African Museum 25: 8639: 7897:Megalithic architectural elements 6189: 6150:Scarre, Christopher, ed. (1988). 5806:Journal of Archaeological Science 5499:"Europe's oldest axes discovered" 4342:, the notion of hominids and non- 4131: 3895:Food sources of the Palaeolithic 3880: 777:Outline of prehistoric technology 684:History of electrical engineering 7584: 5497:Dalton, Rex (2 September 2009). 5025:"Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen". 4450:. 18 August 2010. Archived from 4400: 3217:. The Thoman Quarry Hominans in 2365:discourages this use, asserting: 1957:to the vast grasslands of Asia. 43: 8516:Evolutionary origin of religion 6062:Belmaker, Miriam (March 2006). 6027: 6012: 5974: 5946: 5897: 5785: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5741: 5732: 5726:The Cambridge History of Africa 5714: 5687: 5660: 5645: 5639:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022 5517: 5490: 5472: 5464:. 25 March 2011. Archived from 5448: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5266: 5248: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5097: 5085: 5071: 5018: 4992: 4980: 4965: 4959:The Cambridge History of Africa 4947: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4838: 4814: 4795: 4759: 4716: 4673: 4648: 4636: 4492:Metals, Culture, and Capitalism 3806:) for use as cutting tools and 3166:easily have reached the palaeo- 2515:, while Sangoan is a facies of 2150:for much of humanity living in 2108:Innovation in the technique of 2020:(a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old 742:Timeline of historic inventions 54:needs additional citations for 6735:List of archaeological periods 6231:The stone age in North America 6036:Rock art of the Spanish Levant 5694:Guthrie, Russell Dale (2005). 5484:What Does It Mean to be Human? 5337:. 223–224 (223–224): 369–382. 4972:Willoughby, Pamela R. (2007). 4624: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4498: 4483: 4458: 4383:Chronicles of Ancient Darkness 4073: 3891:Paleolithic diet and nutrition 3624:) and ceremonial sites, e.g.: 3604:in the Far East being others. 3040:out of Africa or the earliest 2780:This is a Mode 1, or Oldowan, 1562: 13: 1: 8129:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 7659:British megalith architecture 6645:History of ferrous metallurgy 6045: 5697:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 5047:Handbook of Paleoanthropology 4222:Stone Age rituals and beliefs 4062:is visible in the artifacts. 3659:cultures that preceded them. 3633: 2541: 943:agriculture became widespread 719:History of nuclear technology 155: 8124:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 7664:Nordic megalith architecture 6335:Human Timeline (Interactive) 6220:Resources in other libraries 5351:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.011 5055:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 3970:Around 2 million years ago, 3534: 3241:, Israel, a site now on the 3063:, dated to 1.8 mya, as 2689:, or in areas with an early 2161:The first evidence of human 2080:Australopithecus aethiopicus 2039:, on sediments of the paleo- 861:became widespread. The term 699:History of materials science 679:History of computer hardware 636:Arab Agricultural Revolution 551:Fourth Industrial Revolution 511:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 6141:Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). 4730:Journal of World Prehistory 4393: 2812:and the smaller pieces the 2429:copper metallurgy in Africa 1899: 1121: 536:Third Industrial Revolution 501:First Industrial Revolution 10: 8644: 8272:British Isles and Brittany 8193:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6091:Clark, J. Desmond (1970). 5960:World History Encyclopedia 5792:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5780:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5619:Quaternary Science Reviews 5553:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032 5314:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5302:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5273:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5228:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5204:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5192:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5180:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5163:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5148:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5136:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5092:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4987:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4744:10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 4543:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4531:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4225: 4135: 4118:Death Valley National Park 4077: 3884: 3765: 3740: 3677: 3666: 3538: 3493: 3415:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3403: 3353: 3221:similarly are most likely 3142:, West Turkana, Kenya. At 3111: 2769: 2704: 2635: 2602:boundary (modern climate) 2451:Problem of the transitions 1995:Beginning of the Stone Age 1931:, where it is bordered by 274:Origin of the domestic dog 32:Stone Age (disambiguation) 29: 8474: 8287: 8114: 7961: 7957: 7940: 7826: 7790: 7639: 7596: 7592: 7579: 7386: 7217: 7190: 7115: 7041: 7032: 6937: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6845: 6788: 6730: 6635: 6545: 6386: 6215:Resources in your library 5826:10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006 5738:McBrearty and Brooks 2000 4925:10.1017/S0041977X00069135 4514:Anthropological Notebooks 4278:, single-chambered, were 3956:Holocene extinction event 3698:Early Stone Age in Africa 3490:Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic 3461:anatomically modern human 3300:, National Museum of Iran 2800:, after the type site of 2424:iron metallurgy in Africa 2406:, and Late Stone Age, or 2206:In some regions, such as 2135:(or more technically the 2123:, an alloy of copper and 752:Complete list by category 714:History of simple machine 6095:The Prehistory of Africa 5335:Quaternary International 4899:Deacon & Deacon 1999 4431: 3784: 3568:, 3300 to 2400 BC, 3417:found in the north-west 3288:Biface (trihedral) from 3174:along the shores of the 2788:The earliest documented 2443:hosted the first one in 2264:experimental archaeology 2227:Concept of the Stone Age 1990:Stone Age in archaeology 1949:and also north down the 1014: 829:was widely used to make 747:Technological revolution 689:History of manufacturing 674:History of communication 669:History of biotechnology 8504:Evolutionary musicology 7907:Oldest extant buildings 7834:Archaeological features 7353:Prepared-core technique 6468:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 6463:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 6154:. London: Times Books. 6019:Aczel, Amir D. (2000). 5545:2009E&PSL.286..255M 5028:Encyclopædia Britannica 4680:Rogers & Semaw 2009 4643:Rogers & Semaw 2009 4631:Rogers & Semaw 2009 4505:Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). 4359:, which are set in the 4171:. The hall of bulls in 3925:agricultural revolution 3394:Bhimbetka rock shelters 3233:Acheulean out of Africa 3227:H. heidelbergensis 3211:H. heidelbergensis 2951:is dated 1.8–0.6 mya. 2784:from the western Sahara 2312:archaeological cultures 1886:P a r a n t h r o p u s 1745:Dispersal beyond Africa 953:Historical significance 495:Proto-industrialization 8466:Unchambered long cairn 8314:Mound Builders culture 7647:Neolithic architecture 6782:Prehistoric technology 6396:Prehistoric technology 4766:S.J.S. Cookey (1980). 4426:Timeline of prehistory 4333:One Million Years B.C. 4307: 4295:Modern popular culture 4274:, multichambered, and 4252: 4190: 4110:Sydney rock engravings 4093: 4054: 3960:agricultural practices 3737:Middle Stone Age (MSA) 3709:. However, since then 3693: 3573: 3557: 3421: 3312:, after its proposer, 3301: 3127: 3055:, Israel, at 2.4 mya, 3010: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2785: 2551: 2396:Clarence van Riet Lowe 2388: 2371: 2361:is controversial. The 2349: 2289: 2193:in modern-day Serbia. 2074:Australopithecus garhi 2069: 2009: 1017:−10 — 966: 704:History of measurement 664:History of agriculture 631:Medieval Islamic world 541:Digital transformation 162: 8141:List of Stone Age art 7343:Microblade technology 7291:Langdale axe industry 6889:Ard / plough 6458:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 6252:"Stone Age Hand-axes" 6117:. New York: Springer. 5761:McDougall et al. 2005 5511:10.1038/news.2009.878 4834:– via finna.fi. 4416:List of Stone Age art 4302: 4243: 4181: 4124:, Peru), and Europe ( 4103:. A Petroglyph is an 4087: 3907:meats, including the 3762:Later Stone Age (LSA) 3691: 3674:Early Stone Age (ESA) 3584:: the development of 3563: 3548: 3413: 3342:, a "late variant of 3287: 3121: 3044:has yet to be found. 3006: 2987:Oldowan out of Africa 2849: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2779: 2714:Chopper chopping tool 2618:period of archaeology 2612:period of archaeology 2589:period of archaeology 2549: 2384: 2367: 2336: 2284: 2244:, and religion. Like 2165:dates to between the 2061: 2002: 1107:−1 — 1097:−2 — 1087:−3 — 1077:−4 — 1067:−5 — 1057:−6 — 1047:−7 — 1037:−8 — 1027:−9 — 960: 896:archaeological record 772:Outline of technology 658:By type of technology 585:By historical regions 573:Emerging technologies 433:By technological eras 425:History of technology 338:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 236:Homo neanderthalensis 146: 8548:Prehistoric medicine 8543:Prehistoric counting 8526:Prehistoric religion 8521:Paleolithic religion 8499:Behavioral modernity 7856:Causewayed enclosure 7748:Abri de la Madeleine 6872:Neolithic Revolution 6740:List of time periods 6475:Neolithic Revolution 6273:"Stone Age Habitats" 5906:Holocene Extinctions 5625:(19–20): 2469–2474. 5360:on 28 February 2011. 4490:Goody, Jack (2012). 4317:Walking with Cavemen 4232:Prehistoric religion 4228:Paleolithic religion 3944:Wisconsin glaciation 3942:Near the end of the 3903:. They liked animal 3853:Some species of non- 3842:) were used to make 3582:Neolithic Revolution 3097:Homo heidelbergensis 3028:reached Eurasia: at 2728:Abbevillian industry 2681:, to the end of the 2654:, "old"; and λίθος, 2632:Three-age chronology 2499:. They were in fact 2104:End of the Stone Age 1701:Earliest stone tools 825:period during which 736:Technology timelines 724:History of transport 462:Neolithic Revolution 352:Neolithic Revolution 265:Behavioral modernity 63:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 8587:Prehistoric warfare 7333:Magdalenian culture 7296:Levallois technique 7227:Earliest toolmaking 6560:Bronze Age collapse 6236:Warren K. Moorehead 5868:10.1038/nature02734 5860:2004Natur.430..670P 5818:2005JArSc..32..475L 5631:2006QSRv...25.2469O 5588:10.1038/nature01383 5580:2003Natur.421..837B 5343:2010QuInt.223..369R 5260:Fossil Man in Spain 5150:, pp. 126–127. 4856:on 14 November 2011 4602:10.1038/nature14464 4594:2015Natur.521..310H 4421:Prehistoric warfare 4378:Jean-Jacques Annaud 4355:series of books by 4188:World Heritage Site 3966:Shelter and habitat 3669:African archaeology 3457:humans in Australia 3426:Last Glacial Period 3108:Acheulean in Africa 2945:H. rudolfensis 2913:H. rudolfensis 2756:Mousterian industry 2754:flake tools of the 2748:Clactonian industry 2568:geologic time scale 2318:and Oceania, where 2234:social organization 909:frequently used in 709:History of medicine 694:History of maritime 601:Indian subcontinent 333:Trihedral Neolithic 8538:Origin of language 8531:Spiritual drug use 8441:Rectangular dolmen 8343:Dartmoor kistvaens 8156:Carved stone balls 7868:Circular enclosure 7827:Other architecture 7770:Alp pile dwellings 7358:Solutrean industry 7269:Gravettian culture 6919:Secondary products 6421:Middle Paleolithic 5468:on 23 August 2011. 5385:, pp. 119–120 5275:, pp. 106–107 4702:The New York Times 4633:, pp. 162–163 4454:on 18 August 2010. 4308: 4253: 4245:Poulnabrone dolmen 4191: 4120:), South America ( 4116:), North America ( 4094: 4015:Many huts made of 3865:shells with them. 3750:Middle Paleolithic 3715:Middle Paleolithic 3711:Radiocarbon dating 3707:Middle Paleolithic 3694: 3663:African chronology 3574: 3558: 3472:Bering land bridge 3422: 3356:Middle Paleolithic 3350:Middle Paleolithic 3302: 3128: 2786: 2752:Middle Paleolithic 2736:Acheulian industry 2566:boundaries on the 2556:Jens Jacob Worsaae 2552: 2374:Three-stage system 2350: 2290: 2208:Sub-Saharan Africa 2010: 1502:H. heidelbergensis 967: 939:towns and villages 646:Renaissance Europe 328:Shepherd Neolithic 226:Middle Paleolithic 163: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8560:Prehistoric music 8509:music archaeology 8166:Cup and ring mark 7991:Clothing/textiles 7936: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7378:Yubetsu technique 7363:Striking platform 7328:Lithic technology 7213: 7212: 7198:Game drive system 7117:Projectile points 7009:Mortar and pestle 6748: 6747: 6726: 6725: 6631: 6630: 6541: 6540: 6426:Upper Paleolithic 6416:Lower Paleolithic 6196:Library resources 6180:978-0-671-69371-8 6161:978-0-7230-0306-9 5999:Los Angeles Times 5932:978-0-520-03179-1 5854:(7000): 670–673. 5770:White et al. 2003 5722:Clark, J. Desmond 5707:978-0-226-31126-5 5680:978-0-7190-5612-3 5574:(6925): 837–840. 5064:978-3-540-32474-4 4781:978-90-279-7920-9 4588:(7552): 310–315. 4310:The image of the 4182:Rock painting at 4064:Prehistoric music 4031:, including near 3995:Grotte du Lazaret 3937:Upper Paleolithic 3719:Lower Paleolithic 3684:Lower Paleolithic 3649:Ancient Hawaiians 3510:rising sea levels 3406:Upper Paleolithic 3400:Upper Paleolithic 3223:Homo rhodesiensis 2766:Oldowan in Africa 2707:Lower Paleolithic 2701:Lower Paleolithic 2505:Lower Paleolithic 2497:will-of-the-wisps 1925:East African Rift 1911: 1910: 1903:million years ago 1862: 1861: 1840: 1839: 1818: 1817: 1810:Earliest rock art 1796: 1795: 1772: 1771: 1765:Earliest language 1752: 1751: 1732: 1731: 1708: 1707: 1688: 1687: 1678:Earliest sign of 1665: 1664: 1655:Earliest sign of 1642: 1641: 1622: 1621: 1602: 1601: 1582: 1581: 1225:Ou. macedoniensis 815: 814: 616:Hellenistic world 611:Maya civilization 419: 418: 368:Pottery Neolithic 256:Upper Paleolithic 200:Lower Paleolithic 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 8635: 8575:Divje Babe flute 8482:Archaeoastronomy 8225:Petrosomatoglyph 7959: 7958: 7942: 7941: 7791:Water management 7594: 7593: 7581: 7580: 7484:Denticulate tool 7306:Lithic reduction 7039: 7038: 6860: 6859: 6847: 6846: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6661: 6660: 6566: 6565: 6481: 6480: 6443:Middle Stone Age 6380:Three-age system 6373: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6331: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6314:on 17 April 2015 6310:. Archived from 6303: 6301: 6299: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6279:on 17 March 2011 6267: 6265: 6263: 6258:on 17 March 2011 6184: 6165: 6146: 6128: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6078:on 30 April 2011 6077: 6070: 6058: 6040: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5886:. Archived from 5845: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5539:(1–2): 255–268. 5530: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5353:. Archived from 5332: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5292:, pp. 55–57 5287: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5124: 5118: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5081:. 7 August 2023. 5075: 5069: 5068: 5042: 5033: 5032: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4889:, pp. 18–19 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4695:(11 July 2018). 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4661:Australopithecus 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4556:Morelle, Rebecca 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4444: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4352:Earth's Children 4305:Viktor Vasnetsov 4272:Megalithic tombs 4126:Finnmark, Norway 4114:Bhimbetka, India 4099:appeared in the 4027:river valley of 3897:hunter-gatherers 3887:Paleolithic diet 3800:were shaped (or 3780:Material culture 3743:Middle Stone Age 3638: 3635: 3598:fertile crescent 3484:hunter-gatherers 3389:40,000 years ago 3339:Homo cepranensis 3314:Hallam L. Movius 3271:H. ergaster 3209:, classified as 2965:Australopithecus 2646:Three-age system 2472:three-age system 2380:J. Desmond Clark 2354:three-age system 2324:hunter-gatherers 2260:lithic reduction 2007:projectile point 1980:ecological niche 1971: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1874: 1872: 1856: 1847: 1842: 1834: 1832:Earliest clothes 1825: 1820: 1812: 1803: 1798: 1779: 1774: 1759: 1754: 1739: 1734: 1721:Earliest sign of 1715: 1710: 1695: 1690: 1680:Australopithecus 1672: 1667: 1649: 1644: 1635:Earliest bipedal 1629: 1624: 1615:Chimpanzee split 1609: 1604: 1589: 1584: 1569: 1564: 1550: 1549: 1535: 1534: 1518: 1504: 1490: 1462: 1449: 1429: 1416: 1388: 1386:Australopithecus 1375: 1360: 1343: 1330: 1306: 1293: 1280: 1267: 1254: 1241: 1229: 1210: 1197: 1184: 1172: 1158: 1145: 1132: 1130: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1006: 999: 992: 986: 976: 975:Hominin timeline 969: 907:three-age system 881:Australopithecus 807: 800: 793: 626:Byzantine Empire 421: 420: 411: 404: 397: 363:Khiamian culture 230:Middle Stone Age 203:Early Stone Age 165: 164: 160: 157: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8603: 8470: 8456:Stone box grave 8426:Megalithic tomb 8331:Cotswold-Severn 8283: 8188:Guardian stones 8116:Prehistoric art 8110: 7953: 7928: 7917:Timber trackway 7822: 7786: 7782:Wattle and daub 7635: 7614:Standing stones 7588: 7567: 7382: 7209: 7186: 7111: 7028: 6938:Food processing 6933: 6882:New World crops 6854: 6841: 6784: 6779: 6749: 6744: 6722: 6659: 6627: 6564: 6537: 6479: 6448:Later Stone Age 6382: 6377: 6326: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6280: 6271:Kowalski, D.R. 6261: 6259: 6250:Kowalski, D.R. 6226: 6225: 6224: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6162: 6136: 6134:Further reading 6131: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6048: 6043: 6032: 6028: 6017: 6013: 6003: 6001: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5917: 5913: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5650: 5646: 5615: 5611: 5564: 5560: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5495: 5491: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5253: 5249: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5169: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5043: 5036: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5006:on 28 July 2011 4998: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4970: 4966: 4952: 4948: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4764: 4760: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4578: 4571: 4558:(20 May 2015). 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4365:anthropological 4327:The Flintstones 4297: 4238: 4226:Main articles: 4224: 4216:Ötzi the Iceman 4140: 4134: 4082: 4076: 4060:Prehistoric art 4057: 4006:Dolní Věstonice 3997:, Nice, France. 3968: 3919:. Large seeded 3893: 3885:Main articles: 3883: 3861:, which breaks 3822:tools, such as 3787: 3782: 3770: 3768:Later Stone Age 3764: 3745: 3739: 3686: 3678:Main articles: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3636: 3543: 3537: 3502: 3494:Main articles: 3492: 3434:Châtelperronian 3408: 3402: 3370:Châtelperronian 3358: 3352: 3344:H. erectus 3267:H. erectus 3235: 3215:H. erectus 3199:H. erectus 3191:H. erectus 3148:H. erectus 3116: 3110: 3092:H. erectus 3077:H. erectus 3065:H. erectus 3042:H. erectus 3038:H. erectus 3034:H. erectus 3026:H. erectus 3022:H. erectus 3018:H. erectus 2989: 2980:H. erectus 2976:H. habilis 2949:H. erectus 2941:H. habilis 2933:H. erectus 2929:H. erectus 2925:H. erectus 2908:H. habilis 2904:limb morphology 2821:Acheulean tools 2774: 2768: 2760:Neanderthal man 2744:H. erectus 2724:H. erectus 2709: 2703: 2648: 2642:Human evolution 2636:Main articles: 2634: 2560:kitchen middens 2544: 2453: 2376: 2299:potassium-argon 2252:Lithic analysis 2229: 2212:Southeast Asian 2197:Ötzi the Iceman 2106: 1997: 1992: 1969: 1947:southern Africa 1907: 1906: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1870:H o m i n i d s 1868: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1693: 1684: 1683: 1670: 1661: 1660: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1482: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1239:Chororapithecus 1237: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1195:Samburupithecus 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1010: 984: 978: 974: 955: 935:hunter-gatherer 811: 782: 781: 767: 765:Article indices 757: 756: 737: 729: 728: 659: 651: 650: 641:Medieval Europe 586: 578: 577: 568:Post-industrial 556:Imagination Age 546:Information Age 506:Standardization 434: 415: 354: 323:Heavy Neolithic 284: 282:Epipalaeolithic 272: 260:Later Stone Age 258: 228: 214:Control of fire 202: 158: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8641: 8631: 8630: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8565:Alligator drum 8557: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8492:lunar calendar 8489: 8478: 8476: 8475:Other cultural 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8379: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8293: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8279:Venus figurine 8276: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8210:Megalithic art 8207: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8168: 8163: 8161:Cave paintings 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7967: 7965: 7963:Material goods 7955: 7954: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7686: 7681: 7679:Cliff dwelling 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7590: 7589: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7264:Fire hardening 7261: 7256: 7254:Clovis culture 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7223: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7177:Manis Mastodon 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7056:throwing stick 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6868: 6866: 6856: 6855: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6650:Iron meteorite 6647: 6641: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6487: 6485: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6455: 6453:Epipaleolithic 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6345:(August 2016). 6332: 6324: 6304: 6289: 6268: 6247: 6239: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190:External links 6188: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6166: 6160: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6088: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6026: 6011: 5985: 5973: 5955:"Chauvet Cave" 5945: 5931: 5911: 5896: 5893:on 4 May 2011. 5831: 5812:(3): 475–484. 5796: 5784: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5740: 5731: 5713: 5706: 5686: 5679: 5659: 5644: 5609: 5558: 5516: 5489: 5471: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5411: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5277: 5265: 5256:Hugo Obermaier 5247: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5194:, p. 146. 5184: 5167: 5152: 5140: 5125: 5108: 5096: 5094:, p. 130. 5084: 5070: 5063: 5034: 5017: 4991: 4979: 4964: 4946: 4903: 4901:, pp. 5–6 4891: 4879: 4867: 4837: 4813: 4794: 4780: 4758: 4737:(2): 195–278. 4715: 4684: 4672: 4654:As to whether 4647: 4635: 4623: 4569: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4497: 4482: 4457: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4408:History portal 4395: 4392: 4388:Michelle Paver 4373:Quest for Fire 4370:The 1981 film 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4236:Mother goddess 4223: 4220: 4136:Main article: 4133: 4132:Rock paintings 4130: 4088:Petroglyph in 4078:Main article: 4075: 4072: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4040: 4013: 4010:Czech Republic 3998: 3967: 3964: 3952:woolly mammoth 3882: 3881:Food and drink 3879: 3826:. Wood, bone, 3818:were used for 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3774:Late Stone Age 3766:Main article: 3763: 3760: 3741:Main article: 3738: 3735: 3701:Africa to the 3675: 3672: 3667:Main article: 3664: 3661: 3622:Tell es-Sultan 3539:Main article: 3536: 3533: 3496:Epipaleolithic 3491: 3488: 3480:Clovis culture 3404:Main article: 3401: 3398: 3354:Main article: 3351: 3348: 3234: 3231: 3112:Main article: 3109: 3106: 3002:Hugo Obermaier 2988: 2985: 2770:Main article: 2767: 2764: 2705:Main article: 2702: 2699: 2695:Epipaleolithic 2691:neolithisation 2633: 2630: 2628:) to another. 2622: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2610:Epipaleolithic 2592: 2591: 2590: 2543: 2540: 2452: 2449: 2375: 2372: 2228: 2225: 2105: 2102: 2037:Gona, Ethiopia 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1909: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1729: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1686: 1685: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1437:H. rudolfensis 1422: 1421: 1420: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1291:Graecopithecus 1287: 1286: 1285: 1278:Sahelanthropus 1274: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1208:Ouranopithecus 1204: 1203: 1202: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1182:Nakalipithecus 1178: 1177: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1117:0 — 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1001: 994: 983: 980: 979: 972: 954: 951: 813: 812: 810: 809: 802: 795: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 768: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 591:Ancient Africa 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 570: 564: 563: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 490: 489: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 449: 443: 442: 440:Pre-industrial 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 417: 416: 414: 413: 406: 399: 391: 388: 387: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 365: 360: 359: 358: 341: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 314: 313: 307:Bow and Arrows 292: 291: 279: 278: 277: 276: 253: 252: 251: 246: 239: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 189: 188: 173: 172: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8640: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8451:Simple dolmen 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8436:Passage grave 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8382:Gallery grave 8380: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8297:Burial mounds 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8257:Statue menhir 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8245:Stone carving 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8084:Sewing needle 8082: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7912:Timber circle 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7861:Tor enclosure 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7850: 7849:fulacht fiadh 7847: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:spear-thrower 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063:Bow and arrow 7061: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:Grinding slab 6970: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Domestication 6902: 6900: 6899:Digging stick 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:Founder crops 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6818:New Stone Age 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6294: 6290: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243:The Stone Age 6240: 6237: 6234:Vol. 1 of 2, 6233: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6074: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6015: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5900: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5794:, p. 108 5793: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5480:"Bose, China" 5475: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5443:Belmaker 2006 5439: 5432: 5431:Belmaker 2006 5427: 5420: 5419:Belmaker 2006 5415: 5409:, p. 147 5408: 5407:Belmaker 2006 5403: 5397:, p. 149 5396: 5395:Belmaker 2006 5391: 5384: 5383:Belmaker 2006 5379: 5372: 5371:Belmaker 2006 5367: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5316:, p. 130 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5274: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5206:, p. 112 5205: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5182:, p. 145 5181: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5165:, p. 128 5164: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5144: 5138:, p. 132 5137: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5021: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4989:, p. 477 4988: 4983: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4682:, p. 164 4681: 4676: 4669: 4668: 4664:or the genus 4663: 4662: 4658:is the genus 4657: 4651: 4645:, p. 155 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4545:, p. 147 4544: 4539: 4533:, p. 106 4532: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4486: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4138:Cave painting 4129: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:Paleo-Indians 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203:Elandsfontein 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3134:, or Mode 2, 3133: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3088:Kent's Cavern 3085: 3080: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2958:from unknown 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2804:in Tanzania. 2803: 2802:Olduvai Gorge 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740:Olduvai Gorge 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2594:The geologic 2593: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2574:The geologic 2573: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2533:Olduvai Gorge 2530: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2285:A variety of 2283: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Flintknappers 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Vinča culture 2172: 2171:5th millennia 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2065:flintknappers 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:disconformity 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2016:Kenyanthropus 2008: 2005: 2001: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1873: 1871: 1855: 1854:Modern humans 1849: 1844: 1843: 1833: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1811: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1785:Earliest fire 1781: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1596: 1595:Gorilla split 1591: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1548: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1505: 1503: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1470:H. antecessor 1464: 1463: 1461: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1415: 1413: 1412:Au. anamensis 1407: 1405: 1404:Au. afarensis 1399: 1397: 1396:Au. africanus 1390: 1389: 1387: 1374: 1372: 1359: 1357: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1329: 1327: 1326:O. tugenensis 1321: 1319: 1307: 1305: 1294: 1292: 1281: 1279: 1268: 1266: 1255: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1228: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1198: 1196: 1185: 1183: 1171: 1170: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1133: 1131: 1013: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 987: 981: 977: 970: 964: 959: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888: 883: 882: 877: 876: 872: 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 808: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 788: 786: 785: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 766: 761: 760: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 655: 654: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 606:Ancient China 604: 602: 599: 597: 596:Ancient Egypt 594: 592: 589: 588: 582: 581: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 496: 492: 491: 487: 486: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 441: 437: 436: 430: 429: 426: 423: 422: 412: 407: 405: 400: 398: 393: 392: 390: 389: 386: 382: 381: 374: 371: 370: 369: 366: 364: 361: 357: 356:Domestication 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 346: 345: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 297: 296: 290: 287: 286: 285: 283: 275: 270: 266: 263: 262: 261: 257: 254: 250: 247: 245: 244: 240: 238: 237: 233: 232: 231: 227: 224: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209: 205: 204: 201: 198: 197: 196: 195: 191: 190: 186: 182: 181: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 153: 149: 145: 141: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8392:wedge-shaped 8377:Funeral pyre 8370:Great dolmen 8326:Chamber tomb 8307:Round barrow 8262:Stone circle 8134:Blombos Cave 8062:Grooved ware 7986:Chalcolithic 7890:Thornborough 7808:Flush toilet 7743:Blombos Cave 7738:Rock shelter 7694:Quiggly hole 7586:Architecture 7561:illustration 7203:Buffalo jump 7024:Storage pits 6987:Aşıklı Höyük 6977:Ground stone 6813:Subdivisions 6807: 6611:Chalcolithic 6387: 6316:. Retrieved 6312:the original 6296:. Retrieved 6281:. Retrieved 6277:the original 6260:. Retrieved 6256:the original 6242: 6229: 6210:Online books 6200: 6170: 6151: 6142: 6124: 6114: 6105: 6094: 6080:. Retrieved 6073:the original 6064: 6054: 6035: 6029: 6020: 6014: 6002:. Retrieved 5998: 5988: 5976: 5964:. Retrieved 5958: 5948: 5938:25 September 5936:. Retrieved 5921: 5914: 5905: 5899: 5888:the original 5851: 5847: 5834: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5787: 5782:, p. 74 5775: 5766: 5757: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5696: 5689: 5669: 5662: 5653: 5647: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5536: 5532: 5519: 5502: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5466:the original 5459: 5450: 5445:, p. 20 5438: 5433:, p. 21 5426: 5421:, p. 67 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5355:the original 5334: 5321: 5309: 5304:, p. 24 5297: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5235: 5230:, p. 73 5223: 5218:, p. 57 5211: 5199: 5187: 5143: 5123:, p. 50 5106:, p. 49 5099: 5087: 5073: 5046: 5026: 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 5004:the original 4994: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4955:Isaac, Glynn 4949: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4894: 4882: 4877:, p. 22 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4854:the original 4849: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4826:(in Finnish) 4822: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4771: 4761: 4734: 4728: 4718: 4706:. Retrieved 4700: 4693:Zimmer, Carl 4687: 4675: 4667:Paranthropus 4665: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4585: 4581: 4563: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4473:. Retrieved 4469: 4460: 4452:the original 4381: 4371: 4369: 4357:Jean M. 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5373:, p. 9 4810:(2): 89–98. 4656:aethiopicus 4466:"Stone Age" 4361:Paleolithic 4186:, India, a 4160:département 4150:(as in the 4097:Petroglyphs 4092:, Australia 4074:Petroglyphs 4048:Magdalenian 3987:Terra Amata 3979:Terra Amata 3933:Kebara Cave 3901:environment 3790:Stone tools 3731:stone tools 3680:Paleolithic 3657:Paleolithic 3653:egalitarian 3637: 3600 3611:located in 3570:Saint-Léons 3450:Magdalenian 3438:Aurignacian 3310:Movius Line 3290:Amar Merdeg 3275:Mary Leakey 3136:stone tools 3084:Happisburgh 2994:climatology 2962:, probably 2879:chimpanzees 2790:stone tools 2732:Somme River 2683:Pleistocene 2638:Paleolithic 2596:Pleistocene 2587:Paleolithic 2580:Pleistocene 2529:Mary Leakey 2404:Paleolithic 2287:stone tools 2256:stone tools 2191:Rudna Glava 2087:, possibly 2057:Pleistocene 2041:Awash River 1964:) a single 1478:H. ergaster 1371:Ar. ramidus 1356:Ar. kadabba 1318:O. praegens 1156:Pleistocene 985:This box: 963:Awash River 923:Paleolithic 911:archaeology 900:stone tools 831:stone tools 823:prehistoric 516:Machine Age 447:Prehistoric 219:Stone tools 194:Paleolithic 159: 3600 150:temples in 78:"Stone Age" 8553:trepanning 8446:Ring cairn 8404:Jar burial 8387:transepted 8319:U.S. sites 8220:Petroglyph 8146:Bird stone 8104:wine press 7777:Stone roof 7760:Roundhouse 7652:long house 7629:Stonehenge 7597:Ceremonial 7541:Stone tool 7368:Tool stone 7338:Metallurgy 7242:Mousterian 7219:Toolmaking 7157:Cumberland 7130:Transverse 7100:Schöningen 6992:Qesem cave 6960:Earth oven 6914:Irrigation 6825:Technology 6793:Prehistory 6655:Metallurgy 6547:Bronze Age 6433:Mesolithic 6406:Flint tool 6401:Stone tool 6046:References 4919:(2): 400. 4887:Clark 1970 4875:Clark 1970 4860:31 October 4520:(1): 5–22. 4367:findings. 4339:Chuck Rock 4288:Bronze Age 4144:rhinoceros 4122:Cumbe Mayo 4080:Petroglyph 3931:layers of 3929:Mousterian 3626:Stonehenge 3609:Skara Brae 3594:Çatalhöyük 3550:Skara Brae 3518:Mesolithic 3500:Mesolithic 3442:Gravettian 3366:Mousterian 3322:Tamil Nadu 3296:foothill, 2906:shared by 2899:Koobi Fora 2782:stone tool 2687:Mesolithic 2606:Mesolithic 2542:Chronology 2485:Fauresmith 2457:contiguous 2416:Mesolithic 2337:Stone Age 2276:flint tool 2272:flintstone 2242:settlement 2221:millstones 2216:proto-Inca 2163:metallurgy 2133:Copper Age 2117:Bronze Age 2031:3 in West 1986:dweller". 1933:grasslands 1547:Denisovans 1486:Au. sediba 1460:H. erectus 1427:H. habilis 1217:Ou. turkae 927:Mesolithic 915:Bronze Age 892:Bone tools 863:Bronze Age 521:Atomic Age 472:Bronze Age 467:Copper Age 303:Microliths 295:Mesolithic 89:newspapers 8628:Stone Age 8597:symbolism 8461:Tor cairn 8419:Grønsalen 8360:Cremation 8252:Sculpture 8230:Pictogram 8215:Petroform 8035:amber use 8003:Cosmetics 7813:Reservoir 7798:Check dam 7728:Pueblitos 7723:Pit-house 7706:Longhouse 7640:Dwellings 7509:Microlith 7440:Bow drill 7435:Bone tool 7428:prismatic 7237:Acheulean 7152:Cresswell 7125:Arrowhead 7051:Boomerang 6967:Granaries 6929:Terracing 6808:Stone Age 6701:Pre-Roman 6664:Continent 6569:Continent 6484:Continent 6438:Neolithic 6388:Stone Age 6328:"The ASA" 6201:Stone Age 5461:The Hindu 5290:Shea 2010 5216:Shea 2010 5121:Shea 2010 5104:Shea 2010 4941:162906190 4933:1474-0699 4830:21 August 4753:237005605 4322:dinosaurs 4284:Neolithic 4251:, Ireland 4208:Castellón 4184:Bhimbetka 4146:or large 4112:), Asia ( 4101:Neolithic 4046:, in the 4033:Chernihiv 4002:structure 3948:Megafauna 3859:sea otter 3850:as well. 3838:(such as 3836:sediments 3816:sandstone 3727:Acheulean 3641:Neolithic 3578:Neolithic 3554:Neolithic 3541:Neolithic 3535:Neolithic 3514:microlith 3465:Mungo Man 3446:Solutrean 3385:Mungo Man 3374:Szeletian 3180:Gibraltar 3140:Kokiselei 3132:Acheulean 3124:Acheulean 3114:Acheulean 2796:known as 2616:Neolithic 2513:Acheulean 2465:evolution 2461:causality 2408:Neolithic 2359:Stone Age 2343:Kiuruvesi 2295:carbon-14 2179:Majdanpek 1445:Au. garhi 931:Neolithic 819:Stone Age 531:Space Age 452:Stone Age 344:Neolithic 170:Stone Age 154:, Malta, 8622:Category 8235:Rock art 8198:painting 8171:Geoglyph 7996:timeline 7976:Beadwork 7716:Mehrgarh 7711:Mudbrick 7619:megalith 7494:Fire-saw 7316:debitage 7311:analysis 7279:Hand axe 7259:Cupstone 6837:Glossary 6798:Timeline 6711:Germanic 6637:Iron Age 6601:Atlantic 6082:19 March 5876:15295598 5596:12594511 4850:ASA News 4610:25993961 4564:BBC News 4394:See also 4286:and the 4196:calendar 4165:Altamira 4105:intaglio 4044:10000 BC 3875:Hominans 3867:Primates 3855:primates 3810:, while 3630:Ġgantija 3617:Scotland 3572:, France 3444:, 22–17 3440:, 28–22 3436:, 40–28 3239:Ubeidiya 3172:Ethiopia 2960:Hominans 2858:choppers 2794:industry 2675:such as 2673:hominans 2600:Holocene 2576:Pliocene 2554:In 1859 2517:Lupemban 2493:Magosian 2339:hand axe 2308:smelting 2183:Jarmovac 2141:Iron Age 2110:smelting 2053:Pliocene 2022:Pliocene 2018:platyops 2004:Obsidian 1937:primates 1929:Ethiopia 1169:Hominini 1143:Pliocene 919:Iron Age 917:and the 902:in use. 851:smelting 477:Iron Age 318:Tahunian 289:Natufian 185:Pliocene 148:Ġgantija 18:Stoneage 8592:Symbols 8203:pigment 8089:Weaving 8052:Cardium 8047:Pottery 8042:Mirrors 8030:Jewelry 7971:Baskets 7951:culture 7803:Cistern 7609:Pyramid 7551:Weapons 7529:Scraper 7519:Racloir 7479:Cleaver 7467:Chopper 7373:Uniface 7284:Grooves 7274:Hafting 7232:Oldowan 7191:Systems 7142:Cascade 7105:woomera 7095:harpoon 7068:history 7034:Hunting 7014:Pottery 6955:Cooking 6864:Farming 6830:history 6803:Outline 6696:British 6621:Romania 6606:British 6531:British 6318:3 March 5966:24 July 5884:4431395 5856:Bibcode 5814:Bibcode 5627:Bibcode 5604:4365526 5576:Bibcode 5541:Bibcode 5339:Bibcode 5010:3 March 4708:13 July 4618:1207285 4590:Bibcode 4470:HISTORY 4312:caveman 4276:dolmens 4261:beliefs 4257:rituals 4200:almanac 4173:Lascaux 4156:Ardèche 4037:Moravia 4029:Ukraine 4021:Siberia 4017:mammoth 3981:, near 3921:legumes 3913:kidneys 3863:abalone 3844:pottery 3808:weapons 3803:chipped 3723:Oldowan 3586:pottery 3556:village 3506:ice age 3318:Chennai 3306:Isampur 3279:Olduvai 3256:Cervids 3219:Morocco 3176:Red Sea 3163:Morocco 3069:Dmanisi 2921:savanna 2895:cranium 2866:silicon 2798:Oldowan 2772:Oldowan 2652:palaios 2626:culture 2489:Sangoan 2445:Nairobi 2347:Finland 2330:began. 2320:farmers 2246:pottery 2187:Pločnik 2156:Eurasia 2129:arsenic 2033:Turkana 2029:Lomekwi 1984:savanna 1846:← 1824:← 1802:← 1789:cooking 1778:← 1758:← 1738:← 1714:← 1694:← 1671:← 1648:← 1628:← 1608:← 1588:← 1568:← 1304:Orrorin 1129:Miocene 1112:– 1102:– 1092:– 1082:– 1072:– 1062:– 1052:– 1042:– 1032:– 1022:– 961:Modern 526:Jet Age 482:Ancient 373:Pottery 178:before 103:scholar 8570:flutes 8365:Dolmen 8289:Burial 8099:winery 8072:Linear 7902:Midden 7880:Cursus 7873:Goseck 7733:Pueblo 7684:Dugout 7669:Burdei 7348:Mining 7172:Lamoka 7167:Folsom 7147:Clovis 7004:Metate 6982:Hearth 6950:Basket 6924:Sickle 6691:Europe 6675:Asian 6671:Africa 6616:Nordic 6596:Europe 6584:Levant 6576:Africa 6555:Bronze 6526:Nordic 6521:Poland 6516:Europe 6511:Africa 6198:about 6177: 6158: 5929: 5882: 5874: 5848:Nature 5704: 5677: 5602: 5594: 5568:Nature 5061: 4939: 4931: 4787:3 June 4778: 4751: 4616: 4608: 4582:Nature 4475:31 May 4280:graves 4234:, and 4169:bisons 4090:Sydney 4025:Dniepr 4008:, the 3917:brains 3909:livers 3832:antler 3812:basalt 3628:. The 3613:Orkney 3381:ritual 3334:Anagni 3294:Zagros 3184:Sicily 2814:flakes 2693:, the 2657:lithos 2644:, and 2509:facies 2501:Middle 2316:Indies 2306:metal- 2121:bronze 2083:, and 1955:Levant 1557: 859:bronze 847:copper 562:Future 488:Modern 456:lithic 311:Canoes 269:Atlatl 105: 98: 91: 84: 76: 8487:sites 8431:Mummy 8151:Cairn 8067:Jōmon 8018:shoes 8013:Hides 7885:Henge 7839:Broch 7701:Jacal 7556:Wheel 7504:Knife 7450:Canoe 7445:Burin 7423:Blade 7321:flake 7182:Plano 7090:baton 7080:Spear 7046:Arrow 6999:Manos 6852:Tools 6706:Roman 6684:India 6679:China 6589:India 6580:Asia 6504:Japan 6499:India 6494:China 6490:Asia 6076:(PDF) 6069:(PDF) 5891:(PDF) 5880:S2CID 5844:(PDF) 5600:S2CID 5529:(PDF) 5358:(PDF) 5331:(PDF) 4937:S2CID 4749:S2CID 4614:S2CID 4510:(PDF) 4432:Notes 4344:avian 4265:rites 4035:, in 3905:organ 3828:shell 3798:chert 3794:flint 3785:Tools 3703:Upper 3566:chert 3263:biome 3170:from 3057:Riwat 3053:Yiron 3030:Yiron 2998:Hoxne 2564:epoch 2201:mummy 2098:China 1966:biome 871:genus 827:stone 110:JSTOR 96:books 8580:gudi 8338:Cist 8267:list 8094:Wine 8023:Ötzi 8008:Glue 7981:Beds 7949:and 7947:Arts 7818:Well 7674:Cave 7604:Kiva 7534:side 7524:Rope 7472:tool 7406:bone 7396:Adze 7162:Eden 7075:Nets 6945:Fire 6909:Goad 6894:Celt 6320:2011 6300:2011 6285:2011 6264:2011 6175:ISBN 6156:ISBN 6084:2011 6006:2016 5968:2019 5940:2017 5927:ISBN 5872:PMID 5702:ISBN 5675:ISBN 5592:PMID 5059:ISBN 5012:2011 4929:ISSN 4862:2011 4832:2022 4789:2016 4776:ISBN 4710:2018 4606:PMID 4477:2020 4336:and 4259:and 4148:cats 3983:Nice 3915:and 3889:and 3871:apes 3840:clay 3814:and 3796:and 3725:and 3705:and 3696:The 3682:and 3615:off 3602:rice 3592:and 3576:The 3498:and 3298:Ilam 3247:Homo 3061:Java 2968:and 2956:Homo 2943:and 2910:and 2810:core 2668:Homo 2585:The 2503:and 2487:and 2199:, a 2169:and 2154:and 2085:Homo 1951:Nile 1921:Homo 1916:Homo 1724:Homo 1005:edit 998:talk 991:view 884:and 875:Homo 845:and 843:gold 817:The 208:Homo 180:Homo 168:The 152:Gozo 82:news 7689:Hut 7624:row 7455:Oar 7413:Axe 7401:Awl 5864:doi 5852:430 5822:doi 5635:doi 5584:doi 5572:421 5549:doi 5537:286 5507:doi 5347:doi 5051:doi 4921:doi 4808:109 4739:doi 4598:doi 4586:521 4386:by 4376:by 4247:in 4198:or 4128:). 4055:Art 3320:in 3292:at 3182:or 3122:An 2608:or 2511:of 2412:neo 2322:or 2274:to 2167:6th 2127:or 2125:tin 2113:ore 2049:mya 1962:mya 1942:Pan 941:as 65:by 8624:: 6341:, 6337:– 5997:. 5957:. 5878:. 5870:. 5862:. 5850:. 5846:. 5820:. 5810:32 5808:. 5633:. 5623:25 5621:. 5598:. 5590:. 5582:. 5570:. 5547:. 5535:. 5531:. 5505:. 5501:. 5482:. 5458:. 5345:. 5333:. 5280:^ 5170:^ 5155:^ 5128:^ 5111:^ 5057:. 5037:^ 4935:. 4927:. 4917:22 4915:. 4848:. 4806:. 4747:. 4735:34 4733:. 4727:. 4699:. 4612:. 4604:. 4596:. 4584:. 4572:^ 4562:. 4518:22 4516:. 4512:. 4468:. 4439:^ 4330:, 4230:, 4000:A 3939:. 3911:, 3830:, 3634:c. 3531:. 3229:. 3186:. 2889:: 2762:. 2697:. 2640:, 2570:: 2418:. 2382:: 2345:, 2297:, 2278:. 2236:, 2189:, 2185:, 2181:, 2158:. 2148:BC 2143:. 2077:, 1787:/ 890:. 835:BC 383:↓ 309:, 305:, 271:, 267:, 176:↑ 156:c. 6774:e 6767:t 6760:v 6372:e 6365:t 6358:v 6322:. 6302:. 6287:. 6266:. 6183:. 6164:. 6086:. 6008:. 5970:. 5942:. 5866:: 5858:: 5828:. 5824:: 5816:: 5751:. 5710:. 5683:. 5641:. 5637:: 5629:: 5606:. 5586:: 5578:: 5555:. 5551:: 5543:: 5513:. 5509:: 5349:: 5341:: 5067:. 5053:: 5031:. 5014:. 4943:. 4923:: 4864:. 4791:. 4755:. 4741:: 4712:. 4620:. 4600:: 4592:: 4566:. 4494:. 4479:. 4290:. 4108:( 3620:( 2823:. 2598:– 2578:– 2410:( 1970:' 1905:) 1901:( 1488:) 1484:( 1480:) 1476:( 1472:) 1468:( 1447:) 1443:( 1439:) 1435:( 1414:) 1410:( 1406:) 1402:( 1398:) 1394:( 1373:) 1369:( 1358:) 1354:( 1328:) 1324:( 1320:) 1316:( 1227:) 1223:( 1219:) 1215:( 806:e 799:t 792:v 458:) 454:( 410:e 403:t 396:v 187:) 183:( 132:) 126:( 121:) 117:( 107:· 100:· 93:· 86:· 59:. 34:. 20:)

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